学术英语 综合季佩英范烨主编unit9 TextA 课后习题中task1 specialized

to merge with the academic circle as soon as possible

有挺多种说法的,因为“决定”这个词本来就有不止一种的说法：
如：1)make a decision
2) make a determination
3)make a resolution
4)to decide
5)to resolve
6)to make up one's mind
7)to settle on (or upon)
8)to determine on (or upon)

仅供参考
Notice: we booked on Monday April 6th at three in the afternoon, the school held a conference room members meeting of University Academic Committee, discussed the problem of the academic exchange between, please attend on time.

非常简单的概率题!
1、男科学家甲被选中的概率是1/6
实际上就是6个人中选一个,概率是1/6
2、男科学家甲和女科学家A不能同时入选,则选出一男一女的概率：1/2—1/6=1/3
所有选中一男一女的概率1/2减去恰好同时选中男甲和女A的概率1/6

这么多啊，你是什么数据库。看看私信。

将0.3的循环设为X
则 10X = 3 + 0.3的循环 = 3 + X
得 X = 1/3

精益求精,锦上添花

原话是“大胆的假设,小心的求证”.这句话似乎首见于胡适的文章.究其意,则是出自他的老师杜威的学说,是对杜威实验主义的一种概括.

答案B
语言交际语气要委婉,用语要简明得体.B设计合理.

那是因为你脑里面中英文转换还没成习惯 所以看的时候理解了 合了书就忘记了 边看边翻译成中文写下来 我保证你看后脑子不会一片空白

422222222

一般只有是生物命名需要斜体字或画底线（属名+种名）

A、由题意，无机物氰酸铵（NH ₄ CNO）溶液蒸发，得到了有机物尿素[CO（NH ₂ ） ₂ ]，有新物质生成，属于化学变化；
B、由题意无机物氰酸铵（NH ₄ CNO）溶液蒸，生成了有机物尿素[CO（NH ₂ ） ₂ ]，说明无机物和有机物在一定条件下是可以相互转化的；
C、由氰酸铵（NH ₄ CNO）、尿素[CO（NH ₂ ） ₂ ]的化学式可以看出，氰酸铵和尿素的化学式相同；
D、化学变化的过程中往往伴随着物理变化，故错误．
故选D．

西方社会学创立与形成时期的主要代表性人物是法国社会学家奥古斯特·孔德和英国社会学家赫伯特·斯宾塞.
1、奥古斯特·孔德
简介：奥古斯特·孔德（1798年1月19日－1857年9月5日）是法国著名的哲学家,社会学家.
学术观点：实证主义学说.他认为人类社会有统一性.
观点阐述：他认为人性中的感性是推动社会发展的动力.人性中的才智是推动社会发展的工具.
2、赫伯特·斯宾塞
简介：赫伯特·斯宾塞（1820年4月27日–1903年12月8日),英国哲学家、社会学家.
学术观点：普遍进化原理和社会有机体论.这也是后来社会达尔文主义的理论基础.
观点阐述：认为社会与其周围环境之间的关系是由能量守恒定律来调适的；这种调适既表现在社会与其环境之间的生存斗争中,也表现在不同类型的社会之间,以及构成某一社会的个体的人之间的生存斗争之中.物竞天择、适者生存、自由竞争、自然淘汰是有机界的普遍法则,也是推动社会进
化和持续发展的根本动因.
3、这个时期的社会学特点：
①比较重要的学术观点有：地理环境决定论、社会有机体论、人种中心论、社会进化论、机械论以及社会统计学派等.
②这一时期的社会学具有经验主义色彩,拒斥抽象思辨,主张从整体角度研究社会.
③在方法论上,坚持统一的科学观,反对把自然科学与社会科学作明确的区分；主张社会学沿用自然科学方法并以自然科学研究模式为社会学研究的理想模式.
④主要强调社会学是一门纯粹经验的科学,应以实然存在为研究对象,而不涉及应然价值的问题,也就是主张在事实与价值之间作出明确划分.
⑤在对社会结构的认识上,基本沿袭孔德的秩序——进步亦即结构——过程的二分法,以整体均衡和秩序为前提预设,强调社会学以调适人际关系、医治社会弊病为目的,具有明显的社会改良主义色彩.
⑥在对社会过程的解释上,尤其是对社会变迁的原因和动力的认识,还带有历史唯心主义的因素.

在场的学生们都以为苏格拉底会怒斥妻子一顿,哪知苏格拉底摸了摸浑身湿透的衣服,风趣地说：“我知道,打雷以后,必定会下大雨的.”正因为他老婆总在家里发威,他不得不被迫每天游走于雅典的大街小巷与人辩论,他辩论的方法就是著名的“苏格拉底式反语法,成就了一个伟大哲学家!

The academic course of lectures on the theme of Traditional Culture and Modernization sponsored by the Municipal League of Literature and Art Circles will be mainly given by Board Chairman,Mr.XXXX of SZ Populace Advertising Culture Spread Co.,Ltd..The stipulated mumber of personnel is...

发愤识遍天下字(立志读尽人间书）
黑发若知勤学好(白首方悔读书迟)
有关家国书常读（无益身心事莫为）
藏古今学术(聚天地精华)
处处红花红处处(重重绿叶绿重重)
脉脉深情似春晖育桃李(缕缕青丝如夏蚕织履衣)
PS：据说是“黑发不知勤学早,白首方悔读书迟”
希望楼主有帮助

20*8/5=32cm

The Flight of Youth 青春的飞逝
Richard Henry Stoddard/理查德.亨利.斯托达德
There are gains for all our losses. 我们失去的一切都能得到补偿,
There are balms for all our pain; 我们所有的痛苦都能得到安慰；
But when youth, the dream, departs 可是梦境似的青春一旦消逝,
It takes something from our hearts, 它带走了我们心中的某种美好,
And it never comes again. 从此一去不复返.
We are stronger, and are better, 我们变得日益刚强、更臻完美,
Under manhood’s sterner reign; 在严峻的成年生活驱使下；
Still we feel that something sweet 可是依然感到甜美的情感,
Following youth, with flying feet, 已随着青春飞逝

2006/1/14



youth--最美的英文散文

YOUTH
Samuel Ullman
Youth is not a time of life;
it is a state of mind;
it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions;
it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
Youth means a tempera-mental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows old merely by a number of years.We grow old by deserting our ideals.
Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.
Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spring back to dust.
Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonder,the unfailing childlike appetite of what’s next and the joy of the game of living.
In the center of your heart and my heart there is a wireless
station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from the Infinite, so long are you young.
When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you are grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up, to catch waves of optimism, there is hope you may die young at 80.
青春
塞缪尔·厄尔曼
青春不是年华,而是心境；青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝,而是深沉的意志,恢宏的想象,炙热的恋情；青春是生命的深泉在涌流.
青春气贯长虹,勇锐盖过怯弱,进取压倒苟安.如此锐气,二十后生而有之,六旬男子则更多见.年岁有加,并非垂老,理想丢弃,方堕暮年.
岁月悠悠,衰微只及肌肤；热忱抛却,颓废必致灵魂.忧烦,惶恐,丧失自信,定使心灵扭曲,意气如灰.
无论年届花甲,拟或二八芳龄,心中皆有生命之欢乐,奇迹之诱惑,孩童般天真久盛不衰.人人心中皆有一台天线,只要你从天上人间接受美好、希望、欢乐、勇气和力量的信号,你就青春永驻,风华常存.
一旦天线下降,锐气便被冰雪覆盖,玩世不恭、自暴自弃油然而生,即使年方二十,实已垂垂老矣；然则只要树起天线,捕捉乐观信号,你就有望在八十高龄告别尘寰时仍觉年轻.


最好加一些自己的感想进去

翻译：开始时，张咏在成都做官，听说寇准做了丞相，就对自己的僚属说：“寇准是少见的人材，只可惜他处世方法不足。”等到寇准到陕{也就是陕西一带）做官去的时候，正赶上张咏从成都被罢官回来，寇准很恭敬的升帐，款待张咏。张咏要走的时候，寇准送他一直送到郊外，寇准问他：“您有什么可以教导我的啊？”张咏慢慢的说：“《霍光传》不能不看啊。”寇准没有领会到他的意思，回去以后拿出《霍光传》来看，看到里面有“不学无术”这句话的时候，（才明白过来）。笑着说：“张咏就是这么说我的啊！”
从中能看出寇准能虚心向人讨教，礼贤下士，并按别人的教导去做，且心胸宽广，对正确的意见虚心接受。

线粒体和叶绿体是半自主细胞器.
自身含有遗传表达系统(自主性)；但编码的遗传信息十分有限,其RNA转录、蛋白质翻译、自身构建和功能发挥等必须依赖核基因组编码的遗传信息(自主性有限).
不知道是否解决了你的问题

Ladies and gentlemen
Good afternoon,today my topic is Academic integrity,starting with me.Academic integrity is a fundamental value upon which colleges and universities are built.Students,faculty and staff are expected to contribute frank opinions,and other academic exercises that are vital to sustaining the discussion and exchange of ideas.For learning and scholarship to thrive,academic communities cannot tolerate acts of academic dishonesty,such as cheating,misrepresentation.
there are four fundamental values that characterize an academic community of integrity:
x05Honesty.The quest for truth and knowledge requires intellectual and personal honesty in learning,teaching,research and service.
x05Trust.Academic institutions must foster a climate of mutual trust in order to stimulate the free exchange of ideas.
x05Fairness.All interactions among students,faculty and administrators should be grounded in clear standards,practices and procedures.
x05Respect.Learning is acknowledged as a participatory process,and a wide range of opinions and ideas is respected.
x05As graduate students,academic integrity is particularly important in the future when We expected to service to others and our societies.So How do we maintain academic integrity?
x05First,We make the effort to understand what counts as dishonesty and why this is wrong.Then,We work hard to master the rules of academic disciplines and achieve personal academic outcomes that we can be proud .
x05Meanwhile,We appreciate the value of critical thinking and,a positive attitude,We take a problem-solving approach to learning,combining theory and practice in sophisticated ways
x05At last,we should have the habit of developing new ideas and new ways of seeing,understanding,expressing,and communicating

1.This is Cambridge academic spirit--every second counts.
In a top institution with meticulousscholarship,an envionment that gathered global elites,what feeling will these excellent students have?
2.It is competitive,all their collisions are very intense.
This kind of mentality or potential of everyone is exerted to the best .

韩非子……法家
老子、庄子……道家
墨子……墨家

做人靠谱儿点 做事儿自然靠谱
严谨就是要符合实际 不是斤斤计较 听不听得懂就看你造化了

《孟子 告子》,这部书内容中的学术观点属于( 儒家 )学派,而孔子是（儒家创始人）

Pythagorean School is also known as "southern Italian School ",which is an organization of politics,academics and religions that existed from the end of 6th B.C to the 3th A.D.the founder is Pythagoras .The primary representatives are Eber Sue,Urquhart,figure,Christopher,
heathcliff,tower,xuthus,pater,ou lu,rong of philo,etc and the late stage representatives are Edith,fe guruswamy,Mr.Weng,etc.
the organization is mainly engaged in theological thoughts and symbolism of numbers .Pythagoras was deified as the founder of both a kind of religious revelation and of mysterious
lifestyle.Pythagoras had a far-reaching impact on the development of the later philosophy,mathematics and natural science,religious theology.

这句话是在说,从左传做成的时间到史记作成的400年里,中国思想界已经疲倦了创新,更多的想去做一些整理之前的思想的工作

学术形态 :是指数学家在发表论文时采用的形态,形式化,严密的演绎,逻辑的推理,它呈现出简洁的,冰冷的形式化美丽,却把原始的,火热的思想淹没在形式化的海洋里.
教育形态：是指通过教师的努力,启发学生高效率地进行火热的思考,把人类数千年积累的数学知识体系化,是学生容易的接受
自然形态 :指在自然法则下形成的各种可视或可触摸的形态.它不随人的意志改变而存在,如高山、树木、瀑布、溪流、石头等等.自然形态又可分为有机形态与无机形态.

说的简单一点,原子是由原子核和电子组成的,原子核是由质子和中子组成的,质子带正电,中子不带电,电子带负电,而原子本身不带电,所以每个原子中,质子数和电子数就是相等的,当某个原子缺少电子时,它的电荷就是正的,也就是阳离子,反之是阴离子,常见的阳离子有Ag+ Na+ Cu2+ 常见的阴离子有Cl- 等等,

See Figure 3-5

当他听到结果的一瞬间,只见他的脸色一阵红一阵白,眼神中充满了失落与悔恨,同时,心中为自己的作为而不甚难过.他一个人默默走出了会场……
思想不应该只停留在纸上,意念中的才是最重要的.即使自己写在纸上的是经过斟酌的,但心中的思想不应该仅仅停留在过去的稿件中,临场发挥也是项难得的本领啊!

希望我的回答能帮到您,如还有问题可以hi我
在我看来,学术研究的目的只有一个,那就是“求真务实”.
记得小时候还在初中和高中读书时,老师就常常告诫我们:搞学术研究,必须对自己所从事的那个行当的学术发展状况,先有一个全面的了解.象打仗一样,要有“敌情观念”,知己知彼,方能百战不殆.而了解学术研究的发展状况,弄清哪些问题已经解决,哪些问题已部分解决,哪些问题尚无人问津;我们研究的角度有哪些,还能否变换新的视角进行研究;我们使用了何种研究方法,还可不可以借鉴一些新方法,来推动学术的进一步发局 其目的,就是要在总结前人研究成绩的基础上,进行学术的开拓和创新.只有这样,才能确立自己工作的出发点,明确自己的研究目标,真正创造性地开展工作
In my opinion, academic research of only one objective, that is "practical".
Remember childhood is still in junior and senior high school reading, the teacher is often warned us: make academic research, must on the profession is engaged in the academic development of the situation, first have a comprehensive understanding. Like war is same, should have "over-centralization concepts", the mutant awareness, can understand. And the development situation of academic research, make clear what problem is solved, what problem is partially solved, what problem no deserted, We study Angle, what are the new perspective can transform studied; We use what research methods, still can reference some new methods, to promote the academic further set out its purpose, which is to be on a summary of the former research achievements on the basis of academic development and innovation. Only in this way, it can establish their own work, define their starting point of the objectives of the study, the real work creatively in

Considering the perovskite-type exchange literature experience,a suitable for convenience share scholarly literature platform will become very important.For each subject group and can have a fixed loc...

Randy Pausch
Randolph Frederick Pausch[2] (October 23,1960 – July 25,2008) was an American professor of computer science,human-computer interaction and design at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania.Pausch received his bachelor's degree in computer science from Brown University in 1982 and his PhD in computer science from Carnegie Mellon in August 1988.Pausch later became an associate professor at the University of Virginia,before working at Carnegie Mellon as an associate professor.
He gave his "The Last Lecture" speech on September 18,2007 at Carnegie Mellon.Pausch conceived the lecture after he learned that his previously known pancreatic cancer was terminal.[3] The talk was modeled after an ongoing series of lectures where top academics are asked to think deeply about what matters to them,and then give a hypothetical "final talk",with a topic such as "what wisdom would you try to impart to the world if you knew it was your last chance?" The talk was later released as a book called The Last Lecture,which became a New York Times best-seller.
Career
Pausch was an assistant and associate professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Virginia's School of Engineering and Applied Science from 1988 until 1997.While there,he completed sabbaticals at Walt Disney Imagineering and Electronic Arts (EA).In 1997,Pausch became Associate Professor of Computer Science,Human-Computer Interaction,and Design,at Carnegie Mellon University.He was a co-founder in 1998,along with Don Marinelli,of CMU's Entertainment Technology Center (ETC),and he started the Building Virtual Worlds[6] course at CMU and taught it for 10 years.He consulted with Google on user interface design and also consulted with PARC,Imagineering,and Media Metrix.[5] Pausch is also the founder of the Alice software project.[7]
He was a National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator and a Lilly Foundation Teaching Fellow.[8] Pausch was the author or co-author of five books and over 70 articles.He also received two awards from ACM in 2007 for his achievements in computing education:the Karl V.Karlstrom Outstanding Educator Award and the ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education Award for Outstanding Contributions to Computer Science Education.[9] He was also inducted as a Fellow of the ACM in 2007.The Pittsburgh City Council declared November 19,2007 to be "Dr.Randy Pausch Day".[10] In May 2008,Pausch was listed by Time as one of the World's Top-100 Most Influential People.
The Last Lecture
The Disney-owned publisher Hyperion paid $6.7 million for the rights to publish a book about Pausch called The Last Lecture,co-authored by Pausch and Wall Street Journal reporter Jeff Zaslow.[24] The book became a New York Times best-seller on June 22,2008.[25] The Last Lecture expands on Pausch's speech.The book's first printing had 400,000 copies,and it has been translated into 17 languages.Despite speculation that the book would be made into a movie,Pausch had denied these rumors,stating that "there's a reason to do the book,but if it's telling the story of the lecture in the medium of film,we already have that

一种为“近汉音”象形字,如读“水”为“睢”;读“虎”为“夫”；读“山”为“散”以及二十八宿神秘字符等.虽然这些音韵与今普通话有一些不同,但可以肯定这一定是沿自于中原古汉语.另一种是水语音象形字,如念“花”为“努”;念“梯”为“列”；念“斧”为“贯”等.前者认读音韵与今水语大相径庭,而后者却完全是以今水语音质诵读.这个现象告诉我们一个什么样的学术信息呢?我认为,这种奇妙的现象向我们传递了水书最初沿于汉学,并暗示了其与汉书分野的时代等重要信息.这个时代就是人类正在使用图画文字的上古时代.结合水族称书为“勒”,可能是与上古的“勒”木造字有关,数易水书来自“勒木记事”的上古时代是完全有可能的.今天,广大水族地区的人们都称神龛为“娜干”（山洞口之意）,水族人为什么要称祭供先人的场所为山洞口呢?我认为,这一定是与水族先民有过洞居群处的生活记录有关,那时,老弱妇女在洞中居住,年轻力壮者上山打猎,采集野果,有时不慎丢了性命,被猛虎野狼吃去.亲人悲愤、思念,饭前常到山洞口进行祭供,叫死去的亲人也来吃饭,籍以寄托哀思.久而久之,便称供饭的场所为山洞口.后来人们虽然懂得起房造屋,不再到山洞口去祭供祖先,但仍改不掉这来自远古的习惯性的称谓.这说明水族的语言的确始于遥远的穴居时代.水书中不仅有不同时代的文字字型,先是“近汉音”象形字,再分别到水语象形字金体字和方块体等,由此可知水易与汉易有同源之疑,也推知水族历史可溯至“勒木为字”之时,且分野于遥远的洞居时代.

没有基础不要紧,你可以带着问题去读一些相关的课外读物科普类的书籍,一定会对你有所帮助的.对于更深入的知识,在以后的学习中会学到的.

主要体现其学术性,常与某些理论相关,如论文,在大学生,教授,专家的生活中较多出现,多是与科学,工程,技术方面相关的英语.

1000——1300字的演讲
演讲时速度不要太快
要有适当的手势
不要太死板
学术演讲不要太无趣

北宋的沈括的《梦溪笔谈》
大约成书于1086年－1093年,收录了沈括一生的所见所闻和见解.被西方学者称为中国古代的百科全书,已有多种外语译本.
详细记载了劳动人民在科学技术方面的卓越贡献和他自己的研究成果,反映了我国古代特别是北宋时期自然科学达到的辉煌成就.《宋史·沈括传》作者称沈括“博学善文,于天文、方志、律历、音乐、医药、卜算无所不通,皆有所论著”.英国科学史家李约瑟评价《梦溪笔谈》为“中国科学史上的坐标”.被世人称为“中国科学史上里程碑”.

答案：贯通

答案B
本题考查学生对于常见病句的识别能力
A项,杂糅和句式不一致,后一个“原因”改为“因素”；急功近利的学术风气,沦丧的学术道德,量化的科研；C项,逻辑关系混乱,太极拳比赛是武术比赛中的一种,不能并列；D项,介词使用不当,“对于”改为“对”

《管子》（管仲)2．《邓析子》（邓析)3．《墨子》（墨翟)4．《老子》（李耳)5．《文子》（老子弟子)6．《关尹子》（关尹喜)7．《列子》（列御寇)8．《杨子》（杨朱)9．《商君书》（商鞅)10．《申子》（申不害)11．《尸子》（尸佼)12．《公孙龙子》（公孙龙)13．《庄子》（庄周)14．《慎子》（慎到)l5．《尹文子》（尹文)16．《荀子》（荀卿)l7．《鹖冠子》（楚人)l8．《鬼谷子》（纵横家)19．《亢仓子》（庚桑楚)20．《韩非子》（韩非)21．《吕氏春秋》（吕不韦)22．《晏子春秋》（晏婴)23．《孙子》（孙武)
马谈《论六家要指》中提到诸子有阴阳、儒、墨、名、法、道六家,班固《汉书·艺文志》中提到诸子有儒、道、阴阳、法、名、墨、纵横、杂、农、小说十家,《隋书·经籍志》中提到诸子有儒、道、法、名、墨、纵横、杂、农、小说、兵、天文、历数、五行、医方十四家.

首先时间差是坐标系之间存在的,在一个坐标系内没感觉
给你举个例子也许你就懂了
光传播需要时间对吧
那么我们看到50亿光年外的星星是50亿年前的样子,那么我们从地球2秒到了那个星星,那么在这2秒里我看到了那个星星50亿年的变化,时间变快了大概 25亿:1 左右.
反之,我到了那个星星后身后的地球变为50亿年前的样子,时间倒流了~.身后是变慢的~
所以我们想看到地球从前的样子只要能赶过光的速度.
你的问题:一个人以极高的速度水平向右拿着一根棍子向一个长与棍子相同的房子跑去
这个时候时间膨胀那个拿棍子的人看它的前面是快镜头,但是不会出现您说的关门(事件)发生于再它出现之前.(因为事件总是发生之后你才能看见.)
另外,当棍子右端碰到墙的时候,后端也进去了,只不过用光这个媒介来看的时候会有点延迟...
也就是说棍子有长度对吧,棍子的头碰墙时,它的尾巴也就是它的身后,是慢镜头.所以认为它碰墙的时候门没关.
反之,门为角度看的时候,就和多普乐效应一样,也可以说是冲击波效应吧,首先棍子整体是朝它飞的,它看到是快动作,而后棍子头飞过去了,尾巴没进去,它看到棍子朝头那端突然变慢动作了,而后面尾巴那端还是快动作,最后尾巴进来门关上的时候它会发现棍子还没碰到墙
呵呵其实实际上发生的事情就是一个棍子正好飞进去了,我们是被光蒙弄了
相对论起源本来就是天文中的一些高速运动的星球的一些粒子基本运动速度不符合规律的现象(运动快慢就是时间(慢慢理解)),目前也只用于星球之间的观测于计算.
而人们全部被它的里面的T可变而吸引了.

A

因为表面没有大气层
日间,热量没有收到大气过滤,地面直接吸收,地面温度高
夜间,没有大气保存热量,散发的快,地面温度低
还有就是水
地球上有丰富的水,地表四分之三的面积被水覆盖,水的热容量大,温度变化缓慢,使得地球昼夜温差减小,而月球上没有水,温差较大.

解题思路：本题考查的是人类的祖先的知识，还涉及事实和观点的区分，思考判断．

在英国科学家达尔文创立生物进化论之前，许多人认为世上万物都是上帝创造的．达尔文运用考察、调查、分类、比较等研究方法，揭示出地球上的所有生物都来源于原始的共同祖先，不同的生物之间存在着亲缘关系，从而建立了“进化学说”．达尔文还认为人类是由猿类演化而来，人类的祖先可能生活在非洲．他用自然选择来解释生命世界的现象及其变化规律，动摇了人们信奉近千年的神创论．可见，人类的始祖在非洲．这是一个学术观点，无证据可直接证明，因此，不一定是事实．
故答案为：√

点评：
本题考点： 在人类发展和进化中的重大事件．

考点点评： 对于事实和观点的判断，应根据是否已经被确认或有确凿的证据来判断．

小题1:D 
小题2:A 
小题3:A


小题1:

1.The academic atmosphere
2.Hard but also can yet be regarded as a kind of enjoyment
3.faith
4.Proud feeling arises spontaneously