Alaska and Antarctica

Against the supposition than forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone（臭氧）levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.
“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
46. According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may _______.
A. result in a warming climate
B. cause the forest fires to occur more frequently
C. lead to a longer fire season
D. protect the forests and the environment there
47. The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT _________.
A. large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere
B. the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase
C. snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space
D. ashes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun
48. Earlier studies about northern forest fires _________.
A. analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate
B. indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere
C. suggest that people should take measures to protect environment
D. suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming
49. The underlined phrase “soak up” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. released B. absorbed C. created D. distributed
50. From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may __________.
A. warm the climate as the supposition goes
B. allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate
C. destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice
D. help to gain more energy rather than release more energy

It is time to start planning your 2010 Alaska Vcation! Take a look at newly expanded Alaska tour. Alaska hotels, and Alaska vacation packages. Our 2010 selection offers the most Alaska travel options in our history! Nowadays, we’re all desperate to find that holiday location that will have us coming back for more year after year, somewhere that has a lot to do, beautiful sights. Beautiful surroundings and fantastic deals.
We offer fully customizable（按客户要求定制的） Alaska travel and Alaska tour packages where you can build your own itinerary. The options are endless and the choices are all yours. We can customize the Alaska tours, Alaska vacations. or Alaska itineraries that you desire and fit your budget，from economical to luxurious（豪华型的）．You buy the Alaska travel items you would like to experience. Every aspect of your Alaska vacation is suitable for you.
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We offer many fine Alaska hotels and lodging for your
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Alaska Tours and Activities
Our Alaska travel consultants have assisted thousands of Alaska visitors with their dream Alaska Vacations. Talk to us
about the arrangement you would like to make for your vacation
and we can help you determine the best activities to suit you.
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Logistics（后勤）are a big part of any travel in Alaska!
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63．The purpose of writing this passage is to__________
A. advertise a new travel choice to Alaska
B. show us how to begin the travel in Alaska
C. put forward suggestions for the travel in Alaska
D. advise us how to make a plan for Alaska vacation
64．The underlined part in the second paragraph probably means “__________”.
A. to broaden your horizon B. to strengthen your body
C. to work out your travel plan D. to begin your travel
65．According to the passage, __________.
A. you can take part in many activities including Sunset Viewing
B. the 2010 Alaska travel selection gives you the most choices in the world
C. if you stay at a Alaska Vacation hotel, it is convenient to go sightseeing on foot
D. if you want to go to the coast from the central part, taking a ship is not a bad choice
66．The best title of this passage probably is__________
A. A good option for travelling B. The most attractive place for travelling
C. Alaska Travel and Accommodation D. Your dream Alaska Vacation awaits you
67．Where can you most probably see the passage?
A. In a science journal. B. In a newspaper.
C. In a website. D. In a magazine.

Nowhere else like Alaska can you enjoy a whale exploding out of the water or an eagle pulling a silver fish from the river. Combine these images with high mountains, brilliant icebergs and wonderful meals and you really do have the Best of Alaska! Join us for an unforgettable 7-day holiday to Alaska!
You can have fun here:
JUNEAU: Juneau, the state capital, is rich in culture and scenic beauty. It is here that we start and end our trip.
HAINES: Haines is a small community located along the fjords (峡湾). The natural beauty and expansive wilderness found here have made Haines an important center for adventure in Alaska.
ALASKA INDIAN ARTS: Alaska Indian Arts is a nonprofit corporation devoted to the preservation and continuation of traditional native craft and culture of the Northwest Native Tribes. You can spend a few hours learning carving, playing native beading (珠子) from local artists.
SKAGWAY: Skagway is a lively town, which still reflects its gold rush roots and origins. In Skagway, you may stop at the Klondike Gold Rush National Park Visitor’s Center and ride the White Pass Yukon Route Railway.
GUSTAVUS: Gustavus is the gateway to Glacier Bay National Park. You’ll stay at a comfortable house here for two nights. This will be the base for both the whale-watching excursion (远足) and a full day cruise (巡游) in Glacier Bay.
DATES/ PRICES:
May 16, June 20, July 18, August 15.
7 days --- $3,500, including lodging, all meals, excursions, guides, park fees, sales taxes, and transportation between Juneau, Skagway, Haines, and Gustavus. Not included: Alcohol, personal items, airfare to and from Juneau.
Contact:
E-mail: info@alaskamountainguides.com
Call: 1.800.766.3396
Address: Alaska Mountain Guides& Climbing School
P.O. Box 1081, Haines AK 99827
小题1:Where can you get to know the local history?

A．In Skagway.	B．In Juneau.
C．In Haines.	D．In Gustavus.

小题2:You can watch a whale exploding out of the water at ________.

A．the White Pass Yukon

B．the Klondike Gold Rush National Park

C．Gacier Bay National Park

D．the fjords

小题3:The text is mainly written to ________.

A．tell people how to visit Alaska

B．explain why Alaska is famous

C．introduce beautiful places in Alaska

D．attract people to visit Alaska

–I was surprised to see wild flowers in Alaska.
--Many people think there is nothing ice and snow.

A．except for

B．rather than

C．apart from

D．regardless of

Against the supposition that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over the next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone（臭氧） levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.
“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in the amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicted, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
小题1:According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may __________.

A．result in a warming climate

B．cause the forest fires to occur more frequently

C．lead to a longer fire season

D．protect the forests and the environment there

小题2:The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT __________.

A．large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere

B．the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase

C．snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space

D．ashes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun

小题3:Earlier studies about northern forest fires __________.

A．analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate

B．indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere

C．suggest that people should take measures to protect environment

D．suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming

小题4:The underlined phrase “soak up” in the last paragraph most probably means __________.

A．released

B．absorbed

C．created

D．distributed

小题5:From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may __________.

A．warm the climate as the supposition goes

B．allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate

C．destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice

D．help to gain more energy rather than release more energy

ANCHORAGE, Alaska--The 2004 winner of Alaska’s famous 1,000-mile sled-dog race, the Iditarod, won again at age 53 to become the oldest champion in 2013, a year after his son became the youngest winner.
Mitch Seavey got his dogs to the finishing line first in 9 days, 7 hours, 39 minutes and 56 seconds. His son, Dallas Seavey, now 26, ended up ranking fourth, behind the older competitor, 43-year-old Aliy Zirkle, who followed four-time champion Jeff King, now 57.
Mitch Seavey, who lives in Seward, Alaska, operates a seasonal sled-dog touring business. The race was Mitch Seavey’s 20th Iditarod.
This year’s contest was marked by unusual conditions and unseasonable rain in the northern part of the trail, and conditions that Seavey said helped his team. “It seems like the tougher it is, the better we can do.”
He also thought highly of Zirkle, a New England immigrant（移民）who now lives in Two Rivers, Alaska. “She’s a great musher（赶狗拉雪橇的人）, and she’s going to win the Iditarod sometime, and probably more than once. We just had a little more energy, I think.” Zirkle, one of the most popular mushers, was greeted by shouts of “Aliy, Ally” from the fans as she drove her dog team approaching the finishing line on Nome’s Front Street. “I am pretty happy to be here,” she said. “I was going for it.”
The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race is one of the few major U. S. sports events in which men and women compete on an equal footing. The name “Iditarod” dates from a local Athabascan term meaning “a far, distant place”. Youthful mushers in the race may have some physical advantages--they can do some things more easily. But more importantly, winning the race needs the experience in dog race.
The year’s event started on Saturday, March 2 with a ceremonial nm in Anchorage. Of the 66 mushers who started the race, 10 had dropped out of competition as of Tuesday night. For his victory, Mitch Seavey will take home $50,400 and a new truck.
小题1:Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A．Mitch Seavey is the oldest competitor in the sled-dog race in 2013.

B．Mitch Seavey, who operates a touring business, is a New England immigrant.

C．Mitch Seavey won the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in 2004 and 2013.

D．Mitch Seavey managed to help his son become the youngest winner in 2012.

小题2:On which day did Mitch Seavey probably win the champion in the 2013 Iditarod?

A．On Saturday, March 2.	B．On Monday, March 11.
C．On Saturday, March 9.	D．On Tuesday, March 13.

小题3: Who ranked the 2nd place in the 2013 Iditarod according to the passage?

A．Aliy Zirkle.	B．Dallas Seavey.
C．Mitch Seavey.	D．Jeff King.

小题4: According to the passage, we can learn that ________.

A．the sled-dog race is the most important sports event in the US

B．experience also has a major influence on the result of the race besides age

C．men and women can’t compete in the sled-dog race together at the same time

D．all the athletes in the sled-dog race are limited by age to win the sled-dog race

Before Alaska became part of the U.S., it had been owned by Russia. Trading posts and small settlements were scattered along the coast. The rest of land was left unexplored. The Russians were mainly interested in the wealth of furs from the vast herds of seals they found there.
By the mid-1800’s, most of the seal herds had been wiped out, and Russia no longer wanted to keep Alaska. William Seward, Secretary of State for President Johnson, believed the United States should buy Alaska from Russia. President Johnson wasn’t so sure it was a wise way to spend U.S. money, but he agreed to let Seward discuss it with the Russians. Acting quickly, Seward made a deal. On March 30, 1867, he signed an agreement for the U.S. to pay seven million dollars for the land.
Many people thought it was a foolish waste of America’s money. They called the deal “Seward’s folly”. Then gold was discovered in Alaska and public opinion changed quickly.
Seward did not live to see the true value of Alaska. He died in 1872, five years after making the purchase (购买). Each year, Alaska’s natural resources(资源) have brought in many times the $7,000,000 paid for it. Natural gas, coal, oil, lumber, seafood and other minerals, besides the gold first found, have made it a valuable addition to the United States. In 1959, Alaska be-came the 49th state of the United States.
小题1:The Russians wanted to sell Alaska because _ __ ___.

A．they thought it wasn’t a good place

B．they thought it didn’t belong to Russia

C．they couldn’t find enough seals there

D．they wanted to earn more money from the U.S.

小题2:When Seward signed the agreement, many people thought _ ___ __.

A．it was a successful deal	B．it had its true value
C．he wasted U.S. money	D．he was clever

小题3:Which of the following things was found first in Alaska?

A．Gas.

B．Coal.

C．Oil.

D．Gold.

小题4:The best title for this passage would probably be _ ___ __.

A．Alaska, a beautiful place	B．Alaska with natural resources
C．Alaska, the 49th state of the U.S.	D．Alaska, home to seals

Against the supposition（假设）that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone（臭氧）levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.
“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
小题1:According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may _______.

A．result in a warming climate

B．cause the forest fires to occur more frequently

C．lead to a longer fire season

D．protect the forests and the environment there

小题2: The following are all the immediate effects after a forest fire EXCEPT _________.

A．large amounts of greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere

B．the levels of ozone which is a type of oxygen increase

C．snow on the ground mirrors more sunlight back into space

D．ashes from the fire fall on the ice surface and take in more radiation from the sun

小题3:Earlier studies about northern forest fires _________.

A．analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate

B．indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere

C．suggest that people should take measures to protect environment

D．suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming

小题4:The underlined part “soaked up” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.

A．released

B．absorbed

C．created

D．distributed

小题5:From the passage we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may __________.

A．warm the climate as the supposition goes

B．allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate

C．destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice

D．help to gain more energy rather than release more energy

Against the assumption that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia warm the climate, scientists have discovered that cooling may occur in areas where burnt trees allow more snow to mirror more sunlight into space.
This finding suggests that taking steps to prevent northern forest fires to limit the release of greenhouse gases may warm the climate in northern regions. Usually large fires destroyed forests in these areas over the past decade. Scientists predict that with climate warming, fires may occur more frequently over next several centuries as a result of a longer fire season. Sunlight taken in by the earth tends to cause warming, while heat mirrored back into space tends to cause cooling.
This is the first study to analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate. Earlier studies by other scientists have suggested that fire in northern regions speed up climate warming because greenhouse gases from burning trees and plants are released into the atmosphere and thus trap heat.
Scientists found that right after the fire, large amounts of greenhouse gases entered the atmosphere and caused warming. Ozone（臭氧）levels increased, and ash from the fire fell on far-off sea ice, darkening the surface and causing more radiation from the sun to be taken in. The following spring, however, the land within the area of the fire was brighter than before the fire, because fewer trees covered the ground. Snow on the ground mirrored more sunlight back into space, leading to cooling.
“We need to find out all possible ways to reduce the growth of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Scientists tracked the change in amount of radiation entering and leaving the climate system as a result of the fire, and found a measurement closely related to the global air temperature. Typically, fire in northern regions occurs in the same area every 80 to 150 years. Scientists, however, found that when fire occurs more frequently, more radiation is lost from the earth and cooling results. Specifically, they determined when fire returns 20 years earlier than predicated, 0.5 watts per square meter of area burned are soaked up by the earth from greenhouse gases, but 0.9 watts per square meter will be sent back into space. The net effect is cooling. Watts are used to measure the rate at which energy is gained or lost from the earth.
小题1:According to the new findings, taking steps to prevent northern forest fires may _______.

A．result in a warming climate

B．cause the forest fires to occur more frequently

C．lead to a longer fire season

D．protect the forests and the environment there

小题2:Earlier studies about northern forest fires ________.

A．analyze all aspects of how northern fires influence climate

B．indicate that forest fires will pollute the atmosphere

C．suggest that people should take measures to protect environment

D．suggest that the fires will speed up climate warming

小题3:The underlined phrase “soaked up” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.

A．released

B．absorbed

C．created

D．disturbed

小题4: From the text we can draw a conclusion that forest fires in Alaska, Canada and Siberia may ______.

A．warm the climate as the assumption goes

B．allow more snow to reflect more sunlight into space and thus cool the climate

C．destroy large areas of forests and pollute the far-off sea ice

D．help to gain more energy rather than release more energy .

One day in March ,1964, Alaska began to shake . There was a great earthquake .It was the biggest earthquake the country ever had .
Shops and houses fell down . One street dropp ed 30 feet. One island rose about 11 metres into the air . Parts of the sea bottom became dry land . People felt the earthquake hundreds of kilometers away .
Each year there are many earthquakes . Most of them are small . They happen in different parts of the world . We are not sure what makes them . But if you are near , you can see the earth move . You may see a big crack (裂缝) in the ground . Sometimes the land drops on one side of the crack . There is a new hill . The old world has a new shape (形状).
根据短文判断下列句子正(T)误(F).
小题1:The strongest earthquake in Alaska happened in April 1967.
小题2:The word“earthquake”in the story means a strong shaking or moving of the ground .
小题3:The story wants to tell us earthquakes changed the land .
小题4:From the story we know earthquakes happen in small countries .
小题5:From this story we can see earthquakes often do a lot of harm .