看了克隆羊多利的介绍,得知人体中的乳腺细胞带有遗传基因,想知道人体中除了乳腺细胞还有什么细胞带有遗传基因?望知晓这方面知

改变DNA的原因很多,特别是在母体内发育时,之所以先克隆动物是因为动物远没人体复杂,一旦克隆出人即使DNA相同外界环境也是个至关重要的决定因素,所以不是克隆出来的都是爱因斯坦...

伦理；道德；观念

这与现在研究的一个名词能挂上关系～端粒、每天染色体上都有固定长度的端粒,而且端粒在每次的减数分裂后就会减少一定的长度,等到端粒的长度减少到无法再进行一次减数分裂的减少的长度时减数分裂就不能再继续课,如果体内细胞大多数都处于这种状态那也就离死不远啦、多利羊没有进行过减数分裂、是只进行有丝分裂进行细胞核的移植而已,所以在多利出生时其体内的端粒已经在供核母羊体内进行过很多次的缩短啦、所以多利只能活这些端粒剩下的那段长度的岁月啦、你把供核母羊供核时的岁数加上多利死时的岁数得出的年龄是一个羊正常的死亡年龄、

无性系繁殖 乙 雌 性别与乙羊相同 雄

高中生物书有很详细的彩图
大致就是母羊A的乳腺细胞核与母羊B的去核卵细胞,融合培养,再将所得胚胎移植到母羊C的子宫内,所生下的小羊多利与母羊A有相同的遗传物质,这也充分体现了细胞的全能性

解题思路：细胞工程属于现代技术之一，是近几年考试的一个重点，重点要掌握克隆的原理．

细胞工程是以细胞为对象，应用生命科学理论，借助工程学原理与技术，有目的地利用或改造生物遗传性状，以获得特定的细胞、组织产品或新型物种的一门综合性科学技术．克隆羊多利就是利用细胞工程的最大突破．
故答案为：细胞工程

点评：
本题考点： 生物技术的发展对人类未来的影响．

考点点评： 现代生物技术经常会结合现代的一些实例来出考题，要正确理解才能做对．

解题思路：克隆技术属于现代技术之一，是近几年考试的一个重点，解答时可以从克隆的概念、特点方面来切入．还要掌握克隆羊多利的培育过程以及基因在亲子间的传递规律．

（1）如图，多莉羊的所有性状和B羊一模一样，就是因为B羊为它提供了细胞核，细胞核是遗传的控制中心，是遗传信息库，它里面含有遗传物质，能够传递遗传信息．里面含有控制性状的所有基因．而B羊为白色，则多莉的毛色应该为白色．
（2）因为B羊是一只白色母羊，基因组成为Dd，所以“多莉”的基因也是Dd，而黑色公羊，基因组成为dd．所以它们后代的基因组成可能是Dd或dd，且比例为1：1，所生后代为母羊的几率是50%．
（3）无性生殖是指不需要两性生殖细胞的结合，由母体直接产生新个体的生殖方式．有性生殖是指经过精子与卵细胞两性生殖细胞结合形成受精卵，由受精卵发育成新个体的生殖方式．“克隆”的含义是无性繁殖，即由同一个祖先细胞分裂繁殖而形成的纯细胞系，该细胞系中每个细胞的基因彼此相同．如克隆绵羊“多莉”就是用乳腺上皮细胞（体细胞）作为供体细胞进行细胞核移植的，它利用了胚胎细胞进行核移植的传统方式．克隆技术不需要雌雄交配，不需要精子和卵子的结合，只需从动物身上提取一个单细胞，用人工的方法将其培养成胚胎，再将胚胎移植到雌性动物子宫内，就可孕育出新的个体．因此“克隆”实际上属于无性生殖．
故答案为：（1）白色 细胞核
（2）Dd或dd；50%
（3）无性生殖

点评：
本题考点： 克隆技术的应用．

考点点评： 现代生物技术经常会结合现代的一些实例来出考题，要正确理解才能做对．

为人类研究无性繁殖技术开辟了光明的前景.

可以,该实验证明了动物细胞的细胞核仍具有全能性,不管细胞核来自于雌还是雄,培育出的克隆动物绝大部分性状与供核生物相同,性别当然也一样.

在培育多利羊的过程中,科学家采用了体细胞克隆技术.也就是说,从一只成年绵羊身上提取体细胞,然后把这个体细胞的细胞核注入另一只绵羊的卵细胞之中,而这个卵细胞已经抽去了细胞核,最终新合成的卵细胞在第三只绵羊的子宫内发育形成了多利羊.从理论上而言,多利继承了提供体细胞的那只绵羊的遗传特征.培育多利羊的技术,已经成为如今培育体细胞克隆动物的标准过程

解题思路：本题考查的是细胞核在生物遗传中的功能，首先明确细胞核是遗传的控制中心．

克隆技术属于现代生物技术．
在克隆羊多莉的培育过程中，科学家先将甲羊卵细胞的细胞核抽出，再将乙羊乳腺细胞的细胞核取出，将该细胞核注入来自甲羊的无核卵细胞中．这个融合成的卵细胞经过分裂形成胚胎，将这个胚胎移入丙羊的子宫内继续发育．发育成熟后小羊多利出生．因为细胞核内含有遗传物质，能够传递遗传信息，所以，培育出的小羊多莉和提供细胞核的母羊乙一模一样．因此“多莉”与生出它的母羊一模一样的说法错误．
①多莉的诞生证明高度分化成熟的哺乳动物乳腺细胞，仍具有全能性，还能像胚胎细胞一样完整地保存遗传信息，这些遗传信息在母体发育过程中并没有发生不可回复的改变，还能完全恢复到早期胚胎细胞状态．最终仍能发育成与核供体成体完全相同的个体．
②成功地找到了供体核与受体卵细胞质更加相容的方法．克隆动物“多利”问世，证明动物成体细胞的细胞核能够去分化；证明了高度分化的动物体细胞的细胞核仍然保持有全能性．
故选：B

点评：
本题考点： 克隆技术的应用．

考点点评： 关于细胞核与DNA的知识是考查的重点内容，可通过分析细胞核内的遗传物质来掌握，难度一般．

是母羊,因为多莉是用一只母羊的细胞核植入到卵细胞内培养发育而成,多莉的染色体与该母羊的染色体相同,性别也一样.

克隆羊多利的诞生，不仅在理论上证明了，同植物细胞一样，分化了的动物细胞核也具有全能性，在分化过程中细胞核中的遗传物质没有不可逆变化；在实践上证明了，利用体细胞进行动物克隆的技术是可行的，将有无数相同的细胞可用来作为供体进行核移植，并且在与卵细胞相融合前可对这些供体细胞进行一系列复杂的遗传操作，从而为大规模复制动物优良品种和生产转基因动物提供了有效方法．
故答案为：可能．

因为 只是用了 供体羊的细胞核的遗传物质 而借用的另一支羊的卵母细胞来激发他的全能性,如果要证明动物细胞的全能性 得像植物组培那样直接从单个细胞培育出个体.

这个事实说明了生物体的遗传信息主要位于细胞核中.
多利羊有三个“母亲”,一个提供细胞核,一个提供细胞质,一个提供胚胎发育的子宫,由于遗传物质大部分位于细胞核,少部分位于细胞质,而与子宫毫无关系,所以多利羊最像供核母羊.

解题思路：动物细胞的基本结构包括：细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核．
细胞膜：能够控制物质的进出，有害的物质不能进入，有益的物质不能流出，从而保持了内部环境的相对稳定．
细胞质：能够缓缓地流动，加速与外界的物质交换．
细胞核：内有染色体，染色体是遗传物质的主要载体，能够传递遗传信息．

威尔穆特从一只苏格尔黑脸母羊的卵巢内取出成熟的卵细胞，并剔除其细胞核；从一只芬兰白脸母羊的乳腺细胞中取出细胞核，并移植到黑脸母羊的去核卵细胞中，使其形成一个新的“卵细胞”．然后在实验室里让这个新“新卵...

点评：
本题考点： 克隆技术的应用．

考点点评： 解答此题的关键是明确动物细胞的结构和功能．

Cloning Dolly
Cloning Dolly the sheep was not an easy task.To understand how she was cloned,you must first know some of the basics of developmental biology.Here's a crash course:
An 'oocyte' (ooh-oh-sight) is an unfertilized egg that has no chance of becoming an animal unless it becomes fertilized.An egg that has just become fertilized is called a 'zygote' (zye-goat).For example,a frog zygote will split and grow into a tadpole.This tadpole will become a frog and the process continues.'Differentiation' is when cells change into certain kinds of cells.These cells can be differentiated into blood cells,nerve cells,fat cells,and many other types of cells.As a mass of embryo cells split and differentiate,they create an animal.
A nucleus is the main part of a cell,where all of the information is stored.
An 'enucleated oocyte' is an oocyte without a nucleus.
'Nuclear transfer' is when the nucleus of of one cell is transferred into another cell,creating a 'new cell' with a different nucleus.
A 'quiescent' (qwee-S-cent) cell is a cell that has departed from the cell cycle and has stopped dividing.It may or may not re-enter the cell cycle at a later time,because it depends on the type of cell.
Diagram thanks to www.synapses.co.uk/science/clone.html
The 'cell cycle' is often depicted as 'a circle of life and division',but here it will be referred to as 'the cycle',meaning it repeats.
Got it?Good.
In 1975,a man by the name of Gurdon came up with the "nuclear transfer".This two step process uses fine needles and a powerful microscope to take the nucleus out of a frog oocyte (I guess frogs were the guinea pigs at this time),creating an enucleated oocyte.He discovered that the enucleated oocyte wouldn't divide or differentiate,even when fertilized,which isn't a surprise,as a cell can't do anything without the nucleus.
Gurdon's second step surprised many.He moved the nucleus from the frog cell into an enucleated oocyte.These nuclear transferred cells behaved a lot like a zygote.They divided and divided just as they were supposed to,until a great ball of cells was produced.Then this ball differentiated!The process continued on as a normal embryo,and the tadpoles were right on time.The tadpoles were clones,as they had come from the cells of the same adult and all had the same genetic make-up.Gurdon had proved that differentiation was reversible,because normal identical twins aren't made from differentiated cells.
Naturally,scientists got excited when they saw how Gurdon had cloned the tadpoles.Unfortunately,there were two problems,the first being that,no matter how hard scientists tried,nuclear transfer only worked on frogs.They tried it on mice,cattle,and many other mammals,but nothing happened.The 'new cells' would divide occasionally,but it didn't last and none of them properly differentiated.Secondly,Gurdon's nuclear transferred tadpoles never grew up!His experiment was repeated,but always with the same outcome.Even today,scientists can't explain why the tadpoles made by nuclear transfer never lived to become adults.By the 1980's most scientists accepted the fact that frogs have something special in them that allows them to be cloned.Whatever this ingredient is,it's not found in mammals.Therefore,differentiation is somewhat reversible in frogs (as they always stay tadpoles) but not in mammals.
It seemed as though cloning animals had come to a halt.There weren't many options left,but Roslin Institute scientist Keith Campbell had the idea that the cloning trouble may have had to do with the cell cycle.
A cell divides into two more cells,referred to as 'daughter cells',and both of these cells grow regularly,copy their hereditary material and again split,making two more daughter cells and repeating the process.The daughter cells are clones of each other,because both nuclei (plural of nucleus) have the same genes in them.This natural process goes on and on with each cycle.
The cell cycle intrigues biologists."Very fast cells occur during development causing a single cell to make many copies of itself as it grows and differentiates into an embryo." (Dr.Jamie Love,Issue 1-Science Explained).Hair,gut,and skin cells are fast cycling cells so that cells that have naturally died can quickly be replaced.This is why your hair grows so fast or why that cut on your arm is healed within the week.Skin cells divide to make more skin cells to replace the ones that died.Cancer is caused by cell cycles that are out of control.
Many biologists thought that,in order to clone something,the nucleus from a fast dividing cell should be transferred.This was quite logical because quickly cycling cells are just what makes an embryo grow.Thinking back,the gut cells used to clone the tadpoles were fast cycling.Many scientists tried this theory,but all attempts failed.
Dr.Keith Campbell tried a different route.He thought that a quiescent nucleus would be a better candidate.Although it wasn't cycling (which is what makes it quiescent),Dr.Campbell figured that was what the nucleus needed for it to be properly transferred.Perhaps the cell needed a 'rest' before beginning to create a whole new animal.Maybe the nucleus needed some time to get its DNA in order.So maybe quiescent cells would work!
They used cells from an adult sheep's mammary glands for the 'donor' nucleus.The cells were grown in 'tissue culture',"An artificial situation that is commonly used in laboratories to grow large numbers of cells in bottles." (Dr.Jamie Love,Issue 1-Science Explained).Tissue culture allows scientists to tinker with the cells and change their characteristics.This is precisely what Dr.Campbell did.He 'starved' them of vital nutrients and the cells ceased to grow and divide.They became quiescent.Soon Dolly would be created.
Using methods like ones used 20 years before by Gurdon,technician Bill Ritchie (who worked with Dr.Campbell) took the nucleus from an oocyte that was accumulated from a Scottish Blackface female sheep (the Scottish Blackface is a breed of sheep common in Scotland and recognizable by its black face).
Oocytes have a 'coat' of fibres and proteins (known as the zona pellucida) and it is through this guarded cover that that Mr.Ritchie injected the nucleus from the quiescent mammary cell into the enucleated oocyte.The nucleus was from a separate kind of sheep called the Fin Dorset.He then used a very minute pulse of electricity to make the nucleus fuse with the cytoplasm of the enucleated oocyte.This pulse also helped to start the cells into 'activity' so that they will more likely split or divide.This new cell was put into the reproductive track of a Blackface ewe (this was the same breed that gave the oocyte).
Diagram thanks to www.synapses.co.uk/science/clone.html
Scientists at the Roslin Institute repeated this operation 276 times!This was definitely no easy task.
After a normal length of time for a Fin Dorset,148 days,Dolly was born.
Dolly is a normal,healthy looking Fin Dorset and is a true clone,because Dolly's Blackfaced mother couldn't have given birth to a white faced sheep no matter who the father was.But the scientists double checked anyway,and 'fingerprinted' dolly and her mom and were able to prove that Dolly's DNA matched that of the cells from the tissue culture,and not the cells of her birth mother.Although some newspapers have said so,Dolly has not eaten her owner or any fellow sheep.She doesn't shoot laser beams from her eyes or talk.
The process failed 276 times.The 'new cells' (enucleated oocytes with donor nucleuses) were inserted into many ewes.The scientists checked their process after a few days and only recovered 247 cells.Some may have been lost because they are so hard to find.Others died early and decomposed.When examined under a microscope,88% of the 'new cells' that had been transferred had not developed.The researchers put the 29 remaining embryos into 13 ewes.Some ewes got only one embryo,some two,and some three.If the embryo and the ewe are not in synch,then the embryo won't become implanted in the ewe's womb.This is difficult to do and Roslin researchers said in their paper "Not all recipients were perfectly synchronized".This may be why only one of the 13 ewes became pregnant.Obviously,this was the one to give birth to Dolly.
But now,after only five years in this world,Dolly has run into a problem.What's happened?Go to the Dolly Dilemma page to find out how it happened.

解题思路：克隆技术属于现代生物技术．在克隆羊多莉的培育过程中，科学家先将甲羊卵细胞的细胞核抽出，再将乙羊乳腺细胞的细胞核取出，将该细胞核注入来自甲羊的无核卵细胞中．这个融合成的卵细胞经过分裂形成胚胎，将这个胚胎移入丙羊的子宫内继续发育．发育成熟后小羊多利出生．因为细胞核内含有遗传物质，能够传递遗传信息，所以，培育出的小羊多莉和提供细胞核的母羊乙一模一样．

A、染色体只存在于细胞核中，因此克隆动物细胞中的染色体全部来自供体核，A正确；
B、克隆多利羊的过程没有生殖细胞的结合，属于无性生殖，B正确；
C、克隆羊“多莉”的产生过程说明动物细胞的细胞核具有全能性，C正确．
D、培育出的小羊多莉和提供细胞核的母羊一模一样，说明多利羊的性状受供核母羊的DNA控制．D错误．
故选：D．

点评：
本题考点： 克隆技术的应用．

考点点评： 关键掌握克隆的过程．

体细胞属于高度分化细胞,而多利羊的成功则证明了高度分化的动物细胞核具有一定的全能性,这个才是多利真正的成功之处.至于核移植,只要把一个细胞的细胞核拿掉后,在植入新的细胞核,细胞不死便可说核移植成功,这在多利成功前就有成功案例了

1996年7月5日,英国科学家伊恩·维尔穆特博士用一个成年羊的体细胞成功的克隆出了一只小羊.这只小羊与它的“父亲”一模一样.动物的繁衍一般都要经过有性繁殖过程,要使它们能够无性繁殖,必须经过复杂的操作程序

不对,证明是动物细胞核具有全能性.克隆羊多利的过程是取甲羊的乳腺细胞的核,把它移植到乙羊的去核卵细胞中,培养后移植到丙羊体内,产下就是多利,遗传性状像甲羊,所以可看出证明的是动物细胞核具有全能性.植物细胞具有全能性,胡萝卜的实验就是证明.

克隆羊多利的诞生与三只羊有关,他与那只长的最像（A ）
A、提供卵细胞的母羊 B、提供乳腺细胞的母羊
C、代孕母羊 D、三只羊都不像

B

在培育多莉的过程中,科学家采用体细胞克隆技术,主要分四个步骤进行：　　①从一只六岁雌性的芬兰多塞特(Finn Dorset)白面绵羊（称之为A）的乳腺中取出乳腺细胞,将其放入低浓度的培养液中,细胞逐渐停止分裂,此细胞称之为供体细胞.　　②从一头苏格兰黑面母绵羊（称之为B）的卵巢中取出未受精的卵细胞,并立即将细胞核除去,留下一个无核的卵细胞,此细胞称之为受体细胞.　　③利用电脉冲方法,使供体细胞和受体细胞融合,最后形成融合细胞.电脉冲可以产生类似于自然受精过程中的一系列反应,使融合细胞也能像受精卵一样进行细胞分裂、分化,从而形成胚胎细胞.　　④将胚胎细胞转移到另一只苏格兰黑面母绵羊（称之为C）的子宫内,胚胎细胞进一步分化和发育,最后形成小绵羊多莉.