what are leadership and management?what is different between

lead是动词 后面两个是形容词 lear是指领导人 领导者 leadership是指有这个领导能力

He lacks the ability for leadership.

1.After this experience,I think we should try our best to help the people in need when we meet them .2.leadership behavior is not limited to management and appeal ,also require a person can use their patience and faith to impress and influence others,and make others believe you,and give them proper guidance and help .

nrow(leadership)是leadership这个数据集的行数（可能就是样本数）,1:nrow(leadership) 是一个向量,从1到nrow(leadership),sample(1:nrow(leadership)) 是将里面的这个向量进行随机排列了,不是之前那样的顺序了.sample(1:nrow(leadership))表示原来的数据集的序号被打乱了,但还是原来的数据集.

leader 领导者 leadership,领导(抽象概念)

obey the leadership arrangement.用微软最酷的在线词汇一查就会出现答案.

选c
a、我将工作细节交给我的经理,没有管理人员我会干的更好.（文中第一类型讲一般职员的工作特点）显然不符
b、我真正感兴趣的是激励职工,我试图平衡情感和理智,我认为理解他们是很重要的.（文中第二类型主要讲助理——智囊团的工作特点）与其不符
c、我工作上与总裁很密切,打造这个庞大的团队,我有意识而且很清楚什么要做,我不会总是指责职工,我尊重他们,也希望他们尊重我.（文中第三类型讲综合管理者的工作特点）与其相符

不知道你有没有找到人给你改作文,如果没有我可以帮你改.我帮很多人改过作文（同学）,这点绝对可以放心.如果需要可以给我发消息.

有上文语境么？第一句的 these things 指的是什么？

The article also does the analysis on two sorts of leadership methods :Transformaton and Transaction.
do the analysis on 在某方面做了分析 也可以直接使用动词 analyze,
The article also analyzes two sorts of leadership methods :Transformaton and Transaction.
当然如果希望更加专业的翻译也可以如下翻译：
Transfroamtion and Tansaction,this two leadership methods,are analyzed in this article.正式的英文论文多会用被动语态代替主动语态.中间也用了同位语,对主语进行了补充和解释.

理解与教学的关键

“领导者的真正价值不仅仅在于支持已经大众化的东西,而在于把不为人所知的公众化.”鄙人拙见,望博学多才的各位不吝赐教,不甚感激!

　　cost leadership strategy:成本导向（领先）战略
　　成本领先战略也称为低成本战略,是指企业通过有效途径降低成本,使企业的全部成本低于竞争对手的成本,甚至是在同行业中最低的成本,从而获取竞争优势的一种战略.
　　根据企业获取成本优势的方法不同,我们把成本领先战略概括为如下几种主要类型：
　　（1）简化产品型成本领先战略；就是使产品简单化,即将产品或服务中添加的花样全部取消.
　　（2）改进设计型成本领先战略；
　　（3）材料节约型成本领先战略；
　　（4）人工费用降低型成本领先战略；
　　（5）生产创新及自动化型成本领先战略；
　　differentiation strategy:差异化战略
　　所谓差异化战略,是指为使企业产品与竞争对手产品有明显的区别,形成与众不同的特点而采取的一种战略.这种战略的核心是取得某种对顾客有价值的独特性.企业要突出自己产品与竞争对手之间的差异性,主要有四种基本的途径：
　　（1）产品差异化战略
　　产品差异化的主要因素有：特征、工作性能、一致性、耐用性、可靠性、易修理性、式样和设计.
　　（2）服务差异化战略
　　服务的差异化主要包括送货、安装、顾客培训、咨询服务等因素.
　　（3）人事差异化战略
　　训练有素的员工应能体现出下面的六个特征：胜任、礼貌、可信、可靠、反应敏捷、善于交流.
　　（4）形象差异化战略

My achievements：
1. Organizational skills and leadership skills. I organized the students to make some social surveys in this summer vacation and recorded radio programs by myself at Broadcasting Station. I have recorded radio programs at Broadcasting Station many times.
2．Writing compositions. I won the first prize in the impromptu writing competition twice.
3. I take the initiative in giving speeches at teachers' office and ask them help me to point out my mistakes. Finally, I got a first runner-up place in the speech competition .Since then, I have made speeches before all the students under the national flag during the Monday morning assembly several times and I am proud of this.
4. Singing. I was awarded gold medal in the singing competition twice.

Leadership is the ability of a company's management to make sound decisions and inspire others to perform well.Effective leaders are able to set and achieve challenging goals,to take swift and decisive action even in difficult situations,to outperform their competition,to take calculated risks and to persevere in the face of failure.Strong communication skills,self-confidence,the ability to manage others and a willingness to embrace change also characterize good leaders.
Leadership is the process through which an individual tries to influence another individual or a group of individuals to accomplish a goal.Leadership is valued in our culture,especially when it helps to achieve goals that are beneficial to the population,such as the enactment of effective preventive-health policies.An individual with leadership qualities can also improve an organization and the individuals in it,whether it be a teacher who works to get better teaching materials and after-school programs or an employee who develops new ideas and products and influences others to invest in them.
Leadership can be exhibited in a variety of ways and circumstances.Mothers and fathers show leadership in raising their children with good values and encouraging them to develop to their potential.Teachers show it in inspiring students to learn and to develop their intellectual capacity.Health care workers can be leaders and develop services that meet the needs of the communities they serve,or work in collaboration with other organizations to create cost-effective,prevention-oriented programs and services.
Many studies have been done and many books and articles have been published on this subject.Through this work a consistent set of leadership attributes has emerged.An effective leader does most,if not all,of the following:
•Challenge the Process—search out challenging opportunities,take risks,and learn from mistakes.
•Inspire others to come together and agree on a future direction or goal— create a shared vision by thinking about the future,having a strong positive vision,and encouraging others to participate.
•Help others to act—help others to work together,to cooperate and collaborate by developing shared goals and building trust,and help to make others stronger by encouraging them to develop their skills and talents.
•Set an example—behave in ways that are consistent with professed values and help others to achieve small gains that keep them motivated,especially when a goal will not be achieved quickly.
•Encourage others—recognize each individual's contributions to the success of a project.
Another way of defining leadership is to acknowledge what people value in individuals that are recognized as leaders.Most people can think of individuals they consider to be leaders.Research conducted in the 1980s by James Kouzes and Barry Posner found that a majority of people admire,and willingly follow,people who are honest,forward-looking,inspiring,and competent
An individual who would like to develop leadership skills can profit from the knowledge that leadership is not just a set of exceptional skills and attributes possessed by only a few very special people.Rather,leadership is a process and a set of skills that can be learned.

Leadership is one of the most salient aspects of the organizational context.However,defining leadership has been challenging.The following sections discuss several important aspects of leadership including a description of what leadership is and a description of several popular theories and styles of leadership.This page also dives into topics such as the role of emotions and vision,as well leadership effectiveness and performance.Finally,this page discusses leadership in different contexts,how it may differ from related concepts (i.e.,management),and some critiques that have been raised about leadership.
Leadership has been described as the “process of social influence in which one person is able to enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task” [1].A definition more inclusive of followers comes from Alan Keith of Genentech who said "Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen." [2] Students of leadership have produced theories involving traits [3],situational interaction,function,behavior,power,vision and values [4],charisma,and intelligence among others
Functional leadership theory (Hackman & Walton,1986; McGrath,1962) is a particularly useful theory for addressing specific leader behaviors expected to contribute to organizational or unit effectiveness.This theory argues that the leader’s main job is to see that whatever is necessary to group needs is taken care of; thus,a leader can be said to have done their job well when they have contributed to group effectiveness and cohesion (Fleishman et al.,1991; Hackman & Wageman,2005; Hackman & Walton,1986).While functional leadership theory has most often been applied to team leadership (Zaccaro,Rittman,& Marks,2001),it has also been effectively applied to broader organizational leadership as well (Zaccaro,2001).In summarizing literature on functional leadership (see Kozlowski et al.(1996),Zaccaro et al.(2001),Hackman and Walton (1986),Hackman & Wageman (2005),Morgeson (2005)),Klein,Zeigert,Knight,and Xiao (2006) observed five broad functions a leader provides when promoting unit effectiveness.These functions include:(1) environmental monitoring,(2) organizing subordinate activities,(3) teaching and coaching subordinates,(4) motivating others,and (5) intervening actively in the group’s work.
A variety of leadership behaviors are expected to facilitate these functions.In initial work identifying leader behavior,Fleishman (Fleishman,1953) observed that subordinates perceived their supervisors’ behavior in terms of two broad categories referred to as consideration and initiating structure.Consideration includes behavior involved in fostering effective relationships.Examples of such behavior would include showing concern for a subordinate or acting in a supportive manner towards others.Initiating structure involves the actions of the leader focused specifically on task accomplishment.This could include role clarification,setting performance standards,and holding subordinates accountable to those standards.

全世界

1.manage every situation smoothly
2.the colleague will trust you and follow your idea
3.better to organize every project and activity
4people seldom doubt your words,enhance the efficiency of daily work

小题1:A
小题2:D
小题3:C
小题4:B

lofty
enterpirising
ambition
decision
endurance
resolution
strife
humour
intelligence
powe

领导力“是能影响一个群体取得成功的能力”（Robbins等,2000年,593页）.转换型领导是所有领导类型或种类中最适合变革的.他们是一种能带来一些对变革有益的品质的领导,这些品质是“...个性化的考虑、激发智慧和感召力”（Robbins等,2000年,617页）.在促进使一个组织变为学习型组织所必需的洞察力方面,领导力起着关键作用.利用领导力通过启发、沟通、参与、协助、控制谈判甚至高压政治,改变人们的态度、预期、理解和行为,可以减少变革的阻力.控制是“监督行动以确保其按计划完成,并在明显背离计划时被纠正的过程”（Robbins等人,2000年,683页）.对组织的控制必须足够灵活以接受和处理变革.管理者需要从官僚主义式的控制转变为鼓励变革.官僚机构扭曲了规则、制度、程序、政策和统治者权威的使用.为了给变革创造更好的环境,各种组织应该使用派系或者市场的方法来实现控制.
要求加分,比我的cfa教材看着还费劲.

你说的是拉丁语?这俩词又不是拉丁语,怎么来拉丁语原意?尤其lead就是土生土长的英语,源自古英语 lædan.怎么冒出其他语言里的原意呢?难道还有中文原意?manage倒是可能和拉丁语的manus“手”有渊源～

你这个问题问得很好.在真实英语中你会看到更多的这种现象.
对这种现象有三种解释：
1.说话人的思维习惯——谓语的单复数选择取决于句子主语中最靠近谓语动词的那个名词,如果是单数,谓语就用单数形式.如：My homework is the exercises assigned to me this morning.
2.整体概念——当说话人认为句子主语是个整体概念时,不管是复数还是单数,有没有and,谓语一概用单数.例：New employees' orientations and training is an important step in our HR management.
3.主语结构太长,没时间区分单数或复数,谓语一概用单数形式.这种现象多出现在口语交流中,而在文字表达中则少见.
你的问题实际上既有用单数的,也可以用复数,合乎上述第二和第三条.

这句话翻译的很正确