idea initiation怎么翻译成中文.

英语翻译
针对SIP(Session Initiation Protocol)穿越NAT设备的问题,分析了现有的NAT穿越方法ICE(Interactive Connectivity Establishment),并对ICE方法作了进一步优化.新方案保持了原ICE方式不改动NAT设备、能穿越任何类型NAT的优点,缩短了穿越对称型NAT的时间.
请翻译上面一段话

英语翻译
We find that a post-IPO dividend initiation or increase is highly predictive of both subsequent acquisition by another bank as well as the magnitude of the takeover premium.Our results are consistent with the view that dividend initiation or increases,together with several other markers of maturity,send a signal of readiness for acquisition.

英语翻译
Time-step experiment :In the experiment,after initiation of a search ,the CA is
allowed to run for N (= 50) time steps.The search is initiated by a randomly selected node
and the number of similar items (ns) found within 50 time steps from the commencement of
the search is calculated.

英语翻译
Time to initiation of corrosion and subsequent corrosion rates of steel
reinforcement in plain and microsilica-blended concretes were determined
on prismatic 100 x 62.5 x 300 mm (4 • 2.5 x 12 in.) specimens containing
a 12.5 mm (1/2 in.) diameter bar embedded centrally.The length of the
uncoated portion of the bar was 275 mm (I1 in.).The coarse aggregate was
a maximum size of 19 mm (3/4 in.) of crushed limestone with a bulk specific
gravity 2.42 and an average absorption of 3.8%.The fine aggregate was
beach sand of specific gravity 2.70 and absorption 0.23%.A water/cement
(w/c) ratio of 0.50,cement content of 357 kg/m 3 (600 lbs/cu yd),and coarse
to fine aggregate ratio of 2.0 by weight was used for the plain and the
microsilica-blended cement concretes.The specimens were cured for 28 days
before exposure to the chloride solution.

建筑工程专业英语翻译 求高手!
Corrosion Initiation Time
Fig. 3 shows the half-cell potential measurement records of 14% C3A
plain cement concrete along with the 10% and 20% microsilica-blended
cement concretes. The specimens were partially immersed in 5% NaC1
solution and to simulate chloride corrosion situations, where chlorides migrate
by diffusion to the steel-concrete interface from external-sources during
the service life of concrete structures. Table 1 shows the time to -270 mV
(SCE), which is taken as time to initiation of corrosion for the plain and
microsilica-blended cement concretes. These data show that both 10% and
20% microsilica-blended cement concretes performed threefold better, in
terms of corrosion initiation time, compared to plain cement concrete. Similar
results (Rasheeduzzafar et al. 1991) were obtained by the writers in

英语翻译
Time to initiation of corrosion was adopted as a criterion of relative
protection provided to steel by the surrounding plain and microsilica-blended
cement concrete due to following two reasons:First,the corrosion process
comprises two distinct phases (Tuutti 1980; Browne 1983),the corrosion
initiation period to and the corrosion propagation time ta.The corrosion
propagation time leads to a definitive level of unacceptable damage.Cracking
and spalling of concrete,although a serviceability failure,is usually
serious enough to be considered as unacceptable damage.More importantly,
cracking/spalling of concrete follows very shortly after the initiation of corrosion.
Spellman and Stratfull (1969) reported that as little as 25 m (1 rail)
of steel conversion into its characteristic corrosion products can cause the
cracking of a good-quality concrete.Second,this criterion was adopted
because propagation time is extremely sensitive to a number of random
factors (such as oxygen flow,temperature,resistivity of concrete,cover
thickness and quality,size and spacing of bars,and moisture content and
tensile strength of concrete) and therefore is very difficult to quantify.

英语翻译
In Fig.25.24(a) is shown the initiation of arc.Under the intense heat of the arc,the electrode tip melts and forms a globule of molten metal at the tip as shown in Fig.25.24(b).As the electrode wire is fed towards the workpiece,the molten tip touches the weld metal pool and thus short circuits the electrode to the workpiece as in the Fig.25.24(c).This reduces the voltage across the arc.The short circuits the electrode pinched as shown in Fig.25.24(d)by the surface tension of the weld metal pool as well as the magnetic force due to the current flow.Finally,the metal in pinched away and the arc getd ignited again,and the cycle is repeatde all over again.
The number of times that the pinching takes place,depends on the inductance of the welding machine used and the parameters set.The inductance of the welding machine controls the rate at which the short circuiting current increases.Too low an inductance gives rise to a very high short circuiting current and consequently high pinching rate.With high inductance,the short circuit current becomes low and results in somewhat lower pinching force.The effect of inductance,measured in terms of the reponse rate ,is given in Table 25.8 for the commonly used electrode diameters.It can ben observed that the optimum response rate depends on the electrode wire size .Hence,the welding machines to be used for short circuiting transfer,make use of a variable choke system which can be tuned for different wire sizes,The frequency of the metal transfer may be of the order of 50 to 200 per second.This rate also depends on the open circuit voltage and the wire feed rate employed.Too high an open circuit voltage reduces the frequency of short circuiting .The low wire feed rates also make for lower frequencies .The optimum values of these parameters are to be obtainde for any welding situation either through experience or by trial and error method,with some starting point from the welding machine manual.
The main advantage of using the short circuit metal transfer is the lower penetration which can be effectively used for welding thin sheets.Poorly fit joints as well as all difficult to reach positions can also be successfully welded.Practically,there is no spatter since the metal is transferred only when the electrode touches the workpiece,Also,less amount of metal is affected around the weld joint because of the smaller heat input .