One genetic mutation(基因突变)occurs on average for every 15 cig

jonny12492022-10-04 11:39:541条回答

one genetic mutation(基因突变)occurs on average for every 15 cigarettes that a typical lung-cancer patient smokes, according to a study that has found for the first time all of the mutations happen during the lifetime of a cancer patient.
scientists have completed a full genetic examinations of the genomes（基因组） of cancer patients, and hope the information will lead to a basic understanding of the causes of cancer—and possibly drugs and treatments—by making out the mutations that turn a healthy cell into a cancerous tumor cell.
they studied a lung-cancer patient who had about 23,000 dna mutations in his lung cells that were connected with exposure(暴露) to the toxins found in cigarette smoke and had built up over his lifetime.
they also looked at a patient with malignant melanoma(***黑色肿瘤), the most dangerous form of skin cancer, who had got 30,000 special mutations known to be connected with exposure to sunlight.
scientists believe this new finding into the genetics of cancer will finally lead to new drugs and perfect treatments that aim at the specific changes to the gene that cause the

disease, as well as new techniques for discovering following cancers that have escaped from treatment in other parts of the body.
“for the first time, we have a complete map of all mutations in a cancer cell,” said dr. peter campbell, who led the cancer genome project to work out the whole dna system of tumor cells in order find the mutations.
a similar method was performed on the cells of a patient with skin cancer, which is how the researchers were able to show that the malignant skin cells contained changes that resulted from exposure to light.
“these are the two main cancers in the developed world for which we know the chief exposure. for lung cancer it is cigarette smoke, and for malignant melanoma it is exposure to sunlight,” professor campbell said.
小题1:what can the genetic examination of the genomes of cancer patients be used for?

a．to help the professors to win the nobel prizes.

b．to advance the study of reason and cure of cancer.

c．to make the medicine industries earn more money.

d．to help the cancer patients reduce their pain.

小题2:the underlined word in the third paragraph can be placed by_____.

a．smoke

b．sunlight

c．cell

d．poison

小题3:which of the following statements is right according to the passage?

a．the lung-cancer patient had 30,000 mutations in his lung cells.

b．the genetics of cancer will finally lead to new drugs soon.

c．it’s the first time that people mapped mutations in a cancer cell.

d．dr. peter tries to invent a new drug with the dna system.

小题4:what’s the similarity between malignant melanoma and skin cancer of patients?

a．their smoking too much in daily life.

b．their receiving too much sunshine.

c．their refusing to accept treatment.

d．their interest in travelling abroad.

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nyptcbars 共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率93.8%: 小题1:B
小题1:D
小题1:C
小题1:B

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An Introduction to Genetic Analysis
---------------------------------------
Introduction to Genetic Analysis
作者：Anthony J.F.Griffiths,Susan R.Wessler,Richard C.Lewontin,Sean B.Carroll
Hardcover:800 pages
Publisher:W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd; 9th Revised edition edition (30 April 2007)
Language English
ISBN-10:0716799022
ISBN-13:978-0716799023
-------------------------
遗传分析导论
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将从句转化成a sample is compared to the reference collections
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宾语参考集 the reference collections to which a sample is compared（宾语从句）
帮助理解
the reference collections 基准集 commercial genetic testing 商业基因测试 is compared to 被比成,被比作 as good as 和 ...几乎一样

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是指一个标记在群体中存在着多样性（即多态）,这样在分析群体时才能有用.例如在基因克隆的定位群体中,一个分子标记必须在F2群体中有多态性,在F2种有分离,才能用来做定位标记.

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英语翻译Although genetic linkage and association mapping are bas 英语翻译 Although genetic linkage and association mapping are based on the same underlying phenomenon — namely, recombination — in practice these approaches have different characteristics for localizing trait loci,each with particular advantages and disadvantages. In linkage analysis,recombination events are directly observed (or inferred) in a family pedigree within a limited number of generations,whereas in association analysis we make use of the consequences of non-recombination over many past generations within a short interval surrounding a disease locus.Importantly,the difference between the two approaches often leads to the identification of different classes of disease-related genetic variants.These differences could provide at least a partial explanation for the often poor correspondence between the susceptibility loci identified in genetic linkage and genome-wide association studies. The table compares linkage analysis,represented here by an affected sibling pair (sib-pair) with one parent heterozygous at a specific marker,and genetic association analysis,represented by a trio family with one affected offspring and a heterozygous parent.In affected sib-pairs,what is estimated is the proportion of pairs sharing an allele that is identical by descent; that is,as copies of one parental allele,where the identity of the shared allele is irrelevant. The sharing proportion is a simple inverse function of the recombination fraction:high sharing proportion corresponds to a small recombination fraction,which in turn points to genetic linkage.In trio families,the estimated quantity is the proportion of affected offspring inheriting a specific marker allele:an excess of over 50% is indicative of association. 海豚依赖海洋1年前2: jonesvsjack 共回答了13个问题 | 采纳率84.6%

虽然遗传连锁和关联映射是基于相同的潜在的现象- - -也就是说,
在实践中这些方法重组-有不同的特点,为本地化性状定位,每一个都有特定的
的优点和缺点.
在连锁分析、重组事件被直接观察到(或推测)在一个家庭在有限的数目.血统
后代,而在我们利用关联分析的结果在许多non-recombination过去
在很短的间隔代周围疾病位置.重要的是,这两种方法之间的差别
经常导致识别不同种类的疾病相关的基因变体.这些差异可以提供
至少部分原因不佳的对应关系确定在易感基因遗传连锁
和基因组相关研究.
这个表对比连锁分析、代表在受到影响的同胞对(sib-pair)与一个“父类”
在一个特定的杂合标记和基因关联分析,所代表的家庭和一个三的影响
一个杂合的后裔和父母.在感染sib-pairs,什么是估计的比例共享是对一个基因等位体
相同的血统,也就是说,作为一个父母等位基因的副本,那里的身份的共享等位基因是无关紧要的.
分享是一个简单的逆函数比例的重组率:高分享比例相对应
一个小重组率,从而指出遗传连锁.在三人组的家庭,估计量
比例的后代继承一个特定影响标记等位基因:一个超过50%以上的象征的协会

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英语作文 what is your opinion of genetic engineering 英语作文 what is your opinion of genetic engineering 关于基因工程的看法,80到100字,急要! dabaoski1年前1: 海南银联拍卖有限kk 共回答了19个问题 | 采纳率89.5%

Far-reaching significance of genetic testing:All diseases are genetically related.Genes are DNA molecules carry the genetic information of the function of fragments of biological material to pass genetic information.Genes for life itself,is the root of life,sickness and death.1,predictive medicine.In health and sub-health era will be able to accurately predict the risk of disease.2,disease prevention.Disease = internal + external factors.Through the understanding of internal factors,which can effectively avoid the impact of external factors,thereby reducing the risk of illness.3,health management.Through genetic testing,knowing that they have certain aspects of disease susceptibility genes,we can take the initiative for improving the environment and living habits,
Make their own health management.4,personalized health care services.Through genetic testing,prompt us to what medicines to be used with caution,not only significantly reduce unnecessary medical expenses,increased efficacy,but also to avoid causing more harm to the human body.基因检测深远的意义：一切疾病都与基因有关.基因是 DNA 分子上携带有遗传信息的功能片断,是生物传递遗传信息的物质.基因主宰生命,是生命生老病死的根源.1 、预测医学.在健康和亚健康时期就能够准确预测疾病的风险.2 、疾病预防.疾病＝内因＋外因.通过对内因的了解,可有效地避免外因的影响,从而可降低患病的风险.3 、健康管理.通过基因检测,知道自己有某方面的疾病易感基因,就可主动的改善环境和生活习惯,做好自己的健康管理.4 、个性化医疗服务.通过基因检测,提示我们哪些药物要慎用,不但大大地降低了不必要的医疗支出,提高了疗效,更避免了对人体造成更大的伤害.

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英语翻译Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is on 英语翻译 Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. xfccool1年前1: zigzochen 共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率87.5%

批评家们还争论说商业性的基因检测的好坏取决于参照基因数据库的好坏,参照基因数据库是用来同样本进行对比的.
Critics also argue that 引导了一个宾语从句commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections
然后to which的定语从句修饰reference collections
可以理解为a sample is compared to the reference collections

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请教一题gwd-cr忘了题号，不好意思Scientists have made genetic modification 请教一题gwd-cr 忘了题号，不好意思Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers' reports, the amount of insecticides needed per acre to control pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing tields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically. Which of the following would it be the most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?D whether the farmers who tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as the farmers using the ordinary seed did. E whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because because they had preciously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticides.答案是D，为什么不是E呢，个人认为D与题目没什么关系 haozhi0011年前1: ballqmh 共回答了17个问题 | 采纳率88.2%

不太明白帮你顶一下吧，其实我觉得E挺对的。如果我没记错的话，这是一道争议相当大的题目。。。

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英语翻译You Are What You Eat Genetic（基因的）engineering is the scie 英语翻译 You Are What You Eat Genetic（基因的）engineering is the scientific change of the genetic material in a living organism．It allows scientists to identify specific genes,to remove them from an organism's chromosomes （染色体）,improve them,analyze them,and possibly clone them,and to then reinsert the changed gene into the original organism,or a completely different organism．Unlike traditional breeding （繁殖）,where a desired quality would be bred within the same species,genetic engineering can insert desired ones into organisms of different species．Wow…Did you catch that? Genetic engineering creates many positive contributions to agriculture．For example,by genetically engineered（GE）foods,anti-cancer agents,minerals and vitamins can be increased．Improved taste,shelf life,and better transport are all possible．Also,GE plants can increase pest and bacterial resistance,therefore,making the food safe for consumers． But some argue that the possible negative effects outweigh the positives,and critics are starting to voice their concerns． Unlike Europe,in the United States labeling is not required on genetically engineered foods or on foods that contain genetically engineered products． Most Americans do not realize that they are,in fact,eating GE foods． The public is also concerned about the unknown health risks．With limited understanding of genes,scientists cannot predict possible effects．Because most genes introduced into GE plants come from sources not introduced into the human body,it is impossible to know if they will cause reactions．Moreover,due to the lack of labeling if allergies develop,it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them． There is also a major moral question in many minds．For many,the conflict is not if it is safe or not,but it disturbs them because it is unnatural and unnecessary．We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the world,yet one in seven people are starving．GE food is unnecessary,and fails to address the root of hunger．Many believe that the only people who will benefit are the corporations that produce it． Scientists cannot foresee the possible effects of GE foods,yet we eat them every day without even knowing it．We already have enough food,so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us,to the Earth and to all wildlife?I think that the benefits are amazing,but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us,they are not worth the risk． 坚如冰1年前1: 戒一共回答了13个问题 | 采纳率92.3%

You Are What You Eat
食物影响你的身（你是你所吃进去的）
Genetic（基因的）engineering is the scientific change of the genetic material in a
living organism．It allows scientists to identify specific genes,to remove them from
an organism's chromosomes （染色体）,improve them,analyze them,and possibly clone them,and to then reinsert the changed gene into the original organism,or a completely different organism．Unlike traditional breeding （繁殖）,where a desired quality would be bred within the same species,genetic engineering can insert desired ones into organisms of different species．Wow…Did you catch that?
基因工程一个研究生物体内遗传物质的变化的学科.它使科学家们能够定义具体的基因,并通过移动生物体内染色体上的基因来提升和分析这些生物,甚至可能克隆它们.之后,科学家们会重新把提取出的已经改变了的基因注射回原来的生物体内,或者注射到完全不同的一个个体中.不像传统的繁殖需要通过繁衍同一个高质量的物种,基因工程可以导入基因到不同的物种里.哇.你跟上了吗?
Genetic engineering creates many positive contributions to agriculture．For example,by genetically engineered（GE）foods,anti-cancer agents,minerals and vitamins can be increased．Improved taste,shelf life,and better transport are all possible．Also,GE plants can increase pest and bacterial resistance,therefore,making the food safe for consumers．
基因工程对农业做出了很多好的贡献.比如说,通过传基因技术的食物在抗癌物质,矿物质和维他命方面都有提高.口感,在超市的货价摆放时间以及运输上都有更高的提升空间.另外,转基因植物的抗害虫和细菌的能力都有曾强,所以可以提供出更加完全的食物.
The public is also concerned about the unknown health risks．With limited understanding of genes,scientists cannot predict possible effects．Because most genes introduced into GE plants come from sources not introduced into the human
body,it is impossible to know if they will cause reactions．Moreover,due to the lack of labeling if allergies develop,it will be extremely difficult to find the origin of them．
同时,公众也会担心这些转基因食物所带来的未知的风险.由于对于基因理解的局限性,科学家们也不能预测出可能的影响.因为大多数用于转基因植物的基因的来源并没有人类采用过,所以也不能知道人在摄取转基因食物后体内会有什么反应.另外,由于缺乏在商品上对过敏的标识,很能判断出在人的体内的不良反应的准确来源（也有可能是由过敏导致的）.
There is also a major moral question in many minds．For many,the conflict is not if it is safe or not,but it disturbs them because it is unnatural and unnecessary．We are currently producing one and a half times the amount of food needed to feed the
world,yet one in seven people are starving．GE food is unnecessary,and fails to address the root of hunger．Many believe that the only people who will benefit are the corporations that produce it．
很多人也会把转基因食物的问题引伸到道德上的问题.对于很多人来说,他们担心的不是安全性而是转基因食物的非自然和非必要性.我们人类目前产出的食物是世界所需总量的1.5倍,但是还是有很多地区的人面临着饥荒.转基因食物不是必需的,而已无法根治饥荒.很多人相信只有生产这些作物的集团公司可以从中获益.
Scientists cannot foresee the possible effects of GE foods,yet we eat them every day without even knowing it．We already have enough food,so why create more that
could be potentially harmful to us,to the Earth and to all wildlife?I think that the benefits are amazing,but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us,they are not worth the risk．
科学家不能预测转基因食物对人类社会所带来的影响,但是我们却不知道我们现在每天就在吃这些转基因食物.我们已经有足够的食物,所以如果再继续生产食物会不会对我们,对地球,对野生动物产生潜在的危害?我（笔者）认为转基因食物所带来的利益是不可想像的,但是我们不值得尝试这些食物的潜在风险知道我们可以确定它们会给我们带来什么影响.

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英语翻译DNA computing based RNA genetic algorithm with applicati 英语翻译 DNA computing based RNA genetic algorithm with applications in parameter estimation of chemical engineering processes lemontrie1年前2: 7moon 共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率87.5%

基于RNA遗传法则的DNA（匹配）计算及其在化学工程中作为参量估计的应用

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英语翻译What is your opinion of genetic engineering,i.e.the deli 英语翻译 What is your opinion of genetic engineering,i.e.the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements? 感冒是种伤感的病1年前5: 86165027 共回答了13个问题 | 采纳率92.3%

Genetic engineering,it is also named gene recombination,which synthesizes healthy,nomal,illless gene to replace the pathogenesis gene by manual synthesis.
Now,it's only used in lab,the application on human is prospect.Every thing has two aspects,we can't simply use good or bad to appraise this matter.It can reduce many hereditary diseases to improve population quality,but it also brings a series of problems about ethic,moral and legal,the most basic problem is he's a man or a man-made man?what the world will be?
遗传工程,也叫基因重组或基因嫁接.就是采取人工合成的办法,合成出健康的、正常的、不带任何疾病的基因,去置换出遗传病患者的致病基因,以改善人类的遗传素质.
不过,这些设想现在仅仅限于在实验室进行试验,目前只是在微生物等低等生物中取得成功,在高等生物中仅稍露端倪,至于在人体上应用则是一种远景.
凡事都有两面性,这个也不例外,我们不能简单的用好或坏来评价这项技术:它能在很大程度上减少遗传疾病,提高人口质量；但他同时也带来了一系列伦理,道德,法律方面的问题,最根本的问题是当我们碰到由这样一堆健康基因组成的一个产物是,我们应该称他为“人”,还是“人造人”?那时的世界又是一个怎样的情况呢?

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英语翻译Genetic screen for intercellular gene transfer.(A) Maps 英语翻译 Genetic screen for intercellular gene transfer. (A) Maps of the plastid genome in Pt-spec:gfp plants and the transgenic locus in Nuc-kan:yfp plants.PpsbA and TpsbA,promoter and terminator from the plastid psbA gene; Prrn,promoter from the plastid rRNA operon; Trps16,terminator from the plastid rps16 gene; Pnos and Tnos,promoter and terminator from the nopaline synthase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens; P35S and T35S,promoter and terminator from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S transcript; LB and RB,left and right borders of the T-DNA region; Eco RV and Xho I,restriction sites used for restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (fig.S3). (B) Selection experiments.The grafted stem region was either sectioned (horizontal lines) or directly exposed to selection (bracket).The middle panel shows the arrangement of tissue explants,the right panel a selection plate (right half,stem sections from the graft site; upper left quarter,three stem sections and three leaf explants from Nuc-kan:yfp; lower left quarter,the corresponding explants from Pt-spec:gfp).After 4 weeks on medium with spectinomycin and kanamycin,some explants from the graft site developed growing callus tissue or regenerating shoots (arrows). (C) Expression and subcellular localization of the fluorescent reporters.The wild type,the two grafting partners,and a YG line were assayed for GFP,chlorophyll (Chl),and YFP fluorescence. c_star1年前1: 一个人好呀共回答了16个问题 | 采纳率87.5%

细胞间基因转移的遗传学检测
A）转基因Pt-spec:gfp 植株的质粒基因组图及Nuc-kan:yfp 植株的转基因插入的基因座位图.
PpsbA 和TpsbA 分别表示来自质体psbA基因的启动子和终止子；Prrn：质体 rRNA 操纵子启动子；Trps16：质体rps16基因的终止子；Pnos 和 Tnos：农杆菌胭脂碱合酶基因的启动子和终止子；P35S 和 T35S：烟草花叶病毒35S转录本的启动子和终止子；LB 和 RB：T-DNA 区的左右边界；Eco RV 和 Xho I：用于限制性片断长度多态性分析的限制性酶切位点（图附3）.
B）筛选试验.移植的茎区以片断（水平排列）或直接筛选（插入培养基?）.中间板显示外植体的排布；右板是一筛选板（右半边：来自移植位点的茎段；左上：来自Nuc-kan:yfp植株的三个茎段和三个叶片外植体；左下：来自Pt-spec:gfp植株相应的外植体）.在含壮观霉素和卡那霉素的培养基中筛选四周,来自移植位点的一些外植体开始长出愈伤组织或再生芽（箭头所示）.
C）荧光报告基因的表达和亚细胞定位.对野生型植株、两个移植的外植体及YG系植株进行GFP荧光、叶绿素荧光和YFP荧光分析

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One genetic mutation(基因突变)occurs on average for every 15 cig

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