从属连词都有哪些

of

《张道真实用英语语法》中,for被划归为并列连词,我认为 是正确的 .
说明 事情 的 判断依据 和 理由 ,但并不是 必然的因果关系 .
如 天亮了 因为鸡叫了. 用 for 表示 判断 依据 但并不是因果关系 因为鸡不叫 天照样亮
而 鸡叫了 因为天亮了. 不能 用 for 必须用because因为鸡叫与天亮 有必然的因果关系 .
我认为 有些语法书把其归类为用于原因状语从句的从属连词 是欠妥的 .

你犯了一个中国式英语的错误；在你的because the house has been burglarized,so smith couldn;t sleep soundly for several months.这句中,用了because 就不能再用so,或是用了so就不能再用because ,你只要随便去掉...

the way属于方式状语引导词的一种 方式状语还有as,(just) as…so…,as if,as though等引导词 as及其从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像".
the way的意思是.的方式 the way是名词 但是the way可以引导方式状语从句 引导词本身也是词,必须有其本身的性质 本质是名词,但是可以担当引导连接的作用 如例句Please pronounce the word the way I do.请照我这样,读这个单词 the way本身在这里是名词 但是又恰好担当了连接pronounce the word和I do的作用.不必把问题复杂化了

连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素,从属连词是连词的一种,用来引导名词性从句和状语从句.

从属连词通常用来引导名词性从句和状语从句.后面紧跟从句,如when,after,because
并列连词一般用来连接两个并列的句子,如;but,so,and.
主要讲when.
当能翻译成“当.的时候”时,是从属连词；翻译成“（正在）这时.”时,是并列连词.如：
I'll ring you up when I get to Beijing.（从属连词）
We were playing football yesterday when it began to pour rain.（并列连词）

连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词.并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句、句子.如：and, but(但是;通常用not...but...--而是;可是,然而;表示惊讶,不同意等--喔,哇;用来加强语句重复部分的语气--一定;用来引入新话题--那就;常用于否定句--而不,若不;用于含doubt,question等字的否定句中相当于that--对于), or(或者,还是;用于否定句--也不;否则,要不然;也就是说,换言之), nor(用在neither之后--也不;用在no,not,never之后--也不;用在句首,句子需倒装--也不), so(因此,所以;因而,从而), therefore(因此,因而,所以), yet(可是,却,然而), however(然而,可是,不过;无论如何,不管怎样;不管用什么方法;究竟怎样,到底如何), for(因为,由于), hence(因此,由此), as well as(不但,而且;和...一样,和,也), both…and(既...又...;不但...而且), not only…but also(不但,而且), either…or(不是...就是;要么...要么), neither…nor(既不...也不...), (and)then(那么)等等.
[编辑本段]并列连词与并列结构
并列连词引导两个并列的句子.
1)and 与or
判断改错：
(错) They sat down and talk about something.
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
(对) They started to dance and sing.
(对)I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：
第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语,所以 talk 应改为 talked.
第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式,第二个不定式往往省略to,因此sang 应改为 sing.
第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构,因此whisper应改为whispering.
注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件.（or也有此用法）
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2)both …and两者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3)not only…but (also), as well as不但…而且
She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意： not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.
4)neithe…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致.
Neither you nor he is to blame.
[编辑本段]表示选择的并列结构
1) or意思为"否则".
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.
2) either…or意思为"或者……或者……".注意谓语动词采用就近原则.
Either you or I am right.
[编辑本段]表示转折或对比
1) but表示转折,while表示对比.
Some people love cats, while others hate them.
典型例题
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. andB. soC. asD. but
答案D.but与前面形成转折,符合语意.而表并列的and, 结果的so,原因的as都不符合句意.
2) not…but… 意思为"不是……而是……"
not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则.
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
[编辑本段]表原因关系
1) for
判断改错：
(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.
for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间.
2) so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
[编辑本段]连词的误用
因为连词的种类非常多,有并列连词（连接并列句）,有从属连词（引导复合句）,而从属连词引导的从句又可分为三类：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句.尤其应注意的是有些连词可引导不止一种从句,具有多重功能,这往往是学习的难点,也是易混点.
难点回顾：
1.as可引导多种从句,如时间状语从句、原因状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句以及定语从句.
〔误〕 Which you can see, he is always ready to help others.
〔正〕 As you can see, he is always ready to help others.
〔析〕as引导非限制性定语从句,当"正像"讲.
〔误〕 Do like I told you.
〔正〕 Do as I told you.
〔析〕like是介词； as是连词,在这里作"按照"讲,引导方式状语从句.
〔误〕 He was reading then he was walking.
〔正〕 He was reading as he was walking.
〔析〕as强调两个动作同时进行,作"一边……一边……"讲.
〔误〕 As he is young, he knows a lot.
〔正〕 Young as he is, he knows a lot.
〔析〕as引导的让步状语从句应用倒装语序,应把表语提前.
2.that可引导多种从句,如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句等.
〔误〕 You don’t like him is none of my business.
〔正〕 That you don’t like him is none of my business.
〔析〕that引导主语从句,本身无实际意义,但不能省略.
〔误〕 The thief handed everything which he had stolen to the police.
〔正〕 The thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
〔析〕everything是不定代词,因此后面的定语从句只能由that引导.
〔误〕 I am happy as you passed the exam.
〔正〕 I am happy that you passed the exam.
〔析〕that在形容词后面引导原因状语从句,不能用as.
3.where可引导多种从句,如定语从句、状语从句以及名词性从句.
〔误〕 Go to find your watch. It’s there where you left it.
〔正〕 Go to find your watch. It’s where you left it.
〔析〕where引导表语从句,相当于at the place where.
〔误〕 The place where there is water, there is life.
〔正〕 Where there is water, there is life.
〔析〕where引导地点状语从句,可以放在主句的前面,也可以放在主句的后面.
〔误〕 I can’t remember in which place I met him.
〔正〕 I can’t remember where I met him.
〔析〕where引导宾语从句,不能用in which.
4.what可引导感叹句、特殊疑问句、名词性从句等.
〔误〕 How an interesting story he told us!
〔正〕 What an interesting story he told us!
〔析〕What an interesting story!=How interesting a story!
〔误〕 I can’t remember the thing what he told me.
〔正〕 I can’t remember what he told me.
〔析〕what引导宾语从句,相当于the thing that.
5.no matter+what/who...与whatever/whoever...的区别：前者只能引导让步状语从句,而后者既可引导让步状语从句,也可引导名词性从句.
〔误〕 I will make friends with no matter who shares my interest.
〔正〕 I will make friends with whoever shares my interest.
〔析〕引导名词性从句时只能用whoever.
〔误〕 You must hand in no matter what you’ve found.
〔正〕 You must hand in whatever you’ve found.
〔析〕 引导名词性从句时只能用whatever.
6.whether和if的区别：两者引导名词性从句时都是从属连词,作"是否"讲,本身不作成分,此时句子中往往出现表示"不肯定"意义的一些短语,如not sure/certain, not known/decided,...is still question, depend on等.
whether 和if 引导动词后的宾语从句时可互换,但下列情况一般只能用whether:
(1) 引导介词后的宾语从句；（2）引导主语从句； （3） 引导表语从句；（4）引导同位语从句；（5）后面出现or not.
〔误〕 If you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
〔正〕 Whether you can pass the exam depends on how hard you work.
〔析〕引导主语从句只能用whether.
7.while, when, as 引导时间状语从句时的区别：
while只能表示"在一段时间或过程中",即只能表示时间的"一段",后面一般用进行时或表示状态的结构；when可以表示一段时间,也可表示时间的"一点"；as引导时间状语从句时,表示两个动作同时进行,作"一边……一边……"讲.
〔误〕 I picked up some French words as I was having a holiday in Paris.
〔正〕 I picked up some French words while I was having a holiday in Paris.
〔析〕while强调在……过程中；as说明两个动作同时进行.
〔误〕 We were having classes while someone knocked at the door.
〔正〕 We were having classes when someone knocked at the door.
〔析〕when可表示时间的"一点",而while不能.
8.because, as, since(now that)引导原因状语从句时的区别：
because引导原因状语从句时,表示直接的原因,可以回答why的提问；as只能是一种"附加的"理由,不能回答why的提问；since(now that)多表示双方都已很清楚的事实,作"既然"讲.
〔误〕 Because we’ve finished most of the work, let’s have a rest.
〔正〕 Since(Now that) we’ve finished most of the work, let’s have a rest.
〔析〕表示大家都清楚的理由用since(now that).
9.however和as 引导让步状语从句时的区别：
however引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter how,后面跟形容词或副词；as引导让步状语从句时,用倒装语序,即把作状语的副词或作表语的形容词或名词提前,而且如果作表语的是单数名词,前面不加冠词,也可以把谓语动词部分的实义动词提前.
〔误〕 As hard he works, he can’t catch up with his classmates.
〔正〕 However hard he works, he can’t catch up with his classmates.
〔析〕见上述说明.
〔误〕 A model worker he is, he remains modest.
〔正〕 Model worker as he is, he remains modest.
〔析〕as 引导让步状语从句,前面的单数名词前不加冠词.
典例调研
〔例1〕 You must put things there you can find them.
there→where.此处应由where引导地点状语从句.
〔例2〕 I remember the time as my grandmother was telling stories to me.
as→when.when引导名词性从句,表示"……的时候".
〔例3〕 A child as he was, he looked quite calm in that difficult situation.
去掉A,child的首字母大写.as引导让步状语从句时,前面作表语的单数名词前不加冠词.
〔例4〕 Don’t make friends with such people that you think are dishonest.
that→as.such...as...搭配在一起用,as引导定语从句.
〔例5〕 He had been admitted by Beijing University made us very happy.
句首加That, 把He改为he.that引导名词性从句,本身无实际意义,也不作成分,但不能省略.
10. 两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用.
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
11. although… yet…,但although不与 but连用.
(错)Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work..
(对)Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
[编辑本段]指导·借鉴
对这些有着多重作用的引导词,大家应通过类比找出它们的异同点,深刻体会它们在不同从句中的作用,然后灵活运用.
强化闯关
1. Anyone leaves the room last should remember to lock the door.
2. He is willing to help no matter who is in trouble.
3. Who breaks the law should be punished.
4. The place he has gone is not known yet.
5. I will buy the dictionary as it is expensive.
6. He said that he would do all what he could to help us.
7. The thing what he had done surprised everybody.
8. As everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.
9. We will finish the work on time, however difficulties we meet.
答案及解析：
1. Anyone→Whoever或Anyone who. whoever可以直接用来引导名词性从句,相当于anyone who.
2. no matter who→whoever. 引导宾语从句应用whoever.
3. Who→Whoever.who和whoever都可引导名词性从句,但whoever泛指任何人,具有强调语气,who往往指一定的对象.
4. The place→Where.where可以直接用来引导主语从句.
5. as→although.此处让步状语从句是正常语序,因此应用although.
6. what→that或去掉what. what不能引导定语从句.
7. 去掉The thing, 把what的首字母大写.what可以直接引导主语从句.
8. As→Since.since引导原因状语从句,表示大家都清楚的原因.
9. however→whatever.however引导让步状语从句时相当于no matter how, 后面跟形容词或副词；whatever引导让步状语从句时,相当于no matter what,后面跟名词.
[编辑本段]比较so和 such
其规律由so与such的不同词性决定.such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词.so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much, little连用,形成固定搭配.
so + adj.such + a(n) + n.
so + adj. + a(n) + n.such + n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. (pl.)such +n. (pl.)
so + adj. + n. [不可数]such +n. [不可数]
so foolishsuch a fool
so nice a flowersuch a nice flower
so many/ few flowerssuch nice flowers
so much/little money.such rapid progress
so many peoplesuch a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配,a lot of 虽相当于 many,但 a lot of 为名词性的,只能用such搭配.
so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换.
[编辑本段]中文中的连词
定义：连词是用来连接词与词、词组与词组或句子与句子、表示某种逻辑关系的虚词.
连词可以表并列、承接、转折、因果、选择、假设、比较、让步等关系.
并列连词：有 和、跟、与、同、及、而、况、况且、何况、乃至等.
承接连词：有 则、乃、就、而、于是、至于、说到、此外、像、如、一般、比方等.
转折连词：有 却、但是、然而、而、偏偏、只是、不过、至于、致、不料、岂知等.
因果连词：有 原来、因为、由于、以便、因此、所以、是故、以致等.
选择连词：有 或、抑、非…即、不是…就是等.
假设连词：有 若、如果、若是、假如、假使、倘若、要是、譬如等.
比较连词：有 像、好比、如同、似乎、等于；不如、不及；与其…不如、若…则、虽然…可是等.
让步连词：有 虽然、固然、尽管、纵然、即使等.
成语中也有使用连词的情况,如： 宁缺勿滥、三思而行、好整以暇
连词是比副词、介词更虚的一个词类,它用来连接词、短语、分句和句群乃至段落,具有纯连接性,没有修饰作用,也不充当句子成分.
一般说来,连词有很多是由副词、介词发展而来的；很多副词、介词又是由动词发展而来.
汉语连词发展史：
（以下内容引自专家专著,欢迎查看作者原文）
上古时期,开始形成的连词,绝大多数是单音连词,比较集中地形成于春秋战国时期.复音连词（主要是双音节的）,上古时也有,但不多.到近代多起来,并形成一个复音连词多样化的发展趋势,更显示出共存与竞争（据王士元竞争变化理论）的现象,最后成为现代汉语复音连词的定型形式.
在产生连词的上古时期,就有一些连词搭配组合使用.连词搭配组合使用的大发展时期在近代.现代汉语中的连词组合形式多产生于近代后期的明清时期.本文是站在现代汉语的立场上,讨论连词从“诞生”到现代汉语中的定型这段历史发展过程中的一些突出特点.正是有了这些发展特点,才使得连词有了当今使用的定型词儿和结构格式.
这些特点表现在四个方面：
一、兼职者分担——精密化.
二、同义者竞争——单一化.
三、异形者更换——通俗化.
四、同形者自汰——纯形化.
五、兼职者分担——精密化
上古早期,连词很少,只有“以、而、且、则、乃、惟、其”等十几个
到春秋战国时期,连词渐渐多起来,一词兼数职也逐渐分工,用法开始固定化.
中古以后,职务的分化与分担甚为明显.
经过近代汉语的职务消长演化,连词分工精细,发展成为现代汉语运用的连词.
上古时一个词儿身兼多职,有的一个职务又兼有多种意义,中古以后发生变化,近代汉语变化尤其大,变化的方式是同义竞争与同义替代,变化的结果是“职务分担”,由一个词的多个义位变成多个词.
兼职分工以后,各词各司其职,有的不担任连词职务了,如“为”.这样,词的职务与词的自身都明确化,精密化了,这是语言发展的必经过程.

建议不要细抠所谓的规则,否则容易机械化!英语也是语言,宜活学活用,积累重要语言点（一些实实在在的例句,而不是所谓的“规则”）,培养语感.
以下供参考!
从结构上说,英语连接词分两大类：并列连词（coordinating conjunctions）和从属连词（subordinating conjunctions）.并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句.例如：(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.(3) Most workers have a good income,so they look very happy.从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句,形成复杂句中的从属分句.例如：(4) He said that he did not want to go .(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.(6) You may come if you want to.从属连词用来连接各种从句.until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的.如动词是持续行动词,它要用肯定句,如：I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.由since,for,by,before,来引导的时间状语从句.since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:I have studied English since 1990.而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如：I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.

并列连词：and but or之类的就是并列连词.并列连词单词前后的两个单词可以互换.
从属连词：用来连接各种从句.until(till)、since 、by就是从属连词.
例句：
并列连词：Apple and banana are very delicious.
从属连词：I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.

1.
what,which,who,when,where,why,how,before,after,until,as,because,if,while,in case,as...as...,as if,in order that
自己选吧
2.
interesting,shining,surprising,relaxing,amazing,boring,moving,disappointing,exciting,tiring
delayed,polished,finished,cooked,shamed,delighted,excited,frightened,interested,moved,pleased,surprised,worried
3.陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句

who指代的可以是主语,也可以是宾语,但whom只能是宾语

难点14 错综复杂的从属连词
连词是一种易被忽视的词,但连词却是组成各种从句,进一步形成复杂句式的关键词.在高考中出现率极高.尤其在单选及改错写作中所占的比重较大.其考查的形式主要是各从属连词等的比较和选择.
●难点磁场
1.(★★★★)________ the new plan can be carried out will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.
A.Which B.What C.That D.Whether
2.(★★★★)The thought________ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A.when B.which C.what D.that
3.(★★★★★)It is at least three years________ they left here.
A.when B.before C.since D.that
4.The WTO cannot live up to its name________ it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.
A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though
5.(★★★★★)—My foot hurts terribly,doctor.
—Well,I wonder________ it has been like this.
A.since when B.since then C.how D.when
6.(★★★★)The reason________ their failure you know is________ they didn’t get fully prepared for the experiment. (福州毕业班质检题)
A.why;that B.that;why C.for;that D.why;because
7.(★★★★★)After the war,a new school building was put up________ there has once been a theatre.
A.that B.where C.what D.who
8.(★★★★)The difficulty we now are facing is the question________ we can persvade him to tell the truth.
A.that B.whether C.what D.how
●案例探究
1.Some one called me up in the middle of the night,but they hung up________ I could answer the phone.
A.as B.since C.until D.before
(NMET 2000)
命题意图：本题主要考查连词的语意,但需结合时间,尤其是前后两个动作发生的先后顺序,故难度较大.本题属五星题.
知识依托：as 引导时间状语从句,意思是当……时,since 自从,until直到……,before在……之前.答案选D.
错解分析：错误的原因在于没有了解相关动作发生的先后关系,they hung up发生在I could answer the phone之前,题目的意思是：半夜里有人给我打电话,但我还没来得及接/在我能接电话之前,他们就挂掉了.
解题方法与技巧：解关于从属连词的题首先要了解各自的语意；在处理习题时,还要结合上下文的语境和结构来进行综合确定.
答案：D
●锦囊妙计
1.为使用好连词,首先应了解连词可能出现的情况.并列句和复合句中,尤其是复合句中的连词,他们通常可分为：
从属连词：that(无意）,before,whether, if, after, since,as long as,when
连接代词：who, whom ,which, what, whose
连接副词：when ,why, where ,how
关系代词：who, whom ,whose, which, that
关系副词：when, why ,where
2.状语从句均用从属连词引导.
3.语意理解是关键.
●歼灭难点训练
1.(★★★★★)Father made a promise________I passed the examination he would buy me a computer.
A.that B.that if C.if D.whether
2.(★★★★)Word came________ he was employed by that company.
A.which B.why C.that D.when
3.(★★★★★)Why do you want a new job________ you’ve get such a good one already? (NMET 1998)
A.that B.where C.which D.when
4.(★★★★★)We had not gone for long________ we saw a crowd of people.
A.before B.after C.as soon as D.while
5.(★★★★★)You may do whatever you want________ it is not against the law.
A.unless B.even if C.so long as D.as soon as
6.(★★★★★)They had not known each other three days________ they began to quarrel.
A.after B.until C.before D.when
7.(★★★★)—Why do you drink so much coffee?
—Well,________ it doesn’t keep me awake in the nights,I see no harm of it.
A.although B.because C.unless D.if
8.(★★★★★)________ men have learned much from the behavior of animals is hardly new.
A.That B.Whether C.Where D.When

when是at or during the time that,既指时间点,也可指一段时间
when 说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时,也可以是先后发生；while 则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生.

你还是看一下啊这个吧http://baike.baidu.com/view/1092143.html?wtp=tt

并列连词 when 和引导时间状语从句的从属连词 when 是不同的。这主要表现在以下几个方面： 1. 位置： when 引导时间状语从句时，该从句可放在主句之前也可放在主句之后；而并列连词 when 只能位于两个分句之间，而且前面常常有逗号。例如： Come when you please. 你高兴来就来吧。（ when 为从属连词） When I saw him， he was writing to a friend of his. 我看见他时，他在给一个朋友写信。（ when 为从属连词） I was taking a walk， when I came across him. 我正在散步，突然碰见了他。 2. 意义： when 作从属连词用时，它所引导的从句表示主句中谓语动词动作发生的时间，即作“当……时”解；而并列连词 when 连接的两个分句中，第一个分句表示的是背景，第二个分句表示的是一种突然的、意想不到的情况或过早发生的事情。 when 通常含“这时突然”之义。例如： I was thinking of this， when I heard my name called. 我正想着这件事，突然听到有人叫我的名字。 I had just fallen asleep， when the boor-bell rang. 我刚入睡，门铃突然响了起来。 这种意义在孤立的句子中可以理解到，在文章中更能体会得到。如在“ I was wandering through the street when I caught sight of a tailor's shop ”一句中，“在街头漫步”只是“看见有家缝纫店”的时间，其后作者怎样走进缝纫店，想要什么样的衣服，怎样受到伙计的奚落，又怎样受到老板的奉承等情景均与“漫步街头”没有直接的因果关系。 3. 时态： when 引导的时间状语从句中可以根据句意的需要用一般现在时、一般过去时、过去进行时、分别说明现在，过去，甚至将来的行为；并列连词 when 后面的分句中通常用非延续性动词的一般过去时，其前表时间的分句中可用： （ 1 ）过去进行时表示过去某时间正在进行的动作。例如： I was cooking when I heard her knocking at the door. 我正在做饭，突然听到她敲门的声音。 He was thinking about the problem， when an apple fell to the ground. 他正在思考这个问题，突然有一只苹果掉到了地上。 （ 2 ） was /were going to， was / were about to， was / were on the point of 表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作。例如： I was just going when he came in. 我正要走，这时他就进来了。 We were about to start when it began to rain. 我们刚要动身天就开始下起雨来了。 He was on the point of leaving， when someone knocked at the door. 他刚要走就有人敲门。 （ 3 ）过去完成时表示过早发生的事情。请看下述两种场合： （ a ）过去完成时和含否定意义的 hardly， scarcely， nearly 连用，和 just， little 连用，或者与否定词 not 连用时，表示“刚……，就……”的意思。例如： I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我刚一开门他就打了我一下。 I had nearly reached the town， when the young man suddenly said very slowly， “ Do you speak English？ ”我快要进城了，年轻人突然慢慢地说：“你会讲英语吗？” I had been there little more than a week when I set to work in earnest. 我到那儿还不超过一个星期就开始认真干起活来。 I had not been reading for half an hour when I heard steps outside. 我读了还不到半个钟头就听到外面有脚步声。 （ b ）过去完成时与 hardly 等连用时， when 也可以换成 before .例如： Hardly had I left before the trouble started. 我刚一离开麻烦就开始了。 4. 句型： when 引导状语从句时，主句可以是肯定句，也可以是疑问句形式，但 when 连接两个并列分句时，其前的分句只能是肯定句，即只能是不带否定副词 not 的分句。前文（ 3 ）（ a ）最后一个例句算是一个例外。试比较： Mick was sleeping when they went in. （并列句）迈克正在睡觉，他们突然走了进来。 When they came in Mick was sleeping. （主从句）他们进来时迈克正在睡觉。 “ Was Mick sleeping when they came in？ ”和“ What was Mick doing when they came in？ ”只能是对其中主句的提问，因为这时 when 所引导的分句既无突然性也不是句子中的未知信息，而只是另一个动作发生的特定时间

所有引导状语从句的连词 都是从属连词
有的相当于从属连词
如the moment, instant, minute, second (that)等时间名词用作边际从
属连词，表示“一„„就„„”，其后的that经常省略，
.
each / every time, next / last / firs...

当过去分词或过去分词短语用作状语时,有时根据语义的需要可以在其前加上相应的从属连词,比较常见的有when,while,as,if,unless,although,though,even if,even though,once等.如:Although exhausted by the climb,he continued his journey.他虽然爬得很累,但他仍继续前进.

从句前的连词

1、并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句.例如： Air and water are indispensable to me.
2、从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句,形成复杂句中的从属分句.例如：
He said that he did not want to go .
还有,并列句里要有至少两套主谓,上面的句子只有一个“are”,主语也只有“My brother and sister”这一个,故为简单句.

是代词

语法如此规定.
whether是连词,表示“是否”,而if虽然也是连词,但“是否”表示的是“条件/假设”,引导的是条件从句,其从句不能作主语、同位语和表语从句,这些时候表示是否,只能用whether引导.
但if和whether都可引导宾语从句.在口语或间接引语中两者可以互换使用.如：
I wonder if / whether I can get some advice from you.
Ask him whether / if he can come.
-----------------------------------
满意请点击右上方【选为满意回答】按钮

1.引导名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句)的:that 不作成份,if （是否）,whether （是否）等
2.引导状语从句的：当然是作状语 when ,although,though,if,because ,so that等

看在句子里做的成分不同而定,它还可以做介词,表归属.

是的,由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句.
从属连词有哪些
　　大致可分为三大类： 　
　1、that （无词义,不做成分） 　　if,whether （表达是否的意义,但不做句子成分） 　since等
　2、连接代词：who,whom,whose,what,which,what （有词义,在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语） 　　
3、连接副词：when,where,why,how,how many,how long,how far,however,whenever,wherever （有词义,作从句的状语）
　　从属连词用来连接各种从句.until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择的.如动词是持续行动词,它要用肯定句,如：I studied hard until 12 o'clock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.由since,for,by,before, 来引导的时间状语从句.since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:I have studied English since 1990.而by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如：I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.
来自“开心学英语”的回答,(^o^)/~

从属

这三个词类都可以连接句子.
连接副词在起连接句子作用的同时, 还起到副词的作用(即在所连接的从句中起到修饰动词, 形容词, 副词或整个句子的作用);
连接代词在连接句子的同时, 一般在所连接的从句中充分句子语法成分(如作从句的主语,宾语等), 起代词作用;从属连词一般只起到连接主从复合句的作用, 在从句中一般不充当句子语法成分.

条件状语从句.

并列连词的种类 并列连词 并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词；短语或句子.
类 别 例 词
表示并列关系 and as well as both…and
not only,but also neither…nor
表示选择关系 or or else either…nor
表示转折关系 but yet while whereas
表示因果关系 for so
从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的.简单从属连词
常见的有：after,although,as,because,before,if,lest,once,since,that,till,unless,until,when,where,whether,while 等.例如：
2) 复合从属连词
由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词,如：as if,as far as ,as soon as,according as ,in case ,no matter who(how,what,when,where),rather than,for all that ,given( that),in order that,now (that),on condition that ,(so) that ,provided/providing(that),inasmuch as ,insofar as 等.
3) 关联从属连词 由两个关联构成的,如：as...as,nore(less,-er)...than,no sooner...than,so ...as ,so...that,such...sa ,the...the,whether...or 等,

看下面的句子：
He was ill,so he didn't come
可以改写成以下“表示原因”的状语从句（从属句）：
1 As / Since he was ill,he didn't come.
2 He didn't come because he was ill.
可以改写成以下“表示并列”的简单句：
He didn't come,for he was ill.
(for在这里的语法表现如同and,but,or 等等,表示并列,不表示从属).

连接词和连接副词都是连接不缺成分的名词性从句的连词,根据句子意思选用 ,连接词that 只起连接作用 本身无含义 他引导的名词性从句 是由陈述句变来的 连接词whether/ if 只起连接作用 但本身有含义 是是否的意思 它是由一般疑问句变来的,连接副词when/where/why/how 引导名词性从句 并在从句中充当状语做用 它是由特殊疑问句变来的 连接副词就是特殊疑问句中的疑问副词.故 1 句子完整 意思完整 用that 如 i hear he will be back soon.2 句子完整 意思不完整 但含有一般疑问含义 用whether /if 如 i don't know whether he will be back soon.3,句子完整 意思不完整但含有 特殊疑问含义 用疑问副词 如 tell me when he will be back.

根据实际语境判断,for 引导的从属连词,表示解释.第二个句子是并列连词,比如,She is 10 and he is 11. and 在此就是个并列连词.

第一句是状语从句,where是从属连词
第二句是定语从句,where也是关系副词
注：从属连词用来引导名词性从句和状语从句.
定语从句的从句引导词,称为关系代词或关系副词.
引导名词性从句的词称为连接代词和连接副词,引导定语从句的称为关系代词和关系副词

1、从属连词：从属连词用来引导名词性从句和状语从句.常用的从属连词有that, whether, if, after, when, before, since, until, because, although (though)等.
引导名词性从句的词称为连接代词和连接副词.
2.连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whosever,
whatever, which ever等.
连接代词一般指疑问, 但what, whatever除了指疑问之外, 也可指陈述.
Do you know who has won the Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗?
I don’t know whom you should depend on? 我不知道你该依靠谁.
This book will show you what the best CEO should know. 这本书会告诉你最好CEO的应该了解什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Nokia walkie-talkie or a Motorola cell phone?
你决定好买诺基亚无线话机呢还是买摩托罗拉手机?
3.连接副词
连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.
He didn’t tell me when we would meet again. 他没告诉我什么时候我们再相见.
Could you please show me how you read the new panel?
你能否给我展示一下你如何辨认这个新的操作盘?
None of us knows where these new accessories can be bought. 我们中没人知道这些零件在哪里可以买到.

看是怎么个语境,for example,
He is so afraid that he stands there for a long time.
He is afraid any more ,so he stand there for a long time.
前面是复合句,后面是并列句,前面表示如此,后面则是连词.

并列连词

连词是连接单词、短语、从句、分句或句子的一种虚词,在句子中不单独做句子成分,一般不重读.
连词按其结构可分为：
1,简单连词如and,or,but,if,because等
2,关联连词如both...and...,not only...but also...等
3,分词连词
4,短语连词
连词按其性质又可分为
1,等立连词,这种连词是以连接并列的单词、短语、从句或分句的,如and,or,but,for等
2,从属连刺,这种连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的.前者如that,whether等,后者如when,although,because等.
p.s.英语中有些廉洁副词的性质与等立连词相似.常用的连接副词有besides,hence,however,meanwhile,moreover,still,then,therefore,thus等

从属连词用来引导各种从句.常见的从属连词有：
(1)引导时间状语从句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as等.
(2)引导条件状语从句的if,unless,once,as long as等.
(3)引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等.
(4)引导目的状语从句的so that,in order that等.
(5)引导让步状语从句的though,although,even if=even though等.
(6)引导结果状语从句的so that,so…that,such…that等.
(7)引导比较状语从句的than,as…as等.
(8)引导名词从句的that,if ,whether等.

通常是按照从属连词后面跟的非谓语的类型来分类的,主要漏掉的是地点,比较,原因和方式连词
1.从属连词+不定式
as if,as though,whether...or
2.从属连词+现在分词
时间：when,while,once 地点：where 条件：if,unless
让步：although,even if,whether...or 比较：as if,方式：as
3.从属连词+过去分词
时间：when,while,once,as soon as,until;
方式：as 条件：if,unless 让步：although,even if,whether...or
原因：because,since 比较as if 地点：where

1.when
while
as
that
until
if
since
so
though
even though
2.
amusing,amazing,astonishing,shocking,puzzling,confusing,disappointing,discouraging,pleasing,striking
3.amused,amazed,astonished,shocked,interested,confused,disappointed,discouraged,pleased,excited

常考的从属连词分三类：(1)关系代词( that, which ,what who. Whose) (2) 关系副词(where when why how) (3) 状语从句连接词 (where, when, if, though, because…)
What 引导的名词性从句
　　解题要点：what兼先行词和关系代词双重身份,即what = the thing (things) that….因此考生应特别注意,what既已包含先行词在 内,它的前面就不应该再出现先行中心名词.What 与that 的区分是TOEEL常考题目
　　全真例题分析
　　(1) During the eighteenth century, Little Turtle was chief of the Miami tribe whose territory became ------- is now Indiana and Ohio.
　　(A) there
　　(B) where
　　(C) that
　　(D) what (93.5)
　　［答案］ D what = the area that.What所指代的是地点、位置.然而,此句却不可选择(B)where.因为关系副词where不能作从句的主语.只有what即是先行词又是关系代词.
　　(2) The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on ------- best in its climate and soil.
　　(A) it grows
　　(B) what grows
　　(C) does it grow
　　(D) what does grow (90.1)
　　［答案］ B what grows = the thing that grows…另请注意：介词后面通常不能接that引导的从句,但可接what引导的名词性从句.
　　(3) A hinge joint is ------- permits the forward and backward movement of a door.
　　(A) the
　　(B) what
　　(C) those
　　(D) whose (88.10)
　　［答案］ B what = the thing that…
　　(4) Essentially, a theory is an abstract. Symbolic representation of ------- reality.
　　(A) what it is conceived
　　(B) that is conceived
　　(C) what is conceived to be
　　(D) that is being conceived of (89.5)
　　［答案］ C what = the thing that (is conceived to be…) .答案(A)中的代词it是多余的,因为what本身即已包含了先行词(the thing ) 和关系代词(that) .答案(B)中的关系代词that引导的从句不可以置于介词的后面.
　　(5) Most of the food what elephants eat is brought to their mouths by their trunks. (93.10
　　［答案］ B what应改为that.此句已含有先行词food,不能再用关系代词what.
希望能帮到您
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么么哒

1、要深入了解“关系代词型连接词”和“连接副词”，首先需要知道什么是“代词”，什么“副词”。
　　代词是指代人或事物的词，属于名词性用作主语、宾语或表语；副词是起修饰动词或形容词作用的词，用作表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等状语。
2、引导名词性从句（宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句）的wh- 式连接词也是如此。如果在句中充当主语、宾语或表语，它就是代词性连接词，即连接代词；如果在从句中充当状语，它就是副词性连接词，即连接副词。如：
代词性连接词
　　Tell me what it is. 告诉我这是什么。（what 是从句的表语）　　She was free to go to where she liked. 你想去哪里就去哪里。（where在从句中作 liked 的宾语）　　I asked him since when he had been there. 我问他从何时起就在这个地方。（when 在从句中作介词since 的宾语）
副词性连接词
I don't know where Lulu once lived. 我只知道露露住在什么地方。（where 在从句中作地点状语）That is how we parted. 我们就是这样分手的。（how在从句中作方式状语）He asked what it matters. 这有什么关系? （matter 是不及物动词，what 在从句中作程度状语）、
3、关系代词型连接词是连接代词中的一种特殊连词，其意思相当于“先行词 + 关系代词”，也就是说 what/whatever = 表示事物的名词 + 关系代词（所…的事）、where/wherever = 表示处所的名词 + 关系代词（所…的地方）、when/whenever = 表示时间的名词 + 关系代词（所…的时间）。例如：
　　He will take (what) you offer him = He will take (anything that) youoffer him.　　She was free to go to (where) she liked = She was free to go to (anywhere that) she liked.　　I asked him since (when) he had been there = I asked him since (what time at which) he had been there.　　Do (whatever) you like = Do (anything that) you like.　　Sit (wherever) you like = Sit (anywhere that) you like.　　Come (whenever) you like = Come (anytime that) you like.

关系代词有who,Whose,whom,that,as等,可用作引导从句的关系词.它们在定语从句中可作主语,表语,宾语,定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中被定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词).(见薄冰的《高级英语语法(最新修订本)》,世界知识出版社,2002年1月第2版,P137:关系代词的形式和功用.)英国的Michael Swan也认为,“关系代词…实际上既是代词,

连词用于引导从句以形成句子的一部分或修饰句子的构成要素的叫作从属连词.由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句.
连词是连接单词,短语,从句或句子的一种虚词.
从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的.
在英语词类中,连接词可说是最容易掌握的一种.
从结构上说,英语连接词分两大类：并列连词（coordinating conjunctions）和从属连词（subordinating conjunctions）.
并列连词连接两个或两个以上地位平等的字、词组或分句.例如：(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.
(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.
(3) Most workers have a good income,so they look very happy.
从属连词连接两个或两个以上的分句,形成复杂句中的从属分句.例如：
(4) He said that he did not want to go .
(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.
(6) You may come if you want to.
上述连词的用法,看起来不难,但错误也难免.下面是些好例子：
(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book.
这里的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配,应该将“as well ”改为“and”,使“both.and.”变成关联连词（ correlative conjunction）
(2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English.
这里的“not only”应该移到“speaks”后面,使这个动词兼顾两个等立宾语：“Mandarin”和“English”.
(3) Although he is fat,but he is very weak.
英语里的“although”和“but”是不见面的 ,因此这句里的“ but”要去掉,不然“although”就要出来.
(4) Jim is not so strong like you.
这里的“not so”必须和“as”连成一体；介词“like”是不适宜的.
(5) No sooner had we reached our destination,they left.
"No sooner"必须和"than" 配成关联连词,把"than" 省掉是不对的,应该补上：
No sooner had we reached our destination than they left.
这句子的意思也可透过“as soon as”反映出来：
“As soon as we reached our destination,they left.”
(6) I took a taxi and which took me to the station.
这里的并列连词“and”是多余的,必须去掉.如果要保留“and ”也可,但是形容词分句里的关系代词“Which”要改成主语“it” ,使整个句子变成并列分句如下：
I took a taxi and it took me to the station.
(7) My friend came up to me and held my hand,said good-bye excitedly.
这里的“and”应该用来连接最后两个谓语才对：
My friend came up to me,held my hand,and said good-bye excitedly.
不然,就要把“said”改成“saying”.
My friend came up to me and held my hand,saying good-bye excitedly.

从属连词是广义词,凡是引导从句的词都是从属连词.
连接性副词称为连词副词

一,从属连词
1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词
(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词.主要的 when,while,as,whenever：
He jumped up when the phone rang.电话铃响时他吓了一跳.
We listened while the teacher read.老师朗读时我们听着.
The phone rang just as I was leaving.我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来.
(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词.主要的有before,after：
Turn the lights off before you leave.离开前请关灯.
He started the job soon after he left the university.他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作.
(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词.主要的有since,until,till：
He has lived here since he got married.他结婚后就一直住在这儿.
Most men worked until [till] they’re 65.大多数男人工作到65岁.
(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词.主要的有as soon as,the moment,the minute,the second,the instant,immediately,directly,instantly,once,no sooner…than,hardly…when等：
Tell him the news as soon as you see him.你一见到他就把这消息告诉他.
I recognized her the moment (that) I saw her.我一看到她就认出她来了.
I want to see him the minute (that) he arrives.他一到来我就要见他.
I went home directly I had finished work.我一干完活就回家了.
Once he arrives,we can start.他一来我们就可以开始.
(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词.主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次)：
Last time I saw him,he looked ill.上次我见到他的时候,他好像有病.
Next time you’re in London come and visit us.你下次来伦敦过来探望我们.
Do look me up next time you’re in London.你下次到伦敦来,一定来找我.
Every time I call on him,he is out.我每次去访问他,他都不在.
You can call me any time you want to.你随时都可以给我打电话.
【注】every time,each time,any time前不用冠词,(the) next time,(the) last time中的冠词可以省略,而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略.
2.引导条件状语从句的从属连词
这类连词主要有if,unless,as [so] long as,in case 等：
If anyone calls tell them I’m not at home.要是有人打电话来,就说我不在家.
You will fail unless you work hard.你若不努力就会失败.
As [So] long as you need me,I’ll stay.只要你需要我,我就留下.
In case I forget,please remind me about it.万一我忘记,请提醒我一下.
【注】在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态.不过,有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是将来时态,而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)：
If you will wait a moment,I’ll fetch the money.请等一下,我就去拿钱.
3.引导目的状语从句的从属连词
主要的有 in order that,so that,in case,for fear等：
We used the computer in order that we might save time.我们使用计算机是为了节约时间.
Speak clearly so that they may understand you.说清楚,以便让他们能明白你的意思.
Be quiet in case you should wake the baby.安静些,免得把婴儿吵醒.
He is working hard for fear he should fail.他努力工作以免会失败.
二,带 –ing 的形容词
interesting,boring,relaxing,tiring,amazing,frightening,exciting,moving ,
frustrating,pleasing,surpring ,(11个)
三,带-ed的形容词
interested,bored,relaxed,tired,amazed,frighted,excited,moved,frustrated,
pleased,surprised,（11个）

宾语从句里面的从属连词在从句中不作成分,that（引导陈述句）、wheather/if
引导一般问句,译为‘是否’,但其后的句子语序为陈述句语序,即主前动后.关联代词在从句中作主、宾、表、定语成分,who指人,作主、宾语,谁.whom指人,作宾语,谁.what指事物作主、宾语、表语,什么.which指‘哪一个的.’作定语.whose指‘谁的.’作定语.关联副词在从句中作状语成分,when作时间状语,何时、where作地点状语,何地、why作原因状语,为何、how作方式状语,怎样.宾语从句里面的关联代词、关联副词均表疑问,但从句中关联代词、关联副词后的句子语序也为陈述句语序,即主前动后.
　　定语从句的关系代词和关系副词主要起连接先行词(名词、代词)和定从的作用并替代从句中与先行词相同的名词或代词,且在从句中充当成分.因此,定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的含义与先行词含义一致,已不再表疑问了.

.as.as. 表示. 和.一样.;
...than.表示.比.