based in newyork,spring lnc.designs and manufactures an upda

1. Based in Geneva,Switzerland,the WTO obtains its authority from member nations,which look to the organization as a vehicle to expand world trade.Like the United Nations,the WTO is essentially a club of nations,created and empowered by its members and relying on them to comply with its rules and rulings.
WTO的总部设在瑞士日内瓦,其权力来自成员国,这个组织的目的在於扩大世界贸易.就如同联合国,WTO本来就是一个联合国家,由其成员国建立和授权,并且依赖成员国遵守其规则.
2. The WTO’s powers are most frequently exercised when it serves as a court to resolve trade disputes among nations.these judicial powers may have dramatic consequences:WTO decisions can declare the laws and regulations of sovereign nations illegal because the violate global trade rules.
WTO的权力通常在WTO作为法庭解决国与国之间的争端时被行使,WTO的司法权可能会给各国家带来严重后果.世贸组织的决定可以使主权国家的法律条文和制度作废,因为条文有悖於全球贸易规则.
3. The trade rules administered by the WTO are established after lengthy and often tense negotiations involving many nations.Among the rules member nations have agreed to follow is that they will not place quotas on imported goods or give domestically produced goods preference over foreign good. The WTO permits a handful of exceptions to these rules.
WTO的贸易规则是在许多成员国经过冗长的和紧张的协商后才建立的.在这些规则中,成员国同意遵守,即国家不会对进口货物征收配额或给国内产品优於国外产品的政策.世贸组织对贸易规则设立了许多免责条款.
1 Successful planning of marketing strategies requires information---information about potential target market and their likely responses to marketing mixes as well as about competition and other uncontrollable variable. Information is also needed for implementation and control. Without good marketing information,managers have to use intuition or guess—and in a fast –changing and competitive economy,this invites failure.
成功的市场营销策略需要许多信息,即潜在的目标市场、市场对营销组合的反映以及同行之间的竞争与变数.同时,我们还需要寻找完善和控制市场的信息.没有良好的营销策略,商界人士只能靠直觉或猜测.最坏的结果就是多变和竞争激烈的经济导致失败.
2 On the other hand,manager seldom have all the information they need to make the best decision. Both customers and competitors can be unpredictable.Gtting more information may cost too much or take too long.So managers often must decide if they need more information and—if so—how to get it.
另一方面,商界人士得到的信息不够具体,而此时却要做出最好的决定.顾客和竞争都是无法预测的.获取更多的信息花费和耗时更多,所以,商界人士要想好是否要许多信息,如果是那样的话,就要想好如何获取信息.