The 13 stars on the flag() the 13 colonies that have announc

英语翻译
The Middle and Northern Colonies were established under different circumstances.On September 16,1620,a ship called the Mayflower left England bound for the New World.Aboard were over a hundred Pilgrims,members of a religious separatist group that disagreed with the practices of the Church of England and had been persecuted.They sailed far north of Virginia,to find a land not under the authority of the English government.Because they had no charter,on November 21,1620 the 41 men of the Pilgrim group signed the Mayflower Compact,which was a legal contract where they pledged work for the common good of the colony.This represents one of the first attempts at self government in colonial America.The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock in modern day Massachusetts.During the winter of that first year,half of the Pilgrims died.
In the Spring of 1621 the Pilgrims were helped by a local Native American named Squanto.He instructed them on how to successfully farm the area,fish,and helped them establish peaceful relations with the nearby Native American tribes.Largely due to this help,the colony survived and marked the first Thanksgiving.
Between 1629-1643 England was plagued by social,political,and religious turmoil.To escape this,many thousands fled to start over in the New World.One of the most influential of these groups was the Puritans,a religious group that believed they had made a contract with God to establish the ideal Christian community in the New World.The Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay Company and built their new colony at Boston,Massachusetts.The climate there was goods,the soil sustained farming,and there was comparatively little conflict with Native Americans.However,life in the colony was dominated by the leadership of the Puritan Church.The laws of the colony and social life were dictated by Puritan doctrine.Some Puritans like Anne Hutchinson and Roger Sherman,who disagreed with this,were forced out of the colony.Both were instrumental in the creation of the colony of Rhode Island,which was a haven for people of different faiths.Another Puritan leader,Thomas Hooker,set up a colony in Connecticut,but unlike in Massachusetts,he made certain that the laws there were more fair toward non-Puritans.The Puritans also became infamous due to the Salem Witch trials of the early 1690's.A group of young women accused people in the community of casting spells on them,or of having made deals with the devil.A mix of primitive superstition and hysteria followed,which eventually resulted in the execution of 19 people,with hundreds of others imprisoned,often have had their property seized or their business ruined

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.
这个become是实义动词还是连系动词啊?为什么?

gmat语法问题
the thirteen original british colonies in north america, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of *** and the rights of the colonists.
a. some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter
b. some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all of which had written charters
c. some that formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, all had written charters
d. with some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all had a written charter
e. with some formed as commercial ventures, while others as religious havens, each had a written charter
正确答案选a ；a中 既然each 做独立主格 就不能有谓语, 但是had 怎么解释

With the first moon colonies predicted for the 1970's,
work is now in progress on the types of building required for men to stay in when they're on the moon.中文翻译?为什么用Predicted 而不是predicting?

这里是系表结构的过去形式吗?
the 13 american colonies declared that they were independent from britain.
13个美国殖民地宣告他们已从英国***.
这里they were independent.是不是主系表,结构,的过去形式.

英语翻译
Viable colonies of B.polyfermenticus were found in the intestine of fish fed Marine LABS showing colonisation of gut

求帮忙分析一个英语句子的结构
The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
感觉这句话，没什么逻辑性啊？