the trip was initiated 什么意思?

英语翻译
Guangdong Province has initiated a Greenway System consisting of 6 routes,which encourage the use of bicycles and just plain walking as a good way to experience the attractive areas of the province.
This is a pioneering initiative that should be given all the credit and tourism attention it deserves.

英语翻译
ABSTRACT:Afill slope failure on a public road initiated a landslide in February of 2002.The British Columbia
Ministry of Highways and Transportation contracted Terra Erosion Control Ltd.to design and implement soil
bioengineering/biotechnical slope stabilization techniques in order to reduce surface erosion and increase slope
stabilization.The landslide was approximately 18 m (594) in width and 70 m (2304) in length,and was composed
of mostly sand,with a small component of silt,gravel,and cobbles to small boulders.The slope gradient of the
landslide ranges from 35 to 40 degrees.Seepage was noticed throughout the site,as well as a tension crack below
the recent failure head scarp during a field visit on March 12,2003.A soil bioengineering prescription was
developed and the sitewas then treated inMay of 2003.Acombination of the following techniques and treatments
were used on the site; brush layers,live pole drains,drain fascines,live staking,vegetated lift,straw wattles,
erosion matting,the planting of native seedlings (Alnus viridis ssp.sinuata) and broadcast seeding.The following
species of cuttings were used; Salix sp.(scoulieriana,bebbiana) and Populus balsamifera ssp.trichocarpa.The
cuttings were harvested dormant,placed in cold storage and then soaked.A Spyder Hoe was utilized to install
most of the structures and to re-grade the contour of the slope.On this site the use of a Spyder Hoe demonstrates
howcuttings can be planted at a greater depth than using manual excavation,resulting in deeper rooting and higher
survival rate.The Spyder Hoe also moved large obstacles such as logs and boulders.These soil bioengineering
techniques help stabilize the surface layer of the site by addressing surface erosion.The live pole drain system
directs surface and seepagewater to the toe of the slope.By establishing awoody shrub component,in conjunction
with grasses and legumes growing on the site,rilling and gullying is reduced.Live stakes placed near the terminus
of the landslide anchor the soil by providing an inter-twined root mass.The seedlings and legumes provide a
deep-rooted nitrogen fixing species.The site was monitored during the summer and fall of 2003 and again in the
spring and summer of 2004 and fall of 2007.The survival rate is currently>85% with an average growing height
of up to 2.4 meters.Good growth rates were attributed to a long soaking period and organic soil amendment
including local mycorrhiza fungus inoculation.

英语翻译
Plant cell culture are initiated through the formation of a ‘callus’ which is essentially a mass of non-developed or non-differentiated cells .A callus is obtained by excising a piece of tissue ,called an explant ,from the parent plant and placing this onto a nutrient base solidified with agar .This nutrient base contains inorganic macro – and micronutrients ,carbon and nitrogen sources and various plant growth regulators .The whole process must be carried out under aseptic conditions ,and before the piece of explant tissue is transferred to the agar it must be carefully surface sterilized.The nutrient medium on which the tissue is placed is particularcy rich and provides a good substratum for microorganisms which ,unless checked ,rapidly outgrow the plant cells ,and the need for good aseptic technique cannot be overstressed .Surface sterilization is usually achieved by washing the tissue in5% sodium hypochlorite ,2% mercuric chloride or 80% ethanol for varying lengths of time ,after which the sterilizing agent is removed by repeated washing of the tissue in sterile distilled water .To enhance the effectiveness of the sterilizing agent a wetting agent such as Triton X-100 or Tween is sometimes added .