西方哲学思想及其意义为何?

希腊是城联邦,各城即是独立的奴隶制国家,没有统一的政体.所谓的希腊文明是个包罗万象的文明,好象是雅典文明、特洛伊文明、斯巴达文明等等.比较注重哲学,数学、天文学等科学,总得来说比较先进.
罗马文明更为复杂,一般我们说的古罗马文明好象说的是罗马第一帝国以及此前的罗马共和国.罗马从政体上看是统一的,实行联邦民主制度.较早地开创和实践了民主的概念.政体上很像现在的美国.与希腊文明相比较,罗马是个强大的国家,但文明远落后与希腊.因此罗马的文明是从希腊继承来的.这点与我国古代元、清等朝代有相似之处.古罗马受斯巴达很大,崇尚意志,有一种潜在的唯心哲学的雏形.另外,罗马的疆土的广大,使得罗马文明具有更大的多样性,包括继承吸收了希腊文明、迦太基文明、绯尼基文明、日尔曼文明、埃及文明甚至早期基督教文明等等.典型的强式文化,影响力大、多样、开放

sunrise in east and sunset in west

西方节日吗？Should Chinese Celebrate Western Festivals? 10 Today, more and more young people are crazy about western festivals. When western festivals come, they usually go to restaurants or shop...

A B 是 是

As soon as you are seated,open your napkin and place it on your lap.the napkin keeps on your lap(except for use) until the end of the meal.If you need to leave the table for a while,you may leave the napkin on your chair.When the meal is finished,palce your napkin neatly at the left of your palte.
Sit up straigh,keep your elbows off the table,and silence your cell phone.
Dishes are passed from left to right
Do try a little of everything on your plate
When a lady arrives or leaves the table,it's polite for all gentleman at the table of to stand up.
Always say"Please"and "Thankyou".Thank the host and hotess before leaving.

The sun rises in the East and sets in the West

西方也很多啊menu 菜单French cuisine法国菜 today's special 今日特餐 chef's special 主厨特餐 buffet 自助餐 fast food 快餐 specialty 招牌菜 continental cuisine 欧式西餐 aperitif 饭前酒 dim sum 点心 Frenc...

公元前5世纪,古希腊哲学的重点由研究自然转移到了研究人.这时的智者不相信有真正的存在和客观真理,普罗泰戈拉认为,一切都同样真,是非善恶是相对人的感觉而言的；高尔吉亚又认为一切都同样假.自称为'爱智者'的苏格拉底认为存在着客观真理,认识真理也是可能的；真正的知识是从具体的道德行为中寻求各种道德的普遍定义；寻求定义的方法就是论辩诘难.
公元前4世纪,古希腊哲学进入系统化阶段,代表人物有柏拉图和亚里士多德.柏拉图提出了理念论,认为现实的、可感知的世界不是真实的,在它之外存在着一个永恒不变的、真实的理念世界.理念是个别事物的'范型'；个别事物是完善的理念的不完善的'影子'或'摹本'；以个别事物为对象的感觉不可能是真正知识的源泉,而真知是不朽灵魂对理念的 '回忆' .亚里士多德不同意柏拉图的理念论,他把理念称之为'形式',认为'形式'不能脱离个别事物而独立存在,形式是事物的本质,存在于事物之内.
　　具体事物是由质料因、形式因、动力因和目的因构成的.质料与形式结合的过程,是潜能转化为现实的运动.但他又提出了一个事物最后的目的、运动最终的原因'第一推动者',认为它是一个没有质料的形式.亚里士多德去世后,希腊文化逐渐与罗马文化相结合,在 800多年的时间里,出现了很多哲学流派,主要有伊壁鸠鲁学派、斯多阿学派和以皮浪为代表的怀疑论等.它们在前人思维发展的基础上进行了比较深入的探讨,并涉及了伦理问题及宗教问题.在古希腊罗马哲学系统化阶段,亚里士多德创立的形式逻辑,为传统逻辑打下了坚实的基础.

Roast Beef and Yorkshire Pudding
Fish and Chips
Shepherd's Pie
Beef Stew
Full English Breakfast
Pork Pie
Cornish Pasty
Toad in the Hole
Cheese and Egg
Old English Apple Pie
Apple Crumble
Bacon & Tomato
Banbury Cakes
Beans on Toast
Beef Pie
Bread and Butter Pudding
Broccoli Cheese Bake
Broth (ham based)
Bubble and Squeak
Butler's Deviled Kidneys
Butter Shortbread
Cauliflower Cheese Deluxe
Cheese and Onion on Toast
Cheese and Onion Pie
Chicken and Pear Salad
Christmas Cake
Christmas Pudding
Coconut Treacle Tart
Coffee Cream Sponge
Cooks Salmon Omelet
Cornish Pasty
Cottage Pie
Cowboy Pie
Date and Walnut Loaf
Devonshire Cream
English Cake
English Pancakes
Eve's Pudding
Flaming Chicken
Hot Cross Buns
Leek Pudding
Lemon Pudding
Luxury Toad in the Hole
Meat and Potatoe Pie
McTavish Toffee Tarts
Mince Pies
Parkin
Poached Mackerel
Sage and Onion Stuffing
Scotch Eggs
Steak Balmoral
Strawberry Trifle
Syrup Ginger Cake
Tea Loaf
Tea Scones
Treacle Tart
Treacle Toffee
Trifle
Tuna Pie
Whisky Rarebit
Scottish Recipes
Haggis
Welsh Specialities
Bara Brith
Cawl
Laver with mashed potatoes
Welsh Cakes
Welsh Rarebit

文化一词起源于拉丁文,意思是耕作土地（故园艺学在英语为Horticulture）,后引申为培养一个人的兴趣、精神和智能.英国人类学家爱德华.泰勒在《原始文化》（1871年）一书中,首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来,并表述为“...

Nowadays, Western festivals such as Christmas and Valentine’s Day are gaining increasing popularity in China, especially among college students. But whether we would celebrate these festivals has become a subject of heated discussion.