Defining 和 Decisive 做形容词决定性的意思时有什么区别?

英语翻译
defining the poverty line:a political queastion
poverty is an enduing problem that must be addressed by all modern societiesin fact,some ethicists say a civilization can be judged by how well it treats its least fortunate.by this measure,the united states has much to be proud of.on a national level,the united states has done remarkable work to decrease the suffering of the poor by subsidizing food,housing,and education,and even by giving money directly to those who need it the most.still,even in the public sector,projects have to be evaluated to see if they are effective.no one can measure the benefits of aid without defining what poverty is,and when someone has been lifted out of it.this leads to one very political question:how exactly should poverty be measured?
the question of poverty is extrenely complex.should it be considered absolute-as a simple matter of the availability of food and shelter-or should it be relative to the goods and services enjoyed by the society as a whole?in other words,if a person can afford a dvd player but not to live in a safe neighbor-hood,is that person poor?certainly something as fluid as the economy can affect any number of forces to cause financial suffering—sometimes quite suddenly.still,according to our federal ***,there is a specific measure,the “poverty line”that answers the queastion.such a measure was devised in 1963 by *** economist mollie orshansky,then working for the social security administration under the jurisdiction of the office of management and budgest.
orshansky’s statistical measurement was one small part of the federal ***’s plan to attack the difficult national economic conditions that were hurting millions of americans in the early 1960s.president lyndon johnson,labeled the plan ***’s “war on poverty”,and it led to such national poverty threshold from a department of agriculture study outlining the cost of nutritionally adequate meals.
from the agiculture study,orshansky took the most economic and healthy meal design she could find.she then estimated statistically that the average american family in the 1950s spent approximately one-third of its household income on food;from there,she multiplied by there the cost of the most economically efficient,nutritional diet.this multiplier effect,in theory,produced the level of pre-tax household income at or below which a family should be considered poor.orshansky’s calculation was distributed for use across the ***,and the measure came to be known as the poverty line.it has been scaled every year for inflation,and it is adjustable to household size.govern the decades-old origins of this measure and the limited data available to orshansky at the time;it is fair to wonder if her standard is still accurate.
studies show that it is not.while families today spend about 12 percent of their income on food-nowhere near the 33 percent assumed in the 1950s-the cost of important budget items,such as housing,transportation,and health care,has increased traumatically.orshansky’s poverty measure,which only takes into account the ability of a household to provide itself with food,is missing several essential components to be accurate in modern society.with over $60 billion in federal aid tied each year to this guideline,not to mention an additional $260 billion in medicaid spending,the fact is many americans are still falling deeper into poverty and failing to receive the aid they so desperately need and deserve.

英语翻译
Defining the basic gesture of the design was fundamental to the success of that followed.Starting from my first sketch of a rising arc,like a spray of water thrown back by a spinning front wheel,the form evolved true to the intent of implying pent-up energy and the muscular stretch of an animal at speed.My team of three,including designers Jorg Schlieffers,a gifted sculptor,and Bruce Scardilli,a magician with plastic and sheet metal,went through the usual process of making a clay model,plaster and rubber molds,fiberglass body parts and stainless steel and aluminum hardware.Although the MK9(see Figure 16-5 to Figure 16-7) did start out as a concept prototype,we agreed to make no concessions that would limit the bike to a design exercise:Unlike most design concepts,the MACHINEART Kawasaki is a fully functional,ridable machine.It had to have rearview mirrors and turn signals,and they had to look good.

英语翻译
Defining the problem is easier than providing the solution.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an English-speaking country,which amounts to washing one's hands of them.Few students have the time or the money to do that.It is often said that wide reading is the time or the money to do that.It is often said that wide reading is the best alternative course of action but even here it is necessary to make some kind of selection.It is no use telling students to go to the library and pick up the first book they come across.My own advice to them would be:"read what you can understand without having to look up words in a dictionary (but not what you can understand at a glance); read what interests you; read what you have time for (magazines and newspapers rather than novels unless you can read the whole novel in a week or so); read the English written today,not 200 years ago; read as much as you can and try to remember the way it was written rather than individual words that puzzled you." And instead of "read",I could just as well say "listen to."

what is the productivity as one of the defining features of language 这句话到底该怎样翻译

英语翻译
•
•Investors are taken as being the defining class of user – general purpose vs.specific purpose financial reports.•They involve a substantial degree of classification,aggregation and allocation.

英译中,急用!
Nursing research
Defining nursing research requires determining what is relevant knowledge for nursing .Because nursing is a practice profession,research is essential to develop and refine knowledge that can be used to improve clinical practice.For example,Shoaf and Oliver studied “the effectiveness of normal saline versus normal saline containing 10 U per 1 mL heparin for preventing loss of an intermittent site (heparin lock).”The results of this study “indicated that heparinized saline is not needed to maintain the patency of an intermittent intravenous site,and the use of saline solution alone is less irritating,cause less phlebitis,is less expensive to patients,and saves nursing time”.This study and several others have produced similar results,so this knowledge is ready for use in practice.Thus,nurse need to use normal saline to irrigate patients’ heparin locks,because nursing research has shown that this intervention provides high-quality,cost-effective outcomes for patients.The findings from these have a direct effect on nursing practice.
Nursing research is also needed to generate knowledge about nursing education,nursing administration,health services,characteristics of nurse,and nursing roles.The findings from these studies indirectly influence nursing practice and thus add to nursing’ s body of knowledge.Educational research is needed to provide high-quality learning experiences for nursing students.Nursing administration and health services studies are needed to improve the quality of the health care delivery system.Studies of nurses and nursing roles can influence nurses’ productivity and job satisfaction decreased,and that decreased job satisfaction resulted in decreased retention.Gardner recommended that “job conflict management should be included in any comprehensive retention effort” and that hospitals should create a “work environment capable of empowering and retaining nurses.” These research findings are important because job conflict,job satisfaction,and retention of nurses influence their productivity and ultimately patient care.
Thus,nursing research is needed to develop knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice.Therefore,in this textbook,nursing research is defined as a scientific process that validates and refines exiting knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice.
Nursing is accountable to society for providing high-quality care and seeking ways to improve that care.Though nursing research,scientific knowledge can be developed to improve nursing care,patient outcomes,and the health care delivery system.Nurses need scientific knowledge to improve their decision making regarding what care to provide patients and how to implement that care.A solid research base is needed to documents the effectiveness of selected nursing interventions in treating particular patient problems and promoting positive patient outcomes.

如何翻译what would you see as the defining moments in the development of genre?

英语翻译
In particular,defining a body frame in which to intuitively model external motion in the world is difficult.

英语翻译
整句话是这样子的：
Its defining sentiment,of course,is joy-----yet the effort to be joyous seems to make many of us miserable.
后面翻译是这样子的：
主导情绪当然是欢乐的,然而为实现欢乐所付出的努力却令许多人痛苦.
问：前半句的翻译,这个its怎么理解,为什么没翻译出来?我主要是不知道这个“主导情绪”是怎么翻译出来的.
“它的决定性的情绪,当然,是欢乐的.”这是直译.但这明显无法读通.是英语思维么?怎么理解出来的?

分析一下此句英文句子的语法结构
When defining operators manually,it's easy to forget one of the overloads for taking one const simple_string& and one const char*.
翻译：
如果手工定义这些操作符,很容易就会忘记那个接受一个 const simple_string& 和一个 const char* 的重载.
for在这里的作用是什么?连接词?我觉得可以将for替换成,the one.

求一段建筑方面的英语!
Take the defining instance of a detail in this windswept house,in which flitched metal supports slice into ovoid wood columns,then cross brace between uprights.Structural integrity—literally holding things down,not mere ornament—underlies the design of this singular joint and,for that matter,the entire house.

英语翻译
When defining the rules,refer back to the list of field devices developed.Start with the output instructions and work backward to define the condition that produces the desired action.It is important to remember that emergency-stop switches should not be programmed in the programmable controller.Only a hardwired master control relay provides a reliable means for emergency shutdown.These emergency devices should therefore be documented as such.When writing,the text needs to use language that helps convert the operating characteristics to ladder logic.For instance,the AND logic function connects condition instructions in series on a ladder diagram rung,while the OR logic function connects inputs in parallel.
Addressing all elements of a ladder diagram involves identifying and labeling inputs and outputs with a letter/numerical designation.Use an “I” to indicate inputs and an “O” for outputs.(Designating O for zero will prevent confusion between O for output and the number zero).For instance,the first input device is addressed I/O,the second is I/1 and so forth.Outputs are addressed in the same fashion; O/O,O/1,O/2.The program is then downloaded into the programmable controller and ready to be tested.
Installing the Programmable Controller
Before installing the programmable controller,it is necessary to analyze the control cabinet currently housing the relays.Are all the field devices wired to terminal blocks?Or,are all the field devices brought into individual relays scattered throughout the panel?In essence,the engineer will have to mock-up a layout of the cabinet’s contents because the programmable controller typically takes up less space.This is important because if you pull relays out and install a small programmable controller in the middle of the panel,you will find that some of the wires may not reach.If this is the case,you may need to wire in terminal blocks to land the wires coming from the field and then wire from the terminal blocks to the programmable controller.This process is obviously easier when the relays are wired to terminal blocks because you do not have to disturb the field side of the terminal strip wiring -- all you have to do is modify the control side that connects to the programmable controller.At this point the field wires should be labeled with the device names,I/O address or some other identifying code to help document the installation and simplify troubleshooting.Color coding similar characteristics such as AC vs.DC devices further simplifies this process.

英语翻译
I don' t look at the moment as a defining end to my relationship with the game of basketball.这句话的翻译

英语翻译
Method of defining head impact area of devices with backrests and for rearward-facingdevices defining the minimum size of side wings.