philosophy和principle做“原则”讲时有啥区别?

博士学位的英文是Ph.D.，即Doctor of Philosophy，也就是“哲学博士”，表示任何一门专业的学科，学到最后所抵达的境界都是哲学的层次。从中可以看出
①哲学是检验各门具体科学的标准 ②哲学思维寓于各门具体科学之中
③哲学是对各门具体科学的概括和总结 ④各门具体科学的都应以哲学为基础
A.①② B.①④ C.②③ D.②④

The literal meaning of philosophy is “love of wisdom”. But this meaning does not tell us very much. Unlike the other disciplines, philosophy cannot be defined by what you study, because it si actually unlimited. Anything can be the subject matter of philosophy: are, history, law, language, literature, mathematics, and in fact, the other academic disciplines are directly related to philosophy. For this reason you get a Doctorate（博士学位）of Philosophy (Ph. D. ) in biochemistry, or computer science, or psychology
Two broad sub-fields of philosophy are logic and the history of philosophy. Logic is the science of argument and critical thinking. It provides sound methods for distinguishing good from bad reasonign. The history of philosophy involves the study of major philosophers and periods in the development of philosophy.
Of what use is philosophy? First it is useful in educational advancement. It is necessary for understanding other disciplines. Only philosophy questions the nature of the concepts used in a discipline, and its relation to other disciplines. And through the study of philosophy, one develops sound methods of research and analysis that can be applied to any field.
There are a number of general uses of philosophy. It strengthens one’s ability to solve problems, to communicate, to organize ideas and issues, to persuade, and to take what is the most important from a large quantity of data. These general uses are of great benefit in the career field, not necessarily for obtaining one’s first job after graduation, but for preparing for positions of responsibility, management and leadership later on. It is very short-sighted after all, to take a course of studies only for the purpose of getting one’s first job. The useful skills developed through the study of philosophy have significant long-term benefits in career advancement. No other discipline systematically follows the ideals of wisdom, leadership, and capacity to resolve human conflict
According to paragraph 1, philosophy can best be described as the study of .
A. social sciences B. natural sciences
C. both social and natural sciences D. the subject matter of politics
What does “discipline” mean in the first paragraph?
A. subject B. science C. literature D. occupation
With the study of philosophy, you can .
A. become a great leader
B. succeed in everything
C. find a good job soon after graduation
D. make progress in your career development
According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Philosophy is an independent discipline.
B. Logic helps you to become a better thinker.
C. The study of philosophy brings you immediate benefits.
D. The meaning of philosophy is too limited to define.
From the passage, we can conclude .
A. not all the subjects have to do with philosophy
B. a person will get a Ph. D. if he/she studies philosophy
C. philosophy can be helpful for the study of any other subjects
D. philosophy is the only solution to all the problems in the world

Recently, a professor of philosophy in the U. S. has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has discovered that how we 41 money in our day-to-day life has more meaning than we usually think. One of the exercises he asked his students to do is to 42 every penny they spend for a week. 43 they spend their money, they can see what they really 44 in life.
He says our relation with others often becomes clearly 45 when money enters the picture. You might have 46 with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. But you will 47 him only when you ask him to lend you some money. If he does, it brings 48 to the friendship that seems stronger than ever before. Or it can suddenly 49 the friendship if he doesn’t.
Since money is so important to us, we consider those who possess a lot of it 50 very important. The author interviewed some millionaires for 51 . Question: What is 52 thing you have discovered about being rich, because you are a self-made man? Answer: What makes me surprised most is how people give me 53 . I am nothing. I don’t know much. All I 54 money
People just 55 making more and more money, but what is it 56 ? How much do I need for a given purpose in my life? In his book, the professor uncovered an important need in modern society: to bring back 57 that money is an instrument 58 the end． 59 plays an important role in the material world, but expecting money to give happiness may be 60 the meaning of life.

小题1:	A．get through B．deal with C．give away D．look after

小题2:	A．keep a record of B．run out of C．keep up with D．use up

小题3:	A．In this way B．By this means C．By the way D．From the way

小题4:	A．insist B．value C．dream D．offer

小题5:	A．doubtful B．uncertain C．definite D．distrustful

小题6:	A．poor relation B．a quarrel C．words D．wonderful friendship

小题7:	A．know B．recognize C．respect D．admire

小题8:	A．everything B．nothing C．anything D．something

小题9:	A．strengthen B．weaken C．threaten D．protect

小题10:

A．is B．to be C．being D．is to be

小题11:

A．his family B．his friends C．much money D．his book

小题12:

A．the most surprising B．the less surprising C．the most surprised D．a most surprising

小题13:

A．so less respect B．so much respect C．so much money D．so much envy

小题14:

A．have is B．am has C．have but D．am to be

Recently, professor of philosophy（哲学）in the United States has written a book called Money and the Meaning of Life. He has discovered that how we deal with money in our daily life has more meaning than we usually think. One of the exercises he asked his students to do is to keep a record of every penny they spend for a week. From the way they spend their money, they can see what they really value in life.
He says our relations with others often become clearly defined（清晰的）when money enters the picture . You might have wonderful relationship with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. But you will know him only when you ask him to lend some money. If he does, it brings something to the relationship that seems stronger than ever before or it can suddenly weaken the relationship if he doesn’t. This person may say that he has a certain feeling, but if it is not carried out in the money world, there is something less real about it.
Since money is so important to us, we consider those who possess a lot of it to be very important. The author interviewed some millionaires in researching his book.
Question: What is the most surprising thing you have discovered about being rich, because you are a self-made man?
Answer: The most surprising thing is how people give me so much respect. I am nothing. I don’t know much. All I am is rich.
People just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it for? How much do I need for any given purposes in my life? In his book, the professor uncovered an important need in modern society: to bring back the idea that money is an instrument rather than the end. Money plays an important role in the material world, but expecting money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.
小题1:According to the first paragraph, people have not realized ______.

A．how important money is in their daily life

B．how one spends money shows what is important to him

C．that money is more important than their philosophy of life

D．that their understanding of life is more important than money

小题2:The author seems to believe that asking your friend to lend you some money ________.

A．is a good way to test your friendship

B．will do harm to your friendship

C．will strengthen your friendship

D．is a good way to break off your friendship

小题3:What does the American professor of philosophy want to explain in his book?

A．Money is an end．	B．Money is a means．
C．Money is everything．	D．Money is unimportant

小题4:The underlined phrase “enter the picture” in the second paragraph can be replaced by “_________”.

A．is used up	B．is spent on pictures
C．is paid in the right way	D．is paid attention to

小题5:What can we learn about the millionaire from his answer in the interview?

A．He doesn’t feel that he is well educated.

B．He doesn’t think he is a very important person.

C．He doesn’t consider himself to be very successful.

D．He doesn’t think that being rich deserves so much attention.