equilibrium可数吗有there is an equilibrium between...and...这个说法吗

SAT2 判断题一道
At equilibrium,the reactants and products have reached the equilibrim concentrations.

英语翻译
To establish these results,we formulate the equilibrium model as an equivalent nonlinear complementarity problem.
这句话中的“formulate”是什么意思?

谁有这篇分子动力学的文献
non-equilibrium molecular dynamics calculation of heat conduction in liquid and through liquid-gas interface
authors:tamio ikeshoji a; bjrn hafskjold - also at *** industrial research institute,tohoku,nigatake 4-2-1,sendai,983,japan.b

英语翻译
For material equilibrium,no net chemical reactions are occurring in the system,nor is there any net chemical reactions are occurring in the system,nor is there any net of matter from one part of the system to another.

英语翻译
When a reversible reaction has attained equilibrium at a given temperature,the product of the molar concentrations of the substances to the right of the arrow in the equation divided by the product of the molar concentrations of the substances to the left,each concentration raised to the power equal to the number of molecules of each substance appearing in the equation,is a constant.

英语翻译
3.2.Li insertion/extraction equilibrium
potential-composition isotherm of LiFe0.9 Mg0.1 PO4
Fig.4 shows the galvanostatic intermittent charge/discharge
◦
curves for LiFe0.9 Mg0.1 PO4 measured at 25 C with a succes- sive charge/discharge at a current density of 2 mA g for 2 h followed by 2.0 h of resting time (on open circuit).The reversible capacity of LiFe0.9 Mg0.1 PO4 is about 148 mA h g which is close to theoretical value of 156 mA h g of LiFe0.9 Mg0.1 PO4
[20].The equilibrium potential hysteresis of LiFe0.9 Mg0.1 PO4
between Li insertion and extraction is about 18 mV.Interestingly,the
overpotential in the two-phase region increased (from 8 to
12 mV) with the increase of Li insertion or extraction,which is attributed to the increased diffusion length according to shrink- ing core model [16].

英语翻译
请不要使用翻译软件：
A modified equilibrium distribution function for the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook-type modeled Boltzmann equation
has recently been proposed.The function was deduced using acoustics scaling to normalize the equation and allowed
a correct recovery of similarly normalized Euler equations.It is a combination of a Maxwellian distribution plus
three other terms that are moments of particle velocity.The lattice counterpart of the modified equilibrium
distribution function also led to an exact recovery of the Euler equations; therefore,there is no Mach number
limitation in the entire approach.This lattice counterpart was able to replicate aeroacoustics problems involving
vorticity–acoustic and entropy–acoustic interactions correctly,and the simulations were carried out using a finite
difference lattice Boltzmann method employing only a two-dimensional,nine-velocity lattice.Thus formulated,the
numerical scheme has no arbitrary constants and all calculations were carried out using one single relaxation time
and a set of constants derived from the analysis.This paper investigates the validity and extent of the formulation to
capture shocks and resolve contact discontinuity and expansion waves in one- and two-dimensional Riemann
problems.The simulations are carried out using the same two-dimensional,nine-velocity lattice,and identical set of
constants and relaxation time; they are compared with theoretical results and those obtained by solving the Euler
equations directly using Harten’s first-order numerical scheme.Good agreement is obtained for all test cases.
However,the modified equilibrium distribution function is not suitable for shock structure simulation; for that,an
exact recovery of the Navier–Stokes equations is required.

2.which one of the following mixfures is at equilibrium at a temperature where K下角标p= 2atm上角标负1 for the equilibrium.
2SO下角标2(g)+O下角标2(g)2SO下角标2(g)
┃partial pressure ┃ partial pressure ┃ partial pressure ┃
┃of SO下角标2/atm ┃ of O下角标2/atm ┃ of SO下角标3/atm ┃
A ┃ 1.5 ┃ 4 ┃ 2 ┃
B ┃ 1 ┃ 2 ┃ 1.5 ┃
C ┃ 3 ┃ 2 ┃ 4 ┃
D ┃ 1 ┃ 2 ┃ 2 ┃
compound X decompose upon heating according to the following equation.
2X(s)←→Y（g）+2Z（g）
when 5 mol of X were put into a 1 dm上角标3 container and heated,the equilibrium mixture confained 0.6 mol of Y.
what is the approximate numerical vaiue of the equilibrium constant K下角标e?
A 0.060 B 0.094 C 0.189 D 0.864

英语翻译
where Cj is the equilibrium concentration of species j and Ci is the equilibrium concentration of all other adsorbing species in solution [18],while qoj,bj and bi are constants obtained from singlecomponent studies for particular adsorbent–adsorbate system [11].

大家帮看看这段英文什么意识?
Solid-liquid equilibrium can be easily described by adsorption isotherms.The Langmuir equation is the mathematical function most commonly used to describe this process.

Equilibrium in the Insurance Industry:Price and Probability of Insolvency怎么翻译

Prices reach equilibrium at the level at which quantity demanded ______ quantity supplied. A．is equal to B．equal C．equals to D．is equal

英语翻译
Equilibrium in the Mortgage Security Market
The nature of the equilibrium established in the market for mortgage securities will depend on the competitive conditions in this market.If the market operates in a perfectly competitive fashion,then equilibrium is determined by applying the zero profit condition to equation (1):
(2) P (X) = P s(X) = P (X) + C(x).
This is illustrated in Figure 1 at the quantity X* and the security price P*,implying a mortgage price P' = P* - C(x).
In a forthcoming paper,Hermalin and Jaffee [1995] discuss the competitive conditions in the markets for residential mortgage securitization in the United States.They find that highly competitive conditions exist in the supply of mortgages to the conduits and in the demand for mortgage securities by investors.

英语翻译
Organisms survive by maintaining equilibrium with their environment.The stress system is critical to this homeostasis.Glucocorticoids modulate the stress response at a molecular level by altering gene expression,transcription,and translation,among other pathways.The effect is the inhibition of the functions of inflammatory cells,predominantly mediated through inhibition of cytokines,such as IL-1,IL-6,and TNF-alpha.The central effectors of the stress response are the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE)/sympathetic systems.The CRH system activates the stress response and is subject to modulation by cytokines,hormones,and neurotransmitters.Glucocorticoids also modulate the growth,reproductive and thyroid axes.Abnormalities of stress system activation have been shown in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis,as well as behavioural syndromes such as melancholic depression.These disorders are comparable to those seen in rats whose CRH system is genetically abnormal.Thus,the stress response is central to resistance to inflammatory and behavioural syndromes.In this review,we describe the response to stress at molecular,cellular,neuroendocrine and behavioural levels,and discuss the disease processes that result from a dysregulation of this response,as well as recent developments in their treatment.

英语翻译
One of the most critical steps in any limit equilibrium analysis is the determination or the estimation of the shear strength parameters (c and φ) for the surface along which it is anticipated that sliding will take place.In the case of this slope on Sau Mau Ping Road,no information on shear strength was available at the time of the initial studies and so estimates had to be made on the basis of published information for similar rocks.