penetrate的用法是否及物啊?与什么介词搭配?举个例句好不?

GRE长难句，会得来
As market forces penetrate firms and bid up the value of attributes of labor that are more measurable than is the knowledge born of experience, it can be expected that trends in wages will not favor those whose main value lies in such experimental knowledge.
As market forces penetrate firms and bid up the value of attributes of labor that are more measurable than is the knowledge born of experience, 中的than is 是什么用法，省略了什么？

1,no amount of words could penetrate the vacant expression he wore on his face.amount不是形容不可数吗,怎么会有words?
2,they were still reckoning with the sheer terror the disaster had brought.请问reckon 什么时候及物什么时候不及物啊?有reckon on ,也有reckon with?还是bring with
3.i called on my faithful friends to help make it a merry and festival occasion请问这个help是怎么用的,不是help doing吗?还有help do 那help 到底怎么用啊?
4.请翻译：for jimmy,the love with which we sang was a welcome bonus welcome

求penetrate用法,最好要有例句
penetrate是一个动词,用好的话应该是一个高级词汇,

英语翻译
1.The AIDS virus cannot penetrate intact bodily surfaces,such as skin,and quickly perishes outside the human body.Consequently
AIDS is not spread by causal physical contact or by sneezing.The virus has been found in tears and saliva,but it exists there
in such low concentrations that transmission from these body fluids is extremely rare.There are no known cases of AIDS transmission by insects such as mosquitoes or by domestic animals.Studies show that the virus is usually passed to an infant close to or during delivery,rather than moving across the placenta during pregnancy.Recently infected mothers can transmit the virus to their children via breast milk.The United States Congress approved guidelines recommending that health care workers who perform invasive procedures be tested for the AIDS virus but the testing and disclosure of results would be voluntary;no restrictions would be placed on those who tested positive.
2.The stratospheric vortex broke up later in the year.Whether the full magnitude of the anomaly can be explained by the extra
injection of solar particles must still be investigated.
我觉得玄冠下面这段话翻译的好像有那么一点问题哦，-------研究表明，该病毒通常是通过接触母亲的胎盘而传播到婴儿身上.而非怀孕过程中。而且受感染母亲还有可能通过母乳向婴幼儿传播病毒。美国国会制定的方针建议卫生保健工作者可以对孕妇进行测试是否被艾滋病病毒侵入，但这项检验和结果是否披露却是遵循孕妇的意愿进行的;而且对于那些被检查出病毒反应呈阳性的孕妇没有任何特殊的限制。

英语句式理解
The song seems to be able to penetrate the musical consciousness of just about every ethnic group I have ever come across.

求高手分析一下该句子的成分?
Hersey helped to penetrate the cloud of complacency that had developed in America regarding use of the atomic bomb