“暴”尸荒野的“曝”到底怎么读读Pù还是读bào?

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藜
①孔子列国周游时，他和弟子们被陈蔡两国大军围困荒野。为避免承担杀天下大贤的恶名，他们只是围而不杀，等其粮绝***。孔子便带领弟子们，就地采撷野菜为食，将名为“藜藿”的野菜制成汤羹，那时候，这种野菜只有贫困下贱之人才会采食，滋味寡淡，难以下咽。孔子却欣欣然吃下野菜汤，讲道：昔年尧帝就住在简陋的茅屋中，吃粗粮，喝的也是这藜藿制成的汤羹。在被围困的日子里，孔子一直慷慨讲经诵歌，弦音不绝，直至楚兵解围。从此，孔子甘之如饴的藜藿汤羹，被看作清贫困顿却不失气节的象征。
②今人将植物分类中隶属于藜科藜属的植物，统称为藜，也就古人所说的藜藿。春日，藜萌发出嫩芽，可以采摘作为野菜，古时为贫***所食。例如白居易写青年士子尚未发迹时的贫困模样：“布衾不周体，藜茹才充腹。”意思是衣衫褴褛，权且采藜为食。相比于藜藿的低贱，精美的肉类和粮食则被称为膏粱，古人将“藜藿”和“膏粱”作为一对反义词，分别指贫贱与富贵。
③待到秋季，原本鲜嫩的藜可以长到近一人高，变成一大丛乱蓬蓬的野草。此时选取干燥的枝条，可以制作拐杖。魏晋时“竹林七贤”之一的山涛，原本隐居山林不问俗务，却被司马师求贤若渴的姿态打动了——在得知山涛老母亲年迈时，亲赐了一根“藜杖”。那时候，“藜杖”被看作子女尽孝道时，应为父母准备的生活用品。司马师此举，意味将山涛之母当作自己的生母一般侍奉，也难怪山涛为他死心塌地地效命。而实际上，干枯的藜并不足够结实，或许古人是将几根藜杖***在一起使用，所谓的“藜杖”，还是象征意义大于实用价值。
④藜，在***极为常见，是一年生草本，产于***南北各地，生于路旁、荒地、田间、房前屋后。李时珍称，某些种类的藜茎紫红色，又名“胭脂菜”“鹤顶草”。古代方士采石练丹，将其或捣乱煮成干粉，或烧为灰粉，可用于提炼硫磺、矾石等矿物，并用于制作汞和***。至于民间，则因藜中多含碱，烧为灰土可用于洗涤衣物，故而称这为“灰涤菜”，而后简化为“灰菜”或“灰灰菜”。
⑤ 明朝《野菜谱》中将藜称为灰条，曰：“灰条处灰条，采采何辞劳。野人当年饱藜藿，凶岁得此为佳肴。” 但如果食用过量，有可能导致皮肤浮肿，甚至出血，所以明清时即使在民间，除非饥荒岁月，否则很少有人将藜当作野菜食用。倒是有人将含碱的藜叶捣烂，涂抹于蚊虫叮咬之处，用于消肿解毒。藜的茎枝烧成灰后，涂抹可治瘊子，或用于将痣点掉，可谓古人廉价的美容药品。（选自《博物》2014年第三期）
小题1:请用简洁的语言概括本文的说明内容。
小题2:请指出本文第①段表达方式，并分析其作用。
小题3:第⑤段划线句使用了 的说明方法，其作用是： 。
小题4:下列对文章内容、写法分析 不正确 的一项是（）

a．本文采用了并列式结构，这种写法可以使文章条理分明，层次清晰。

b．古人将“藜藿”和“膏粱”作为一对反义词，分别指贫贱与富贵。这种用法从修辞角度看是借代。

c．“ 或许 古人是将几根藜杖***在一起使用，所谓的‘藜杖’，还是象征意义大于实用价值”，若去掉加点词，文义改变。这个词语的使用，体现了说明文语言的准确性。

d．结合本文学到的知识，对唐朝诗人陈子昂的诗句“肉食谋何失？藜藿缅纵横！”正确的理解是：朝庭***们的决策多么错误，以致于那些清贫困顿却不失气节的人流离失所，背井离乡！

“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发) brings to such landscapes(景观) is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
小题1:John Sauven holds that________________.

A．many people value nature too much

B．exploitation of wildernesses is harmful

C．wildernesses provide humans with necessities

D．the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong

小题2:What is the main idea of Para. 3?

A．The exploitation is necessary for the poor people.

B．Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials.

C．Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation.

D．All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally.

小题3:What is the author’s attitude towards this debate?

A．Objective.

B．Disapproving.

C．Sceptical.

D．Optimistic.

小题4:Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

A．

B．

C．

D．

CP: Central Point P: Point Sp: Sub-point(次要点) C: Conclusion

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培根说：“没有朋友则斯世不过是一片荒野。”这句名言表明（）
①生活离不开友谊
②朋友带给我们温暖，给我们支持和力量，让我们感受生活的美好
③交友要慎重，善交益友，乐交诤友，远离损友
④真正的友谊应该是坦诚的

A．①③	B．①②
C．②③	D．②④

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