罗素《我为何而生》的读后感言不限字数

罗素曾经说过,归根到底,是科学使得我们这个时代不同于以往的任何时代.

What I Have Lived For
Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a great ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love,first,because it brings ecstasy - ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it,next,because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what--at last--I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of this,but not much,I have achieved.
Love and knowledge,so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a burden to their sons,and the whole world of loneliness,poverty,and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate this evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.
This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me

你说的人生如河只是罗素《论老之将至》中最后一段的后半部分,因为是文中最富哲理又比较浅显的部分,为人们所熟知,传诵.这里给你原文全篇.为方便你查阅,我将你需要的部分单独作为最后一段了.
How to Grow Old--Bertrand Russell
Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One's thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy; one's own past is a gradually increasing weight. It is easy to think to oneself that one's emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more keen. If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.

The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one's interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional. Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this difficult.

I thing that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is no use telling grownup children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education. But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren. In that case you must realise that while you can still render them material services, such as ****** them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.

Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there there is a justification for this feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it——so at least it seems to me——is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.

An individual human existence should be like a river——small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome. I should with to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.
这是《我为什么而活着》的原文.
What I Have Lived For
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy - ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what--at last--I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me

1.化纤出“人类苦难”在文中指什么.2.我为什么要追求爱情 3.文中天堂含义是什么 4.5.

I like one of Russell's famous sayings very much.

我记得有句话：要像期望别人对待自己那样的来对待他人,这个就是i这句话的最好诠释.
我们期望我们孩子对我们尊敬,所以我们就需要尊敬的对待我们的父母
我们期望我们父母对我们慈爱,所以我们就需要慈爱的对待我们的子女
我们期望我们有困难时经济条件好的亲戚帮我们一把,所以我们就在经济能力允许的条件下尽可能的慷慨对待我们的有困难亲戚.
我们期望所以的人对我们有礼貌,自然我们必须对一切人要有礼貌.
不知道这样的来说,是不是能更好的对应这句话?

答案C
惊讶、困惑是人的一种主观状态,是人们在认识世界和改造世界的实践活动中产生的.这是诱发人们思考的最初动因,但人们创造哲学最终不是为了满足自己的好奇心,而是认识世界和改造世界的需要.

要经常提醒自己,在茫茫宇宙中一个小小角落的一颗小小星球的生命史上,人类仅仅是一个短短的插曲,而且说不定宇宙中其他地方还有一些生物,他们优越于我们的程度不亚于我们优越于水母的程度.

罗素认为哲学和其他自然科学的不同只是在于其研究的方向（哲学研究更广泛的内容）,但他们的研究方法应该是相同的.哲学和数学一样,通过应用逻辑学的方法就可以获得确定的答案,而哲学家的工作就是发现一种能够解释世界本质的一种理想的逻辑语言.
希望能帮到您,我用的是手机,收不到追问,如果有疑问请发消息给我,或者求助也可以哈~

这是罗素《自传》前言
“我为何而生”
三种单纯而强烈的激情支配了我的一生：对爱情的渴望,对知识的追求,对人类苦难催肝裂胆的同情.这些激情像阵阵飓风,反复无常地将我卷袭东西,带向深痛的海洋,推临绝望的深渊.
我寻求爱情,首先是因为它带来狂喜——它是如此令人心醉神迷,我常常会为了这种短暂的欢乐而牺牲余生.我寻求爱情,其次是因为它能孤寂——身临这种难耐的孤寂.一个人战栗的目光会瞥过尘世的边缘,直透那冰冷而不可测的无生命的深渊.我寻求爱情,还因为在爱的结合中,我看到了古今圣贤和诗人在梦想中描绘的天堂的神秘缩影.这正是我追求的境界,虽然它对于人类的生活可能显得过分美妙了,但它却是我最终在爱情中发现的东西.
我以同样的激情追求知识.我想理解人类的心.我想知道星星为什么闪耀.我试图悟出毕达哥拉斯的力量,这力量使得数成为变动不居的世界的本质.在这方面我有所得,但所获并不很多.
爱情和知识,在其最大的可能中,将我引升到天堂.但悲悯之心总是使我回到现实的大地.那些痛苦的呼号在我心中回荡.忍饥挨饿的小孩,被压迫者欺凌的不幸者,被子女视为可厌负担的孤苦无助的老人,以及这整个孤寂、贫穷和痛苦的世界,对于人类生活的理想,不啻是一种嘲讽.我切盼减缓苦难,但我无能为力,同时亦身受其害.

罗素涉及的数学领域是逻辑学, 作为数学的基础.
哲学家也是必须要精通逻辑的.
当然, 懂了逻辑不代表就懂了全部的数学了. 其实数学主要研究集合论以上的东西. 而罗素的年代恰恰是集合论建立的时代. 集合论是离逻辑比较近的数学. 罗素对集合论提出的诘责, 使得集合论更加完善.
可能罗素先生对于群论, 微分几何, 拓扑,分析等这样的纯数学不是很精通.

这句话的意思是：怀有各种各样愚蠢的见识乃是人类的通病.
在这里,but用做副词,相当于only,意为“只不过”.

　　我为什么而活着? 　　翻译 　　[英]罗素 　　三种单纯然而极其强烈的激情支配着我的一生.那就是对于爱情的渴望,对于知识的追求,以及对于人类苦难痛彻肺腑的怜悯.这些激情犹如狂风,把我伸展到绝望边缘的深深的苦海上东抛西掷,使我的生活没有定向.我追求爱情,首先因为它叫我消魂.爱情使人消魂的魅力使我常常乐意为了几小时这样的快乐而牺牲生活中的其他一切.我追求爱情,又因为它减轻孤独感－－那种一个颤抖的灵魂望着世界边缘之外冰冷而无生命的无底深渊时所感到的可怕的孤独.　我追求爱情,还因为爱的结合使我在一种神秘的缩影中提前看到了圣者和诗人曾经想像过的天堂.这就是我所追求的,尽管人的生活似乎还不配享有它,但它毕竟是我终于找到的东西. 　　我以同样的热情追求知识,我想理解人类的心灵,我想了解星辰为何灿烂,我还试图弄懂毕达哥拉斯学说的力量,是这种力量使我在无常之上高踞主宰地位.我在这方面略有成就,但不多. 　　爱情和知识只要存在,总是向上导往天堂.但是,怜悯又总是把我带回人间.痛苦的呼喊在我心中反响回荡,孩子们受饥荒煎熬,无辜者被压迫者折磨,孤弱无助的老人在自己的儿子眼中变成可恶的累赘,以及世上触目皆是的孤独、贫困和痈苦－－这些都是对人类应该过的生活的嘲弄.我渴望能减少罪恶,可我做不到,于是我感到痛苦. 　　这就是我的一生.我觉得这一生是值得活的,如果真有可能再给我一次机会,我将欣然再重活—次. 　　英文原文为： 　　What I Have Lived For 　　Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a great ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. 　　I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy - ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness–that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what–at last–I have found. 　　With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved. 　　Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate this evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer. 　　This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

《我为什么活着》——罗素,这是英文原文,后面还有中文意思,:
What I Have Lived For
Bertrand Russell
Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love ,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a deep ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love,first,because it brings ecstasy -- ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it ,next,because it relieves loneliness-- that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world ,into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it,finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what -- at last -- I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of this,but not much I have achieved.
Love and knowlidge ,so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a hated burden to their sons,and the whole world of lonelines,poverty,and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate the evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.
This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.
我为什么活着
三股简单而非凡强烈的激情一直控制着我的一生：对爱的渴望,对知识的追求和对人类苦难不堪忍受的怜悯.这三股激情,象阵阵巨风,把我在痛苦的海洋的路途中吹得任意东西,变动无常,直吹到了绝望的边缘.
我寻求爱,首先是因为它带来了欣喜若狂之情——欣喜若狂使人如此心醉神迷,我常常愿意牺牲我的全部余生来换取几小时这样的欢乐.我寻求爱,其次是因为它能解除寂寞——那种可怕的寂寞,如同一个人毛发悚然地从这世界的边缘探望令人战栗的死气沉沉的无底深渊.我寻求爱,最后是因为在爱的结合中我看到了圣徒们和诗人们所想象的预言中的天堂景象的神秘雏型.这就是我所寻求的东西,虽然它也许似乎是人生所难以得到的美好事物,但这就是——最后——我终于找到的东西.
我怀着同样的激情寻求知识.我希望理解人们的心.我希望知道星星为什么发光.我力图领悟毕达哥拉斯的才能,他的才能使数字支配着不断变动的事物.在这方面,我只达到了一小部分,并不很多.
爱和知识,尽其可能,远远地把人引向九天之上.倡怜悯总是把我带回到地面上来.痛苦的呼号的回声在我心里回荡.受饥挨饿的儿童,在压迫者折磨下受苦受难的人们,无依无靠而成为自己子女嫌恶的负担的老人,以及整个孤苦寂寞的世界,穷困与痛苦都在嘲弄着人生,使人们不能过应有的美好生活.我渴望减轻灾难祸害,但是我力不从心,我自己也在受苦.
这就是我的一生.我觉得我的一生过得很值得.如果我还有机会的话,我将乐意再度过这样的一生.

曾经看到这样一句话：为了看到每天的太阳,我来到这个世界.大概意思是这个,是哪位作家说的也记不清了.只记得当时读到这里时有几分激动.
看罗素的《我为何而生》也感动于他的执著,但引不起什么共鸣.人的经历、阅历不同,所处的年代不同,思想就会有千差万别.只能说我和罗素有很大的差别,并难以逾越.
我为何而生?这个问题问的很茫然,是啊,我究竟为何而生呢?我不想为死亡而生,否则来人世何用?既然选择我来到这里,我就为体验生活而生,
一天的学习,照例应当好好休息一下了,但事实上,是没办法停顿的,因为明天还有许多事情在等着我们,学习这场激烈竞争的序幕才刚刚拉开,谁能大意的可以高枕无忧呢?更何况高考是我们的爹娘!
我现在的学习,其实是让自己的心踏实一些,我今天的努力,就是今天的从容,明日的从容又是为了后日的准备,谁又知道后天又是什么样子呢?某些预言家说,后天就是世界末日了,不趁着现在好好享受,到那末日到来之时,人就无法再享受到美妙的事物了.也许后天就是世界末日,但真正得人是不会因为末日的到来而放下手中的学习,工作的.轻易放下手中学习,工作的是那些心中没有主见的人,是那些没有寄托的人,是那些随波逐流得人.
但是,我认为认识应该享受美妙的事物的,不管何时何地,也不管身陷在何种压力之中,他都要有一颗欣赏美妙事物的心灵,因为人是为了美妙的事物而存在,人是有着美的感觉得动物,没有了美的感觉,没有了美的事物,人就是去了自身的意义.
在司空见惯的环境里,人是脆弱的.各种单调重复的信息和符号切割着视觉、听觉以及包括第六感在内的其它种种感觉,没有人能抗拒,麻木成为最经常的结果.有时候,自己常常活在别人的快乐或者悲哀里,因此而感到孤独.
其实世界并不是很陌生,阳光离我们也并不遥远,我们随时随地的都可以看到阳光下自己光亮的影子.
人生是一条无法选择的路,人需要美妙的事物,因为美妙的事物,可以是我们心情舒畅.我们也许会为了某一刻的美妙怡人的感觉而独自心醉神迷,也许会为了某一次的慷慨悲歌而痛哭流涕,发现了人生的短暂.

青年时期是豁达的时期，应该利用这个时期养成自己豁达的性格。

在工作中 责任感是非常有用的 但是在个人关系中却是让人讨厌的 人们希望被别人喜欢 而不是一味的顺从别人

平时我们熟悉的大多数集合都不是自身的成员：例如自然数集合,有理数集合,实数集合,集合{1,2,3,4,5,6}
N就表示所有这类集合作为元素的新集合.
而是自身成员的集合相对少见：例如所有集合的集合

啊…维特根斯坦还是那老头的学生呢～还有,哲学家们经常互掐的,又不是没见过～所以才会有前人说出哲学的各个主义,都是通往罗马滴～

1930年

不可以这样比较的,在数学的领域上,有许许多多的人做出了十分大的贡献,可是他们的贡献又各有不同,各有千秋,不可比较的.

向你致敬,司马迁,你的《史记》震撼了我,从此,什么困难也不能把我推入低谷,把我坚持的光芒能把我引向成功的彼岸：什么挫折也不能使我意志消沉,唯有不屈的斗志能带我奔向幸福的殿堂

What I Have Lived For
Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a great ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love,first,because it brings ecstasy - ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it,next,because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what--at last--I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of this,but not much,I have achieved.
Love and knowledge,so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a burden to their sons,and the whole world of loneliness,poverty,and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate this evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.
This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me

在“罗素”后加“的”

For people who behave without really is not worth a life too

1.那些惧怕生活的人已经有四分之三部分死了.
three parts的意思是四分之三部分
2.原句是To fear love is to fear life,and those who fear life are already three parts dead.
惧怕爱就是惧怕生活,那些惧怕生活的人已经有四分之三部分死了.

都是男的

【罗素悖论定义】
把所有集合分为2类,第一类中的集合以其自身为元素,第二类中的集合不以自身为元素,假令第一类集合所组成的集合为P,第二类所组成的集合为Q,于是有：
P={A∣A∈A}
Q={A∣A￠A}（￠：不属于的符号,因为实在找不到）
问,Q∈P 还是 Q∈Q?
这就是著名的“罗素悖论”.罗素悖论还有一些较为通俗的版本,如理发师悖论等.
后来想办法用公理化集合论解决这个问题,可是目前还没证明出公理集兼容性

2011 January 25, all my life is unforgettable day. That morning, we finally reached I have long sought in Finland. We will with Finland Russell high school teachers and students do exchanges. Russell high school is a local famous universities, where the students' grades are very excellent. In high school, Russell reception when the teacher of my forehead early name and receive my forehead goddess changed name, you think pretty little girl appeared in the frontal Finland in front of me. Her name is Laura is one year older than I am.
After that, she would take me to the dining hall. Play lunch she suddenly with English for me to say: "you know, if you don't like it, you don't have to force yourself to swallow them all!" Speak also naughty ground smiled at me. This immediately let I to her favor multiply. She speaks English very well (although she was modestly said she felt her English is probably the worst in the class), we will exchange basically no obstacle. We both sat down and started chatting. While powerfully, to a girl and a boy. Laura is very enthusiastically with they dozen hello. They to I also very enthusiastic, that girl looked at my plate, also say to me: "if you do not want to eat, don't force yourself to eat!" Say that finish, we all laughed. Although the first in all are foreigners environments, but I don't have the slightest nervous. Instead, I like this kind of feeling. May be and his own character is relative, of course, also have very important hungry point that they there people really too friendly too enthusiasm! Just get along not long ago, but like GuJiao.
22i is their school 120 anniversary, afternoon there are many recreational activities. After the activity, Laura will take me home. She took me into a mall. I was confused, she pointed to a door tell me: "wait the door opened, we follow the others get on." Sure enough, when above the gates of the digital becomes zero, Damon automatically open. It is fantastic, still can be in room etc. Car! After sitting out three or four station, she will come. Their house is flat, not my imagination "alone hut", but a loops of stair yet simple directly reflects the characteristics of Finland architecture. Take a door, he has a group furry white brown and white dot to rush toward me. Laura immediately shouted. "Linny, come down!" But little still kept on my flapping, chuffed. It is a year of dog. The whole afternoon, Laura in show me how she training that puppy. The Finn were so happy, because they can from each piece of the little things in life find satisfaction.

不知道您向我求助这个问题干嘛.
我读过罗素《西方哲学史》一些内容,但总体上我觉得写得并不是很客观,对很多哲学家的学说没有正确的认识也没有客观评价,批判多余肯定所以不太喜欢读

What I Have Lived For
Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a great ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love,first,because it brings ecstasy - ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it,next,because it relieves loneliness--that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what--at last--I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of this,but not much,I have achieved.
Love and knowledge,so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a burden to their sons,and the whole world of loneliness,poverty,and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate this evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.
This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me

意大利，直到该世纪的最后几年，完全不受北方军队的影响，并且在财富和文化方面进步很快。这种新的文化基本上是异教的，是欣赏希腊和罗马-的文化，并且蔑视中世纪。建筑与文学风格采用的是古老的模式。当君士坦丁堡 （古迹的最后幸存者）被土耳其人占领时，意大利的希腊难民们受到了人文主义者的欢迎。...

小题1:天堂： 作者所追求的人生境界 或 作者理想中的世界 1分
尘世： 充满孤寂、贫穷和痛苦的整个世界 1分
小题2:（6分）① 运用了形象的比喻（1分），表明了这三种激情是作者在漫长一生中追寻、奋斗的原动力（1分），在给他带来快乐的同时也带来不安和痛苦（1分）。
② 用充满诗意的语言描述了孤寂的恐怖和可怕（1分），反衬了真挚爱情的可贵（写出反衬即得1分），表达了作者对爱情的热切追求（1分）。
小题3:（4分）答： 本文的译文，比较简洁，口语色彩较浓，这使得作者热爱人类、热爱生活的感情表现得更加干脆利落、发自肺腑。 （语言特点2分，内容表达2分）
或：另版译文，书面色彩较浓，句子较长，语气较为舒缓，这使得作者的思想感情仿佛是深思熟虑所得，表现得更为沉稳厚重


略

　　第一柏拉图对于好人的讨论成为基督教定位人的信仰的重要参数 其次善的理念为基督教的上帝论提供了道德的形而上学蓝本.第三柏拉图的灵魂不灭与轮回思想,为基督教爱的理论和末世学奠定了理论基础 所以说基督教思想更其是柏拉图式的而非亚里士多德的
　　亚里士多德与柏拉图的主要分歧在于本质是与可感事物相分离的理念型相,还是可感事物之内的形式.“实体”概念是亚里士多德建立的形而上学的核心内容,而亚里士多德的形而上学又是在考察了自然万物的运动变化规律之后建立起来的,亚里士多德在“物理学”中提到了“三本原说”、“潜在与现实说”、“四因说”,都可以归结为形式与质料的关系.依靠着丰富的物理学知识,并通过对“存在”（是者）的逻辑分析,最后定义出实体的概念,即：实体在最真实、最原初和最确切的意义上说,是既不表述,也不依存于一个主题的东西.所以亚里士多德认为个别事物是第一实体,直接对立于柏拉图将普遍的抽象种属概念即理念看作真实存在的思想.但是亚里士多德队第二实体的定义又承认了“种”“属”也具有实体的性质,并且通过进一步对第一实体的考察,亚里士多德意识到个别事物还可以分为“形式”和“质料”,再追问这二者何者为第一实体的时候,亚里士多德认为,质料是处在生灭变化之中,是不可定义的,而真正能够定义的是事物中的“形式”,所以“形式”才是最终的第一实体.这些在某些方面也是对柏拉图“理念”论的回归.
　　但总的来说,柏拉图式将具体事物与最高理念隔离开来的,而亚里士多德却试图在具体事物与其种属概念之间建立起一个严格的等级序列.

It's impossible for us to not have war,the reason why we have war,is that,we need more resources to keep alive,maybe not for now,but definitaly for hundred years later.Utopia,the ideal world with no war,me myself think it could only happen when there is enough resources for every human being.

A

B、C、D与题干不符

《我为什么而活着》---[英]罗素
What I Have Lived For
Bertrand Russell
Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:the longing for love ,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions,like great winds,have blown me hither and thither,in a wayward course,over a deep ocean of anguish,reaching to the very verge of despair.
I have sought love,first,because it brings ecstasy -- ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it ,next,because it relieves loneliness-- that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world ,into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it,finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought,and though it might seem too good for human life,this is what -- at last -- I have found.
With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine.And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.A little of this,but not much I have achieved.
Love and knowlidge ,so far as they were possible,led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine,victims tortured by oppressors,helpless old people a hated burden to their sons,and the whole world of lonelines,poverty,and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate the evil,but I cannot,and I too suffer.
This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.

What I Have Lived for 中间,have lived 是现在完成时.如果用一般现在时,What do I live for?更接近 "我生命的意义" 这个意思.有可能是要告诉别人你生命的意义.完成时要表达的,是一个动作,到现在为止,有什么意义,影...

D

特兰·罗素是二十世纪英国哲学家、数学家、逻辑学家、历史学家,无神论或者不可知论者,也是上世纪西方最著名、影响最大的学者和和平主义社会活动家之一,1950年诺贝尔文学奖得主,罗素也被认为是与弗雷格、维特根斯坦和怀特海一同创建了分析哲学.他与怀特海合著的《数学原理》对逻辑学、数学、集合论、语言学和分析哲学有着巨大影响.1950年,罗素获得诺贝尔文学奖,以表彰其“多样且重要的作品,持续不断的追求人道主义理想和思想自由”. 把所有集合分为2类,第一类中的集合以其自身为元素,第二类中的集合不以自身为元素,假令第一类集合所组成的集合为P,第二类所组成的集合为Q,于是有： P={A∣A∈A} Q={A∣A?A} 问,Q∈P 还是 Q∈Q? 若Q∈P,那么根据第一类集合的定义,必有Q∈Q,但是Q中任何集合都有A?A的性质,因为Q∈Q,所以Q￠Q,引出矛盾.若Q∈Q,根据第一类集合的定义,必有Q∈P,而显然P∩Q=?,所以Q?Q,还是矛盾. 这就是著名的“罗素悖论”.罗素悖论还有一些较为通俗的版本,如理发师悖论等

把简单的事情搞得很复杂

只有三体,刚发过去了

为爱情而牺牲的事业,虽然也许是种壮举,但总归愚蠢；为事业而牺牲爱情,也一样愚蠢,而且毫无英雄气概——罗素

个性 敢做敢说 罗素是个大学者 不单单是个哲学家,他是个偏经验主义的学者吧,对逻辑学也有研究,他不认可德国哲学家是正常的,而且他那本书是在二战期间写的,纳粹又把德国哲学胡乱利用.最重要的是德国哲学家都太..怎么...

我选b.罗素研究的核心是：实在论,并始终强调现代逻辑学和科学的重要性,批判唯心论,因此被认为是与弗雷格、维特根斯坦和怀特海一同创建了分析哲学.而分析是建立在理性思维和独立见解的基础上的,与科学发展并无关系.科学发展可以作为分析哲学的一个内容,而并不是核心内容和前提.

其实,可以尝试另外的方法的.
现在,有一些朗读软件的,而且是免费的.
举例来说,朗读女,这个软件是免费的,将中文或英语的男女声库装上后,就会将吕中文或英语朗读,而且可以转换成 mp3

世界的本来面目是丰富多彩多姿多态的,不是单一的.

一、【当一个有智慧的人表现出来一种在我们看来显然是荒谬的观点的时候,我们不应该努力去证明这种观点多少总是真的,而是应该努力去理解它何以竟会看起来似乎是真的.】意思是【智者的某观点 看起来是佯谬时,我们应该努力去理解为什么这句话竟会是真的 而不是试图去证实它.】
二、【这种运用历史的与心理的想象力的方法,可以立刻开扩我们的思想领域；而同时又能帮助我们认识到,我们自己所为之而欢欣鼓舞的许多偏见,对于心灵气质不同的另一个时代,将会显得是何等之愚蠢.】意思是【通过上述“努力去理解为什么这句话竟会是真的”这个过程 可以让我们跳出问题来看问题 看到自己思维的条条框框 也就是思维的盲点.】
其实楼主的这句话不算难理解 估计是有点太长让楼主有点无措,我通读过罗素的《西方哲学史》还有他的《哲学问题》,有什么问题可以追问.