adaptation是什么意思?

standardization approach & adaptation approach这两个分别是什么意思?
原话是has IKEA taken a standardization approach or an adaptation approach in its markets around the world?
急..

we (made a quick adaptation to) the new environment after we got to the island
为什么用括号里的短语，为什么用made, 求详解

英语翻译
1 light fingers 2 a light adaptation 3 light bobs 4 a light car 5 a light chain 6 a light bomber 7 a light eater 8 light colonel 9 light artillery 10 a light box 11 a light cruiser 12 light air 13 a light touch 14 a light step 15 a light heart 16 a light mistake 17 light foods 18 light smell 19 light work 20 a piece of light bread

adaptation和adaption意思有什么区别
如果一样,用哪一个呢?

英语翻译
In this paper,we substantialize the general adaptation
problem as a subspace adaptation problem in nonstationary
appearance tracking,where the target visual appearances fora short time interval are represented as a linear subspace.We
analyze the ill-posed adaptive tracking problem in this setting.
In our approach,we enforce three novel constraints for the
optimal adaptation:1) negative data that are easily available,
2) pair-wise data constraints that are used to identify positive
data from bottom-up,and 3) adaptation dynamics that smooth
the updating process.Then,we give a closed-form solution to
this subspace tracking problem and also provide a practical
iterative algorithm.Our method not only estimates the motion
parameters of the target but also keeps track of the appearance
subspaces.Note our model adaptation strategy is fundamentally
different from the methods using on-line learning [23],
[25],where the appearance models at previous time frames are
directly utilized to supervise labelling the current image observations,
and to determine the new information for updating
the model.In contrast,we mainly resort to the data-driven
constraints to select positive and negative data from current
image observations for the appearance model adaptation.
In the next section,we briefly review related tracking algorithms
in terms of different observation models,afterwards the
dilemma in the traditional adaptation schemes is investigated.
Our solution to the dilemma of the adaptation is elaborated in
Section III.In Section IV,we present the experiments results
and discussions.The concluding remarks are given in Section V.
II.RELATED WORK AND MOTIVATION
In tracking,the target is tracked or detected based on the
matching between the observed visual evidence (or measurements)
and the visual model.We generally call the model that
stipulates the matching as the observation model or the measurement
model.Without any prior of the targets,appearancebased
tracking approaches are more general than feature-based
methods.The visual appearances of an object may bear a manifold
in the high-dimensional image space.Depending on the
features used to describe the target and on the variances of the
appearances,such a manifold can be quite nonlinear and complex.
Therefore,the complexity in the appearances largely determines
the degrees of difficulty of the tracking task.

英语翻译
Adaptation often involves reacting in the most constructive and effective ways,so that those you interact with learn and grow from the experience,just as you do.
是在自己翻译不通了,原文讲的是文化适应,

请问adaptation is a special feature that 该怎么翻译,有例句,谢谢.
An adaptation is a special feature that helps an animal stay alive in its habitat.

沙漠植物光合作用的适应性
An adaptation that helps desert plants prevent water loss is ( ).
A.C-4 delivery B.NADP C.CAM D.NADPH

英语翻译
Content adaptation for multimedia messaging services has occurred in terms of picture and voice .however,the development of modern wireless networks demands media applications,such as video,and therefore video adaptation.There are several IMS scenarios that would require video adaptation:for video messaging ;for video portals; for video telephony and for video group communication.
Many forms of adaptation already exist in communication systems to address various problems that might arise in these scenarios.Most notable is the wireless link-layer adaptation for wireless communications to improve throughput.Our transcoding solution can be considered the adaptation in the application layer.As we shall discuss later,this transcoding is needed for video applications to respond to changing throughput caused by link-layer adaptation,and to bridge other forms of diversity.