托福写作要解释原因的时候我们常常会用到due to和because of，那么这两者区别在哪里呢？下面一起来看看吧！ 托福写作词汇：due to和because of的区别 due to和because of的区别简单概括一下上面的描述： due to相当于介词。 due to和because of是 同义词 ，各种混用。 18世纪有一票人研究due和owing的区别，认为due to不能作介词。 due to就是介词，就是介词，就是介词。 好吧，韦氏字典你赢了，下面当然是……看看牛津字典怎么说： 简单概括一下上面的描述： due to有一个意思是“由...引起的” due to还有一个意思是“因为...”所以说，牛津字典的观点是due to既可以作形容词，也可以作介词。 下面我们再来看看The Economist Style Guide是怎么说的： When used to mean caused by, due to must follow a noun, as in The cancellation, due to rain, of... Do not write It was cancelled due to rain. If you mean because of and for some reason are reluctant to say it, you probably want owing to. It was cancelled owing to rain is all right. 仔细想想上面这段话写的不是很清晰，因为按照韦氏字典和牛津字典的描述，It was cancelled due to rain是对的，只不过这里的due to是因为的意思，而不是由...引起的意思。 那我们看看GMAT官方解释里说了啥： 这道题大家都比较熟悉，是OG2016的 句子 改错第30题，我们重点看看关于due to说了什么： 神马?官方直接给due to定性为修饰名词，意思是caused by。 让我先平静一下... 然后我在网上搜了一下，看到了www.thefreedictionary.com有这样一段描述： Usage Note: Due to has been widely used for many years as a compound preposition like owing to, but some criticshave insisted that due should be used only as an adjective. According to this view, it is incorrect to say The concertwas canceled due to the rain, but acceptable to say The cancellation of the concert was due to the rain, where duecontinues to function as an adjective modifying cancellation. Although there is still some support for this notion among members of the Usage Panel, the tide has turned toward accepting due to as a full-fledged preposition. Back in 1966,the "adverbial" use of due to (as in was canceled due to the rain) was rejected by 84 percent of the Panel. In our 2001survey, however, 60 percent accepted this construction. There is no linguistic reason to avoid using due to as apreposition, but English has a variety of ready substitutes, including because of, on account of, and owing to. 简单概括一下： 确实有一票人反对due to当because of用，1966年这票人占比84%，2001年这票人占比只有40%了 语言上讲没必要避免使用due to作为介词，但是可替代的词多了，你干嘛非要跟due to干上了 托福写作：解释句，这么写就对了! 解释句主要是对主题句进行解释，说明主题句为什么有道理。论证方式有正面论证和反面论证两种。表达的主要逻辑关系有：因果、对比和假设。 表达原因的句型 第一句，As is known to all...，逗号，加上具体的原因，一个完整的句子。中文意思是众所周知，后边再加上一个众所周知的原因就可以了。 第二句，是一个比较直接的表达，写完主旨句之后，后边加上The primary reason for this is that...，后边再加上具体的原因。这个this就是指的前边的主旨句。 第三句，同样也是一个很直接的表达。写完主旨句之后，点上句号，后边再加上一个This is because，后边再加 上一个具体的原因，就可以了。这三句话是一个非常直接的表达原因的方式。 总结 ① As is known to all, +具体的原因 ② The primary reason for this is that …+具体的原因 ③ This is because +具体的原因 表达原因的 短语 第一个，短语due to，后边要加上一个表示名词的短语，加上逗号，再加上一个表达结果的、完整的句子，这样构成一个完整的因果链。 第二个，把due to可以换成because of，后边加上表达原因的名词性短语，加上逗号，再加上一个结果就可以了。 总结 ① due to+原因的名词短语，+结果 ② because of +原因的名词短语+结果 表达结果的句型 第一个，前边写一个表达原因的名词性的短语，再加上result in，再加上一个表达结果的名词性短语，就构成了一个表达结果的句型。简单的说就是，表达原因的名词短语、表达结果的名词短语，中间加上一个动词短语result in，就构成了一个因果链。 第二个，前边写一个句子表达原因，后边加上逗号，(和)thereby doing，再加结果，最后加上句号，就可以了，这是表示结果的。 总结 ①表达原因的名词短语result in 表达结果的短语 ②原因句, thereby doing +结果. 表达假设的句型 第一个，最简单的if条件句，加上逗号，再加上结果，构成一个状语从句。 第二个，大家看到都认识，但是不常用，就是前边你可以加上一个虚拟的结果，后边加上一个unless，除非，再加上一个条件，就构成了一个表达假设的句型。 总结 ① if…+条件，结果 ②一种虚拟的结果 + unless+条件 表达对比的关联词 没有什么句式来表达对比，固定的句式你可以使用一些固定的关联词来表示对比。比如说，in contrast、on the other hand、however和but，这几个短语都可以表示对比的逻辑。 总结 in contrast/on the other hand/however/but 我们用两个例子来说一说如何使用句型来表示解释，和如何使用短语来表达解释。 第一个例子： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The food we eat today is much healthier than it was in the past. 现在食物更健康还是过去食物更健康。 主旨句是这样的： The first reason for less healthy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field. 现在食物不健康是因为一些工业污染物污染了田里的庄稼。 接下来要解释原因呢，这个地方说个句型，The primary reason for this is that...加上去之后表示原因是什么什么什么。nowadays more and more industrial plants are discharging some harmful substances into rivers or other waters,，现在越来越多的工厂排放了一些有害的物质，在河流和 其它 水源当中，这是第一个原因。 说完这个原因呢，还要再接着解释这个原因，这种污染物是如何污染庄稼的： and when the farmers utilize the tainted water to irrigate the crops, 如果农民使用这些被污染的水来灌溉作物的话： those pollutants would contaminate the food produced in the farmland. 所以说呢这些污染物就会污染农田里的庄稼，这是第二个原因，基本把这个原因说清楚了。 接下来我做一下对比，和谁对比呢，这个题目是今昔对比，所以说我要和过去来做一下对比。用上一个表示对比的短语： On the other hand，in the past, fewer factories were established, and less harmful materials were absorbed by the crops. 做一个对比，在过去工厂比较少，所以说庄稼可能吸收的污染物也比较少。 最后给个结论点题： Therefore, foods today are possibly more hazardous for people"s health. 最后的结论，现在的食物可能更有风险，来完成了这个解释部分。 全文总结 The first reason for less heathy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field. The primary reason for this is thatnowadays more and more industrial plants are discharging some harmful substances into rivers or other waters, 原因①and when the farmers utilize the tainted water to irrigate the crops, those pollutants will contaminate the food produced in the farmland. 原因② On the other hand,in the past, fewer factories were established, and less harmful materials were absorbed by the crops. (对比)Therefore, foods today are possibly more hazardous for people"s health. (结论) 第二个例子，我们用同样的主旨句，我们换一种用短语来表达的结构，你看一看哪种表达更适合你呢。 The first reason for less healthy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field. 同样的topic sentence，写短语表示原因我们可以用due to，Due to the harmful substances ，这加了个短语，中间加了个插入语such as wasted water，比如说一些废水，废水哪儿来的呢，后边用一个released by more and more factories nowadays，这个地方用名词短语来表达原因，里边包含了插入语和过去分词等语法现象。more pollutants are likely to contaminate the irrigation water， 导致的结果是什么呢，更多的污染物可能会污染这种灌溉水源。 接下来，thereby making，注意逗号(在thereby之前)，导致的下一个结果是什么呢，more hazardous food produced in this tainted fields.，这就是更多有风险的食物在这种被污染的土壤当中被生产出来。 原因解释完毕，接下来再和过去进行对比，换个短语，However, farmlands were less possible to be polluted because of ...，再用短语，fewer factories in the past.，因为过去的工厂较少。 总结一下，点题As a result, foods today are possibly riskier for people"s health today，最后再点一下题，现在的食物在健康上比过去的食物在健康上更有风险。 全文总结 The first reason for less heathy food today is that some pollutants from industry contaminate the crops in the field. Due to the harmful substances, such as wasted water, released by more and more factories nowadays(名词短语-表原因), more pollutants are likely to contaminate the irrigation water,(结果①) thereby making more hazardous food produced in this tainted fields.(结果②) However,farmlands were less possible to be polluted because of fewer factories in the past.As a result, foods today are possibly riskier for people"s health today.. 你比较一下这两个段落表达方式，第一个段落用的是句子来表达原因，第二个用的是短语。我个人比较喜欢使用短语，因为使用短语的话我不用考虑单复数，不用考虑时态。写起来比较简练，也容易出彩。 但是如果你要掌握不好这种名词性短语，那你使用句子来表示因果、表示对比、表示假设这种逻辑关系，也是完全没有问题的。所以说，哪种适合你，你可以依据自己现在的情况来选择一个适合自己的解释句的写法。希望大家回去之后，根据文字稿，好好去整理句型。希望大家都能够写好一个比较出彩的、比较有逻辑的解释句。 托福独立写作模板 托福写作论证篇 1、模糊论证 Range from... 2、举例论证 ●自己的例子 I can think of no better illustration than the example of my own visit to Singapore. Only after going shopping on Orchard road, the main shopping district in Singapore,did I realize what "a paradise for shopping”really was. Only after roaming in the City Hall,the financial center of Singapore, did I experience the quick pace of modern life. Only after lying on the beach of Sentosa did I know about the Singaporean typical way of spending leisure time. ●社会的例子 For example, on account of the advent of the technologically advanced society, employers tend to hire people equipped with a wide range of knowledge rather than the ones with limited knowledge. 3、数据论证 I can think of no better illustration than the statistic. Experts from the Department of Sociology in Peking University pointed out that the average sleeping time an adult has everyday, compared with 8 hours in the 1970s, has decreased t0 6.8 hours due to the busy work and study. 4、引用论证(开头) 5、假想论证 托福写作语言篇 1、基本句型 ●因果 On account of/owing to/due to+ N For the reason that/as/since+句子 It is due to_____that eg:It is due to his persistence and perseverance that he eventually reached his acme.(琨调句) derive/arise/stem from来源于 eg:His success derives from his persistence and perseverance. ascribe A to B归结于 eg: His success can be ascribed/attributed to his persistence and perseverance ●条件 A serves as a catalyst for B(our further success) If/on condition that/provided that /as long as _____ ●让步 Despite the fact that/regardless of 2、经典句型 ●倒装 compete 1) Only via(by/through /with/when/after)_____do/did/can we_____ ef: Only after going to the beach of Hawaii will I know about American typical type of spending leisure time. 2) Hardly/Seldom/Scarcely can_____ ef: Hardly can we imagine a world/our life without /devoid of 3_) So +adj+主谓倒装+that_____ 4) Not only主谓倒装but also_____ eg: Not only should education prepare children to compete not only do people care their economic needs,they but also want to meet their spiritual needs. 5) 0n no account主谓倒装(决不…) ●强调 It is/was_that/who(m).... ●插入语 l)限制性副词 probably/directly or indirectly/to some(a large) extent 2)N+，ving，+V 3)同位语 3、经典中的经典 ● 排比 1)It is tourism that gives me the opportunity to know the culture of this dynamic, robust and alive country. 2)It is computers that make our life diverse,convenient,dynamic/ vibrant , with which our life would probably pale. 3) A/which needs to be/in this way, A can be readily accepted, respected,appreciated and advocated. 4) Only via university education can we have systematic knowledge concerning arts and science.Only via university education can we know the essence of symbiosis and collaboration. And Only via university education can we meet the demands of society and make our future success inevitable. ●十大副词 1) Considerably 2) Invariably 3) Undoubtedly/indisputably/incontrovertibly 4) Increasingly Most/exceedingly/exceptionally格外地 6) Insightfully富有见底地 7) Regrettably 8) Effectively and efficiently 9) Gradually and eventually 10) Readily ●其他 It is not difficult for us to imagine that不难想象 2) B makes it possible for us to have an universal access to A/A is readily available.A容易得到 3)In order to survive and thrive in this fiercely competitive society, people have no choice but to work and study hard. 4) Ruthless and relentless 无形 /fierce and intense competition The ruthless and relentless competition imposes an unprecedented pressure on each and every individual, and therefore, there is no exaggeration to say that our innovative and inventive ability can lay a solid foundation for our future, enabling us to survive and thrive in the modern world. 5) Inspiration, aspiration and perspiration 6) Vision,passion and mission 托福写作结构篇 1、开头 Sample one(适用于有一些背or有一个中心词而且编得出来那个quotation的所有情况(二选一，agree or disagree，除了个别); On contemporary society(一般的背景)/ With the advent of the technologically advanced society (the information explosive era (与科技有关的背景)，_ (中心词)servers as a catalyst for our future success/_ is synonymous with knowledge and the road to success /_ plays an essential/increasingly important role in .../_ is enjoying an increasingly high popularity among people 很简单的一句背景 However, people (universities, government, citizen, society, government,) are/is invariably faced with such a question/ can"t help wondering:改写题目1.Confucian (Yu Qiuyu, Mark Twain, William Shakespeare), (one of) the greatest and most influential Chinese philosophers (scholars, educators, writers, thinkers, statesmen), has insightfully commented,”"I cling to an unshakeable belief that his comment gives the answer to this question: 改写题目2.Among countless factors which contribute to my position are following conspicuous ones(最后一定排比结尾，且如果字数够了这一句就不要). 要做的：想一句简单的背景+编一句 名言 +改写两次题目 Sample two:(如果sample one的名言编不出来或者不适合编如leisure time，就用下面的) On contemporary society(-般的背景)/ With the advent of the technologically advanced society (the information explosive era (与科技有关的背景)/ On account of…，_ (中心词)serves as a catalyst for our future success/_ is synonymous with knowledge and the road to success/_ is plays an essential / increasingly important role in ... /_ is enjoying an increasingly high popularity among people./很简单的一句背景(如 so...that.../not only...but also). However, when it comes to the choice between AA and BB/When asked about whether 改写题目1,people get into a dilemma. According to my personality and experiences/As far as I am concerned/From my perspective, I cling to an unshakeable belief that改写题目2.以下最后决定怎样写：Among countless factors which contribute to my position are following conspicuous ones(最后一定排比结尾)/AA not only…but also(2)/There are various merits AA brings about, first of all, to...; secondly, to...;and lastly. . .(3). 要做的：想一句简单的背景+ 改写两次题目+总起(最后写) 2、分点一：分层论证 Basic to any understanding of the benefits we can get from_____ is that_____/ First and foremost, On one hand_____, On the other hand_____ Besides/ What"s
