farming

这里literally作为副词修饰is，is literally so的意思是“确实就是这样”。而that在这里引导的是so一个同位语。全句译文：我所力求的耕作模式确实就是这样，即使天气将变得越来越干燥人们也能够生存下去。

星级农场

美国

GProbe:>调试 等待回应超时. GProbe:> Batch "F:u盘HSD280MUW3 - 2621M240UW01 v3_1920x1200_170EH_5V.txt" 等待回应超时. 执行批处理文件的第1行出现错误. 执行时间：1.10s Batch是批量的意思

重新注册系统所有DLL文件，消灭“内存不能为read或written”等错误Windows系统有时之所以会频繁受到损伤，主要是许多应用程序常常共享调用一些DLL文件，一旦有的应用程序在使用完毕被自动卸载掉后，这些应用程序所调用的DLL文件往往也会跟着被删除掉了，这么一来Windows系统或系统中的其他应用程序再次调用那些共享了的DLL文件时，就自然会发生错误现象了！可能引起各种各样不可知的问题，比如无法打开二级链接，经常出现“内存不能为read或written”等错误。　 在急救那些由于系统DLL文件丢失引起的Windows系统运行不正常故障时，我们根本不需要重新安装操作系统，只需要对那些已经丢失了的DLL文件进行一下重新注册，就能让系统恢复正常运行状态了。如何一下把所有的dll文件重新注册一遍呢？其实很简单！（1)开始－运行：输入cmd，按“enter”键回车！进入"c:windowssystem32cmd.exe"窗口（2)在"c:windowssystem32cmd.exe"窗口中的命令提示符下直接输入：for %1 in (%windir%system32*.dll) do regsvr32.exe /s %1注意：是在命令提示符下，不是在“运行”框中！小技巧：可以直接复制以上命令，粘贴即可。 （3)按“enter”键回车！开始对系统所有的DLL文件重新注册了！耐心等待吧！

keep farmed keep farming保持养殖保持农业

Likelandforfarming,riverforfishing就像土地为了耕耘,河水为了养鱼Everyonehelpeachotherwhenevertheycan.无论什么时候,人们都应该互相帮助.

there is no rain. 这里没有雨。Farming is difficult or impossible. 耕种很困难或者是不可能。

动词作名词用,现在分词farm[英][fɑ:m] [美][fɑrm] n.农场，农庄；农家；畜牧场；农田vt.耕种；养殖；承包，包出；佃出（土地）vi.经营农场

正确注释是，圈养（畜牧业中的）。反义词是free-range farming，散养折叠的答案是对的

A,用排除法可得. to do,动词不定式作后置定语

有些你必须达到程度才能解锁！比如好一点的拖拉机！你必须用老式拖拉机开多少公里！之后才能解锁！车拖也是！懂不！没有办法

“垂直农业”这一概念最早由美国哥伦比亚大学教授迪克逊德斯帕米尔提出。德斯帕米尔希望在由玻璃和钢筋组成的光线充足的建筑物里能够出产人们所需的食物。比如：在1楼喂养罗非鱼，在12楼种植西红柿……。在建筑物内，所有的水都被循环利用；植物不使用堆肥；产生的甲烷等气体被收集起来变成热量；牲畜的排泄物成为能源的来源等。“垂直农业”，是一种获取食物、处理废弃物的新途径。垂直农业也叫垂直农耕，是科学家为了研究未来农业发展面临的人口压力及资源匮乏问题所提出的一个新概念，主要任务在于解决资源与空间的充分利用，在于单位面积产量的最大化发挥，所形成的一种农业耕作方式。或许可以认为，“垂直农业”是当前普遍存在的室内温室的“升级版”，它与室外种植相比有很多优势。在拥有健全环境控制系统的室内种植粮食作物有如下优势：提高水肥利用率；在食物消费地种植食物，节省了从外地运输所需的燃料；在室内种植对地点、气温、湿度、土壤成分等作物生长所需基本要素的选择具有灵活性；不必担心遭遇恶劣的气候条件，如干旱、洪水、疫情等。

farming out即：farm out部份转让；分包合同；移交例句The landlords exploited the peasants cruelly by farming out their land.地主们出租土地来残酷剥削农民。farm out1. 租出(土地、房产、企业等)；招人承包(工作)：例句: He farmed out his land.他将土地出租。We"re so busy that we have to farm out a lot of work.我们非常忙，许多工作需承包出去。2. (把孩子)寄养出去；托别人照看(小孩等)：例句: She was cruel to these children who were farmed out to her.她虐待托她寄养的小孩。She farmed out the baby with her grandmother.她托她的祖母照看小孩。3. 耗尽(地力)：例句: This whole area has been farmed out, and no crops will grow there now.这整个地区的地力已经耗尽，现在那儿长不出任何庄稼。4. 把(囚犯等)作为劳力出租：例句: The prisoners are farmed out to work on the land.囚犯被当作劳力出租在田里干活。

这个谐音过来的，就是四大发明的意思。

经济：在有机农业中，种植作物不需要昂贵的肥料，杀虫剂或HYV种子。因此，没有额外的费用。良好的投资回报率：通过使用更便宜的本地投入，农民可以获得良好的投资回报。高需求：印度和全球对有机产品的需求巨大，通过出口产生更多收入。营养：与化学品和化肥产品相比，有机产品更有营养，更美味，更有益健康。环保：有机产品的农业不含化学物质和化肥，因此不会危害环境。有机农业的缺点无能：有机农业的主要问题是缺乏足够的基础设施和产品营销。产量减少：与化学产品相比，最初几年通过有机农业获得的产品较少。因此，农民发现很难适应大规模生产。保质期较短：有机产品比化学产品具有更多的缺陷和较短的保质期。产量有限：淡季作物有限，有机农业的选择较少。

变likes

its___forthestartofspringandfarming是首字母单词填空吧。应该是：itstands_forthestartofspringandfarming意思是：它象征着春天和农耕的开始。standfor：代表;为…而奋斗;拥护;<口>容忍供参考。

Farming Simulator22 for Mac一款热门的模拟经营游戏，在游戏中扮演现代农民的角色，在三种不同的美国和欧洲环境中创造性地建造您的农场。新一代的模拟农场22 Mac版加入更多令人兴奋的内容，包括期待已久的季节周期，更多的机械和作物等等。 扮演现代农民的角色，在三种不同的美国和欧洲环境中创造性地建造您的农场。Farming Simulator 22 提供种类繁多的农业操作，专注于农业、畜牧业和林业 - 现在增加了令人兴奋的季节性周期！ 包括来自约翰迪尔、CLAAS、Case IH、纽荷兰、芬特、麦赛福格森、Valtra 等 100 多个真实农业品牌的 400 多台机器和工具，用于播种和收获小麦、玉米、土豆和棉花等农作物。新的机器类别和作物将为体验添加新的游戏机制。 模拟农场22 Farming Simulator for Mac(模拟经营游戏)v1.2.0.2修复版复制打开https://mac.orsoon.com/Mac/189511.html?id=MTU0MTQ3MSZfJjIyMC4xODYuNi4yMDM%3D Farming Simulator 22 带来了许多新的游戏功能，并提供了比以往更多的内容和玩家自由，包括新的地面工作功能，如覆盖或采石，改进的构建模式添加温室和蜂箱，以及新的角色创建者让个体农民栩栩如生。 新地图、农作物、机器、品牌等 400 多台正品机器和工具 100多个真正的农业品牌 季节性周期和生产链 多人游戏允许合作农业 ModHub 提供免费的社区创建内容

organicfarming有三个缺点也是我国现存的问题。一、有机生产关键技术研究滞后，服务体系不健全有机农业需要一整套不同于常规农业的技术措施作为保障。从常规农业向有机农业的转换，有机农业生产的技术层次的提升急需解决。同时,有机农业生产和有机产品的开发需要广泛的技术推广和服务体系作为支撑,但目前我国只有少量的技术服务机构。二、政府政策扶持力度有待加强有机产品在我国是一个以市场为导向的产业，有机产品的环境友好性没有得到应有的认识和重视，导致各级政府难以找到大力支持有机产品产业发展的有力依据。三、成本与价格较高有机农业生产的投入是常规农业的2~3倍，有机产品的价格普遍偏高，是常规的1倍以上，甚至3~5倍。在北京、上海、南京、大连等大城市,有机产品的经营公司也纷纷建立,大力开拓国内外市场。可以说,在我国,有机农业产业迎来了全所未有的发展机遇,有机作物生产、有机产品深加工业和有机产品的经营、贸易也将进入快速发展的新时代。

翻译：新的耕作方法。farming 农业耕作

泛指“土壤”是不可数的: The soil here is very poor.此处土壤贫瘠. 但特指“某一片,某一种土壤”时,可数,前面可加a： The plant grows well in a sandy soil. 这种作物在沙土里长的好.

垂直农业是在地势起伏地区，为充分利用地面和空间，随地势变化实现多层次、多级利用的综合农业。垂直农业不是立体农业。立体农业是指利用生物间的相互关系，兴利避害，为了充分利用空间把不同生物种群组合起来，多物种共存、多层次配置、多级物质能量循环利用的立体种植、立体养殖或立体种养的农业经营模式。

农业是什么？

for是介词所以后面动词接ing形式吧。不过应该是farming吧？

不可数名词。意思是务农。

手雷投出的意思

farming是动名词，用在介词后面，动名词通常是零冠词，也就是不需要加冠词。比如Thank you for helping me.

farming游戏里的意思就是和部落战相比而言的,就是正常的发展不打部落之间,自我发展。游戏是所有哺乳类动物，特别是灵长类动物学习生存的第一步。它是一种基于物质需求满足之上的，在一些特定时间、空间范围内遵循某种特定规则的。追求精神世界需求满足的社会行为方式，但同时这种行为方式也是哺乳类动物或者灵长类动物所需的一种降压减排的方式，不管是在出生幼年期，或者发育期，成熟期都会需要的一种行为方式。合理适度的游戏允许人类在模拟环境下挑战和克服障碍，可以帮助人类开发智力、锻炼思维和反应能力、训练技能、培养规则意识等。游戏有智力游戏和活动性游戏之分，又翻译为Play、Game、Pastime、Playgame、Sport、Spore、Squail、Games、Hopscotch、Jeu、Toy。

farming可以当做farm的现在进行时，当然本身也可以当做名词，是：农事，耕作；饲养（家禽）；（租税等的）包收的意思，作为动词来说，加了ing，可以理解为正在干农活！

farming英音：["fɑ:miŋ]美音：["fɑrmɪŋ]词典解释farming名词 n.1. 农业,农场经营;养殖[U]

耕耘

farming，主要用作为名词，动词，用作名词译为“ 农业，耕作”，用作动词译为“耕种；出租（farm的ing形式）”。例句：Traditional slash and burn farming methods have exhausted the soil. 传统的刀耕火种农业方式耗尽了土地的肥力。

farm有动词的用法，意思是从事农业生产生活，名词是farming。

farming的意思是：名词：农业；农事，耕作；畜牧业；税收的外包；出租，形容词：农业的；农事的；耕种的；耕种，养殖（farm的现在分词）。farming的例句有：1、Modern farming methods can have an adverse effect on the environment. 现代农业耕作方法可能对环境造成负面影响。2、Changes in farming methods have badly affected employment in the area. 耕作方法的改变严重影响了这个地区的就业。3、The farm has changed over to organic methods. 农场已改用有机肥料的耕作方法。4、The farm buildings form three sides of a square. 这几栋农舍构成一个正方形的三个边。5、Raising animals was only secondary to other forms of farming. 与其他农业生产相对而言，动物饲养只是副业。6、Our farm land was adjacent to the river. 我们的农田在河边。

主要是农业方面的简介，分了若干个目录 IntroductionPrint this sectionAgriculture, art, science, and industry of managing the growth of plants and animals for human use. In a broad sense agriculture includes cultivation of the soil, growing and harvesting crops, breeding and raising livestock, dairying, and forestry (see Animal Husbandry; Crop Farming; Dairy Farming; Forestry; Poultry Farming; Soil Management).Regional and national agriculture are covered in more detail in individual continent, country, state, and Canadian province articles.Modern agriculture depends heavily on engineering and technology and on the biological and physical sciences. Irrigation, drainage, conservation, and sanitary engineering—each of which is important in successful farming—are some of the fields requiring the specialized knowledge of agricultural engineers.Agricultural chemistry deals with other vital farming concerns, such as the application of fertilizer, insecticides (see Pest Control), and fungicides, soil makeup, analysis of agricultural products, and nutritional needs of farm animals.More from EncartaOffer: Live online homework helpFeeling stuck with science, math or English?Get homework help now from Tutor.com.Is the ivy league worth it?Do high-profile schools really provide a better education?You decide.Autumn quizWhat"s with all the whirling leaves?Get to the bottom of autumn.Plant breeding and genetics contribute immeasurably to farm productivity. Genetics has also made a science of livestock breeding. Hydroponics, a method of soilless gardening in which plants are grown in chemical nutrient solutions, may help meet the need for greater food production as the world"s population increases.The packing, processing, and marketing of agricultural products are closely related activities also influenced by science. Methods of quick-freezing and dehydration have increased the markets for farm products (see Food Processing and Preservation; Meat Packing Industry).Mechanization, the outstanding characteristic of late 19th- and 20th-century agriculture, has eased much of the backbreaking toil of the farmer. More significantly, mechanization has enormously increased farm efficiency and productivity (see Agricultural Machinery). Animals including horses, oxen, llamas, alpacas, and dogs, however, are still used to cultivate fields, harvest crops, and transport farm products to markets in many parts of the world.Airplanes and helicopters are employed in agriculture for seeding, spraying operations for insect and disease control, transporting perishable products, and fighting forest fires. Increasingly satellites are being used to monitor crop yields. Radio and television disseminate vital weather reports and other information such as market reports that concern farmers. Computers have become an essential tool for farm management.II World AgriculturePrint this sectionOver the 10,000 years since agriculture began to be developed, peoples everywhere have discovered the food value of wild plants and animals, and domesticated and bred them. The most important crops are cereals such as wheat, rice, barley, corn, and rye; sugarcane and sugar beets; meat animals such as sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs or swine; poultry such as chickens, ducks, and turkeys; animal products such as milk, cheese, and eggs; and nuts and oils. Fruits, vegetables, and olives are also major foods for people. Feed grains for animals include soybeans, field corn, and sorghum. See also Grasses; Hay; Grain; Legume; Silage.Agricultural income is also derived from nonfood crops such as rubber, fiber plants, tobacco, and oil seeds used in synthetic chemical compounds, as well as animals raised for pelts. Conditions that determine what is raised in an area include climate, water supply and waterworks, terrain, and ecology.In 2003, 44 percent of the world"s labor force was employed in agriculture. The distribution ranged from 66 percent of the economically active population in sub-Saharan Africa to less than 3 percent in the United States and Canada. In Asia and the Pacific the figure was 60 percent; in Latin America and the Caribbean, 19 percent; and in Europe, 9 percent.Farm size varies widely from region to region. In the early 2000s the average for Canadian farms was about 273 hectares (about 675 acres) per farm; for farms in the United States, 180 hectares (440 acres). By contrast, the average size of a single land holding in India was 2 hectares (about 5 acres).Size also depends on the purpose of the farm. Commercial farming, or production for cash, usually takes place on large holdings. The latifundia of Latin America are large, privately owned estates worked by tenant labor. Single-crop plantations produce tea, rubber, and cocoa. Wheat farms are most efficient when they comprise thousands of hectares and can be worked by teams of people and machines. Australian sheep stations and other livestock farms must be large to provide grazing for thousands of animals.Individual subsistence farms or small-family mixed-farm operations are decreasing in number in developed countries but are still numerous in the developing countries of Africa and Asia.Nomadic herders range over large areas in sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan, and Lapland; and herding is a major part of agriculture in such areas as Mongolia.Much of the foreign exchange earned by a country may be derived from a single agricultural commodity; for example, Sri Lanka depends on tea, Denmark specializes in dairy products, Australia in wool, and New Zealand and Argentina in meat products. In the United States, wheat, corn, and soybeans have become major foreign exchange commodities in recent decades.The importance of an individual country as an exporter of agricultural products depends on many variables. Among them is the possibility that the country is too little developed industrially to produce manufactured goods in sufficient quantity or technical sophistication. Such agricultural exporters include Ghana, with cocoa, and Myanmar (formerly Burma), with rice. However, a developed country may produce surpluses that are not needed by its own population; this is the case with the United States, Canada, and some other countries.Because nations depend on agriculture not only for food but for national income and raw materials for industry as well, trade in agriculture is a constant international concern. It is regulated by the World Trade Organization.The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) directs much attention to agricultural trade and policies. According to the FAO, world agricultural production, stimulated by improving technology, grew steadily from the 1960s to the 1990s. Per capita food production saw sustained growth in Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia, and the Pacific, and limited growth in the Near East and North Africa. The only region not to experience growth during the 1980s and 1990s was sub-Saharan Africa, which suffered from climatic conditions that made agriculture difficult. Although agricultural growth began to taper off in the year 2000, it continued to outpace world population growth. See also Food.III HistoryPrint this sectionThe history of agriculture may be divided into five broad periods of unequal length, differing widely in date according to region: prehistoric, historic through the Roman period, feudal, scientific, and industrial. A countertrend to industrial agriculture, known as sustainable agriculture or organic farming, may represent yet another period in agricultural history.A Prehistoric AgricultureEarly farmers were, archaeologists agree, largely of Neolithic culture. Sites occupied by such people are located in southwestern Asia in what are now Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Turkey ; in southeastern Asia, in what is now Thailand; in Africa, along the Nile River in Egypt; and in Europe, along the Danube River and in Macedonia, Thrace, and Thessaly (historic regions of southeastern Europe). Early centers of agriculture have also been identified in the Huang He (Yellow River) area of China; the Indus River valley of India and Pakistan; and the Tehuacán Valley of Mexico, northwest of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. See also Stone Age.The dates of domesticated plants and animals vary with the regions, but most predate the 6th millennium bc, and the earliest may date from 10,000 bc. Scientists have carried out carbon-14 testing of animal and plant remains and have dated finds of domesticated sheep at 9000 bc in northern Iraq; cattle in the 6th millennium bc in northeastern Iran; goats at 8000 bc in central Iran; pigs at 8000 bc in Thailand and 7000 bc in Thessaly; onagers, or asses, at 7000 bc in Iraq; and horses around 4000 bc in central Asia. The llama and alpaca were domesticated in the Andean regions of South America by the middle of the 3rd millennium bc.According to carbon dating, wheat and barley were domesticated in the Middle East in the 8th millennium bc; millet and rice in China and Southeast Asia by 5500 bc; and squash in Mexico about 8000 bc. Legumes found in Thessaly and Macedonia are dated as early as 6000 bc. Flax was grown and apparently woven into textiles early in the Neolithic Period.The transition from hunting and food gathering to dependence on food production was gradual, and in a few isolated parts of the world this transition has not yet been accomplished. Crops and domestic meat supplies were augmented by fish and wildfowl as well as by the meat of wild animals. The farmer began, most probably, by noting which of the wild plants were edible or otherwise useful and learned to save the seed and to replant it in cleared land. Lengthy cultivation of the most prolific and hardiest plants yielded stable strains. Herds of goats and sheep were assembled from captured young wild animals, and those with the most useful traits—such as small horns and high milk production—were bred. The wild aurochs was the ancestor of European cattle, and an Asian wild ox of the zebu, was the ancestor of the humped cattle of Asia. Cats, dogs, and chickens were also domesticated very early.Neolithic farmers lived in simple dwellings—caves and small houses of sunbaked mud brick or reed and wood. These homes were grouped into small villages or existed as single farmsteads surrounded by fields, sheltering animals and humans in adjacent or joined buildings. In the Neolithic Period, the growth of cities such as Jericho (founded about 9000 bc) was stimulated by the production of surplus crops.Pastoralism (individual country living) may have been a later development. Evidence indicates that mixed farming, combining cultivation of crops and stock raising, was the most common Neolithic pattern. Nomadic herders, however, roamed the steppes of Europe and Asia, where the horse and camel were domesticated.The earliest tools of the farmer were made of wood and stone. They included the stone adz, an axlike tool with blades at right angles to the handle, used for woodworking; the sickle or reaping knife with sharpened stone blades, used to gather grain; the digging stick, used to plant seeds and, with later adaptations, as a spade or hoe; and a rudimentary plow, a modified tree branch used to scratch the surface of the soil and prepare it for planting. The plow was later adapted for pulling by oxen.The hilly areas of southwestern Asia and the forests of Europe had enough rain to sustain agriculture, but Egypt depended on the annual floods of the Nile River to replenish soil moisture and fertility. The inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East also depended on annual floods to supply irrigation water. Drainage was necessary to prevent the erosion of land from the hillsides through which the rivers flowed. The farmers who lived in the area near the Huang He developed a system of irrigation and drainage to control the damage caused to their fields in the flood plain of the meandering river.Although Neolithic settlements were more permanent than the camps of hunting peoples, villages had to be moved periodically in some areas when the fields lost their fertility from continuous cropping. This was most necessary in northern Europe, where fields were produced by the slash-and-burn method of clearing. Settlements along the Nile River, however, were more permanent, because the river deposited fertile silt annually.B Historical Agriculture Through the Roman PeriodWith the close of the Neolithic period and the introduction of metals, the age of innovation in agriculture was largely over. The historical period—known through written and pictured materials, including the Bible; Middle Eastern records and monuments; and Chinese, Greek, and Roman writings—was highlighted by agricultural improvements. A few high points must serve to outline the development of worldwide agriculture in this era, roughly defined as 2500 bc to ad 500. For a similar period of development in Central and South America, somewhat later in date (see Native Americans of North America: Agriculture).Some plants became newly prominent. Grapes and wine were mentioned in Egyptian records about 2900 bc, and trade in olive oil and wine was widespread in the Mediterranean area by the 1st millennium bc. Rye and oats were cultivated in northern Europe about 1000 bc.Many vegetables and fruits, including onions, melons, and cucumbers, were grown by the 3rd millennium bc in Ur (now Iraq). Dates and figs were an important source of sugar in the Mid

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[edit] Human health impactAccording to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), farms on which animals are intensively reared can cause adverse health reactions in farm workers. Workers may develop acute and chronic lung disease, musculoskeletal injuries, and may catch infections that transmit from animals to human beings.[48]Pesticides are used to control organisms which are considered harmful[49] and they save farmers money by preventing product losses to pests.[50] In the US, about a quarter of pesticides used are used in houses, yards, parks, golf courses, and swimming pools[51] and about 70% are used in agriculture.[50] However, pesticides can make their way into consumers" bodies which can cause health problems. One source of this is bioaccumulation in animals raised on factory farms.[51][52][53]The CDC writes that chemical, bacterial, and viral compounds from animal waste may travel in the soil and water. Residents near such farms report problems such as unpleasant smell, flies and adverse health effects.[16]The CDC has identified a number of pollutants associated with the discharge of animal waste into rivers and lakes, and into the air. The use of antibiotics may create antibiotic-resistant pathogens; parasites, bacteria, and viruses may be spread; ammonia, nitrogen, and phosphorus can reduce oxygen in surface waters and contaminate drinking water; pesticides and hormones may cause hormone-related changes in fish; animal feed and feathers may stunt the growth of desirable plants in surface waters and provide nutrients to disease-causing micro-organisms; trace elements such as arsenic and copper, which are harmful to human health, may contaminate surface waters.[16]In the European Union, growth hormones are banned on the basis that there is no way of determining a safe level. The UK has stated that in the event of the EU raising the ban at some future date, to comply with a precautionary approach, it would only consider the introduction of specific hormones, proven on a case by case basis.[54] In 1998, the European Union banned feeding animals antibiotics that were found to be valuable for human health. Furthermore, in 2006 the European Union banned all drugs for livestock that were used for growth promotion purposes. As a result of these bans, the levels of antibiotic resistance in animal products and within the human population showed a decrease.[55]The various techniques of factory farming have been associated with a number of European incidents where public health has been threatened or large numbers of animals have had to be slaughtered to deal with disease. Where disease breaks out, it may spread more quickly, not only due to the concentrations of animals, but because modern approaches tend to distribute animals more widely.[56][citation needed]. The international trade in animal products increases the risk of global transmission of virulent diseases such as swine fever,[57] BSE, foot and mouth and bird flu.In April 2009, lawmakers in the Mexican state of Veracruz accused large-scale hog and poultry operations of being breeding grounds of a pandemic swine flu, although they did not present scientific evidence to support their claim. A swine flu which quickly killed more than 100 infected persons in that area, appears to have begun in the vicinity of a Smithfield subsidiary pig CAFO.[58][edit] Animal health impactConfinement and overcrowding of animals results in a lack of exercise and natural locomotory behavior, which weakens their bones and muscles. An intensive poultry farm provides the optimum conditions for viral mutation and transmission - thousands of birds crowded together in a closed, warm, and dusty environment is highly conducive to the transmission of a contagious disease. Selecting generations of birds for their faster growth rates and higher meat yields has left birdsu2019 immune systems less able to cope with infections and there is a high degree of genetic uniformity in the population, making the spread of disease more likely. Further intensification of the industry has been suggested by some as the solution to avian flu, on the rationale that keeping birds indoors will prevent contamination. However, this relies on perfect, fail-safe biosecurity u2013 and such measures are near impossible to implement. Movement between farms by people, materials, and vehicles poses a threat and breaches in biosecurity are possible. Intensive farming may be creating highly virulent avian u2018flu strains. With the frequent flow of goods within and between countries, the potential for disease spread is high.[59] Confinement and overcrowding of animals" environment presents the risk of contamination of the meat from viruses and bacteria. Feedlot animals reside in crowded conditions and often spend their time standing in their own waste. A dairy farm with 2,500 cows may produce as much waste as a city of 411,000 people, and unlike a city in which human waste ends up at a sewage treatment plant, livestock waste is not treated. As a result, feedlot animals have the potential of exposure to various viruses and bacteria via the manure and urine in their environment. Furthermore, the animals often have residual manure on their bodies when they go to slaughter.[60][edit] Environmental impactConcentrating large numbers of animals in factory farms is a major contribution to global environmental degradation, through the need to grow feed (often by intensive methods using excessive fertiliser and pesticides), pollution of water, soil and air by agrochemicals and manure waste, and use of limited resources (water, energy).[61]Livestock production is also particularly water-intensive in indoor, intensive systems. Eight per cent of global human water use goes towards animal production.[61]Industrial production of pigs and poultry is an important source of GHG emissions and is predicted to become more so. On intensive pig farms, the animals are generally kept on concrete with slats or grates for the manure to drain through. The manure is usually stored in slurry form (slurry is a liquid mixture of urine and faeces). During storage on farm, slurry emits methane and when manure is spread on fields it emits nitrous oxide and causes nitrogen pollution of land and water. Poultry manure from factory farms emits high levels of nitrous oxide and ammonia.[61]Organic pig meat production has a lower global warming potential per kg than does intensive pig meat production. The energy input for free-range poultry meat and eggs is higher than for factory-farmed poultry meat and eggs, but GHG emissions are lower.[61]Environmental impacts of factory farming can include:Deforestation for animal feed production Unsustainable pressure on land for production of high-protein/high-energy animal feed Pesticide, herbicide and fertiliser manufacture and use for feed production Unsustainable use of water for feed-crops, including groundwater extraction Pollution of soil, water and air by nitrogen and phosphorus from fertiliser used for feed-crops and from manure Land degradation (reduced fertility, soil compaction, increased salinity, desertification) Loss of biodiversity due to eutrophication, acidification, pesticides and herbicides Worldwide reduction of genetic diversity of livestock and loss of traditional breeds Species extinctions due to livestock-related habitat destruction (especially feed-cropping)[61] [edit] Animal welfare impactAnimal welfare impacts of factory farming can include:Close confinement systems (cages, crates) or lifetime confinement in indoor sheds Discomfort and injuries caused by inappropriate flooring and housing Restriction or prevention of normal exercise and most of natural foraging or exploratory behaviour Restriction or prevention of natural maternal nesting behaviour Lack of daylight or fresh air and poor air quality in animal sheds Social stress and injuries caused by overcrowding Health problems caused by extreme selective breeding and management for fast growth and high productivity Reduced lifetime (longevity) of breeding animals (dairy cows, breeding sows) Fast-spreading infections encouraged by crowding and stress in intensive conditions[61] Male chicks, which are too scrawny for meat and incapable of laying eggs, may be liquidated as inventory