过去分词的主要用法

一、过去分词作定语
动词过去分词表示的意义是被动的和完成的,单个的分词作定语常常放在被修饰词的前面,而分词短语作定语时,通常置于被修饰词的后面,其作用相当于一个定语从句.且分词所表示的动作与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系.
1．Most of the artists ____________ to the party were from South Africa．〔MET90〕
A．invited B．to invite C．being invited D．had been invited
【简析】句中的most of the artists与invited之间是被动关系,故应选用过去分词,相当于who were invited,答案为A.
2．The computer centre,____________ last year,is very popular among the students in this school．〔NMET93〕
A．open B．opening C．having opened D．opened
【简析】根据句中的last year可知the computer centre去年就开业了,表示完成的动作；而且open与the computer centre又存在被动关系,句意为：去年开办的计算机中心在这所学校里受到学生们的欢迎.答案为D.
3．The first textbooks ____________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．〔NMET94〕
A．having written B．to be written C．being written D．written
【简析】根据语境,我们应选D,因为written既表示被动又表示完成的动作.A不能作后置定语,B是不定式的被动语态,表示将来的动作,C表示正在进行的动作,均不合题意.
4．The Olympic Games,____________ in 776 BC,did not include women players until 1912．〔NMET97〕
A．first playing B．to be first played C．first played D．to be first playing
【简析】根据题意可知,the Olympic Games与play之间是被动关系,因此可以排除A和D,另外B表示将来的动作,也应排除,故答案为C.它可还原成一个非限制性定语从句：which was first played in 776 BC.
二、过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语时,它常与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系.作条件、原因、时间状语时,分词短语常位于句首；作伴随、方式、结果状语时,分词短语常位于句末.
5．____________ more attention,the trees could have grown better．〔MET90〕
A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given
【简析】句子主语the trees与give之间是被动关系,故答案选A,过去分词短语Given more attention作条件状语,放于句首.
6．____________ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him．〔NMET96〕
A．Losing B．Having lost C．Lost D．To lose
【简析】be lost in thought为固定搭配,意为“陷入沉思”,因此答案选C.过去分词短语 Lost in thought与句子主语he构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且在句中作原因状语.
注意：过去分词作状语时,有时可以与一些连词连用,如：when, while, if, until, once等,这实际上是过去分词在省略句中的应用.
7．The research is so designed that once ____________ nothing can be done to change it．〔NMET2002〕 A．begins B．having begun C．beginning D．begun
【简析】答案为D.once begun在句中作条件状语,它是状语从句once it is begun的省略形式,句意为：这项调查研究事先计划的如此完好,以致于一旦开始,什么也无法改变它.
8．Generally speaking, ______according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. (2003’上海)
A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
【简析】完整的说法应是when the drug is taken according to the directions,…由于主句的主语和从句的主语相同,因此可以省略从句的主语the drug和谓语的一部分is,答案为B.当然也可以省去when.
三、过去分词作表语
过去分词及过去分词短语作表语时,分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系；而现在分词及其短语作表语时,分词所表示的动作与句子的主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系.
9．Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____________ by the hour．〔NMET98〕
A．pay B．paying C．paid D．to pay
10．As we joined the big crowd I got ____________ from my friends．〔NMET2001〕
A．separated B．spared C．lost D．missed
【简析】第8题答案为C,过去分词paid作系动词get的表语,类似的用法还有：get married,get beaten,get excited,get caught in等.同样,第9题答案为A,句意为：当我们走进人群中时,我和朋友们分开了.
过去分词作表语时,应注意它和现在分词的区别：现在分词常常表示特征,意为“令人……”,而过去分词则表示状态,意为“（某人）感到……”.如：
11．I used to play ping-pong a lot in my spare time,but now I am interesting in football．〔NMET97短文改错〕〔答案〕将interesting改为interested.
四、过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语时,常见的句式有：
1．使役动词或感官动词(have, make, see, hear, watch, notice, feel等)＋宾语＋过去分词.如：
Yesterday I had my bicycle repaired．
The teacher spoke so slowly so that he could make himself understood．
On my way back home, I heard my name called．
另外,have还有“遭受、遭遇”的意思.如：
Yesterday she had her wallet stolen when she was doing shopping．
12．The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____________ ．〔MET91〕
A．hear B．to hear C．hearing D．heard
【简析】make oneself heard为固定结构,意为“使自己的声音被别人听到”,再如make oneself understood表示“把自己的意思表达清楚”,故答案为D.
13．-Good morning．Can I help you? -I'd like to have this package __________,madam．〔MET89〕 A．be weighed B．to be weighed C．to weigh D．weighed
【简析】have sth．done是固定结构,意为“让别人去做某事”或“让某事被别人完成”,该题表示“我想让别人称这个包裹”,因此答案为D,过去分词weighed作this package的宾语补足语.
2．某些动词（keep, leave, get, find）＋宾语＋过去分词.如：
If I get further information, I’ll keep you informed．
When I came into the classroom, I found it cleared．
3．介词with＋宾语＋过去分词.如：
The child was crying with the glass broken．
With all the work finished, they hurried back home for lunch．
14．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ____________ behind his back．〔MET90〕
A．being tied B．having tied C．to be tied D．tied
【简析】在with复合结构中,hands与tie之间含有被动关系,因此首先排除B,另外此处tied不但表示被动,还可以表示完成,因此A、C又可排除,故答案为D.
15．The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____________ the next year．〔NMET2000〕
A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out
【简析】该题句式结构较为复杂,首先,先行词the plan后跟一个由that引导的定语从句；在定语从句中,关系代词that替代the plan,又充当动词see的宾语,因此该空处于宾语补足语的位置；另外,the plan与carry out之间是动宾关系,故答案为C,构成see sth．done结构.
五、过去分词作独立成分
16．____________ the general state of his health,it may take him a while to recover from the operation．〔NMET2000春季高考〕
A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given
【简析】此题答案为A.此处given是介词,意为“假设,如果,考虑到”,句意为“鉴于他的健康状况,手术后康复还需要一段时间”.另外,given作为这一含义时,还可作连词,后接从句.如：
It seemed bad-tempered to send him away,given that he only wanted to take photographs．
六、情感动词的分词用法
形容词化的分词一直备受高考的关注,尤其是表心理情感的动词用V-ing形式,还是用V-ed形式,历年都考,其用法请见下表： V-ing 作定语和表语,形式为 sth.+V-ingV-ing+n. 使令人感到. V-ed作定语和表语,形式为sb.+V-edV-ed+n. 某人感到.
注：1 表示心理情感的动词在教材中多次出现.如 satisfy,please,move,delight,inspire,touch,disappoint,discourage,tire,frighten,excite,interest,surprise等都可以加上适当的分词形式来表示不同的意义.一般来说,V-ing形式有主动意义,是指事物影响到人；V-ed形式有被动意义,是指受了某事物的影响.如：
excited children高兴的孩子们 exciting news令人高兴的消息
2 有时过去分词也可以修饰事物,特别是与人有关的表情、眼神、眼泪、声音等时,要用V-ed形式.如： excited tears激动的泪水 disappointed expression失望的神情
过去分词的用法
非谓语动词的用法讲解:
Huzhou No. 2 High School
1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成.
(1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成.
(2) He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构.
(3)_The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
过去分词作表语
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作.
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 -ing 形式来修饰物.
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.
过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
(1)The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人.
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物,这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人,但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
(2) The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.
过去分词作状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致.
(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.)
(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语,表"被看",由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是"我们",因为"我们"应主动看城市.)
【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.
过去分词作宾语补足语
(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下三类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)
(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.
(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.
(1) He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如:
(2) He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
"with +宾语+过去分词"结构
"with +宾语+过去分词"结构中,过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.例如:
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)
(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.
(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.