供应链管理系统可用字母（ ）表示.A.CRM B.SCM C.MRP D.MIS

物流服务供应链（Logistics service supply chain）作为近几年来物流服务发展的新兴领域,而受到了广泛的关注.由于物流服务的易逝性（Perishable）、不可存储性（Not storage）、无形性（invisible）等特点,使得物流服务能力（Logistics service capability）的整合、集成,以及物流服务供应链上的各个成员通过信息共享（Information sharing）实现协作优化（Optimization）,成为了物流服务供应链的关键.对物流服务供应链的信息共享问题进行深入探讨,具有了重要的现实意义和理论价值.本文在现有的研究基础上,对物流服务供应链中信息共享的优势、障碍和信息共享的模型（Information sharing model）进行了深入研究.
As an emerging field of logistic service development in recent years, the logistic service supply chain has gained extensive attention. In view of the perishable, non-preservable and intangible features of logistic services, the consolidation and integration of logistic service capability, as well as the information sharing among the various parties in the logistic service supply chain so as to achieve collaborative optimization have become the critical factors of the logistic service supply chain. Subsequently, the in-depth discussion on the problems of information sharing has an important realistic significance and theoretical value. On top of the present basis of research, this paper conducts an in-depth study on the advantages, obstacles and information sharing model of logistic service supply chain.
本文在总结现有文献的基础上,首先分析了物流服务供应链不同成员之间的信息共享能给双方带来的不同方面的优势,然后分析了目前我国所面临的信息共享的障碍,接着建立了客户企业（Enterprise customers）与集成商（Integrator）之间的信息共享模型,以及由信息共享模型优化得出的激励模型（Incentive model）,在基于需求不确定（Demand uncertainty）的情况下,量化分析（Quantitative analysis）了采用信息共享模型能给物流服务供应链整体以及客户企业与集成商双方带来的增加利润.最后,运用seven-eleven进行实例验证,充分证明了信息共享对于物流服务供应链各个成员间协调合作的优势.
Based on the summarization of the available literatures, this paper firstly analyzes the different aspects of advantages gained by information sharing among the different parties in the logistic service supply chain; then it analyzes the obstacles of information sharing presently confronted by China, followed by the construction of a information sharing model between enterprise customers and integrators, and through optimization of this model, it comes up with an incentive model. Based on the condition of demand uncertainty, this paper further conducts a quantitative analysis on the increased profits for the whole logistic service supply chain, as well as the enterprise customers and integrators brought by adopting the information sharing model. Finally, by applying seven-eleven as a verification example, this paper fully proves the advantages of information sharing on the coordination and cooperation among the various parties in the logistic service supply chain.
【英语牛人团】

with the bazaar competition goes intensively,improve clothing monopoly market's management effiency,improve business inside along with the whole supply line's each link's managemnet,control and resources disposing become business's problem which must be considerated,and it's proved that MIS is a effective way to improve business's capacity of competition.this article introduces the knowledges about system design at first.and make sure to use Visual Basic 6.0 and SQL sever 2000 to achieve system design.carry on to analyse system's requirement and study system's feasibility and make plan about goal of this system.On the basic of this
according to system requirement analyses,use visual Basic in real,it provides various to achieve design of interface
adopt SQL at same time to achieve backstage data support .test this system after complete ,processes relevent analyse is in leeping with the conditions .

Researching the understanding of e-commerce business development,enterprise level information technology,supply chain management problem and propose a solution.

根据物流冰山说理论,仓储成本可分为显性成本和隐性成本两大类.仓储在企业的整个供应链中起着非常重要的作用,如果不能合理利用仓库,保证正确的货物入库和库存控制及出库发货,将会导致仓库两种成本的增加,服务绩效难以得到保证,从而影响企业的竞争力.本文通过对广州保穗贸易有限公司的仓库进行SWOT定性分析,确定了企业仓储总体发展战略,并进一步引申到战术层次上,基于仓库现有的仓容能力、储运能力,考虑到仓库管理方面,运用系统布置设计（SLP）方法进行了系列的定量分析和优化,以满足公司的上市以及多元化发展要求,提高企业利润和竞争力.
According to the logistics, warehousing costs iceberg said theory can be divided into the dominant costs and the hidden costs two kinds big. The whole supply chain in enterprise warehouse plays a very important role, if not reasonable use warehouse, guarantee the right goods storage and inventory control and ex-stock deliveries, will result in the increase of warehouse two cost, service performance is hard to get guarantee, which affects the competitiveness of the enterprises. This article through to guangzhou protect spike trade limited company warehouse SWOT qualitative analysis, determine the enterprise warehouse general development strategy, and further extended to the tactical level, based on the existing storage capacity, warehouse storage capacity, considering the warehouse management, a systematic arrangement design (SLP) method of quantitative analysis and optimization series, in order to satisfy the company listed on the stock market and diversified development requirements and to enhance corporate profits and competitiveness.

With the continuous advancement of technology and market, the process of globalization, Modern enterprise and competition among enterprises gradually evolved to the supply chain and the supply chain competition. And the environment of uncertainty and time-based elements of the growing commercial demand supply chain with flexible features. How effectively in the supply chain management application flexible strategy enhancing supply chain for adaptability to environmental change and responsiveness, increase supply chain flexibility, it has become the focus of enterprises. From the perspective of the decision-making on supply chain management strategies into flexible, strategic, tactical, operational level 3, and the various levels were different flexible strategy elaborated. Combining cases, we find that only on the basis of the modern enterprise supply chain enterprises and the actual situation, balance the supply chain complexity and uncertainty of the relationship between the flexible application of flexible strategy can be a truly flexible supply chain.

首先要顶一下,用词和语法都有水准.只是要提醒：可能是你打字太快,句子的谓语没有了.下面是我的建议,其中挂号内的是需要删除的,大写的是改动的：
In nearly a decade,one of the huge changes IN the global agricultural trade markets is that international agricultural tradING enterprises through (a) horizontal integration (way to) HAS strengthenED theIR controlS of the supply chain of the bulk agricultural products gaining the monopoly position of the global agricultural trade market gradually

Research on Suppliers Partners in a Environment of Supplying Chain
This article includes five sectors.The first sector outlined the theories related to supplying chain.The second sector analyzed issues in the relationship among suppliers strategic partners in the modern supplying chain.The third sector showed how to solve and maintain the given issues.（怎样去维护,这句话我理解不了你的中文,不知道你要维护什么,是问题吗?） The fourth （好像没有第四）sector analyzed a case to show the establishment and experience of China‘s suppliers strategic partnership.
keyword：supplying chain management；suppliers strategic partnership；establishment choice；policy；estimate
希望能帮上忙,满意的话给追点分吧

In the environment of supply chain,each enterprise will have their own inventory control strategy,because of their respective inventory control strategy of different,produce the distortion of the demand,such as some products of the customer's needs relatively stable,but the upstream suppliers maintain inventory levels than relative downstream suppliers were more.Leading to supply chain of the inventory backlog,form "the bullwhip effect"."The bullwhip effect" keep inventory level of amplification,increased supply and demand is the difficulty of the match,the result is difficult to achieve the goal of supply chain management to reduce inventory

这个话题我也很感兴趣,由于知识水平有限我也无法回答,但是找到一篇相关文章,希望对楼主有用.

答：综合总成本费用最低时,相应的订购批量,即为最佳订购量.为此,
（1）先求解出经济订货批量
Q=2RS/CI的开方=2*5000*50/2*1/2的开方=707 （件）
年订货次数=5000/707=7 （次）
平均存货=707/2=353.5 （件）
年综合总成本=年购货成本 +年订货成本 +年持有成本=R*C+（R/Q）*S+（Q/2）*CI
=5000*2+（5000/707）*50+（707/2）*1=10000+350+353.5=10703.5 （元）
（2）考虑一定批量条件下,单价具有优惠
假定订购数量为1500,订货次数为=5000/1500=3.3 次
由于订货次数应为整数,故订货次数为3次,故订货批量=5000/3=1667 (件）
此时,订货单价为1.9元/件
年综合总成本=年购货成本 +年订货成本 +年持有成本=R*C+（R/Q）*S+（Q/2）*CI
=5000*1.9+（5000/1667）*50+（1667/2）*1=9500+150+833.5=10483.5 （元）
对比以上（1）和（2）的年总成本,可以看出：（2）的年总成本（包括年购货成本、年订货成本、年持有成本）比（1）的年总成本更低,因此,（2）的订货批量更优.
即：最佳订货批量为1667件,年订货次数为3次.

1.As people in the logistics and supply chain, and other related areas of study and practice of development, logistics and the development of science is gradually improving, the logistics of contemporary science is the most influential emerging disciplines one of its circulation to the dynamics of the process as the main research Object, and reveal the logistics activities (transport, storage, packing, loading and unloading transport, circulation processing, logistics information, etc.) and the intrinsically linked to logistics systems in economic activities emerged from the latent state, as an independent field of study and disciplines of.
2.Logistics Management Engineering Science and Technology is a combination of integrated engineering disciplines, the scientific use of the project results in order to improve the efficiency of the logistics system, thereby achieving better efficiency of the logistics of time and space efficiency.

首先告诉你答案,A错误BC正确,D我不太明白你的意思,是不是打错字了?D 应该是对的,凭直觉-.-
帮大家科普一下牛鞭效应：
营销过程中的需求变异放大现象被通俗地称为“牛鞭效应”.
指供应链上的信息流从最终客户向原始供应商端传递时候,由于无法有效地实现信息的共享,使得信息扭曲而逐渐放大,导致了需求信息出现越来越大的波动.
几个形象的例子：今天杂货店冰棒卖的很好,他就会多跟小型批发商多订10个（假设的数字）,小型批发商可能会向中型批发商多订100个,这样一个供应链有许多环节,可能后面的会多生产成千上万个.这种放大的效应就是牛鞭效应.当然卖的不好,减小定量也可以产生牛鞭效应,道理类似.
能理解么?希望对你有所帮助!

The Bullwhip Effect (or Whiplash Effect) is an observed phenomenon in forecast-driven distribution channels.The concept has its roots in J Forrester's Industrial Dynamics (1961) and thus it is also known as the Forrester Effect.Since the oscillating demand magnification upstream a supply chain reminds someone of a cracking whip it became famous as the Bullwhip Effect.
Because customer demand is rarely perfectly stable,businesses must forecast demand to properly position inventory and other resources.Forecasts are based on statistics,and they are rarely perfectly accurate.Because forecast errors are a given,companies often carry an inventory buffer called "safety stock".Moving up the supply chain from end-consumer to raw materials supplier,each supply chain participant has greater observed variation in demand and thus greater need for safety stock.In periods of rising demand,down-stream participants increase orders.In periods of falling demand,orders fall or stop to reduce inventory.The effect is that variations are amplified as one moves upstream in the supply chain (further from the customer).This sequence of events is well simulated by the Beer Distribution Game which was developed by the MIT Sloan School of Management in the 1960s.
The causes can further be divided into behavioral and operational causes:
Behavioural causes
misuse of base-stock policies
misperceptions of feedback and time delays
panic ordering reactions after unmet demand
perceived risk of other players' bounded rationality
Operational causes
dependent demand processing
Forecast Errors
adjustment of inventory control parameters with each demand observation
Lead time Variability (forecast error during replenishment lead time)
lot-sizing/order synchronization
consolidation of demands
transaction motive
quantity discount
trade promotion and forward buying
anticipation of shortages
allocation rule of suppliers
shortage gaming
Lean and JIT style management of inventories and a chase production strategy

转载以下资料供参考
供应链管理发展过程
物流管理阶段
早期的观点认为供应链是指将采购的原材料和收到的零部件,通过生产转换和销售等活动传递到用户的一个过程.因此,供应链仅仅被视为企业内部的一个物流过程,它所涉及的主要是物料采购、库存、生产和分销诸部门的职能协调问题,最终目的是为了优化企业内部的业务流程、降低物流成本,从而提高经营效率.
价值增值链阶段
进入20世纪90年代,人们对供应链的理解又发生了新的变化：首先,由于需求环境的变化,原来被排斥在供应链之外的最终用户、消费者的地位得到了前所未有的重视,从而被纳入了供应链的范围.这样,供应链就不再只是一条生产链了,而是一个涵盖了整个产品运动过程的增值链.
网链阶段
随着信息技术的发展和产业不确定性的增加,今天的企业间关系正在呈现日益明显的网络化趋势.与此同时,人们对供应链的认识也正在从线性的单链转向非线性的网链,供应链的概念更加注重围绕核心企业的网链关系,即核心企业与供应商、供应商的供应商的一切向前关系,与用户、用户的用户及一切向后的关系.供应链的概念已经不同于传统的销售链,它跨越了企业界限,从扩展企业的新思维出发,并从全局和整体的角度考虑产品经营的竞争力,使供应链从一种运作工具上升为一种管理方法体系,一种运营管理思维和模式.
现状
世界权威的《财富》FORTUNE杂志早在2001年已将供应链管理列为本世纪最重要的四大战略资源之一；供应链管理是世界500强企业保持强势竞争不可或缺的手段；无论是制造行业,商品分销或流通行业；无论你是从业还是创业,掌握供应链管理都将助你或你的企业掌控所在领域的制高点.

DELL-based direct sales mode of supply chain management research

logistics,which is a double-way flowing,depositing process of high-efficiently providing useful information from the original producers to all retails about production,services to meet the clients'needs,is one part of suppies chain.

In the supply chain,each enterprise will upriver enterprise,and will to the stock order to a certain extent monitoring.Because of put in storage materials in exhausted after,enterprise not immediately get supplies from its suppliers,therefore,the enterprise often can batch ordering,in order to keep out again before certain inventory.Transport costs is high also hinder enterprise frequent order one of the obstacles.The truck full load,the unit product transport lowest cost,so when the enterprise to suppliers when ordering,they would prefer large order to reduce unit transportation cost.
Usually supplier handle hard frequent order,for handling these orders spending time and cost is considerable.P&g estimates,due to order,settlement and transport system needed operation,the cost of each order processing in about 35 to $75 in between.If the enterprises of the customers by regular order model,it will lead to "the bullwhip effect" produce,If all customer ordering cycle uniformly distributed,then bullwhip effect of "will the smallest.However,this ideal rarely exist.Orders are usually random distribution,even overlapping.When customer ordering cycle overlap,many customers will at the same time order,demand highly centralized,resulting in "the bullwhip effect" peak appeared.

How to Strengthen Logistic Management Under the Enterprise's Supply Chain

The electronic commerce will replace the traditional business movable mode but become gradually for 21 centuries,the core of the economic activities,because the influence of the electronic commerce make the traditional business Be carrying the camp mode,supply chain etc.be subjected to influence.Face the impact of the electronic commerce,traditional business in addition to want to conduct a way,logistics in addition to go together with to send to link in addition to carrying on a reformation,also want in the information infrastructure construction,the law laws of perfect up put forth effort to construct the good environment that an electronic commerce develop,promote traditional business toward the electronic commerce direction development.This overview be to the electronic commerce activity to tradition business of the influence made to say all to give certain instruction to the writing of the thesis.

Supply Chain Management Dept.

根据产品需求特性,可以将供应链划分为如下两类：有效性供应链（Efficient supply chain）和反应性供应链（responsive supply chain）.有效性供应链主要是体现供应链的物理功能,即以最低的成本将原材料转化成零部件、半成品、成品,及在供应链中运输等；反应性供应链主要体现供应链的市场中介的功能,即把产品分配到满足用户需求的市场,对未预知的需求作出快速反应等.
表1 有效性供应链与反应性供应链
有效型供应链
反应型供应链
主要目标
低成本满足需求
快速响应顾客需求
产品设计战略
以最低生产成本取得最大销售业绩
创建调节系统,允许产品差异化发生
定价战略
边际收益较低,价格是吸引顾客的驱动因素
边际收益较高,价格不是吸引顾客的主要驱动因素
生产战略
提高设备利用率形成规模效益,降低成本
维持边际生产能力弹性,满足非预期需求
库存战略
实现最小库存,以降低成本
维持弹性库存,以满足非预期需求
供货期战略
在不增加成本前提下缩减供货期
大幅度缩减供货期,即使成本巨大
供应链战略
在成本与质量上进行权衡
在速度、弹性和质量的基础上进行选择
供应商选择的标准
以速度、柔性、质量为核心
以成本和质量为核心

这篇论文描述了 蚁群算法 对于解决在救灾中遇到的物流问题 的一种启发

make to order的中文可以解释为‘订单生产’,也就是根据订单的数量大小来决定你要生产的数量,换句再通俗点的话来说就是,今天发来一张订单做2000个产品,你就做2000个产品,如果没有订单,你就不做；
另外还有一个是make to stock,其中文为‘备货生产’,也就是在订单没下来之前你就先做好了一部分,这样等订单下来的时候你就可以直接发货了,节约了中间等待的时间,但也加大了你的风险.
好的话请采纳哦亲!

The Relations between Modern Supply Chain Management and Logistics Management
现代供应链管理与物流管理的关系

这个我知道啊,供应链是指整个过程,就是从生产到最终消费的全过程,而在这其中有个过程叫物流,就是指包装,运输,配送,也就是说供应包括物流,物流是供应链的一个环节,明白了这两者的区别你应该就明白两者的管理的区别吧?希望继续探讨631756430,我是学物流的哦.

供应链、价值链与作业成本法的有机结合
　　摘要：本文通过介绍供应链、价值链与作业成本法的涵义,阐述了三者之间内在的相互关系,并提出三者进行有机结合的有效措施,得到了现代企业进行成本管理和提升企业竞争力的新途径.
　　关键词：供应链；价值链；作业成本法
　　Abstract: This paper introduced the supply chain, value chain and Activity-based costing. Then we elaborated the intrinsic relation among them, put forward the effective measures of the organic combination made for the three. Finally, we obtain the new approaches of the managing modern enterprise cost and the enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises.
　　Key words: Supply chain; Value chain; Activity-based costing
　　
　　一、供应链与价值链的关系
　　
　　1、供应链的涵义
　　供应链是围绕核心企业,通过对信息流、物流、资金流的控制,从采购原材料开始,制成中间产品以及最终产品,最后由销售网络把产品送到消费者手中的将供应商、制造商、分销商、零售商、直到最终用户连成一个整体的功能网链结构.供应链管理就是使供应链运作达到最优化,以最少的成本,令供应链从采购开始,到满足最终顾客的所有过程,包括工作流、实物流、资金流和信息流等均高效率地操作,把合适的产品以合理的价格,及时准确地送到消费者手中.其基本思想是要实现企业的总成本最优和满足客户需要.
　　
　　2、价值链的涵义
　　价值链概念由美国学者迈克尔.波特于1985年在其《竞争优势》中最先提出的.他认为价值活动是企业从事的在经济上和技术上有明确界限的各项活动,它们是创造对买方有价值的产品的基础,这些相互联系的价值活动共同作用为企业创造利润,从而形成企业的价值链.包括企业内部价值链、纵向价值链和横向价值链.其研究内容分别涉及核心企业内部、企业和供应商、分销商、服务商和客户等之间的关系以及产业内部各企业之间的竞争关系.价值链分析能够全面了解企业价值活动对产品利润的贡献,有利于培育企业持续降低成本的能力 .
　　
　　3、供应链与价值链的关系
　　（1）供应链与价值链的联系
　　第一、供应链也是一条价值链.供应链不仅是一条联接供应商到用户的物流链、信息链、资金链,而且是一条增值链,物料在供应链上因加工、包装、运输等经济活动过程而增加其价值,给相关企业都带来收益.从经济活动增值角度衡量其又构成了企业的价值链.因此,供应链和价值链都是增值链,供应链也是一条价值链.
　　第二、价值链与供应链都强调以客户为中心,以市场为导向.企业通过自己的价值链影响买方的价值链,从而达到减少买方成本和提高买方效益的目的.所以,企业的价值活动的最终着眼点在于客户的价值链.而供应链是利用信息技术一体化,把触角延伸至客户的客户,直到最终用户.为的就是以客户的需求为企业运做的中心,实时地获取客户信息了解客户需求,快速响应并做出正确的决策,从而获得竞争优势.
　　第三、供应链和价值链共同存在于企业的价值系统中,共同依赖于企业的组织机构和管理制度,共同培育企业的核心竞争力,共同经营和运作企业的业务流程（物流、资金流、信息流等）.
　　（2）供应链与价值链的区别
　　供应链和价值链作为现代企业两种不同的管理思想必然存在着一定的差别,如下表所示：
　　
　　综上所述,供应链和价值链同处于企业的价值系统之中,在不同的位置（企业内和企业间）承担着相似的功能(协调和优化价值活动之间的关联).因此价值链和供应链可以在价值系统中得到有效地整合.广义的价值链系统可以理解为由内部价值链和供应链两部分组成,价值链可以决定供应链,供应链同样服务和服从于价值链.企业间的竞争,既是价值链间的竞争,也是供应链间的竞争.

二、供应链、价值链与作业成本法的有机结合
　　
　　1、作业成本法的涵义
　　作业成本法以“成本驱动因素”理论为基本依据,认为：产品消耗作业,作业消耗资源.所以将成本分配分为两个过程,首先通过资源动因的确认、计量,把资源费用归集到各种作业上,然后再通过作业动因的确认、计量,把作业成本归集到成本对象,即产品或业务上去.作业成本法把“作业”作为间接费用向成本对象归集的中间环节,不仅使成本核算信息更加科学、准确,而且找到了一种更为科学的分配间接费用的方法,实现了对传统成本会计的重大突破.
　　作业成本法的实施,是企业降低成本的有力武器.它所掀起的“作业革命”,使成本管理发生了质的变化,在管理理论与实践方面都有着不可替代的奠基性作用.
　　2、供应链、价值链与作业成本法三者的整合
　　如果把以供应链为基础的各节点经济活动作为一系列“作业”,这些作业就会形成一个有机关联的“作业链”,而作业的产出又形成一定的价值,所以作业链的形成又表现为价值链的形成.因此可以将三者有机结合在一起为打造企业核心竞争力服务,互相取长补短.
　　作业成本法通过引入“作业”这一中介环节,使得成本的计算对象更加明细化和精确化,其重点是找出各作业的成本动因,采取措施来降低成本,但它没有考虑到各作业之间的相互联系及由此而产生的各作业成本、价值间的相互关联性,如果单纯地降低作业成本可能导致产品价值的下降,最终可能导致企业竞争力的降低.而价值链管理是以顾客需求为导向,以实现价值增值和增强企业竞争力为目标,运用现代企业管理思想方法和技术,达到对整个供应链上的信息流、物流、资金流的有效规划和控制.在价值链理论的指导下,只有充分利用供应链一体化管理技术,发挥整个供应链的整体协作能力,才是企业保持竞争优势的有效途径.
　　由上可知,作业成本法的优点在于对企业内部的成本控制,而价值链管理和供应链管理的长处在于企业价值的增值和核心竞争力的培植.将三者进行有机结合不仅能降低产品成本,同时还能提高产品价值,从而形成企业核心竞争力.
　　
　三、供应链、价值链与作业成本法有机结合的措施
　　
　　进行供应链分析和作业链分析.通过供应链分析和作业链分析,全面了解掌握供应链上下游企业状况和企业内部作业流程.供应链成本管理涉及到很多环节,产品设计工程师、客户、供应商和制造商等的行为对成本有很大影响,因此需要对供应链上的作业进行分析,以降低总成本.
　　进行价值链分析.在供应链分析和作业链分析基础上,定量描述并确定整条供应链上企业与企业、企业与供应商、企业与顾客之间,以及作业链各环节间的价值形成与转移过程,即进行价值链分析.通过分析,找出企业供应链价值所占总成本的比例和增长趋势,确定作业链各环节的价值活动的结构构成,正确区分增值作业与非增值作业,以利于进一步优化企业价值链.
　　通过作业成本计算有效进行成本控制.首先进行供应链作业成本计算,计算各个作业的成本,通过对作业成本的确认和计量,为进一步改进作业成本管理提供依据.其次提出动态改进方案.利用作业成本计算的数据,站在客户角度,进一步改进增值作业.最后进行业绩评价.从效率、质量和时间上对作业进行评估,评价客户的盈利能力是否得到增加.
　　不断维持巩固成本优势,取得成本优势的持久性.只有当企业的成本优势能够长期保持,它的来源是竞争对手们很难模仿时,企业才真正具有了具备战略价值的成本优势,成本管理的最终目标也在于此.

With the coming of knowledge economy era, the rapid development of information technology and global economic integration brings intense competition, the competition between enterprises has changed into the competition between supply chain, knowledge has become the most competitive one of resource, and the supply chain is a very important enterprise external knowledge source, enterprises must continuously. Through knowledge transfer and share update the knowledge of this enterprise, in order to continue to maintain its competitiveness can not be eliminated, to the traditional supply chain management mode gradually transforms to the knowledge flow is the core of the management mode of operation.
Based on this, this article selects the enterprises on the supply chain as the research object, exploring the supply chain enterprise knowledge transfer effect. Through to the domestic and foreign relevant research literature reading and Analysis on Influencing Factors of knowledge transfer, will be divided into five categories: knowledge, knowledge receiver sender factors factors of knowledge transfer, situational factors, factors of knowledge characteristics and the factors of trust in five dimensions, based on trust between enterprises in supply chain mode of knowledge transfer and knowledge transfer between enterprises of supply chain effect model, reach in different supply chain knowledge transfer context, should adopt what kind of trust model can more effectively carry out the knowledge transfer activities, and through the questionnaire survey data collection, using SPSS17.0 and AMOS7.0 software for the empirical analysis, including the reliability test, factor analysis and structural equation analysis, the proposed assumption of validation, further to improve the effectiveness of knowledge transfer between enterprises in a supply chain provides a certain theoretical basis and practical significance.
The result of empirical analysis shows: knowledge and knowledge receiver sender two motivation direct effect on knowledge transfer effect, knowledge characteristics and trust are also affect knowledge transfer effect is main because of, knowledge level has positive effect on knowledge transfer efficiency but not force; cooperation situation, the enterprises on the supply chain in the transfer knowledge activities, does not mean to the effect of knowledge transfer has a positive effect, but sometimes there are lazy employees and" hitchhike" acts.

Based on the theory of supply chain development strategy for small and medium-sized pharmaceutical enterprises

World economic integration,the enterprise globalization,as well as the customer needs become more diversified,fierce competition between supply chain and supply chain,the supplier is throughout the supply chain upstream source and control of leading factors,so it is very important to carry on the related research.Adjusting of the enterprise only rely on its own resources has far cannot satisfy the need of competition,must be put in the form of collaborative enterprise internal and external logistics,information flow and cash flow effectively,improve their performance,at the same time make the supply chain as a whole.The management of the suppliers is a very important content in supply chain management,and based on the cooperation between the supplier and the core enterprise of the supplier for grading is the premise of effective supplier management.Based on the current situation and main problems existing in the supplier evaluation research,on the basis of comprehensive evaluation method of characteristic of supplier and buyer requirements of the relevant research results,first put forward in the research of supplier evaluation method architecture is mainly qualitative and quantitative evaluation grading,is involved in the process of qualitative evaluation and quantitative grading evaluation method to compare the research and reviewed in this paper.Secondly this paper analyses the influencing factors of supplier evaluation,established the principle of grading index and standard,built a general supplier evaluation index system of classification.At last,through case study further the application method of supplier classification index system,the buyer supplier evaluation provides a paradigm for the enterprise.Finally,make a reasonable prospect about its developing tendency.

答：牛鞭效应指沿着供应链上游移动,需求变动程度不断增大的现象.从而导致安全库存大量增加.
除了批量订单产生“牛鞭效应”外,供货提前期、价格波动也对“牛鞭效应”有贡献.由于各级需求变化的不断放大,导致了安全库存沿供应链向上游增大而累积了大量超过市场需求的库存.控制“牛鞭效应对大幅度减少库存（安全库存）有着决定性的影响.解决“牛鞭效应”有三种主要途径：
第一种方法是不用上一级的订单来估计需求变化,而是利用信息技术将市场需求信息提给供应链的各级,使各级能根据市场需求确定订单的大小和安全库存.
第二种方法是削减供应链的级数,使得“牛鞭”很短以至“牛鞭效应”不明显.
第三种方法是采用卖方管理的库存,从根本上消除“牛鞭效应”

A


本题考查商业贸易。商业贸易是商品交换的表现形式，是联系工业和农业、城市和乡村、生产和消费之间的桥梁。在商品流通中，生产是起点，消费是终点，交换是联络生产和消费的纽带。现代物流业的一般流程：采购一运输一仓储一包装一配送。所以本题选择A选项。

　　供应链采购是指供应链内部企业之间的采购.供应链内部的需求企业向供应商企业采购订货,供应商企业将货物供应给需求企业.　　(一)从采购性质看　　1.供应链采购是一种基于需求的采购　　2.供应链采购是一种供应商...

Is a commitment to integrated steel material circulation industry supply chain consisting mainly of how far the Enterprise Group,the company was founded in 1981,now has nearly 10 years of history.Grou...

asing on= based on,documents literature= reference document literature(s)
making use of= utilizing
puts forward= provides
countermeasures= counter-measurements
Based on reference document literatures and utilizing
please give me some more time before I give you a new translation.
Based on the reference document literatures, starting from the basic concept of E-commerce and supply chain management and utilizing acquired professional theory, this article analyzes the E-commerce supply chain management model and traditional circulation model using comparative analysis. (Finally this article )Thus provides relevant solutions towards the existing problems of (our) national enterprises supply chains under the E-commerce circumstance upon this basis.
this translation is for your reference only, you may revise as required, for example, this article can be expressed as this paper on your own translation. etc.

供应链管理中的不确定性特征主要表现在两个方面：

---- 1．需求信息偏差逐级放大引起的供应商库存不确定性
---- 美国供应链管理专家L.L.Hau教授称这种效应为“需求偏差加速放大原理”,指供应链上每一级节点的企业只根据相邻节点企业的需求信息确定自己的采购计划和库存并进行生产,需求信息的偏差就会沿信息流方向逐级放大.偏差累计的结果是：处于供应链源头的物料供应商得到的需求信息与市场实际需求信息之间有相当大的出入,供应链两端需求信息总体偏差的量级要比其间相邻两级节点的偏差量级大得多.受这种效应影响,在市场需求拉动下,为保证物料供应的准时,上一级供应商要比下一级供应商保持更多的库存量,以预防物料需求波动的影响.

---- 2．物流供应时间延迟累计效应导致的交货期不确定
---- 供应链管理中的瓶颈存在于受时间和空间限制的物流配送（Physical Distribution,PD）过程中.物流供应延迟来源于两个相互交织的环节：生产过程和运输过程.
---- 在产品生产过程中,在保证原材料供应的前提下,关键的影响因素是生产设备的停机时间.设备可用性概率越高,平均停机时间越少,生产过程的不确定性越小.
---- 物流配送运输过程中延迟问题的实质在于供应链链式结构的特点.在产品供应链结构中,沿增值流方向,上游节点物流的正常生产和传送是下游业务正常进行的基础和必要条件.假如厂商生产汽车,如果供应紧固件的第二层供应商不能按时供应,就会影响第一层的底盘组装,从而影响整车的生产进度.

一、何为物流与供应链管理（明确概念）
1、物流的概念
2、供应链的概念
3、两者的关系
二、为什么要加强物流与供应链管理
1、当前物流与供应链的现状
2、加强物流与供应链必要性
3、加强物流与供应链迫切性
4、加强物流与供应链现实意义
三、怎么才能加强物流与供应链管理
1、理顺关系
2、提高管理层配置
3、充分调动员工积极性

这句子结构也太复杂了吧...
本来想分几句来译 但还是合成一句吧
分惜一下语法
主句是 supply chain is...strucuture,定语从句由which引导
定语从句的主语是which,谓语是functions(作动词用)
定语从句的大体结构是 sth functions.to connect.into an integrated whole的结构(某物发挥功能以使...合为一个整体) 中间有很多的from..to..还有by means of ...都是状语.
我字头大写的部分是主干结构.以作标记.
Supply chain is a functional chain network structrue,which by means of the control over information flow,material flow and cash flow,Functions,from the purchase of raw material,the production of semimanufactures,the manufacture of end products,to the delivery of the end products to the customers through the sales network,To Connect the suppliers,manufacturers,distributors,retailers and final customers Into an integrated whole.
如果觉得不好还可以再改一下

cadabd 多选第一题没什么印象 abcd 应该是决策层管理层操作层 这题有点问题

Along with market competition day by day vehemence, exaltation clothing monopoly store store management of work efficiency, improvement business enterprise inner part and each link of the whole supply chain of management, adjusted degree and resources allocation to become a business enterprise current have to consideration of problem, but fast availably management the information system(MIS) be practiced certificate of exaltation business enterprise competition ability of most valid of one of the method.This text first to system design's related knowledge use make simple of introduction, and assurance usage Visual Basic 6.0 with SQL Sever 2000 come to carry out system of design.Immediately after carry on a need analysis to the system, viability assessment with carry on a system target of programming, and carry on essentials design on this foundation, end concrete realization system of detailed design.According to the need of the system analysis, concrete on the realization adoption Visual Basic 6.0, it provided various control a piece, use realization interface of design.In the meantime the adoption SQL Sever realization backstage data of 2000 databases support.Carry on a test to the system after needing completion, has been correspond of analysis can be said to be basic to match a design request.
Important person work translation of.Which good heart the person help

Abstract:"bullwhip effect" exists in the supply chain,the existence of enterprises will have serious consequences:Because of poor demand forecasts,manufacturers pay for the excess costs of raw materials or a shortage of raw materials,additional manufacturing Costs,overtime,and the need to maintain than the actual demand a lot of inventory,resulting in increased business risk,increase inventory costs,lower profits,product backlog,use up a lot of money,weaken the competitiveness of enterprises Therefore,in order to enhance competition in the supply chain business ,And to alleviate the supply chain "bullwhip effect" on the strategy is of great theoretical and practical significance
This paper will be "bullwhip effect" on the impact of enterprises,and gradually on the "bullwhip effect" of the formation mechanism and its characteristics,and through an analysis based on information system for the supply chain of coherence and coordination have greatly improved,To achieve the weakening "bullwhip effect" approach.
Key words:bullwhip effect; supply chain management information system

供应链办公室
Supply chain office
二期工程在建
the second phase of the project in progress
基建工程办公室
Infrastructure engineering office

abcde

From supplier to the entire supply chain integration of win-win cooperation

the service supply chain with excitation mechanism,which places a certain requirement on the characteristics of demanding distribution to the service,once adopted in under the different agreed compacts about wholesale price、product buy- back、gain sharing、quantity flexibility、and sales rebate,etc..will be able to achieve coordination.
翻译这段话,需要足够的背景知识
请楼主斟酌,合则采纳,不吝追问

supplier selection under supply chain management

" Logistics terms" national standards for the definition of supply chain management: the use of computer network technology in the supply chain of comprehensive planning of business flow, logistics, information flow, capital flow, and planning, organization, coordination and control. Supply chain management is a kind of integrated management thought and method, the implementation of the supply chain from the supplier to the end user of the logistics planning and control functions. From the enterprise point of view, is refers to the enterprise through improved supply chain relationships, downstream, integration and optimization of information flow in supply chain, logistics, capital flow, in order to obtain the competitive advantage of enterprises

译文：[abstract] garment supply chain using ordering production mode, but production quantity is and the ultimate customers' actual demand have very big difference, which produce the bullwhip effect. Garment supply chain, then bullwhip effect with the manufacturers of demand forecasting, batch ordering and lead times and so on. In order to better solve the fundamental problems this paper from jilin Bi landed gentry clothing company obtains the bullwhip effect strategies for further discussion. Research results show that the full realization of information sharing, simplify the supply chain structure, strengthening supply chain members of the enterprise's strategic cooperation, perfecting the management decision-making mechanism will effectively weaken garment supply chain of the bullwhip effect, enhance the overall operational efficiency of the supply chain clothing and competitive ability.
[key words] dress the bullwhip effect of information sharing

As the saying goes, "one boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, Everybody's business is nobody's business. An ant to move, move can not afford to move, two ants to move, the body sway to and fro, three ant to move, gently carried into the hole." The above two statements have different results. "Three monks" is a team, but they have no water to drink because of mutually making excuses, don't speak cooperation; "three ant to move" can "gently carried into the hole", it is the unity and cooperation of the results. There is a good song "unity is strength", and the power of teamwork is endless, once developed the team will create unbelievable miracle. Nowadays, with the advent of knowledge economy, knowledge, technology constantly bring forth the new through the old, the competition is increasingly intense, the increasingly diverse needs of the community, so that people are facing in the work of the study situation and the environment is very complex. In many cases, individual ability alone has been difficult to fully address the various perplexing problems and take effective and efficient action. All of these are people who need to form groups, and require further interdependence between member organizations, interrelated, mutual cooperation, establish cooperative team to solve the problem of perplexing, and coordinate the necessary action, team ability development and continuous innovation, rely on the power of teamwork to create a miracle. The team not only emphasizes the individual work, more emphasis on the overall performance of the team. Team relies on not only strengthen the collective discussion and decision making and information sharing and standard, it emphasizes the joint contributions of member, can get real collective achievements, sum of the collective achievements over the individual performance, team more than the sum of its parts. The team is the core of common dedication. Need a to convince everyone to target the common dedication. Only practical and challenging goals, work motivation can motivate the team spirit and dedication, inject inexhaustible energy to work. So the team is a voluntary cooperation to reach the established goal appeared and collaborative effort. All the resources and talents which can motivate team members, and will automatically remove all the disharmony and injustice, and will give those who sincerely, selfless give return. If the team is out of be willing, it will have a powerful and lasting force. The team are often able to inspire unbelievable potential group, the total collective collaboration of the results do tend to be more than individual performance. Is the so-called "Chengyu mountain, together with soil change gold." One group, if well organized, popular feeling drifts, everyone go one's own way, even in "wolidou", where the vitality and the vigor? How about entrepreneurship? A lack of cohesion of the environment, people have lofty ideals and high aspirations, and one's ability and cleverness, can not be given full play! Only strict and orderly collective organization and efficient teamwork, unity cooperation to overcome difficulties, or even create a miracle. Streams can only be broken waves, sea rivers can stimulate the tempestuous waves, personal relationship with the team as streams and the sea. Everyone will be their integration into the collective, to give full play to the role of the individual. In short, the team spirit is indispensable to any organisation essence. Otherwise just as lacking spirit of cooperation; a chopstick is easy to bend, ten chopsticks break...... This is the team spirit importance intuitive strength of the performance, this is also my understanding of teamwork, team spirit is also important in. The

　如果字少了的话你再码一些，如果字多了的话，你就把后面阐述说明的文字删了，直接答主干题点吧。供应链风险的产生 1)道德风险。道德风险是指由于信息的不对称，供应链合约的一方从另一方那儿得到剩余的收益，...