综述怎样算抄袭写综述文章,用了人家的观点,也用了其中的一些语句,但是用自己的话进行表达,并注明了出处,这样算不算抄袭?如

可以应用于生物化工及其它交叉学科.

1、把相关研究的成果做个统计总结.
2、尽量引用地位高的杂志和期刊论文.
3、通过总结展望发展的趋势,为自己的研究找到突破口.

Summarized the lycopene extraction technology and features.The tradtional methods have organic solvent method, but it exists harmful solvents, and very low yield; The supercritical extraction arised in recently,which have no chemical solvents consumption and residue, no pollution,and it avoid hot degradation under high temperature, protect the activity of physiological material,but the equipment is expensive; Microwave radiation extraction,which shortened extracting time greatly, without solvent extraction, and with high wxtraction efficiency; Ultrasonic extraction, shortened extraction time, equipment is expensive; High-speed countercurrent chromatography separation extraction method,with large fractional dose, samples without loss, high recovery efficiency, easy separation environment; Enzyme extraction is not fully mature,it existed long time, easily loss products; Microbial fermentation extraction lycopene technique has failed to achieve industrialization production scale. In order to optimize production preparation technology of lycopene, also should do the work which in the food safety and environment protection.
手工翻译,请参考!

接前with 70% of the students having learning anxiety as well as poor eyesight and a larger percentage lacking sleep. Coming next is the lack of physical exercise.
字数限制你先评价之后我再复制下文.

答：(1)检索和阅读文献是撰写综述的重要前提工作.(2)注意引用文献的原创性、代表性、可靠性和科学性.在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同,有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异,因此在引用文献时应注意选用原创性、代表性、可靠性和科学性好的文献.3)以评述为主,不可罗列文献.综述一定有作者自己的整合和归纳,而不是将文献罗列,看上去像流水账.(4)引用文献要忠实文献内容.由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析,因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容,不能篡改文献的内容.(5)综述中引用文献与其他科研论文一样,遵守“适当引用”的规范,防止抄袭.有人错误的认为综述论文可以大段抄写别人的研究结果,所以最容易出现抄袭现象.综述中的引用要注意以下几点,才能避免抄袭.1)引用文献要是原始文献,必须是自己通篇阅读后,了解了文献的整体意思,才能做到正确引用.不能引用别人的转述或 把别人对该文献的评价作为自己的评价.2)引用文献不是照抄别人的表述方式,应该对前人文献的方法或结果进行归纳、总结、综合与分析,不是流水账式的罗列.一般认为在综述中全部引用的内容不应超过50%,更多的要是作者自己的综合概括与分析,从“量”上避免抄袭.3)综述中经过对前人研究的综合概括与分析,要提出自己的观点,要从“质”上避免抄袭.

你到这里来问可是走错地方了.谁可能给你弄一篇4000字的综述出来?偷懒也不是这么偷的.建议去vip和CNKI上找几篇中文的这方面的综述,剪切粘贴就OK.另,还是建议楼主花点精力在分生上,以后发文章不做分生怎么发高影响因子的阿?

不是吧还有这个用的吗?
铋（bì）,天然放射性元素,为有银白色光泽的金属,质脆易粉碎；熔点271.3°C,沸点1560°C,密度9.8克/厘 米3；导电导热性差；由液态到固态时体积增大.铋在红热时与空气作用；铋可直接与硫、卤素化合；不溶于非氧化性酸,溶于硝酸、热浓硫酸.铋可制低熔点合金,用于自动关闭器或活字合金中；碳酸氧铋和硝酸氧铋用作药物；氧化铋用于玻璃、陶瓷工业中

到谷歌学术上搜这篇文章,会出现该文章的被引频次,点开就会出现引用这篇文章的论文

As is apparently shown in the chart above, many middle school students have problems both physically and mentally , with 70% of the students having learning anxiety as well as poor eyesight, and a larger percentage lacking sleep. Coming next is the lack of physical exercise. 40% of the students surveyed won’t obey their parents or teachers. Still fewer claim not to have enough communication with others.
As far as I am concerned, we students should balance our physical exercise and studies. Just like a saying goes: “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,” without a sound body, one cannot achieve anything. However, too much attention has been paid only to studies. Therefore, I suggest we be given less homework and more time for out-of-classroom activities to solve all the problems. Only in this way can we lead a healthy life.

本文是一份调查表，在审题的时候，一定要注意本文的时态，调查报告一般使用现在时。同上注意分数百分数的表达法，在写作的时候要注意使用高级词汇和句型如倒装句，强调句等。也要使用合适的连接词如As far as I am concerned，Therefore等让文章更有条理。

ABOUT Safety
Safety is very important. We often hear people say “safety first”. As a middle school student, we should learn to protect ourselves from every possible danger. Here are some things I do. I hope you can follow them.
On your way to school and home. You should obey the traffic rules. You should walk on the right side of the road. Don’t ride your bike too fast.
During school, you can’t fight with each other. Don’t play with fire. Don’t bring knife to school. Don’t go out of school without your teacher’s permission.
In public places or campus, enough water plugs,extinguishing agents and emergency outlets should be set and prepared for unforeseen circumstances.
Above all,a series of precautions must be taken to guarantee the students' safety. Let's make the campus safe through our long-term unremitting efforts.

文献发给你,综述要自己写

In this paper,recent research results on Semen Schisandra drugs on the compatibility of its chemical composition changes,extraction techniques and pharmacological effects are reviewed.

This paper summarized the plane geometry and triangle area formulas,two straight line equation,three lines of total points and three necessary line,the equation of the determinant of three round expression,and in three-dimensional geometry in using determinant method vector,point to the distance of the plane,and the volume of the tetrahedron hexahedron formula.

(1)广东省部分城市的空气质量不佳，已处于黄色。(2)各城市的空气质量差别较大。
(3)广东提高城市空气质量，任务艰巨。

全长=(420+380)÷(2/3-40%)=6000千米

化学的发展及重要作用的论综述或论
你觉得怎样
有办法吗,谢谢

Hashd aklj jxjesfd laeisjcj.Salrf mcsl jdfhsal weal sdheal akjh alkejhkajh alhrjs alherjsa hxjfhkea aljehrdsj xbfej akejhrfdjsa jhsafuefhdj jehrfdasj hejkash kaesjh akjfd seaf jasbf hgasehjrfgdsbcgsdfewaf.

都一样,我也是新手.我觉的按石墨的粒度分布来分的.具体的你再查查吧

氧化还原酶:指催化底物进行氧化还原反应的酶类
转移酶:指催化底物之间进行某些基团的转移或交换的酶类水解酶:指催化底物发生水解反应的酶类
裂解酶:指催化一个底物分解为两个化合物或两个化合物合成为一个化合物的酶类
异构酶:指催化各种同分异构体之间相互转化的酶类.
合成酶类:指催化两分子底物合成为一分子化合物,同时还必须偶联有ATP的磷酸键断裂的酶类

至这个教授,通常写在书上,表达敬意或者感谢用

叠词,用词很浅淡,却能表达深深的遗憾.

Part I is to sum up planning and management applying in portfolio formation ,draws forth and Makeweici theory.Part II is the theory introducing Makeweici mainly ,points out and its deficiency.Part III,is to revise,and give an example apply operations research knowledge learned by us to be in progress to Makeweici theory.

Application of several catalysts such as lithium perchlorate,zinc chloride,pyridine,triethylamine,4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine in the preparation of t-butyl acetate via anhydride method was reviewed with 8 references.Hope you will find the translation useful.

海明威研究综述:Summarize of the Hemingway industry
另外research和study的区别：
research
n.
1.(学术)研究;调查,探究[S][P1][(+in/into/on)]
She's doing cancer research.
她在从事癌症研究.
vi.
1.作学术研究;调查,探究[(+in/into/on)]
He is researching into the causes of cancer.
他正在研究癌症的起因.
vt.
1.研究,探究
The historical background to the play has been very carefully researched.
这部剧本的历史背景已有人作过仔细的研究.
study
n.
1.学习;研究;调查[U][P1]
The plan is under study.
那个计划正在研究中.
He has made great progress in his English studies.
他在学习英文方面进步很多.
2.研究论文,专题论文[C]
She wrote a study of Shakespeare.
她写了一篇有关莎士比亚的论文.
3.学科;学问[C]
Bioengineering is a new study.
生物工程学是一门新的学问.
4.课题,研究对象[C]
5.书房[C]
Mr.Smith is reading in his study.
史密斯先生在书房内看书.
6.【画】习作;试画[C]
7.【音】练习曲[C]
vt.
1.学习;研究
For a year he studied Chinese with me.
他跟我学了一年中文.
2.细看,细察
I studied him closely.
我仔细地看了看他.
3.仔细考虑
We need time to study a suitable answer.
我们需要时间去考虑一个适当的答复.
They studied the question carefully before they made the decision.
他们认真研究了这一问题,然后才作出决定.
vi.
1.学习,用功
My daughter often studies late into the night.
我女儿常常读书到深夜.
2.努

化学与材料化学及一年的欧洲化学硕士（荣誉）·化学与材料化学与工业实践化学硕士（荣誉）·化学与材料化学化学硕士（荣誉）·化学与材料化学理学士（荣誉）·化学与材料化学与管理化学硕士（荣誉.问了老师,大概是这个意思

The author concisely described the background,status and importance of the simple introduction of individualism in American and briefly introduced the research of drama Friends
Literature review,this chapter carried on the introduction to the literature review,and detailed introduction Friends the show and the characters written on old friend introduction.
A brief overview of USA individualism and love view.
The author will extract Friends appears more important and characteristic of the love story,from the analysis of these fragments in the perspective of individualism analysis view of love.
This article carries on the summary,the summary of individualism affect not only the characters of the concept of love,but also deeply affected the most Americans reflected in the concept of love in the life.

去Pubmed的Nucleotide 里找

The automatic control of the combustion system of boiler is relative complex control process, it is involved in many variants, it very difficult to achieve for general simple regulatory system. In the paper,the task and structure of boiler combistion control system of the coal-fired industry are summarized briefly and the detailed automatc control content of the steam boiler combustion process is analyzed and studied, all kinds of practical control methods are compared, the deficiencies of this method is pointed out, every analysis of merits and faults is compared comprehensively, the successful scheme which has feedforward cascade stage control of logical choice is adopted.

英文文献如果全篇读的话比较累,一般先看文献的摘要、结果和讨论部分,划出可能涉及的地方,再到原文去找相应内容综述写起来需要搜集很多资料,要对所有引用的原文,用自己的话进行替写（这一点很重要,否则就是抄袭了）根...

去http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/14454698.html免费下载

代笔.

综述很多,网上找吧.
实验应该不难,我觉得可以配制蛋白水解培养平板,分离微生物,选择水解圈大的菌落.
当然最好查文献,参考文献方法.

海外加拿大文学研究综述
断句1：海外-（加拿大文学-研究）-综述
a.Review on Canadian Literature Study Abroad
b.Review on Overseas Canadian Literature Study
c.Review on Study of Overseas Canadian Literature

断句2：海外-加拿大文学-研究综述
d.Research Review on Overseas Canadian Literature
e.Study Review on Canadian Literature Abroad

两种断句,个人首推前者；且尤以b佳、c次之
供参

一般是针对一个主题,或者是一个技术等相对集中的题目,对目前的研究成果做一个比较全面的分析,对各个研究团队的动向做一个总结.最后得出一个概括性的结论,指出存在的问题以及下一步的研究反向.
综述文章一般动则要参考几十,甚至几百篇的文献.如果想了解一个领域的最新发展,新进发表的综述往往是入门者的一个很好的着手点.

选用同母材相同的焊接材料,按规范对焊缝进行处理,采用直流焊接和惰性气体保护焊结工艺,焊接后进行保温处理等措施.

二甲醚制备主要有3种
1.甲醇脱水法,催化剂一般为硫酸
2.合成气一步法制备二甲醚,催化剂一般为甲醇合成及脱水的复合催化体系
3.CO2加氢法,这种方法刚刚受到关注,还处于探索阶段,主要催化剂为Cu系催化剂,典型的有Cu-Zn,Cu-Mn等
总体框架就是这样的

Abstract:Summarized several kind of voltage dropping resistor Chinese medicine voltage dropping resistor ingredients,voltage dropping resistor machine-made and the clinical practice; Treats the medicine with traditional hypertension to compare the Chinese native medicine voltage dropping resistor to have own superiority,but the Chinese native medicine voltage dropping resistor function mechanism research pending is thorough,should conduct the research from multiple perspectives obtaining.

This article reviews the modified rectorite Research inorganic heavy metals in wastewater and organic wastewater, process conditions and the removal efficiency of the modified rectorite processing was...

综述细胞外被中糖蛋白在细胞内合成,组装和运输的全过程及其对于细胞的主要生理功能. 2002年细胞生物学 一. 名词解释2.5*10 1.nucleosome 2. contact

自然GENETICS的一个庞大而复杂的结构多态性在16 p12.1
　　microdeletion疾病风险构成

你可从染色体的构成与它的功能.地位来论述啊
染色体由DNA和蛋白质构成
也可从细胞增殖的有丝分裂,无丝分裂..方面来说
总之,讲与染色体(染色质)有关的

原核细胞 procaryotic/prokaryotic cell 指没有核膜且不进行有丝分裂减数分裂无丝分裂的细胞.这种细胞不发生原生质流动,观察不到变形虫样运动.鞭毛(flagellum)呈单一的结构.光合作用、氧化磷酸化在细胞膜进行,没有叶绿体(chloroplast)、线粒体(mitochondrion)等细胞器(organelles)的分化.由这种细胞构成的生物,称为原核生物,它包括所有的细菌和蓝藻类.即构成细菌和蓝藻等低等生物体的细胞.它没有真正的细胞核(nucleus),只有原核或拟核,所含的一个基因带(或染色体),是环状双股单一顺序的脱氧核糖核酸分子(circular DNA),没有组蛋白(histone)与之结合无核仁(nucleolus),缺乏核膜(nuclear envelope).外层原生质中有70 S核糖体与中间体,缺乏高尔基体(Golgi)、内质网(E.R.)、线粒体和中心体(centrosomes)等.转录和转译(transcription and translation)同时进行,四周质膜内含有呼吸酶.无有丝分裂(mitosis)和减数分裂(meiosis),脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)复制后,细胞随即分裂为二.
结构含有capsule,murein cell wall,cell surface membrane,circular DNA, mesosome, thykoloid, energy storage(e.g.glycogen), ribosome, flagellum, pilli
真核细胞 eukaryotic cell 指含有真核（被核膜包围的核）的细胞.其染色体数在一个以上,能进行有丝分裂.还能进行原生质流动和变形运动.而光合作用和氧化磷酸化作用则分别由叶绿体和线粒体进行.除细菌和蓝藻植物的细胞以外,所有的动物细胞以及植物细胞都属于真核细胞.由真核细胞构成的生物称为真核生物.在真核细胞的核中,DNA与组蛋白等蛋白质共同组成染色体结构,在核内可看到核仁.在细胞质内膜系统很发达,存在着内质网、高尔基体、线粒体和溶酶体等细胞器,分别行使特异的功能.
真核生物包括我们熟悉的动植物以及微小的原生动物、单细胞海藻、真菌、苔藓等.真核细胞具有一个或多个由双膜包裹的细胞核,遗传物质包含于核中,并以染色体的形式存在.染色体由少量的组蛋白及某些富含精氨酸和赖氨酸的碱性蛋白质构成.真核生物进行有性繁殖,并进行有丝分裂.
细胞是一切生命活动的基本结构和功能单位.一般认为：
1.细胞是由膜包围的原生质（protoplasm）团,通过质膜与周围环境进行物质和信息交流；
2.是构成有机体的基本单位,具有自我复制的能力,是有机体生长发育的基础；
3.是代谢与功能的基本单位,具有一套完整的代谢和调节体系；
4.是遗传的基本单位,具有发育的全能性.
真核细胞
一、质膜
细胞表面的一层单位膜,特称为质膜（plasmolemma；plasmamembrane）.真核细胞除了具有质膜、核膜外,发达的细胞内膜形成了许多功能区隔.由膜围成的各种细胞器,如核膜、内质网、高尔基体、线粒体、叶绿体、溶酶体等.在结构上形成了一个连续的体系,称为内膜系统（endomembranesystem）.内膜系统将细胞质分隔成不同的区域,即所谓的区隔化（compartmentalization）.区隔化是细胞的高等性状,它不仅使细胞内表面积增加了数十倍,各种生化反应能够有条不紊地进行,而且细胞代谢能力也比原核细胞大为提高.
二、细胞核
细胞核（nucleus）是细胞内最重要的细胞器,核表面是由双层膜构成的核被膜（nuclearenvelope）,核内包含有由DNA和蛋白质构成的染色体（chromosome）.间期染色体结构疏松,称为染色质（chromatin）；有丝分裂过程中染色体凝缩变短,称为染色体.其实染色质与染色体只是同一物质在不同细胞周期的表现.染色体的数目因物种而异,有的如蕨类植物Ophioglossumreticulum的染色体数多达1260个；有的如马蛔虫Ascarismegalocephala只有两条染色体.核内1至数个小球形结构,称为核仁（nucleolus）.
三、细胞质
存在于质膜与核被膜之间的原生质称为细胞质（cytoplasm）,细胞之中具有可辨认形态和能够完成特定功能的结构叫做细胞器（organelles）.除细胞器外,细胞质的其余部分称为细胞质基质（cytoplasmicmatrix）或胞质溶胶（cytosol）,其体积约占细胞质的一半.细胞质基质并不是均一的溶胶结构,其中还含有由微管、微丝和中间纤维组成的细胞骨架结构.
（一）细胞质基质的功能：
1）具有较大的缓冲容量,为细胞内各类生化反应的正常进行提供了相对稳定的离子环境.
2）许多代谢过程是在细胞基质中完成的,如①蛋白质的合成、②核酸的合成、③脂肪酸合成、④糖酵解、⑤磷酸戊糖途径、⑥糖原代谢、⑦信号转导.
3）供给细胞器行使其功能所需要的一切底物.
4）细胞骨架参与维持细胞形态,做为细胞器和酶的附着点,并与细胞运动、物质运输和信号转导有关.
5）控制基因的表达与细胞核一起参与细胞的分化,如卵母细胞中不同的mRNA定位于细胞质不同部位,卵裂是不均等的.
6）参与蛋白质的合成、加工、运输、选择性降解.
（二）主要细胞器
1.内质网（endoplasmicreticulum）：由膜围成一个连续的管道系统.；粗面内质网（roughendoplasmicreticulum,RER）,表面附有核糖体,参与蛋白质的合成和加工；光面内质网（smoothendoplasmicreticulum,SER）表面没有核糖体,参与脂类合成.
2.高尔基体（Golgibody；Golgiapparatus;Golgi）：由成摞的扁囊和小泡组成,与细胞的分泌活动和溶酶体的形成有关.
3.溶酶体（lysosome）：动物细胞中行细胞内消化作用的细胞器,含有多种酸性水解酶.
4.线粒体（mitochondrion）：由双层膜围成的与能量代谢有关的细胞器,主要作用是通过氧化磷酸化合成ATP.
5.叶绿体（chloroplast）：植物细胞中与光合作用有关的细胞器,由双层膜围成.
6.细胞骨架（cytoskeleton）：由微管、微丝和中间丝构成与细胞运动和维持细胞形态有关.
7.中心粒（centriole）：位于动物细胞的中心部位,故名,由相互垂直的两组9+0三联微管组成.中心粒加中心粒周物质称为中心体（centrosome）.
8.微体（microbody）：由单层单位膜围成的小泡状结构,含有多种氧化酶,与分解过氧化氢和乙醛酸循环有关.
9.微管(microtubule):微管是一种具有极性的细胞骨架.它是由13 条原纤维（protofilament）构成的中空管状结构,直径22—25纳米.
10.核糖体（Ribosome）：为椭球形的粒状小体,核糖体无膜结构,主要由蛋白质(histone)(40%)和RNA(60%)构成,是细胞内蛋白质合成的场所.
四、细胞的形状和大小
由于结构、功能和所处的环境不同,各类细胞形态千差万别,有圆形、椭圆形、柱形、方形、多角形、扁形、梭形,甚至不定形.
原核细胞的形状常与细胞外沉积物（如细胞壁）有关,如细菌细胞呈棒形,球形,弧形、螺旋形等不同形状.单细胞的动物或植物形状更复杂一些,如草履虫像鞋底状,眼虫呈梭形且带有长鞭毛,钟形虫呈袋状.
高等生物的细胞形状与细胞功能和细胞间的相互关系有关.如动物体内具有收缩功能的肌肉细胞呈长条形或长梭形；红细胞为圆盘状,有利于O2和CO2的气体交换.植物叶表皮的保卫细胞成半月形,2个细胞围成一个气孔,以利于呼吸和蒸腾.细胞离开了有机体分散存在时,形状往往发生变化,如平滑肌细胞在体内成梭形,而在离体培养时则可成多角形.
一般说来,真核细胞的体积大于原核细胞,卵细胞大于体细胞.大多数动植物细胞直径一般在20~30μm间.鸵鸟的卵黄直径可达5cm,支原体仅0.1μm,人的坐骨神经细胞可长达1m.
真核细胞和原核细胞的区别：
具有核被膜和各种细胞器的细胞,称为真核细胞.只有拟核、没有细胞器的细胞,称为原核细胞.
细胞的基本结构
(一)原核细胞
核区(类核体、拟核)：染色体只由环状DNA组成,不含组蛋白.
细胞器：仅有核糖体,70S.
细胞壁：主要成分为含乙酰胞壁酸的肽聚糖.
(二)真核细胞
细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核.
1.质膜(细胞膜)：生活细胞的外表,都有一层薄膜包围,将细胞与外界分开,这层薄膜称为细胞膜或质膜.细胞膜与细胞内的所有膜统称为生物膜,是一种半透性膜,对进出细胞的物质有很强的选择透性,其物质组成和基本结构非常相似

引用图表最好是第一手资料,并注明出处,不需要翻译成中文,这是专业素养.
不要担心看不懂,够得上引用英文资料的情况下,阅读者通常都掌握这些专业词汇.实在需要的话,你作简单的中文说明.

This paper summarizes the chemical constituents, biological activities and applications of the volatile oil from leaves of phyllostachys pubescens, as well as the application of plant volatile semiochemicals in the aspects of lipid and glucose reduction. It generalizes the inadequacies in the research of phyllostachys pubescens leaf volatiles, and predicts its prospects in the lipid and glucose reduction researches.
【英语牛人团】

This paper summarized the determinant in the plane geometry and three-dimensional geometry in some application.

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非牛顿流体润滑剂一般指润滑脂.在石油工业中,运用范围真的特别的广泛了,我只能给你个概括方向,如果需要特别细的你可以查找更多的资料.分类整理.石油工业：交通运输,航天科技,农业,炼钢等等,很多哈

Different preservative on the fresh cut flower lily effect
Abstract: This paper reviews the development of fresh cut flowers industry, development trends and the prospect of fresh cut flowers on a different preservative on Fire Lily (Lilium longiflorum) of fresh cut flowers effect, results showed that: the preservation of all the bottles to extend Lily Cut Into life, increase the squid fresh weight, increasing Huajing, spent long cut to improve the water situation in which to 2 percent sucrose +200 mg/L8-HQC +200 mg / LSTS +225 mg / L resveratrol deal with the best formula , Followed by two percent sucrose +200 mg/L8-HQC +200 mg / LSTS +500 mg/LAL2 (SO4) 3 +115 mg / L SNP (SNP) formula. The results showed that: Lily of resveratrol on fresh cut flowers have a good effect; nitroprusside (SNP) of Lily Cut to a certain extent the effect of preservation.
Key words: Lily; cut flowers; preservative; vase life; resveratrol

与门与非门组成与非门,或门与非门组成与或门,亦为与非门的对立事件