共同语是在各种方言的基础上形成的.

现代汉民族共同语就是以北京语音为标准音、以北方话为基础方言、以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范的普通话.
汉语普通话是以北京语音为标准音,简单、清楚、表达力强.
1．音系比较简单,音节结构形式较少.
2．音节中元音占优势,清声母多,无长短音区别,所有的韵母都可以延长,听起来感觉清脆、响亮.适于吟诵和演唱；
3. 声调系统比较简单,但变化鲜明.四个声调的调值高音成分多,低音成分少,使语音清
4. 音节之间区分鲜明,使语音具有节奏感.
5. 词汇的双音节化,词的轻重格式的区分以及轻声、儿化的使用使语言表达作用更加准确、丰富,表现力更强.

Chinese cultural circle refers that after the the late Tang Dynasty Poetry East culture spreaded into Korea and Japan and during the time ,common language literature formed. just like HuangChao's speach arms and ChuanZi song' affirmative,different literary genres of Cui Zhiyuan , making him the Korea-China-Japan' scultural exchange Dashiell. During Tang-14-year,Cui Zhiyuan carry out a variety of literary activity, and be known for this. He also made great contribution to the common language literature of East Asian 8-9 century.
During the Tang dynasty, he communicated with 35 Late scholar, and his friendsvaries from bureaucrats, aides to poet. Bureaucrats are Pei-chan, Li Wei, Li Quan, Yu Shen Wei, Pei humble, etc., aides are Gao Pian, Gu Yun and poet friends Luo Yin and Du Xun. Cui Zhiyuanis Pei-chan 'steacher, had the relationship of mentor and disciple, and he had a significant impact on Pei-chan when he was a worthy and been enrolled, and became the Lishui County Magistrate at his early career. Gao Pian is Cui Zhiyuan's bosom, he was very appreciated Cui Zhiyuan's literary talent, and by in charge of the work assigned to make the use of HuangChao's speach arms and other rich inscriptions., to achieve the literary heyday. Of course,the friendship between him and the late Tang Dynasty poet Gao yin and Du xunhe had some relationship of literature.
Cui Zhiyuan's closest friends are Pei-chan, Gao Pian and Gu Yun, Pei-chan and Gao Pian were both appreciated Cui Zhiyuan's ability, as the referrer of Cui Zhiyuan, their status and age were superior to Cui Zhiyuan, but they were respect and trust mutually, went through hard-times and sweet-times and made poems together. Gao yun was Cui Zhiyuan's bosom friend and confidant, he had a great influence on Cui Zhiyuan's trace、poems and thoughts in the Tang Dynasty. Also , as the central figure of a former landlord literati, Cui Zhiyuan and Zhang Jiao, Du Xun and other landowners poet were the relationship of membership.As the core of the Tang Dynasty's didactic, Cui Zhiyuan's literary thoughts played a pivotal role in the courtiers'sroad and didactic and other aspects.

虽然借助了百度神器,但大部分都核对修改过了,花了近一个小时,因为有太多古文生僻词了.时态可能有部分没有修改,你再核对一下吧.觉得还行就采纳了吧.

将8个人看为结点,两个人有共同语言其对应的结点之间存在一条边,这样就得到一个图,该问题化为如下一个图论问题:
在一个具有8个结点的图中,如果任意两个不邻接的点其度数之和大于或等于8，则存在一个Hamiton圈,或者说该图是一个Hamiton图.
关于该问题我有一个解答案,请看下面网址:
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/79440346.html

包括语音、词汇、语法.
语音：音节界限分明,乐音较多,加上声调高低的变化和语调的抑扬顿挫,因而具有音乐性强这一 特点.具体表现为：没有复辅音、元音占优势、有声调.
词汇：汉语语素以单音节为基本形式；广泛运用词根复合法构成新词；双音节词占优势
语法：语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段；词、短语和句子的结构原则一致；词类和句法成分不是简单的对应关系；量词十分丰富,有语气词