文献记载:“钢铁是杂炼生(生铁)鍒(熟铁)作刀镰者.”此文献提到的金属冶炼技术发明于什么朝代

一、读后感是一种比较特殊的文体,就是在你读了一本书或一篇文章后,写出你的感受来.
第一部分：由读而引出感.这一部分就象一个帽子或引子一样,交代清楚读了什么书,有什么感想.这一部分一般来说要简明、开门见山,不要饶圈子.只要概括性说出感受就可以了.
第二部分：具体的感受过程.写法应采用边叙边议的方法,叙就是叙述所看的书报的感人的情节,议就是抒发我们的感受.要有层次有顺序把感一步一步推向顶点.叙述时要简述,抓住要点,不要抄原文.议论要真实得体,这样才能感人.这其实就是议论文的论述部分.
第三部分：把感受落实到自己的现实生活中.感的目的就是要指导我们的实际行动,要不感就没有意义了.这一部分就是要把感受和现实生活结合起来,把感受落到实处.把自己在现实生活中的所作所为同书报感动自己的人或事比较,找出差别,提出改进的方法或建议.
二、读后感的基本思路如下:
(1) 引--围绕感点,引述材料.简述原文有关内容.
(2) 议--分析材料,提练感点.亮明基本观点.
(3) 联--联系实际,纵横拓展.围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理.
(4)结--总结全文,升华感点.围绕基本观点联系实际.

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用A.会议论文集中的文献格式一般是：作者.文章题名[A].见（英文用In）:主编.论文集名[C].出版地：出版商,出版年.起止页码.

位置2个OH deoxy 2的3 '
核酸核酸
核酸是一种高分子组成的monomeric核苷酸链.这些分子生物化学是一种将遗传信息或形式建筑物内的细胞.最常见的核酸是脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA).
脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)是一种核酸,包含遗传指令的发育和功能有关中使用的所有已知生物体和一些病毒.DNA分子中的主体作用是长期的存储的信息.DNA常被比作一套蓝图或配方,或一个代码,因为它包含指令需要构建其它成分蛋白和细胞(例如RNA分子.把这段DNA遗传信息被称为基因的DNA序列,但其它结构目的,或者参与调节使用这种遗传信息.

你指的物理书中电场的势函数应该描述的是三维空间中点电荷的电场,而这篇文献研究的是two-dementional physical model,在二维空间点电荷的电场分布实际上就相当于三维空间中无限长柱电荷的电场,也就是E和r的负一次方成正比,进而φ就和r的对数成正比了

你好这位朋友,百度知道官方认证心理学行家为你解答.
潜变量是指不能被直接精确观测或虽能被观测但尚需通过其它方法加以综合的指标,是在记录单元之间变化且其变化影响记录特征的任何未记录到的特征,结果是记录特征之间的联系,这种联系实际上并不是由记录特征本身的任何因果关系产生的.潜变量（Latent Variable）,显变量（Manifest或Observable Variable）的主要区别在于：潜变量是实际工作中无法直接测量到的变量,包括比较抽象的概念和由于种种原因不能准确测量的变量.一个潜变量往往对应着多个显变量,可以看做其对应显变量的抽象和概括,显变量则可视为特定潜变量的反应指标.（参考资料：
这些抽象的定义看起来是不是一头雾水呢?没关系,我们举个例子.
假设你想要通过一张问卷调查来了解消费者对一个新产品的满意度.这个“满意度”就是潜变量.
接着,为了充分了解这个潜变量的值,你设计了一份调查问卷.在这份问卷上,你询问消费者对这个商品在以下方面是否具有优势,比如：
价格、购买地点、质量、外观等.这些就都是显变量了.
由此你可以看出,问卷上的这些题目,每一题直接测量的都是显变量.等调查结束,把这些显变量综合起来考量得出的最后结果,就是你真正想要测量的潜变量了.
如果以上信息还是无法完全解决你的疑惑,我需要进一步了解你的那张问卷和实验设计才能更细地帮你解答问题.如果是这样,请进一步详细描述,
祝你的问卷调查研究项目一切顺利 :-)

第三，在一个冲击，导致偏离这种长期关系之后，有一个缓慢的反转背对着它。

恒压燃烧热890.31kJ/mol
恒容热的话按照完全燃烧方程式
恒压热减去体积功就行了

17000转
g是重力加速度,在有关离心机的实验中,RCF(relative centrifugal field)表示相对离心场,以重力加速度g（980.66cm/s2）的倍数来表示,rmp与g之间的换算公式为：RCF = 1.119 x 10-5 x (rpm)2 x r
其中r 表示离心机转轴中心与离心管中心的距离

在论文中,(Jeremy Munday,2005:77) 是告诉读者,现在引用的这部分内容来自Jeremy Munday 2005年的论著中的第77页.如果这样写了,那么论文后的参考文献里必须有Jeremy Munday的这篇论著.具体格式有几种,我了解的APA格式一般这样写（假设它是一篇期刊论文）：
Munday,J.(2005).XXXXX.YYYYY,3,70 - 85.
（其中XXXXX是该论文题目,YYYYY是该期刊名称,后面的数字表示这篇论文出现在该期刊2005年第3期里的70-85页）
不过你写的里面人名用了全名,可能不是APA格式,那样的话参考文献格式也可能不完全相同.

看到你的求助了,恐怕我帮不了你,先给一些资料你参考一下,如果想翻译成中文你可以采用在线翻译软件来完成.另外,你再起即使关闭问题,积分也不可能全部返还给你了.

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探测剂2－4是用类似的合成路线（方案2）获得的.从10丙烯基-9(10H)吖啶酮（8）开始,端烯烃的铂催化硅氢化作用产生了三异丙酯硅氧烷改性的吖啶酮（9）.9与被取代的苯基格氏试剂的偶联,然后进行反离子交换就产生各种不同的9苯基吖啶盐衍生物（2－4）.
在9中的巨大的三异丙酯硅氧烷基团可以防止格氏试剂经受亲核取代作用而产生苯基硅氧烷副产物,22 以及被用于进一步衍生出固体的载体.
探测剂1－4的光分光特点可用紫外可见吸收和荧光发射来表征.探测剂1呈现出三个吸收带,分别出现在261nm（ε＝64 900M－1cm－1）、360nm（ε＝15 070M－1cm－1）和419nm（ε＝4060M－1cm－1）；蓝绿色的荧光在CH3CN中出现在495nm处.在CH2Cl2中探测剂2、3、4的最长波长,由于甲氧基苯基环（电子供体基团）与吖啶盐之间的电荷偏移过程而分别红偏到448、430和430nm（支持信息中的图S1）.23 探测剂2和3在536附近显示了黄色的荧光,而2比3显示了高出16倍的荧光光强,与此同时,4的荧光很难看出.

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1.
This summer holiday,I made a good friend --- Robinson though ‘ROBINSON CRUSOE’. ‘ROBINSON CRUSOE’is a classical masterpiece which attracted me very much,and brought me much enlightenmet.I really lerned a lot of things from the eternal opus.
The ‘ROBINSON CRUSOE’have been authored by famouse English writer---Defoe. It’s about dramatis personae Robinson who met a frightful wind while he sailed on the sea. He was the only survinal, but he drifted to a uninhabited island. He bravely struggled, industriously worked and combated with barbarians. Robinson lived alone on the island for 28 years. He experienced many difficulties and dangers.
Robinson was a great person, he conquered countless and unimaginable hardships. If I stayed on a lonely island, I absolutely couldn’t vanquish dangers. I maybe would lose confidence for life. I respect Robinson very much, he is a real hero in my heart.
He lived on the island for about 30 years without any food, tool or habitation. He must depend by himself. Robinson wasn’t afraid of hardships, he had the fortitude spirit .He was brave in adventure and was good at labor. He used his head and hands to struggle all the time. I admire his courge very much, because these were not easy, work at all.
In fact, we also need the spirit of being undefeatalle indefatigable
Like Robinson. If we believe in ourselves, never give up and do we best, we must be successful!
Robinson was a great miracle, he achieved mumerous. ‘impossible things’. ‘Robinson Crusoe’ was an immortal novel, because it gave us a courageous, intrepidity, diligent, indefatigable and wise ordinany person, a vanquish nature, a hero who exploited nature. The book is a really excellent adventuresome novel,
There is no perfect life in the world, but we can change our fate. If we have confidences and work hard, we absolute will be victorious, and the most important thing is ‘Never give up’!
2.
Robinson Crusoe, the narrator of the story, tells us that he was born in 1632 in the city of York, England. His father, a German immigrant, married a woman whose name was Robinson, and his real name was Robinson Kreutznaer, but due to the natural corruption of languages, the family now writes their name "Crusoe." He was the third son; his oldest brother was killed in a war, and the next son simply disappeared.
When Robinson Crusoe first had an urge to go to sea, his father lectured him upon the importance of staying home and being content with his "middle station" in life. His father maintained that the "middle station had the fewest disasters and was not exposed to so many vicissitudes as the higher or lower part of mankind." After his father expressly forbade him to go to sea, and, furthermore, promised to do good things for him if he stayed home, for another whole year, Robinson Crusoe stayed at home, but he constantly thought of adventures upon the high sea. He tried to enlist the aid of his mother, pointing out that he was now eighteen years old and if he did not like the sea, he could work diligently and make up for the time he might lose while at sea. She refused to help him, even though she did report his strong feelings to her husband.
When Robinson was nineteen, on the first of September, in 1651, he joined a friend on a ship bound for London, without consulting either his father or mother. Almost immediately, "the wind began to blow, and the sea to rise in a most frightful manner." Robinson Crusoe, who had never been to sea before, saw this as a sign that he was justly "overtaken by the judgement of Heaven" for his wicked leaving of his father's house without letting anyone know. He was so frightened that he made the promise: "If it would please God here to spare my life in this one voyage, if ever I got once my foot upon dry land again, I would go directly home to my father, and never set it into a ship again while I lived." The wind soon abated, and the next morning the sea was so calm and so beautiful that he entirely forgot the vows and promises that he had made in his distress, and joined the other sailors in a drinking bout.
As they neared a place called Yarmouth Roads, the winds ceased to blow and thus they were stilled for eight days, and when the winds did begin to blow, the ship immediately encountered a storm much more violent than the earlier one. Even the most experienced sailors were down on their knees praying. The storm continued with such fury that the seamen acknowledged that they had never known a worse one.
When the boat sprung a leak, Robinson was ordered below to help pump the water. It soon became apparent that they would not be able to save the ship and the captain fired several volleys of distress signals. A lighter ship in the vicinity made it up to their ship and was able to take the crew away from the sinking ship, which foundered soon after they left.
The crew finally got to shore, where Robinson Crusoe met his friend's father, who owned the ship. When the captain heard Robinson Crusoe's story, he felt strongly that it was the "hand of Providence" instructing Robinson Crusoe never to go to sea any more. He told the young man: "You ought to take this for a plain and visible token that you are not to be a seafaring man." He even wondered if he had done something wrong that such a person as Robinson Crusoe should "come onto his ship," and he warned Crusoe again that "you will meet with nothing but disasters and disappointments" if he did not go back to his father's house.
鲁滨孙出身于一个体面的商人家庭,渴望航海,一心想去海外见识一番.他瞒着父亲出海,第一次航行就遇到大风浪,船只沉没,他好不容易才逃出性命.第二次出海到非洲经商,赚了一笔钱.第三次又遭不幸,被摩尔人俘获,当了奴隶.后来他划了主人的小船逃跑,途中被一艘葡萄牙货船救起.船到巴西后,他在那里买下一个庄园,做了庄园主.他不甘心于这样的发财致富,又再次出海,到非洲贩卖奴隶.
船在途中遇到风暴触礁,船上水手、乘客全部遇难,唯有鲁滨孙幸存,只身飘流到一个杳无人烟的孤岛上.他用沉船的桅杆做了木筏,一次又一次地把船上的食物、衣服、枪支弹药、工具等运到岸上,并在小山边搭起帐篷定居下来.接着他用削尖的木桩在帐篷周围围上栅栏,在帐篷后挖洞居住.他用简单的工具制作桌、椅等家具,猎野味为食,饮溪里的水,度过了最初遇到的困难.
他开始在岛上种植大麦和稻子,自制木臼、木杵、筛子,加工面粉,烘出了粗糙的面包.他捕捉并驯养野山羊,让其繁殖.他还制作陶器等等,保证了自己的生活需要.虽然这样,鲁滨孙一直没有放弃寻找离开孤岛的办法.他砍倒一棵大树,花了五六个月的时间做成了一只独木舟,但船实在太重,无法拖下海去,只好前功尽弃,重新另造一只小的.
鲁滨孙在岛上独自生活了17年后,一天,他发现岛边海岸上都是人骨,生过火,原来外岛的一群野人曾在这里举行过人肉宴.鲁滨孙惊愕万分.此后他便一直保持警惕,更加留心周围的事物.直到第24年,岛上又来了一群野人,带着准备杀死、吃掉的俘虏.
鲁滨孙发现后,救出了其中的一个.鲁滨孙把被救的土人取名为“星期五”.此后, “星期五”成了鲁滨孙忠实的仆人和朋友.接着,鲁滨孙带着“星期五”救出了一个西 班牙人和“星期五”的父亲.不久有条英国船在岛附近停泊,船上水手闹事,把船长等 三人抛弃在岛上,鲁滨孙与“星期五”帮助船长制服了那帮水手,夺回了船只.他把那 帮水手留在岛上,自己带着“星期五”和船长等离开荒岛回到英国.此时鲁滨孙已离家 35年.他在英国结了婚,生了三个孩子.妻子死后,鲁滨孙又一次出海经商,路经他住 过的荒岛,这时留在岛上的水手和西班牙人都已安家繁衍生息.鲁滨孙又送去新的移民, 将岛上的土地分给他们,并留给他们各种日用必需品,满意地离开了小岛.

也是那个变态老师!杯具,怎么会想到1905的!

你好这位朋友：
你一共列举了8篇需要的文献,我找来找去也只能找到其中6篇,你可以到这里打包下载：
http://pan.baidu.com/s/1hq7Vkk0
（资源有时限,请尽快访问.）
我没能找到的两篇文献,题目分别是：
1 - Comparison of Prednisolone Acetate and Loteprednol Etabonate for the Treatment of Benzalkonium Chloride-Induced Dry Eye Syndrome in Rats
2 - Effect of Hypotonic 0.18% Sodium Hyaluronate Eyedrops on Inflammation of the Ocular Surface in Experimental Dry Eye
希望对你有帮助 :-)

找到了
1.Barbeau W E,Kinsella JE.Factors affecting the binding of
chlorogenic acid to fraction 1 leaf protein.J.Agr.Food Chem.1983,31:993
2.Lowe RH.Crystallization of fraction I p ro tein from tobacco by a simplified procedure.FEBS letters.1977,78:98～100
发给 你

林语堂的《蘇东坡传》怎麼样.先生先写的英文版然後自己翻译成中文版的.

Respiratory Inorganics: Represents the respiratory health risks of inorganic particles released into the air from each sector (kg PM2.5 equivalent). Values obtained from Eco-Indicator 99.
这是所释放的有毒物质中的一类,PM2.5是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物.每千克中的PM2.5超过一定数量,就会对人的呼吸系统造成危害.
所以Respiratory Inorganics就是指空气中的无机粉尘（主要是PM2.5）

“Et al.” is a scholarly abbreviation of the Latin phrase et alia, which means “and others.”
Beyenal应该是人名,指Beyenal等人是这本书的作者,2000年出版一类的.

2、 分类法在检索中的利用优势?分类法的优势是比主题法有更大的容量,内容更有针对性、更具学术性、符合研究人员的要求.在进行文献检索时可以很方便地检索到某一学科的相关文献. 4、何谓检索语言?简述分类语言与主题语言各自的优缺点?检索语言,又称为标引语言、索引语言、文献检索语言、信息存贮与检索语言等.检索语言是应文献信息的加工、存储和检索的共同需要而发展起来的专门语言,它是表达概括文献信息内容和检索课题内容的概念及其相互关系的一种概念标识系统.文献信息检索人员使用检索语言表达检索课题,检索语言在文献信息、文献信息标引人员和信息用户之间起桥梁的作用,它有助于准确、全面、迅速地从检索系统中获得所需要的文献信息.分类语言的优点是便于人们按学科和专业系统地进行文献检索,查全率较高,便于组织图书资料的排架等.分类语言的缺点是检索者必须了解课题的相关学科体系,方能顺利地找到相关类目,否则,易产生误差,造成误检；分类表的结构是固定的,不便于随时修订和增设新的类目,难以及时反映新兴学科及边缘学科的内容.主题语言具有直观、专指性好、使用灵活、适合计算机检索等优点,是文献处理中的主要标引方法.主题语言的缺点是正确反映文献内容很大程度上取决于标引人员的水平、能力和认真程度.而且容易将学科体系分散.总之分类语言和主题语言的优点和互补.5、检索算符一般有哪几种?说明它们各自的使用方法?检索算符包括（1）布尔算符（2）截词检索符 （3）限制检索符（4）位置逻辑检索符（5）加权检索关于他们的用法参考： http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/127021448.html6、指示性工具书和参考工具书的相同点和不同点?指示性工具书也叫做检索性工具书.检索工具书和参考工具书既有区别,又有共同之处.区别在于检索工具书只是用来进行文献检索,提供给读者的是一条条有关的文献线索,人们还要根据这些线索才能找到原文,而参考工具书可以提供给读者的是具体的数据和事实.共同之处在于它们的内容都是高度浓缩的,正文和索引按一定的顺序进行编排,都是用于查寻而不是系统阅读的. 论述题有图,所以请打开： http://wendang.baidu.com/view/64e13169a45177232f60a2cf.html下载1、举例说明查找相关文献的过程,要求必须有具体的例子,而且要和专业相关?文献的检索步骤是：1.>．分析检索课题,明确检索要求2．>选择检索工具,确定检索方法3．>选择检索途径,确定检索标识4．>具体查找文献线索；5．>索取原始文献.下面我们来查找与信息检索课题相关的文献.步骤一：明确检索课题的主题是信息检索,并确定检索词“信息检索”或者“文献检索”步骤二：我们选择读秀学术搜索,并确定检索方法为常规法.步骤三：确定检索途径为主题途径,并选择文献类型为图书,检索标识为“信息检索”.步骤四：查找文献步骤五：获取文献 2、数据库中的主题检索与我们常用的关键词检索在本质上有什么不同,请通过某一个数据库来进行说明? 我们在文献检索时,通常都是使用关键词进行检索.这种关键词是未经规范化的自然语言语词,这种关键词由于受限制比较小,所以检索比较灵活,检索范围比较广.而在数据库中的主题检索所使用的主题词则是规范化了的自然语言语词,在进行文献检索时,检索到的文献往往比较准确,但是检索范围受到限制.数据库中的主题检索与我们常用的关键词检索在本质的区别在于规范化与不规范化.但是在一定程度上,未经规范化的自然语言语词可以转化为规范化了的自然语言语词.

同源四聚体的

H2O2
过氧化氢,即双氧水.

In recent years,appeared in large numbers on this research literature shows that there is a variety of corticosterone in hippocampal neurons for the mechanism of the toxicity point of view,as well as ...

7.4×10^2 L·mol-1

C

我介绍你一本书吧：汪家政,范明.编《蛋白质技术手册》,研究蛋白质必用手册

这个估计需要自己搜索了!
网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的!
我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库：
----------------------------------------------------------
⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
⑵Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
⑶EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会
⑷ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会
⑸Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库
⑹Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书
⑺ProQuest学位论文全文数据库
⑻国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库
⑼推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
-----------------------------------------------------------
中文翻译得自己做了,实在不成就谷歌翻译.
弄完之后,自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦!
学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的!
外文翻译不是论文的主要内容!
所以,很容易过去的!

大部分期刊上发表的文章和在科技会议上发表的论文均属一次文献.x0d二次文献(secondary document)：是指文献工作者对一次文献进行加工、提炼和压缩之后所得到的产物,是为了便于管理和利用一次文献而编辑、出版和累积起来的工具性文献.检索工具书和网上检索引擎是典型的二次文献.x0d三次文献(tertiary document)：是指对有关的一次文献和二次文献进行广泛深入的分析研究综合概括而成的产物.如大百科全书、辞典等.x0d也有研究者在以上分类基础上再加上零次文献,它是指未经过任何加工的原始文献,如实验记录、手稿、原始录音、原始录像、谈话记录等.零次文献在原始文献的保存、原始数据的核对、原始构思的核定(权利人)等方面有着重要的作用.

最保险的做法就是重新手打一遍,这样就不会有毛病了,我做毕业论文时都是手打的,可以避免许多不该出现的问题

（1）分析题中克隆过程可知，克隆技术没有经过精子和卵细胞的结合，属于无性生殖．
（2）由图示可以看出：A羊提供了去核卵细胞；B羊提供了乳腺细胞核；C羊提供了子宫，即胚胎发育的场所．细胞核是遗传性和细胞代谢活动的控制中心．遗传物质能经复制后传给子代，同时遗传物质还必须将其控制的生物性状特征表现出来，这些遗传物质绝大部分都存在于细胞核中．“多莉”体内的遗传物质来自于B羊．所以其性状像B羊．
（3）细胞核是遗传的控制中心，它里面含有遗传物质，能够传递遗传信息．因此生物体建造自己生命大厦的蓝图储存在细胞核内．
故答案为：（1）没有经过精子和卵细胞的结合；
（2）B；
（3）遗传信息主要存在于细胞核中．

这个要翻译呀,还真不是我会的哦

Pr consciousness

Abstract— In recent years there have been an increasing number of research groups that have begun to develop multi-chip address-event systems.The communication protocol used to transmit signals between these systems’ components is based on the Address-Event Representation (AER).It is therefore important to have access to robust and reliable AER communication infrastructures for streamlining the systems’ development and prototyping stages.
We propose an AER communication infrastructure that can be easily interfaced to workstations or laptops during a prototyping phase,and that can be embedded into compact and low-cost systems in the application phase.The infrastructure proposed uses a novel serial AER interface with flow-control,overcomes many of the drawbacks observed with previous solutions,and can achieve event rates of up to 78.125MHz for 32bit AEs.
摘要 – 近年来,已涉足研发多芯片AE系统的研究小组日益增多.这些系统元件之间传输信号所使用的通信协议是基于AER.为了提高这些系统在开发和成型阶段的效率,能获得坚实耐用和可靠性强的AER通信基础设备显得尤为重要.
我们推荐一种在其原型开发期间易于连接至工作站或者笔记本电脑,而且在使用期可以嵌入到小巧和低价系统的AER通信基础设备.这基础设备使用的是一种新颖的,可控流量的连续AER接口,它克服了以前的解决方案所遭遇的难题,而且,以32位的AE为例,其事件率可达78.125MHz.
I.x05INTRODUCTION
In recent years a new class of distributed multi-chip neuromorphic systems have emerged,e.g.[1]–[4].These systems are typically composed of one or more neuromorphic sensors (e.g.[5],[6]),tional architectures,often based on networks of silicon neurons and synapses e.g.[7],and potentially of interfaces to robotic actuators for implementing real-time sensory-processing behaving systems.
1.x05概论
近年来出现了一种新类的分布式多芯片神经形态系统,例1]–[4].这些系统通常是由一个或多个神经传感器组成,例[5],[6].（此句不全）,经常是基于硅神经元与突触网络,例 [7],而且可能连接至机器人驱动器,以执行实时感官行为处理系统.,
A.The Address-Event Representation
Multiple research groups are developing a wide variety of multi-chip neuromorphic systems in parallel.The characteristic that all these systems have in common is the data representation and the communication protocol used.Each component in these systems can receive and transmit information using the Address-Event Representation (AER) [8],[9] communication protocol.In this representation,input and output signals are real-time digital events that carry analog information in their temporal relationships (inter-spike intervals).Each event is represented by a binary word encoding the address of the sending node.Output signals of sending elements are converted into streams of Address-Events ( e.g.using pulse-frequency modulation in the case of silicon neurons),and multiplexed onto an asynchronous digital bus.
A.AER
多个研究小组正在研发多种多样的并联多芯片神经形态系统.这些系统的共同特点是数据的表示方式和使用的通信协议.这些系统的每个元件能够利用AER通信协议[8],[9]来收发信息；所输入或输出的信号都是在它们的时态关系中传送模拟信息的实时数字事件（神经元放电间隔）.
每个事件是以一个二进制字把发送地址译为编码来表示.元件发送的输出信号被转换为AE信息流 （例：硅神经元所使用的是脉冲频率调制）,然后多路复用至异步数字总线.
【英语牛人团】高难度,要加分哟!

α波的光谱依赖曲线……可能是……ZnO薄膜和这个有什么关系……
可能这么翻译……
经共面蒸发形成的铝电极被证实符合欧姆行为.
α波的光谱依赖曲线表现为两个区域：一个在高光子能量区,符合幂次定律,另一个在较低能量区,符合指数分布.

一个字一块钱 交钱

Brand Loyalty
Nancy Giddens,Agricultural Extension Value Added Marketing Specialist,Missouri Value-added Development Center,University of Missouri; and Amanda Hofmann,Student Research Assistant
Brand loyalty is the ultimate goal a company sets for a branded product.In previous articles,the definition and importance of branded were discussed,as well as necessary steps needed to brand a product.This article focuses on brand loyalty,its importance to a company,and steps necessary to convert to and maintain brand loyalty.
What is Brand Loyalty?
Brand loyalty is a consumer’s preference to buy a particular brand in a product category.It occurs because consumers perceive that the brand offers the right product features,images,or level of quality at the right price.This perception becomes the foundation for a new buying habit.Basically,consumers initially will make a trial purchase of the brand and,after satisfaction,tend to form habits and continue purchasing the same brand because the product is safe and familiar.
Brand loyalists have the following mindset:
“I am committed to this brand.”
“I am willing to pay a higher price for this brand over other brands.”
“I will recommend this brand to others.”
Why is Brand Loyalty Important to the Bottom Line?
There are three main reasons why brand loyalty is important:
Higher Sales Volume - The average United States company loses half of its customers every five years,equating to a 13% annual loss of customers.This statistic illustrates the challenges companies face when trying to grow in competitive environments.Achieving even 1% annual growth requires increasing sales to customers,both existing and new,by 14%.Reducing customer loss can dramatically improve business growth and brand loyalty,which leads to consistent and even greater sales since the same brand is purchased repeatedly.
Premium Pricing Ability - Studies show that as brand loyalty increases,consumers are less sensitive to price changes.Generally,they are willing to pay more for their preferred brand because they perceive some unique value in the brand that other alternatives do not provide.Additionally,brand loyalists buy less frequently on cents-off deals - these promotions only subsidize planned purchases.
Retain Rather than Seek - Brand loyalists are willing to search for their favorite brand and are less sensitive to competitive promotions.The result is lower costs for advertising,marketing and distribution.Specifically,it costs four to six times as much to attract a new customer as it does to retain an old one.
What is the Process to Create and Maintain Brand Loyalty?
Favorable brand attitudes are the determinants of brand loyalty - consumers must like the product in order to develop loyalty to it.In order to convert occasional purchasers into brand loyalists,habits must be reinforced.Consumers must be reminded of the value of their purchase and encouraged to continue purchasing the product in the future.
To encourage repeat purchases,advertisement before and after the sale is critical.In addition to creating awareness and promoting initial purchases,advertising shapes and reinforces consumer attitudes so these attitudes mature into beliefs,which need to be reinforced until they develop into loyalty.For example,the most avid readers of a travel ad are those who just returned from the destination.Ads reinforce a traveler’s perception and behavior.Remember,it is easier to reinforce behaviors than to change them and the sale is just the beginning of an opportunity to turn the purchaser into a loyalist.
A few more points to keep in mind…
Develop an unbeatable product - if you want to keep customers,make sure they can get what they want from your product.
Give customers an incentive to repeat-purchase - chance to win a prize,gift with a certain number of proofs of purchase,in-pack discount coupon,etc.
Stand behind your product - if customers don’t trust the product,they won’t purchase it again.
Know your trophy customers and treat them best of all - remember the rule that 80% of sales will come from the top 20% of customers.
Make it easier to buy your brand than competing brands - availability and simplicity are keys in today’s high-speed world.Customers appreciate convenience more than ever.
Go to your customers - bring the product to customers when possible.
Become a customer service champion - seek to serve the customer and they will repeat-purchase…again and again!

A

这个表示没有错,但近年来用M表示mol/l 的少了

Mulberry Red Pigment for the widespread nature of natural pigments, edible medicine dual. This paper reviewed the research literature mulberry red pigment, red pigment on mulberry physical and chemical properties, extraction and pharmacological effects of the research literature were reviewed in-depth study of the pigment to provide a theoretical reference.

本研究例举了来自新加坡非房地产行业的75个财团公司的案例.案例中的每一家公司,我们都将从四个表现纬度来评估比较：中期回报；标准偏差（代表所有风险）；随时间变化的系统性风险（β）和詹森复合、商业回报异常指数.复合回报系列指数考虑了房地产业对资本市场的影响.而商业回报系列指数则是通过移除复合回报指数中房地产业的影响推导论证的.我们利用摩根斯坦利世界资本指数来代表“市场”,从而可以推导出名义回报和实际回报（考虑通货膨胀的因素）.有证据显示CRE资产所有制会导致低回报、高风险、更高的系统风险和更低的异常回报.此外,股票市场的低迷和负面表现对CRE的影响似乎与之对来自七个行业的非房地产公司和不同PAI%组合的影响是一致的.这些结论适用于CRE的两种供选择表现的检测分析,即纯粹的地产股票市场指数和办公写字楼市场指数.
外行翻译,轻拍哈,

Synthesis of the degradation product of auromomycin chromophore and DNA-cleaving activities of its derivatives
Original Research Article
采纳后继续提问.

大气湍流: 激光束通过湍流大气传输时,由于湍流大气中折射率的随机不均匀分布,其强度、相位和传输方向会受到扰动而出现随机变化,变化情况与激光束宽w,和湍流尺度l的相对大小有关；当2w/l1时,光束截面内包含许多湍流漩涡,引起光束强度起伏、相位起伏和光束扩展.记在弱湍流下,折射率改变很小,但由于存在大量的不均匀元,以致在一定距离之外,积累效应就十分显著,包括光束漂移、光束扩展、到达角起伏、大气闪烁等.

实验合理,对照实验的要求,不错

英文
读HISTORY下面的文章
中文

这里的结构包含了形成包装材料内部结构的分子链的所有结构.
很绕人啊,这句话.