surrounding的用法这不是个adj或者n吗为什么会有there was lace surrounding the

Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration,publicizing performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.
请讲一下increases in a lump sum这一部分在句子中的成分,及相关语法.是定语从句吗,如果不是的话是什么,如果是的话为什么没有先行词,.句子的其他部分先不用管

英语阅读.（2-1）
The air surrounding us is important to everyone.Without air,we could not exist.Everyone understands that.But air is necessary in many other ways—ways that are not always so obvious or widely known.
For example,if we did not have air,there would be no sound.Sound travels through air.Where there is no air,there is no sound.Without air,there would be no fire.There would be no automobiles,since motors need air in order to operate.
Without air,there would be no wind or clouds.There would be no weather,as we know it.The night time would be very cold and the days very hot.We would be forced to seek shelter from the sun,as there would be no atmosphere to protect us from the sun’s deadly rays.
The atmosphere is all the air surrounding the earth.Atmospheric pressure is the weight of all that air against the surface of the earth.If we did not have atmospheric pressure,we could not have automobile tires.The tires would swell or burst if they did not have the pressure of the atmosphere against their surfaces.
Large and powerful,the atmosphere consists of an ocean of gases hundreds of miles high.It presses down on our bodies with a force of more than fourteen pounds per square inch.The narrow column of air which rests upon our shoulders weighs almost 2,000 pounds.But our bodies are built in such a way that its weight does not crush us.
In this huge ocean of air there is more energy than in all the coal,oil,and gas we have on earth.Electrical energy is collected in the atmosphere as water is collected and stored in a dam.The existence of electricity in the air has been known for centuries.Men have gazed in wonder at the bright patterns of lightning in storm clouds.But a thorough study of electricity in the atmosphere was not possible until the development of radio and radar.
One scientist,Dr.Sydney Chapman,has tried to explain the electric field which surrounds the earth.He believes that the great storms on the sun create large amounts of electric energy.This energy is contained in a very light gas called hydrogen.The earth pulls the gas toward it,and a ring is formed around the earth several thousand feet above its surface.The great space ring is a powerful current of electrical energy.Sometimes the ring comes down and curves into the lower atmosphere,causing strange electrical effects.
Dr.Chapman’s ideas explain many things.It has long been known that there is an electric field inside the earth.It moves in much the same manner as the electric energy contained in the atmosphere.Scientists now believe that the electric energy in the atmosphere causes the electric energy inside the earth to flow.

在这里set
Two years later,the springs and surrounding area were set aside as Canada's first national park.

“环境”单词的区分（高中）
circumstance,situation,surrounding,environment
这4个单词都有环境方面的意思,要怎么区分啊?
会根据答案满意度追加悬赏!谢谢

1.The controversy surrounding the effects of modern farming methods on the rural landscape has created bitter conflict between farming and environment interests in recent years.
2.It was common practice then that when the store owners wanted to go on vacation,that simply closed up,
3.She picked up the receiver and,without so much as asking the caller to hold on,went off to tell jack that he was wanted on the phone.

英语语法问题
From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind.
这个句话书上说的是begin to spread her sails and catch the wind 是宾补,但是我感觉this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind做的是watched宾语,哪种说法对,如果this thing .the wind 想改成watched 的宾语怎么改

一道英文题求大神们解答..
the students were all surrounding their teacher in the front of the classroom,___ their books in their hands. （ ）
a. all off them held
b.all were holding
c.all of whom holding
d.all holding
答案要有说明...

英语中意思为环境的几个单词,比如environment,surrounding,circumstance,除了这几个还有些什么.他们有什么区别?

Eliminating the secrecy surrounding pay by openly communicating everyone's remuneration,publicizing performance bonuses and allocating annual salary increases in a lump sum rather than spreading them out over an entire year are examples of actions that will make rewards more rewards more visible and potentially more motivating.
请讲一下increases in a lump sum这一部分在句子中的成分,及相关语法.是定语从句吗,如果不是的话是什么,如果是的话为什么没有先行词,.increases是动词还是名词.句子的其他部分先不用管

surrounding是什么词性什么意思呢?理解不了,
Some of the concerns / surrounding Turkey's application to join the European Union,(主语补足语)/ to be voted on by the EU's Council of ministers on Dec 17th,（定语,修饰some of the concerns） / are economic——(整句的谓语部分)/ in particular,the country's relative poverty （补语,补充说明economic）.

这个句子中的surrounding怎么理解?是现在分词做后置定语吗?
there was sometimes a kind of horrible exclusivity surrounding discussions of reading,

environment,surrounding,circumstunce的区别,要具体点的,
要有例句。
要有例句。
要有例句。
要有例句。
要有例句。
要有例句。

英语翻译
原文：The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow,which fed two streams plunging down to join in the valley below.

英语翻译
We'are often misled by the complaints surrounding difficult work; deep down most people regard their own capacity to conquer the tough job as the mark of their own unique personality.
就以上这句话,
1、这里为什么要用surrouding,有其它更合适的词代替吗?
2、deep down
3、regard
4、最重要的一点,“解决问题的能力”为什么会是“个性的标志”,我觉得是驴唇不对马嘴,是我语文不好还是英语中就应该这么表达?如果是英文就这么表达,那我怎么才能理解类似的语句?

英语翻译
The circumstances surrounding the birth of a female infant in Kosciusko.

there are clear and undutiful conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.

(2013·江西南昌一模)As ______ mountains surrounding our village are turning much greener, they have become ________ home to a large number of wild animals. A．the; / B．the; a C．/; a D．the; the

翻译以下单词和短语并完成句子。

1. surrounding adj. ______ 2. surroundings n. ( pl. ) ______ 3. be surrounded with/by..._____ 4. in a surrounding area_____ 5. be situated/located in very pleasant surroundings_____ 6. The Sichuan Basin____three sides on high mountains. 四川盆地三面都是高山. 7. The peasants are allowed to cultivate___. 允许农民耕种周围的土地. 8. Animals in a zoo are not living in ____. 动物园里的动物们不是生活在自然环境之中.

Using the key below insert the sum of the values surrounding each of the let
7 7 5 3 t
3 z 3 7 5
3 7 5 w 7
7 5 3 5 3

求英语高手帮忙
On a hill 600 feet above the surrounding land这句话是什么意思啊 还有600 feet的feet怎么不是复数
还有那句话的意思呢？

Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the "what do I do with myself?" quertion.
退休经常会带来诸如“我该怎么生活下去”的问题
请问many应该算是修饰那个词的啊?我觉得像是修饰surrounding的,这样的话合理吗?因为surrounding是个单数形式,要么就是不可数的名词.

circumstance 和surrounding的区别
这两个词看汉语解释我都搞不清楚,

He liked the_____villages.A:surrounding B:surround C:surrounded D:surroundings
选哪个？为什么？

向日葵围绕着太阳是sunflower are surrounding by sunshine 还是sunshine are surronding by sunflower还是 sunflower surrongding by sunshine 还是 sunshine surrounding by sunflower喔好晕哦!

英语翻译
Take an ordinary thing in your surrounding (it could be food,clothes or anything else in your daily life).You now know that there are several stages in its life cycle.Try to identify an environmental improvement for the different stages (design,production/construction,use and end-of-life-management).