索绪尔的语言学共性是什么?

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) was a Swiss linguist who occupies an important place in the history of linguistics.He was the pivotal figure in the transition from the 19th to 20th century,and is generally considered the founder of modern linguistics.He has laid the foudation for Constructivism of modern linguistics and put forward the concept of Langue and Parole from the sociological point of view.
His students collected and edited their notes and published his Courses in General Linguistic (Cours de Linguistique Generale) in 1916,three years after his death.Its influence has been unparalleled in European linguistics since then,and it has had a major formative role to play in the shaping of linguistic thought in Europe over the thirty years or so which followed its publication.This book became the most important source of Saussure's ideas and of his influence upon succeeding generations of linguists.
Jonathan Culler (1976) says,“Ferdinand de Saussure is the father of modern linguistics,the man who reorganized the systematic study of language and language in such a way as to make possible the achievements of twentieth-century linguists.This alone would make him a Modern Master:master of a discipline which he made modern."

索绪尔也被尊为现代语言学之父.
索绪尔第一个注意到语言的复杂性.他认为语言是一个符号系统,为了交流思想,符号必须是整个符号系统的一部分,并且被称作"惯例".索绪尔不认为符号是"能指"和"所指"的联合.
通过给与语言相关的各方面问题提出答案,索绪尔使得语言研究的对象越来越清晰,并且使之成为一门科学.他的关于语言符号的任意性和语言单位的相关性的思想,以及对"语言"和"言语"的区分、对"历时"和"共时"的区分等等,把语言学研究推进到一个崭新的阶段.

这问题.你得找大学教授回答你

影响人类的文明的三大思想依次是哥白尼的日心说,达尔文的进化论和弗洛伊德的精神分析!

.“能指”和“所指”都是索绪尔语言学的术语.索绪尔认为,任何语言符号是由“能指”和“所指”构成的,“能指”指语言的声音形象,“所指”指语言所反映的事物的概念.比如英语的“tree”这个单词,它的发音就是它的“能指”,而“树”的概念就是“所指”.“能指”和“所指”是不可分割的,就像一个硬币的两面；但是,索绪尔认为,某个特定的能指和某个特定的所指的联系不是必然的,而是约定俗成的.比如在“树”这个词中,树的概念和“树”的特定发音不是必然结合在一起的,“树”在英文中的读音和在法文、拉丁文中的读音明显不同,但却都能表达了“树”的意思.这就是符号的任意性原理.符号的任意性原则是索绪尔语言学的一条重要原则,它支配着索绪尔的整个语言的语言学系统,是头等重要的.