may/can用法-Sir,_______I open the window There is so much smok

simply
KK:[]
DJ:[]
ad.
1.简单地,简易地;简明地
It's difficult to get interesting teaching materials simply written.
写得简单的有趣的教学材料是很难获得的.
2.简朴地,朴素地
My grandmother lived very simply.
我祖母生活非常简朴.
3.仅仅,只不过
4.纯粹地,完全地;简直
I simply can't believe it.
我简直不能相信这事儿.
5.坦白地,直率地,单纯地
only
KK:[]
DJ:[]
a.[B]
1.唯一的,仅有的
He is an only son.
他是独生子.
This is the only watch that I have.
这是我唯一的表.
2.最好的,最合适的,无可匹敌的
She is the only person for the job.
她是担任这个工作最合适的人选.
ad.
1.只,仅仅,才
At present we can only wait and see.
目前我们只好等等再说.
2.不料;反而,结果却
I walked all the way from home to the library,only to find it closed.
我从家里一路走到图书馆,不料已经关门了.
conj.
1.【口】可是,不过
You may come at any time,only you had better let me know beforehand.
你什么时候来都行,不过最好先告诉我一声.
2.要不是,若非[+(that)]
I'd have gone,only (that) it rained.
要不是下雨,我已经走了.
merely
KK:[]
DJ:[]
ad.
1.只是,仅仅,不过
That was merely a guess of mine.
那只是我的一种猜测.

would rather后接句子时,句子谓语习惯上要用虚拟语气,具体用法为：
1．一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望
I’d rather you went tomorrow (now).我宁愿你明天(现在)去.
I’d rather you came next Saturday.我宁愿你下星期六来.
I’d rather you were happy.我愿你快乐.
I’d rather she sat next to me.我宁愿她挨着我坐.
I’d rather Jack left on an earlier train.我宁愿杰克乘前一班火车走.
You always go without me and l’d rather you didn’t.你总是不带我去,我可不愿意你这样.
“Shall I open the window?” “I’d rather you didn’t.”“我要不要把窗子打开?” “我看不要打开好.”
2.用过去完成时表过去的愿望
I’d rather you hadn’t said it.我真希望你没有这样说过.
I’d rather you hadn’t done that.我宁愿你没这样做.
l’d rather you had been / hadn’t been present.我 (宁) 愿你当时在场 / 不在场.
l’d rather he had told / hadn’t told me about it 我 (宁) 愿他告诉了 / 未告诉我这件事.
Katie went by car and I’d rather she hadn’t.凯蒂是坐汽车去的,我宁愿地不坐汽车去.

B

独立主格
1独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词） +介词短语构成.
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.
2）名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系.
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开.
例如：The test finished,we began our holiday.= When the test was finished,we began our holiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假.
The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中.
Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许,我们明天去看你.
This done,we went home.工作完成后,我们才回家.
The meeting gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家.
He came into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的.
He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
2 with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语.例如：
He stood there,his hand raised.= He stood there,with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿.
典型例题
The murderer was brought in,with his hands ___ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied
答案D.with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构.当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导.由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词）,也不用复数.但 with 的复合结构不受此限制.例如：A robber burst into the room,knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀.
2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词.例如：
He lay there,his teeth set,his hand clenched,his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面.
典型例题：
Weather___,we”ll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B.本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句.句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句.能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构.据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为：名词+分词.由于permit在这里翻译为”天气允许”,表主动,应用现在分词,故选B.
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits,we”ll go out for a walk.然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可

secretive是形容词,和private 一起修饰后面的名词company

1、 地名的第一个字母要大写.
2、 姓名中姓和名第一个字母要大写.
3、 每个句子（或诗每行开头）的第一个字母要大写.
4、 凡是书名、文章标题、招牌、产品商标等,汉语拼音均要大写.

thank you.
你就可以说 with pleasure

ph试纸主要用来大致测量溶液酸碱度；
酚酞试剂主要用作酸碱滴定时的指示剂；
石蕊试纸主要用来辩别溶液的酸碱性.
PH是指使用方法：
1.检验溶液的性质：取一小块试纸在表面皿或玻璃片上,用沾有待测液的玻璃棒或胶头滴管点于试纸的中部,观察颜色的变化,判断溶液的性质.
2.检验气体的性质：先用蒸馏水把试纸润湿,粘在玻璃棒的一端,用玻璃棒把试纸靠近气体,观察颜色的变化,判断气体的性质.
3.注意：
（1）试纸不可直接伸入溶液.
（2）试纸不可接触试管口、瓶口、导管口等.
（3）测定溶液的pH时,试纸不可事先用蒸馏水润湿,因为润湿试纸相当于稀释被检验的溶液,这会导致测量不准确.正确的方法是用蘸有待测溶液的玻璃棒点滴在试纸的中部,待试纸变色后,再与标准比色卡比较来确定溶液的pH.
（4）取出试纸后,应将盛放试纸的容器盖严,以免被实验室的一些气体沾污.

cover something with something

see, hear, look,notice,watch,后接不带to 的动词不定式做宾补(用法同使役动词let,make,have),也可接现在分词做宾补.如：
I heard him singing/sing in the next room just now.我刚才听见他在隔壁唱歌.
接不定式表示动作全过程,接现在分词强调正在进行.
在被动语态中,要把to补上.如He was heard to sing in the next room just now.
顺便说一下,feel,taste,smell,seem.look等虽然表示感觉,但常用作系动词,后接形容词作表语.

few,是形容词,表示否定意义“很少的、几乎没有的”,用来修饰可数名词；a few,是形容词短语,表明数量概念“一些”,用来用来修饰可数名词；itttle也是形容词,表示否定意义“很少的、几乎没有的”,但用来修饰不可数名词,；a little是形容词短语,表明数量概念“一些”,用来修饰不可数名词.

副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构.
一、副词的位置：
1） 在动词之前.
2） 在be动词、助动词之后.
3） 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后.
注意：
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡.
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
b. 方式副词well,badly糟、坏,hard等只放在句尾.
He speaks English well.
二、副词的排列顺序：
1） 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后.
2） 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接.
Please write slowly and carefully.
3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词.
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词.
改错：(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可.
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
一定要和形容词结合才能分清副词的用法:
形容词和副词形容词和副词在语法结构中主要用于比较级和最高级.形容词和副词的构成形式基本上一样,它们的形式与单音节、双音节和多音节有关,当然还有其特殊形式.形容词和副词比较级的基本用法分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式.但这三种形式都有它们特殊的表达方式以及它们的惯用法.对以下要点大家须一一掌握.
第一节 形容词比较级和最高级的形式
一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成
形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下
构 成 法 原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级
① 一般单音节词末尾加?er 和 ?est strong stronger strongest
② 单音节词如果以?e结尾,只加?r 和?st strange stranger strangest
③ 闭音节单音节词如末尾只有 一个辅音字母,
须先双写这个辅音字母,再加?er和?est sad
big
hot sadder
bigger
hotter saddest
biggest
hottest
④ 少数以?y,?er(或?ure),?ow,?ble结尾的双音节词,
末尾加?er和?est(以?y结尾的词,如?y前是辅音字母,
把y变成i,再加?er和?est,以?e结尾的词仍
只加?r和?st) angry
clever
narrow
noble angrier
cleverer
narrower
nobler angrest
cleverest
narrowest
noblest
⑤ 其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different more
different most
different
1) The most high 〔A〕 mountain in 〔B〕 the world is Mount Everest, which is situated 〔C〕 in Nepal and is
twenty?nine thousand one hundred and fourty one feet high 〔D〕 .
2) This house is spaciouser 〔A〕 than that 〔B〕 white 〔C〕 one I bought in Rapid City, South Dakota 〔D〕 last year.
3) Research in the social 〔A〕 sciences often proves difficulter 〔B〕 than similar 〔C〕 work in the physical 〔D〕 sciences.
二、形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式：
1. 三个或三个以上音节的形容词只能加more和most
只能说 more beautiful而不能说beautifuller; 只能说the most beautiful而不能说beautifullest.
但是,以形容前缀?un结尾的三音节形容词不适合上述情况,如unhappy,untidy,我们可以说：unhappier→unhappiest, untidier→untidiest
2. 由?ING分词和?ED分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如know→known)只能加more或most来表示它们的比较级和最高级
more(most) striking, more(most) interesting, more(most) wounded, more(most)worn等.
4) The drawings 〔A〕 of the old masters 〔B〕 are among the treasuredest 〔C〕 works in museums 〔D〕 .
3. 英语里有些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较级形式
absolute fatal main right universal
chief final naked simulta- utter
entire foremost perfect neous vital
eternal inevitable possible sufficient whole
excellent infinite primary supreme wooden
三、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式
good
well better best
bad
ill worse worst
many
much more most
little
few less least
far farther farthest
further furthest
5) African elephants are larger, fiercer, and difficulter 〔A〕 to tame 〔B〕 than 〔C〕 Asian elephants 〔D〕 .
6) Sarah Hale became 〔A〕 one of the famousest 〔B〕 magazine 〔C〕 editors in the United States during 〔D〕 the 1800’s.
7) Of all 〔A〕 the Native American tribes 〔B〕 , the Shawnee Indians were 〔C〕 a most 〔D〕 transient.
四、例题解析
1) A错.应将“most high”改为highest.这是在考形容词比较级的构成形式.
2) A错.改为more spacious.
3) B错. 改为more difficult.
4) C错. treasured 在本句中是?ED分词(动词treasure ＋ed)作形容词使用,是“宝贵的、珍贵的”意思,修饰名词 works(作品),其最高级形式应用 the most treasured.
5) A错,改为more difficult.
6) B错.改为“the most famous”,因为famous(著名的)是双音节,其最高级变化应在前面加“the most”.
7) D错.应改为“the most”,因为此处表示的是最高级,“the most transient”意为“(延续时间)最短暂的”.
第二节 副词比较级和最高级的形式
副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样
一般 副词
hard→harder →hardest
fast→faster →fastest
late→later →latest
early→earlier →earliest
特殊 副词
well →better →best
much →more →most
badly →worse →worst
little →less →least 但是,开放类副词即以后缀?ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加?er或?est,如
quickly →more quickly →most quickly quietly →more quietly →most quietly
〔注〕： early中的?ly不是后缀,故可以把?y变?i再加?er和?est
第三节 形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法
一、原级比较的基本用法
1. 原级比较由“as＋形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)＋as ”构成“原级相同”比较句,表示两者比较；其否定式,即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) ＋形容词或副词＋as”,而且as…as结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰
1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .
〔A〕 to run for fifteen minutes
〔B〕 running for fifteen minutes
〔C〕 you run for fifteen minutes
〔D〕 fifteen?minute walking
2) The gorilla(大猩猩), while 〔A〕 not quite as curious than 〔B〕 the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), shows more persistence 〔C〕 and memory retention(记忆力) in solving 〔D〕 a problem.
3) Alaska is twice 〔A〕 as larger 〔B〕 as 〔C〕 the next largest 〔D〕 state, Texas.
2. “as (so)＋名词＋as＋名词”进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用so而不用as
4) Thomas Jefferson’s achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.
〔A〕 such
〔B〕 more
〔C〕 as
〔D〕 than
5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考题)
〔A〕 that
〔B〕 so
〔C〕 this
〔D〕 as
二、比较级
1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级＋than＋…,”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加…”.连词than后可接句子,也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、?ING结构和?ED结构,有时也可省去than.
6) Natural mica(云母) of 〔A〕 a superior 〔B〕 quality is cheapest 〔C〕 to obtain than synthetic 〔D〕 mica.
7) She is older than .
〔A〕 any other girl in the group
〔B〕 any girl in the group
〔C〕 all girls in the group
〔D〕 you and me as well as the group
8) Josephine McCrackin joined 〔A〕 the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late 〔B〕 , remained 〔C〕 active in journalistic 〔D〕 work.
2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致
9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .
〔A〕 ours
〔B〕 with us
〔C〕 for ours it had
〔D〕 it did for us
10) Sound travels air.
〔A〕 faster through water than through 〔B〕 faster than through water and
〔C〕 through water faster and〔D〕 where it is faster through water than through
11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout, one of Rembrand’s pupils, followed 〔A〕 the style of his teacher so implicitly that 〔B〕 his paintings 〔C〕 are sometimes confused with his master 〔D〕 .
三、最高级
1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是“定冠词＋形容词最高级＋名词＋表示范围的短语或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)
12) The more 〔A〕 fearsome of all the 〔B〕 animals in 〔C〕 the Western 〔D〕 Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.
13) Of all economic 〔A〕 problems, inflation continues to be 〔B〕 a 〔C〕 most significant in its daily impact on 〔D〕 people and business.
14) , the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.
〔A〕 All the activities
〔B〕 The activities
〔C〕 Of all the activities
〔D〕 It is the activities
2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the
四、例题解析
1) B为正确答案.
2) B错.改为 as ,和前面的as和形容词原形curious 一起构成同程度比较.
3) B错. 改为as large.
4) C对.动词rival(胜过、匹敌)前后是两个相比较的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(贡献),由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect,故空白处也应用as,使前后对比成分一致.
5) B为正确答案.
6) C错.应改为比较级cheaper.比较级后并不一定跟接连词than,有时在其间有名词或名词短语(被形容词所修饰),介词短语,不定式或其他成分隔开.
7) A为正确答案.“She”作为单个不能跟全组比(C和D不对),也不能跟全组所有相比,因为“她”也是其中一员,自然“她”不能跟自己相比.这里“She”比较的是“这组中的任何一个”,所以A对.
8) B错.应改为比较级later,因此处实为与1905年相比晚15年,故应使用比较级.
9) D为正确答案.
10) A为正确答案.
11) D错. 改为his master’s.
12) A错. 改为most.
13) C错.改为the, significant是多音节形容词,在此处应用最高级形式(在前面加 the most),注意句中的“of all… ”.
14) C为正确答案.本句空白处缺状语,A和B全为名词短语,不符合条件；D为句子,和空白后面的句子没有任何联系,故亦应排除.只有C正确,和后面的最高级the most familiar前后呼应.
第四节 形容词和副词的特殊表达法
一、形容词与副词的同级比较： 由“as(so)…as”引出,其否定式为“not so…”或“not as…as”,考生还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子
1. as such：表示上文所指明的事或人
He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待.
2. as much：表示“与…同量”
Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行.
I would gladly have paid twice as much for it. 就是价格再贵一倍,我也会愿意把它买下的.
He as much as admitted the whole story. 他几乎全部承认了.
3. as many：表示“与…一样多”
I found six mistakes in as many lines. 我在六行中发现了六个错.
二、表示“几倍于”的比较级：用twice (两倍),four times (四倍),ten times (十倍)加上as … as 结构
This one is four times as big as that one. 这个是那个的四倍大.(这个比那个大三倍.) / Our campus is three times as large as yours. 我们的校园比你们的大两倍. / He has books twice as many as she does. 他的书比她多一倍.
1) The five?year deal obligates 〔A〕 the country to buy nine million tons 〔B〕 of grain a year 〔C〕 , three million more as 〔D〕 the old pact’s minimum.
三、“the same ＋名词＋as”表示同等比较
2) The lens of a camera performs the lens of the eye.
〔A〕 in the same function 〔B〕 the same function as
〔C〕 the function is the same as 〔D〕 and has the same function
3) The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would
have as the amount of money borrowed.
〔A〕 as the same value 〔B〕 the same value
〔C〕 value as the same 〔D〕 the value is the same
四、比较级前可用a little, a bit, slightly, a great deal, a lot,many, much等词语表示不定量,far, completely,still表示程度或更进一步
4) There are now methods for studying color vision in infants than there once were.
〔A〕 more sophisticated than
〔B〕 much more sophisticated
〔C〕 much sophisticated
〔D〕 sophisticated
5) The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are than those taken from the Earth.
〔A〕 clearest
〔B〕 the clearest
〔C〕 much clearer
〔D〕 more clearer
6) Common porpoises(海豚) are usually not considered 〔A〕 migratory, although 〔B〕 some do move 〔C〕 to more warmer 〔D〕 waters in winter.
兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep与deeply
deep意思是"深",表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4) high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度,相当于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.

make sb.do sth.所以绝对不能加不定式.
但可以加my wife做宾补.
应该是这样

初中英语介词用法口诀
上午、晚要用in,at黎明、午夜、点与分.
年、月、年月、季节、周,阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in.
将来时态in...以后,小处at大处in.
有形with无形by,语言、单位、材料in.
特征、方面与方式,心情成语惯用in.
介词at和to表方向,攻击、位置、恶、善分.
日子、日期、年月日,星期加上早、午、晚,
收音、农场、值日on,关于、基础、靠、著论.
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假,故意、支付、相反,准.
特定时日和"一……就",on后常接动名词.
年、月、日加早、午、晚,of之前on代in.
步行、驴、马、玩笑on,cab,carriage则用in.
at山脚、门口、在当前,速、温、日落、价、核心.
工具、和、同随with,具有、独立、就、原因.
就……来说宾译主,对、有、方状、表细分.
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by,单数、人类know to man.
this、that、tomorrow,yesterday,next、last、one.
接年、月、季、星期、周,介词省略已习惯.
over、under正上下,above、below则不然,
若与数量词连用,混合使用亦无关.'
beyond超出、无、不能,against靠着,对与反.
besides,except分内外,among之内along沿.
同类比较except,加for异类记心间.
原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中,of、from物、化分.
before、after表一点,ago、later表一段.
before能接完成时,ago过去极有限.
since以来during间,since时态多变换.
与之相比beside,除了last but one.
复不定for、找、价、原,对、给、段、去、为、作、赞.
快到、对、向towards,工、学、军、城、北、上、南.
but for否定用虚拟,复合介词待后言.
ing型由于鉴,除了除外与包合.
之后、关于、在.方面,有关介词须记全.
in内to外表位置,山、水、国界to在前.

eye-opening
adj.令人瞠目的；使人开眼界的；有启发性的
The trip to Shanghai was eye-opening for the students,as they have never been to a big city before.
这些学生从未到过大城市,对他们来说上海之行真是大开眼界.

“独立主格结构”也叫“独立结构”,把复合句变成一个简单句.它与真正的句子的不同之处：句子要有谓语动词,而独立结构是“非谓语动词”,即,逻辑谓语,或其它词性,有以下种类：注：括号表示可以省略.
1) ing动词作逻辑谓语 （表示主动的含义）
e.g.The storm having damaged everything,many people became homeless.
John arriving home,Mary asked him to dine.
There being nothing to do,we played game.(there be)
Time permitting,I can finish in one hour.(If I am given enough time …)
2) ed 动词作逻辑谓语 (表示被动的含义)
e.g.He rushed into the room,his head (being) covered with snow.
All things (being) considered,he has done his best.
The job (being) finished,we went home straight away.
The first problem (being) solved,the second will be found easier.
The table (being) set,we began to dine.
So much money having been spent,we haven’t seen any good result.
3) 不定式动词做逻辑谓语 (表示将来的含义)
e.g.I now pay you half the sum,the other half to be paid next month.
The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the basic principle,the details to be worked out later.
4) “主系表”句型里的形容词或其它词性
e.g.The children were watching the acrobatic show,their eyes (being) wide open.
The weather (being) fine,we went out for a walk.
He sat there,his face (being) serious and his attention (being) steady.
5) 以上部分都可以在前面加用“with” “without”
e.g.
a) V-ing
With night coming on,we hurried home.
I read newspapers with the morning sun shining through the window.
Finally she came without anyone accompanying her.
I stole away without anyone noticing me.
b) V-ed
With the tree planted,we get tired.
With the tree grown,we get more shade.
They sat face to face,without a single word said.
He enjoyed listening to music with his eyes closed.
c) To-V
What is to become of Miss Hilary now,with her parents (being) gone so quickly,and with nobody to look after her?x09
D) 其它词性
He went away with the light (being) still on.
The little girl came to me,with eyes (being) red.

Bring作“带来”、“拿来”解； take是bring的对语,作“带去”、“拿去”解.例：
Next year you may bring your family over from England．明年你可以把你的家属从英国带来.
Why don't you bring your girl friend to the party?你为什么不把你的女友带来参加宴会?
Next time don't forget to brig me a copy of your work．下次不要忘了把一份您的作品带给我.
Please take these books to the library for me．请把这些书替我带到图书馆去.
Take the box away,please．请把盒子拿走.

i have been studying for two hours我已经学了两个小时了
现在完成进行时
妈妈回来的时候我在洗衣服
I was washing when my mother came home
过去进行时

后面加动词ing形式或者加名词,因为for是介词．

of(1)表示具有某种性质或状况(2)表示动作的对象或主体;for因为,由于.的缘故;with(1)和.在一起,和,同(2)带有,具有(3)表示伴随情况(4)因为,由于(5)用,以 你可以找些资料来具体看看例句

伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生,它的特点是：它所表达的动 作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的.
例如：
①He sat in the armchair,reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报.
②All night long he lay awake,thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着,思考着那个问题.
伴随状语的判断
The dog entered the room, following his master.一般在分词短语 （现在分词表主动 过去表被动）前有逗号的是伴随状语.
伴随状语出现的条件
由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态, 或 同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态.
伴随状语的逻辑主语
一般情况下必须是全句的生语,伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的.
伴随状语可以有以下几种表示方法：
一、使用分词形式 The dog entered the room, following his master(这条狗跟着主人进了屋). The master entered the room, followed by his dog(主人进了屋,后面跟着 他的狗).
二、用 with 复合结构 The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red(小女孩 们在玩雪,手都冻红了). The workers went out of work, talking and laughing all the way(工人们下 班了,一路有说有笑).
三、用独立主格结构 Last year I came here by climbing over the wall, sword in hand. The little boy goes to school, the little dog accompanying him every day(这小孩每天去上学,那条小狗陪伴着他).
四、用形容词 Crusoe went home, full of fear(克鲁索满怀恐惧地回家). Confident of the victory the players are fighting hard(运动员们对比赛夺胜 满怀信心奋力拼搏). The match will be broadcast live(这场比赛将作实况转播). He left home young and came back old(他少小离家老大回).
五、用名词 He went away a beggar but retuned a millionaire(他讨吃要饭离家,腰缠 万贯回归). He who had been twice prime minister of the country, died civilian(他曾两 度出任这个国家的总理,而死的时候却是一个平民).
六、用介词短语 The girl came back to her mother in tears.(这女孩眼泪汪汪地回到母亲身 边). How can you go to the wedding party in rags(你怎能衣衫褴褛地去参加婚 宴)? I went home out of breath(我上气不接下气地回家).
with 复合结构做伴随状语：
由“with ＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构,在句中可作状语,表示伴 随.这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副 词或介词短语等来充当.
例如： 1．With production up by 60％,the company has had another excellent year．产量增涨了 60％,公司又是一个盈利年. 2．He soon fell asleep with the candle still burning．蜡烛还亮着,他很 快就睡着了. 3． She sat there alone with her eyes filled with tears． 他独自一人坐在那 儿,眼里充满了泪水.

独立主格结构做伴随状语：
独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词（作为该短语结构的逻辑主语） , 加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语（作为该短语 结构的逻辑谓语）构成.该从属结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状 语从句.故独立主格结构也可做伴随状语.
例如： 1．Mr.．Smith flew to New York this morning,his assistant to join him there this Saturday．今天早上史密斯先生坐飞机去了美国,他的秘书 星期六和他在那儿见面. 2．He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head．他躺在 草地上,头枕双手. 3．He stood on the deck,pipe in mouth．他站在甲板上,嘴里叼着烟 斗.
分词短语做伴随状语：
现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语, 现在分词短语表示 与主句的主语在逻辑上有主谓关系,即表主动意义；而过去分词短语 则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系,即被动意义.
例如： 1．“Can't you read?”Mary said angrily pointing to the notice．玛丽生气 地指着通知说：“难道你不识字吗?” 2．He sent me an e-mail hoping to get further information．他给我发了 一封电子邮件,希望得到更多信息. 3．He hurried to the hall,followed by two guards．他匆忙进了大厅, 后面跟着两个警卫.
形容词短语做伴随状语：
形容词短语做伴随状语时,通常表状态.
例如： 1．Full of apologies,the manager approached us．经理向我们走来, 嘴里不停地说着抱歉的话. 2．He was too excited,unable to say a word．他太激动了,一句话也 说不出来. 3．He stared at the footprint,full of fear．他盯着脚印,满心恐惧.
单个形容词做伴随状语：
单个形容词做伴随状语也表示状态,不表动作.
例如： 1．He sat there,silent．他一声不响地坐在那儿. 2．Breathless,she rushed in throughthe back door．穿过后门,他气喘 吁吁地冲了进来. 3．He went to bed,coldand hungry．他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了其实分词做伴随状语就是分词做方式状语的一种,伴随是一种方式.大多情况下 其实方式状语从句都等于伴随状语从句. 只有在 just) as…so…结构中位于句首, 这时 as 从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体
伴随状语的特点是：
它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生 或存在的 1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别. 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主 动与被动关系的区别. 1）现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系 是主动关系. ）过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的 关系是被动关系.
比如 The teacher came in the classroom with handing a book in his hand. with handing 就是个例子 过去分词,现在分词 都可以做伴随状语,即在某件事情发生的时候相伴发生的 事情 这个句子 老师进入了教室,他是拿着本书进入教室的,在他进入教室的时 候他的手中有一本书（相伴）知道意思了吧.
做题的时候要注意区分什么时候使用过去分词和什么时候使用现在分词做伴随 状语.
一般的无非又几种情况：
过去分词表示一种完成了的 或者是被动意义的动作 分词作状语（关键找逻辑主语）
a)放在句首的分词往往看作时间状语 1 以及原因状语 2 1. Looking (when I looked) at the picture, I couldn't help missing my middle school days. 2.Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital. =As he was seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.
b)放在句中或句末常常看作为伴随状态(并列句) The girl was left alone in the room,weeping（crying ）bitterly. (但注意特殊：Generally/frankly speaking... / taken as a whole(总的来讲）不考 虑逻辑主语,看作为独立成分) C.difference between "being done"&"done" 1）being done---->"又被动,又进行” 2）done------->“又被动,又完成” 1）,2）均可作原因状语从句,而且更倾向于“done”,因为简单 eg.(being) deeply moved, she couldn't help crying. 但作条件(a),伴随状语只能用(b)2）,不能用 1） eg.(a)Once seen, it can't be forgotten./If asked so many questions, Mary's face will turn red. (b)she watched all the gifts ,greatly amazed.(=she watched all the gifts, and was greatly amazed 在一般句中：v1,and v2/ v1,v2,and v3) 结论： 当发现所要填非谓语为被动时, 能用"done"就用"done"(除了有先后顺序(用 (having done/having been done),详见 D) D.having done1)/having been done2)作状语时,分词的动作先于谓语动词 eg.1)Having handed in the paper, he left the room.(分词逻辑主语与主语相同, 用 having done) 2)Having been given a map, we found our way easily.(分词逻辑主语与主语不 同,是别人给的,用 having been done)

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种.状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句.名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型.
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略.而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处.
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反.
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了.
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物
三、定语从句结构错误
1. 缺关系词
2. 从句中缺成分
摘自《简明英语语法》
在英文中,有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句.这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别：
限定性定语从句限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏,对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用.如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性；有时甚至于引起费解、误解.例如：
Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .
为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展,热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人们所砍伐.
Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候.
They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因.
非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点","隔开；它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用,只起补充、说明的作用.有时也用它来对全句进行补充、说明.即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思.由于上述原因,非限定性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句.另外,非限定性定语从句在中文译文里,我们往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译. 例如：Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明.）
更早之前,巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图,但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所采用的球体状.
The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .
（此句中,三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites ,computers和television进行补充、说明.如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句,那么句子可简化为：
The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .）卫星能传输信息,计算机能储存信息,电视能显示信息,把这些手段结合起来可以使每个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心.
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成"一件事情）.太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能.
The old man has a son , who is in the army .（此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明.但本句所传达的信息是："这位老人只有一个儿子" .如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句：
The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子.那么,限定性定语从句就要对先行词son进行限定、修饰.这样一来,句子所传达的信息就变成了："这位老人有一个儿子在部队工作,还有其他的儿子在干别的工作".）那位老人有一个儿子,他在部队工作.

这一组词都有“旅行”的意思,但各词的含义有所不同.
1.journey指从一地到另一地,通常指陆地上的远距离“旅行”,有时也可以表示经常走的或长或短的“路程”.只作名词.例如：
I took a journey from Beijing to Shanghai last year.
-- How long is your journey to school?--Only about 10 minutes.
2.voyage主要指远距离的水上旅行,也可以指空中旅行意思为“航海、航空、航行”等.只作名词.例如：
She usually gets seasick during the voyage.
They made a voyage across the Pacific by air.
3.trip 一般指时间短、距离近的“旅行、远足”,也可以指长途旅行.在非正式用语中可代替journey.只作名词.例如：
We made a boat trip to the island last week and had a good time.
I will be on a trip to / journey to the south next summer holiday.
4.tour 着重指旅行线路比较曲折,常表示“（周游各地的）参观、访问、（巡回）旅游、视察、购物、演出”等意思.可作动词和名词.例如：
I will tour the world in the future.
My father has gone down-town on a shopping tour.
5.travel作“旅行、游历”解,一般表示从一地到另一地旅行这一总的概念.常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”.尤指出国旅行.可作动词和名词.其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”.例如：
At present,many people are fond of travel in their spare time.
I am reading a book about the travel to North Pole.
They came home after years of foreign travel.
Light travels faster than sound.

B

你好,我认为应该选rains .意思为“好主意,除非下雨（就不去了）”.
Unless: conj. 除非, 如果不
unless是从属连词,引导条件状语从句,含有否定意义,相当于if条件状语从句的否定形式.所以unless = if not.注意：unless引导的条件状语从句和if条件状语从句,与其它时间状语从句一样,用一般现在时代替将来时.
1. Unless you take more care, you’ll have an accident.
(如果不多加小心的话,你会出事故的.)
2. My baby sister never cries unless she is hungry.
(我那刚出生的妹妹除非饿了,否则她是从来不哭的.)
3. Unless bad weather stops me, I jog every day.
(除非坏天气阻拦我,否则每天我都慢跑的.)

at an end 完结,结束；耗尽
at the end. 最后.
in the end 终于,在最后

要选的是谓语动词,所以排除C
would like to do sth, 但是题目上是running,而不是run,所以排除D
none of us 后面的谓语动词用复数,
所以,答案： B
（如果none of +不可数名词,则后面的谓语用单数形式.）

第三听者可能会有歧义，说话的两个人不会，但是这些私话一般不会让人听到的
虚拟语气是有你说的那些情况，是可以在事后或者事前说的，表达的意味也完全不同
事后说的话，应该是过去式了

举个例子就懂了:
I am interested in piaon.我对钢琴很感兴趣．
I am relaxed.我很放松．
I was surprised by your words.你的话让我感到惊讶．

take part in指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游行等,往往指参加者持有积极的态度,起一份作用,有时与join in可互换.
例句：
①Will you take part in the English evening?
同我们一起参加英语晚会好吗?
②All the students took an active part in the thorough cleaning.所有的学生都积极参加了大扫除.
③We should take an active part in school activities.我们应该积极参加学校的活动.
join in通常指参加某种活动,尤其指和其他人一起参加某项活动.例句：
①May I join in the game?我可以参加这个比赛吗?
②I hope you”ll all join in the discussion.我希望你们大家都参加讨论.

applications being offered on App Store.不是句子,而是名词+ing的被动式
applications are being offered on App Store.现在进行时的被动语态
applications are offered on App Store.一般现在时的被动语态

neither...nor...表示"既不……也不……".其含义是否定的,可连接任意两个并列的成份.例如：
She likes neither butter nor cheese.她既不喜欢黄油也不喜欢乳酪.此句中neither...nor...连接两个宾语.当neither...nor...连接两个主语时,也应遵循"就近原则".例如：
Neither dad nor mum is at home today.今天父母都不在家.
若将neither...nor...句型变为肯定句,只需把neither...nor...改为both...and...即可,同时谓语动词必须用复数形式.例如：
Both dad and mum are at home today.今天父母都在家.
还可以单独使用neither作主语,表示"两者中没有一个".例如：
Neither of them likes football.他们俩都不喜欢足球.
neither或nor还有另外一种用法,就是当表达一个人没有做某事,另一个人也没做同一类事时,可用neither或nor进行简略回答,其结构为：Neither / Nor+助动词 / 情态动词 / be动词+主语.例如：
He doesn't go to school by bike.Neither / Nor do I.他不是骑自行车上学,我也不是.
They didn't go to the park yesterday.Neither / Nor did we.昨天他们没去公园,我们也没去.

io是主格 相当于英语中的I
mi和me是宾格,但是两个一个是非强调的,一个是强调的.
一般mi用的多一点,是非强调的.比如Non mi vede.他没看到我.
或者可以说,Non vede me. 强调他没看到“我”.
在做强式和弱式的时候代词的位置是不一样的.
这其中还牵扯到直接补语代词和间接补语代词,建议你系统的看一下语法.
希望能帮到你~

e confident to do sth?
be confident of (doing) sth?
两个都表示自信的做什么
be confident in sb、
对某人很有信心/相信某人

due to .C.
可以放到句首,放到前面还比较多见.

应该用on,因为我觉得此处的commercial是广告的意思,他出现在一个运动产品的广告上.
用at 时commercial就不是广告的意思了,而是商业.

have、eat都作“吃”解,但在用法上却略有区别.
have作“吃”解时多用于“吃饭”
(+ n.) to take,to do something
We'll have noodles instead of rice for lunch today.
今天中午吃面条,不吃米饭.
Do you have tea or coffee in the morning?
你早上喝茶还是喝咖啡?
What will you have for lunch?
午饭你想吃什么?
eat作“吃”解,多用于吃水果、鱼、肉等
eat an apple(吃苹果)
当吃饭讲的时候是不及物动词
We should eat to live and not live to eat.
我们应当为活着而吃饭,不应为吃饭而活着.

suppose：vt.
1想,设想,猜测; 认为,以为；
I suppose you are right.
我想你说得对.
2[和given,provided 通用]假定；
Let's suppose (that) the news is true.
让我们假定这消息是真的.
3包含,意味着; 必须有,以...为必需条件；
4[用于祈使语气]让,...如何,...怎么样；(=if)[口]如果
Suppose your father saw you now,what would you say?
假设你父亲现在看到了你,你该怎么说?
vi.推测,猜想
I suppose so.
我想是的.
n.想象; 推测
the wildest suppose
最荒唐的想象
习惯用法：
be supposed to (do)
被期望或要求; 应该
(用于否定句中)不被许可
据说
Let it be supposed that
假定...
suppose that
假定
supposing that
假定

Limit the pain,target the gain.
1.限制痛苦,瞄准收益.

e used to do sth.过去常做,过去习惯于
be accustomed to doing sth 习惯于
It used to be said that
过去人们常说
adjust to 适应,调节
adapt to 适合
区别：
adapt 指“修改或改变以适应新条件”,
如:
You should adapt yourself to the new environment.
你应该适应新环境.
adjust 指“调整”、“调节”使之适应,
如:
You can't see through the telescope until it is adjusted to your eyes.
你把望远镜调节到适合你的目光之后,你才看得见.

However, after a few hours of study you will manage to know enough to save other people's lives.
句中manage含义较多，是一个十分常用的词。下面我们一起来看看它到底有些什么用法？
1. 作及物动词，意为"管理；经营；负责"。如：
Your mother has a ge...

substitute _B__ for _A__
replace _A__ with _B__
exchange _B__ for _A__
希望能够帮到楼主

答 ：
1.mit 在这里是副词,意思是 同样、还、也.
2.mit 在这里是动词的前缀,即mitbeschlossen(共同做出决定）.
3.在Ich finde auch的后面漏掉了一个格点,即“ ,”（加上逗号后,此句便无语法错误）.
4.Die einen 和 die anderen对应的是Viele Senioren .只是做名词化而已 .意思是“一些老年人”和“其他的老年人”.

应该用to:
reconcile sth.to sth.的搭配意思是:把两者联系起来
全句的意思:很难把这个企业新的商业投资行为同他们的破产联系起来.business venture是指风险高收益大的一种企业投资方式.

kind 、sort与type的区别及用法
kind作“种类、类别” 解时,是一个普通的用法.sort作“种类、类别”解,与kind没有大的区别.但应注意：①kind常用在比较正式的场合；②当对物体进行分类时,常用kind表示大类,用sort表示大类中的小类；③表示生物时常用kind,表示自然资源等常用sort.type作“型号、典型、范例”解,是一个比较正式的用词.如：Men’s blood can be divided into several types.（人的血型可分成好几种.）它们的具体用法如下：
1.表示单数名词,用a kind/sort of …“某种、一种（不明确的东西）”；this kind/sort of …“这种”或that kind/sort of…“那种”,这时它们之后的名词都应是单数,但名词前不加冠词.例如：
It was a kind/sort of animal with long ears and a short tail.（它是一种长着长耳朵和短尾巴的动物.）
He spoke with a kind/sort of foreign accent.（他说话带有某种外国口音.）
No one has ever been interested in this kind/sort of overcoat.（没有人对这种大衣感兴趣.）
注意：a sort of/of a sort可以解释为“有点是又不完全是”,带有一定的贬义.如：
He is a sort of teacher.
（他可以算是一个教师.）
They served a sort of coffee/coffee of a sort.
（他们供应可以说是咖啡的东西.）
2.当表示复数名词时,一般不用these/those kind/sort of…,而应该用名词(复数)+of this/that kind/sort.例如：
Pencil-boxes of this kind/sort sell well.（这种铅笔盒销路很好.）
Questions of that kind/sort are very difficult.（那类问题非常难.）
3.如果是问句,问“哪一种……”,那要用What kind/sort of…,kind/sort前面不加冠词,of之后可以是单数名词,也可以是复数名词；若名词是单数,句中的动词也应为单数；若名词是复数,句中的动词也应为复数.例如：
What kind/sort of tree is this?（这是哪一种树?）
What kind/sort of trees are these?（这些是什么树?）
What kind/sort of a person is he?He is a generous man.（他是什么样的人?他很慷慨.）
但是：①What kind of tree不同于What kind of a tree,前者问树的种类,后者问这个树怎么样.
②What kind of a person和What sort of a person略有不同,前者正式,后者带有贬义.
4.如果kind/sort of与数词或不定代词连用时,应用其复数形式.例如：
There are twenty five kinds of flowers in my garden.（在我的花园里有二十五种花.）
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.（各种各样的困难都必须被克服.）
5.当kind/sort of修饰形容词、副词、动词时,解释为“有点“.例如：
I’m feeling kind/sort of tired.（我觉得有点累.）
They kind/ sort of laughed at me.（他们有点嘲笑我.）

都不对.
第一个没有这种说法
第二个应该是I am going sleeping.

v+ n
介词+ n
adj +n
n+n

这里an和the都是可以的..
比如：China has a population of ……表示一种事实..