“死去元知万事空，但悲不见九州同。王师北定中原日，家祭无忘告乃翁。”这首诗是南宋大诗人陆游的绝笔，情真意切地表达了他临终

（1）孤帆渐渐远去,直到它完全隐没在蓝天绿水之中.最后只见滚滚江水流向天边
（2）只有死后才知道人间的一切就都与我无关了,遗憾的是我没能亲眼看到祖国的统一

1.六月二十七日望湖楼醉书
黑云翻墨未遮山,
白雨跳珠乱入船.
卷地风来忽吹散,
望湖楼下水如天.
2.示儿
【宋】陆游
死去元知万事空, 但悲不见九州同.
王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁.
3.
晓出净慈寺送林子方
毕竟西湖六月中,风光不与四时同.
接天莲叶无穷碧,映日荷花别样红.
4.
题临安邸
林 升
山外青山楼外楼,西湖歌舞几时休?
暖风熏得游人醉,直把杭州作汴州!
5. 关山月 李白
明月出天山,苍茫云海间.长风几万里,吹度玉门关.汉下白登道,胡窥青海湾.
由来征战地,不见有人还.戍客望边色,思归多苦颜.高楼当此夜,叹息未应闲.
6.《送别》 李叔同
长亭外,古道边,芳草碧连天.
晚风拂柳笛声残,夕阳山外山.
天之涯,海之角,知交半零落.
一瓢浊洒尽余欢,今宵别梦寒.
长亭外,古道边,芳草碧连天.
问君此去几时来,来时莫徘徊.
天之涯,海之角,知交半零落.
人生难得是欢聚,唯有别离多.
7.
苏轼
水调歌头
明月几时有,把酒问青天.
不知天上宫阙,今夕是何年?
我欲乘风归去,又恐琼楼玉宇,
高处不胜寒.
起舞弄清影,何似在人间!
转朱阁,低绮户,照无眠.
不应有恨,何事长向别时圆?
人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,
此事古难全.
但愿人长久,千里共婵娟 .
8.清平乐 晏殊
红笺小字,
说尽平生意.
鸿雁在云鱼在水,
惆怅此情难寄.
斜阳独倚西楼,
遥山恰对帘钩.
人面不知何处,
绿波依旧东流.
9.石灰吟 于谦
千锤万凿出深山, 烈火焚烧若等闲. 粉骨碎身浑不怕, 要留清白在人间.
10.念奴娇赤壁怀古 苏轼
大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物.故垒西边,人道是,三国周郎赤壁.乱石穿空,惊涛拍岸,卷起千堆雪.江山如画,一时多少豪杰.
遥想公瑾当年,小乔初嫁了,雄姿英发.羽扇纶(guān)巾,谈笑间,樯(qiáng)橹灰飞烟灭.故国神游,多情应笑我,早生华发.人生如梦,一樽(zūn)还酹(lèi)江月.
11.
满江红
岳飞
怒发冲冠,凭阑处、潇潇雨歇.抬望眼,仰天长啸,壮怀激烈.三十功名尘与土,八千里路云和月.莫等闲、白了少年头,空悲切.
靖康耻,犹未雪；臣子恨,何时灭?驾长车、踏破贺兰山缺.壮志饥餐胡虏肉,笑谈渴饮匈奴血.待从头、收拾旧山河,朝天阙.
12.
西江月·夜行黄沙道中
【宋】辛弃疾
明月别枝惊鹊,
清风半夜鸣蝉.
稻花香里说丰年,
听取蛙声一片.
七八个星天外,
两三点雨山前.
旧时茅店社林边,
路转溪桥忽见.
13.
满江红·和郭沫若同志
小小寰球,有几个苍蝇碰壁.
嗡嗡叫,几声凄厉,几声抽泣.
蚂蚁缘槐夸大国,蚍蜉撼树谈何易.
正西风落叶下长安,飞鸣镝.
多少事,从来急；
天地转,光阴迫.
一万年太久,只争朝夕.
四海翻腾云水怒,五洲震荡风雷激.
要扫除一切害人虫,全无敌.
14.
过零丁洋
（南宋） 文天祥
辛苦遭逢起一经,干戈寥落四周星.
山河破碎风飘絮,身世浮沉雨打萍.
惶恐滩头说惶恐,零丁洋里叹零丁. 　　
人生自古谁无死? 留取丹心照汗青.
15.登高 杜甫
风急天高猿啸哀,渚清沙白鸟飞回.无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来.万里悲秋常作客,百年多病独登台.艰难苦恨繁霜鬓,潦倒新停浊酒杯.
16.
蝶恋花·春景
北宋·苏轼
花褪残红青杏小.
燕子飞时,绿水人家绕.
枝上柳绵吹又少,天涯何处无芳草!
墙里秋千墙外道.
墙外行人,墙里佳人笑.
笑渐不闻声渐悄,多情却被无情恼.
17.
一剪梅 李清照
红藕香残玉簟秋.轻解罗裳,独上兰舟.云中谁寄锦书来?雁字回时,月满西楼.
花自飘零水自流,一种相思,两处闲愁.此情无计可消除,才下眉头,却上心头.
18.
白居易 长相思
汴水流,泗水流,流到瓜洲古渡头,吴山点点愁.
思悠悠,恨悠悠,恨到归时方始休,月明人倚楼.
19.
将进酒 李白
君不见,黄河之水天上来,奔流到海不复回.
君不见,高堂明镜悲白发,朝如青丝暮成雪!
人生得意须尽欢,莫使金樽空对月.
天生我材必有用,千金散尽还复来.
烹羊宰牛且为乐,会须一饮三百杯.
岑夫子,丹丘生,将进酒,杯莫停.
与君歌一曲,请君为我倾耳听.
钟鼓馔玉不足贵,但愿长醉不复醒.
古来圣贤皆寂寞,惟有饮者留其名.
陈王昔时宴平乐,斗酒十千恣欢谑.
主人何为言少钱,径须沽取对君酌.
五花马、千金裘,
呼儿将出换美酒,
与尔同销万古愁!
20.
相见时难别亦难,东风无力百花残.
春蚕到死丝方尽,腊炬成灰泪始干.
晓镜但愁云鬓改,夜吟应觉月光寒.
蓬莱此去无多路,青鸟殷勤为探看.
21.
卜算子·咏梅
风雨送春归,飞雪迎春到.　
已是悬崖百丈冰,犹有花枝俏.
俏也不争春,只把春来报.
待到山花烂漫时,她在丛中笑.
22.
咏蛙
独坐池塘如虎踞,绿杨树下养精神.
春来我不先开口,哪个虫儿敢作声.
23.菩萨蛮·黄鹤楼
茫茫九派流中国,
沉沉一线穿南北.
烟雨莽苍苍,
龟蛇锁大江.
黄鹤知何去?
剩有游人处.
把酒酹滔滔,
心潮逐浪高!
24.
念奴娇·昆仑
　　横空出世,
　　莽昆仑,
　　阅尽人间春色.
　　飞起玉龙三百万,【原注】
　　搅得周天寒彻.
　　夏日消溶,
　　江河横溢,
　　人或为鱼鳖.
　　千秋功罪,
　　谁人曾与评说?
　　而今我谓昆仑：
　　不要这高,
　　不要这多雪.
　　安得倚天抽宝剑,
　　把汝裁为三截?
　　一截遗欧,
　　一截赠美,
　　一截还东国.
　　太平世界,
　　环球同此凉热.
　　作者原注
　　前人所谓“战罢玉龙三百万,败鳞残甲满天飞”,说的是飞雪.这里借用一句,说的是雪山.夏日登岷山远望,群山飞舞,一片皆白.老百姓说,当年孙行者过此,都是火焰山,就是他借了芭蕉扇扇灭了火,所以变白了.
25.
毛泽东
1937年4月5日,苏维埃政府主席毛泽东,人民抗日红军总司令朱德,敬遣代表林祖涵,以鲜花时果之仪致祭于中华民族始祖轩辕黄帝之陵,致辞曰：
赫赫始祖,吾华肇造；胄衍祀绵,岳峨河浩.
聪明睿智,光被遐荒；建此伟业,雄立东方.
事变沧桑,中更蹉跌；越数千年,强邻蔑德.
琉台不守,三韩为墟；辽海燕冀,汉奸何多!
以地事敌,敌欲岂足；人执笞绳,我为奴辱.
懿维我祖,命世之英；涿鹿奋战,区宇以宁.
岂其苗裔,不武如斯；泱泱大国,让其沦胥.
东等不才,剑屦俱奋；万里崎岖,为国效命.
频年苦斗,备历险夷；匈奴未灭,何以家为?
各党各界,团结坚固；不论军民,不分贫富.
民族阵线,救国良方；四万万众,坚决抵抗.
民主共和,改革内政；亿兆一心,战则必胜.
还我河山,卫我国权,此物此志,永矢勿谖.
经武整军,昭告列祖,实鉴临之,皇天后土.
尚飨!

元——本来 但——可惜的是

死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同.王师北定中原日,空祭无忘告乃翁.

不一样!第一个是只的意思,表示转折.后面的是假设、如果的意思.

1．但悲不见九州同
2．莺歌燕舞春添喜
3．春雨惊春清谷天
4．苦中作乐；乐极悲生（答案不唯一）
5．姜太公钓鱼——愿者上钩（答案不唯一）
6．谢谢（答案不唯一）
7．你看不见你自己
8．小池；宋；杨万里

元 是“初始,方才”的意思
知 是“知道,明白”的意思
元知就是才知道 才明白

D

“同”

译文 我本来知道,当我死后,人间的一切就都和我无关了；但唯一使我痛心的,就是我没能亲眼看到祖国的统一. 因此,当大宋军队收复了中原失地的那一天到来之时,你们举行家祭,千万别忘把这好消息告诉你们的父亲! 赏析 这首诗是陆游的绝笔.他在弥留之际,还是念念不忘被女真贵族霸占着的中原领土和人民,热切地盼望着祖国的重新统一,因此他特地写这首诗作为遗嘱,谆谆告诫自己的儿子.从这里我们可以领会到诗人的爱国激情是何等的执着、深沉、热烈、真挚!无怪乎自南宋以来,凡是读过这首诗的人无不为之感动,特别是当外敌入侵或祖国分裂的情况下,更引起了无数人的共鸣.

家祭：家中祭祀祖先的仪式.祭：祭祀祖先的仪式

九州：中国
汗青：史书
子规：杜鹃
西子：西施
京口：镇江
长安：唐朝的都城
老师讲了,绝对正确!投我投我!

死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同

B

《示儿》
陆游
死去元知万事空,
但悲不见九州同.
王师北定中原日,
家祭无忘告乃翁.

第一个：表示范围,相当于“只”,“仅”〖only〗【副】
第二个：只要——表示假设或条件〖solongas〗 【连】

答案D
解析本题主要考查历史知识的识记、辨别能力.分析所给选项知道,这是南宋著名诗人陆游的《示儿》一诗,本题答案为D.

杜甫心情兴奋、高兴.陆游心情悲伤、期盼.
望采纳!

原知:原本知道

应该是抱憾而终,因为首句“死去元知万事空”.“元知”,本来就知道；“万事空”,是说人死后万事万物都可无牵无挂了.但接着第二句意思一转：“但悲不见九州同”,唯独一件事却放不下,那就是沦丧的国土尚未收复,没有亲眼看见祖国的统一.所以是抱憾而终.

示儿
（宋）陆游
死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同.
王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁.
直译：我本来就是知道人死去了就什么也没有了.只是为没有亲眼看到祖国的统一而感到悲伤.南宋军队平定中原的那一天,在家里祭祀祖先的时候,千万不要忘记把这件事情告诉你们的父亲.
意译：我本来知道,当我死后,人间的一切就都与我无关了.但是唯一是我痛心的,就是我没能亲眼看到祖国的统一.当大宋的军队收复中原失地的那一天,你们举行家祭,千万别忘记了把这个好消息告诉了你们的父亲.

From Wikipedia:
Career
[edit] Early career
Lu You came from a family in which there were some government officials. At that time the southern Song dynasty was frequently invaded by the Jin Dynasty (金国). When he was one, Kaifeng (开封), the capital of Northern Song dynasty had been captured by the troops of Jin Dynasty. Lu You, who was still an infant, fled with his family and spent his first nine years as a refugee. Because of the family influence and social turbulence in childhood, Lu You was committed to saving the nation by ousting the Jurchens (女真人).
[edit] Marriage
Lu You's family gave him a good education, especially the education on patriotism, but his family --particularly his mother-- also brought misfortune to his marriage. He grew up with his cousin Tang Wan, who was quiet but good at literature. They fell deeply in love and got married when he was 20. But they didn't have any child, and his mother didn't like Tang Wan. Though they had lived happily together, his mother forced them to divorce in order to make him concentrate on studying and fulfilling his aspiration of saving the Song dynasty. In traditional Chinese culture, good children should be respectful and obedient to their parents. Lu You loved his mother and reluctantly divorced Tang Wan. Then, she married a nobleman Zhao Shi Cheng, and he married Ms. Wang (her first name eludes most researchers).
Lu You was very sad after his first marriage. One spring, at age 31, eight years after their divorce, he passed by Sheng's Garden and encountered Tang Wan and her husband by chance. Tang Wan asked her husband to let her send a glass of wine to Lu You. When her hands passed the wine to him, he saw her eyes brimmed with tears... His heart was broken, and he took the glass of bitter wine bottom up. He turned back and wrote down the poem “Phoenix Pin” on the wall of Sheng’s Garden within one breath. After this meeting with Tang Wan, he went up to the North against the Jin Dynasty and then turned down to the South Shu (today’s Sichuan in China) to pursue his dream of unifying China as a whole nation.
Meanwhile, after Tang Wan read his poem, she immediately wrote one in the same form in response. In less than a year, she died. One year before Lu You’s death, at age 85, he still wrote another romantic loving poem “Sheng’s Garden” to commemorate his first love.
[edit] Official career
He passed the civil service examination in 1153, but was unsuccessful in his official career: he adopted a patriotic irredentist stance, advocating the expulsion of the Jurchen (女真) from northern China, but this position was out of tune with the times. After a long career as an official, including periods exiled to minor positions in the provinces, he retired to his native town of Shaoxing (绍兴) in frustration. He spent the last twenty years rusticated there. His wife died in 1197.
[edit] Style
Lu You wrote over ten thousand poems, in both the shi (诗) and ci (词) forms, plus a number of prose works. In his poetry he continues to articulate the beliefs which cost him his official career, calling for reconquest of the north. Watson identifies these works as part of the legacy of Du Fu (杜甫). Watson compares a second body of work, poems on country life and growing old, to those of Bai Juyi (白居易) and Tao Qian (陶潜). Lu You had written a lot of poems in his whole life, more than 10000, still having 9300 after erasing some of them himself. His style can be divided into three periods.
[edit] First Period
The first Period of Lu You’s works is from his teenage years to age 46. This period lasts the longest, but keeps the least of his works, about two hundred poems, because he eliminated his early works through selection.
[edit] Second Period
Second Period runs from age 46 to 54, leaving approximately more than 2400 works of the shi and ci. During this period, he joined the military and was affected by that experience. Therefore the main style of this period's works becomes liberal, forthright, and splendid; his patriotic spirit heightens into another level. The maturity and richness presented in this period’s works establishes the sublime position among Chinese Literature ancestors.
[edit] Third Period
The third Period starts from moving back to his hometown until death. Because he didn't have enough time to eliminate his works through selection, abounding works, six thousand five hundred, live from this period. During this period, because he was old, lived with farmers, and had gone through ups and downs in the military and governmental office, his work in this period represents peaceful pastoral images, as well as the desolation and bleakness of human life.
Though his style changes through periods, his works are fully packed with furiously enthusiastic patriotism. This is the most important nature of his works, and the greatest reason they have been eulogized for almost a thousand years.
[edit] Bibliography
Lu You was born on a boat floating in the Wei Water River in an early rainy morning of October 17th, 1125 (Chinese calendar). That was the time the Song dynasty was frequently invaded by the Jin Dynasty. One year after his birth, the troops of the Jin Dynasty conquered the capital of Northern Song dynasty; his family fled from home while he was still an infant. Under such an influence, he determined to expel the Jurchen (女真) from the North and bring a United Song dynasty back even when he was very little.
At age 12, Lu You was already excellent in writing, mastered the skill of sword fighting, and delved deeply into war strategy. At age 19, he took the civil service examination, but didn't pass. Ten years later, he took it again; this time he not only passed it, he was the first winner in the region Lin Ann. But this triumph did not bring him any luck; oppositely, it brought big trouble to him. Qin Sun, who was the grand son of Qin Hiu (a notorious traitor to China and tremendous powerful aristocrat in the Song Dynasty), also took this exam, and Lu You's winning threatened Qin Sun's position, because Lu You was likely to be the first winner in the next year's national examination. In fact, not only Lu You, but all the potential winners of the next year's nation-wide competition got excluded, even some of the examination officers.
After Qin Hiu's death, he started his official career in government. Because he avidly proposed fighting against the Jin Dynasty and didn’t follow the mainstream, he was dismissed from his job. In 1172, he was hired to create strategic planning in the military. Military life opened his eyes and mind widely; he found his hope to fulfill his aspiration -- bringing broken China back to a whole nation. He wrote out plenty of unrestrained, untrammeled poems to express his passionate patriotism. But the Song Dynasty was so corrupt at that time; most officers just wanted to make a nice living; he couldn’t get the opportunity to deploy his talent.
In 1175, Fan Dia Cheng asked him to join his party. They had used to share similar interests via writing, and now behaved casual in the governmental society. Plus, because Lu You always felt there was no place for him to use his talent and ambitions to save the Song Dynasty, he started to become self-indulgent, enjoying drinking to forget his lack of success in personal life and career pursuit. He gave himself a nickname "Freed guy"(放翁), and was sarcastic to himself in his poems.
After several promotions and demotions in his governmental career, in 1190, he retired and lived in seclusion at his hometown Shaoxing (绍兴), a rural area. He started to enjoy keeping in good health and like eating pearl barley and wooden ears. This habit kept his vision and hearing keen until death. Though during this period, he still ardently proposed fighting against the Jin Dynasty, but always got disputes and rejections. Finally on December 29, 1209(Chinese calendar), he died with the biggest regret – the Northern China was still in the control of the Jurchen (女真) – at age 86.
Books
《剑南诗稿》
《渭南文集》
《放翁逸稿》
《南唐书》
《老学庵笔记》
《放翁家训》
《家世旧文》
[edit] Poems
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Lu YouTo Son (示儿)
Lu You wrote many poems. One of his most famous is "To Son" (). This is how it goes:
死去原知万事空,
但悲不见九州同.
王师北定中原日,
家祭无忘告乃翁.
All turns to dust in my dying eyes,
only hatred is that a unified land is not seen.
When the day of the emperor's troops sweeping the North comes,
you must not forget to tell me before my tombstone.
This poem was composed by him when he was about to die.
What this poem means is that he doesn't mind not being able to take anything with him when he dies (死去原知万事空), but he is upset to see that China is not united as a nation (但悲不见九州同). He is telling his son that if this day ever comes (王师北定中原日), his family must not forget to go to his grave and tell him there (家祭无忘告乃翁.).
Rainstorm on Nov. 4 (十一月四日风雨大作)
僵卧孤村不自哀,尚思为国戍轮台. 夜阑卧听风吹雨,铁马冰河入梦来.
I slept stiff and alone in a lonely village without feeling self-pity. I am still thinking of fighting for my country. Deep into the night I lie down and hear the wind blowing the rain. The armored horses and the ice river came into my dream.
This poem was written when Lu was retired and old, but it shines with his patriotism and vivid depiction of the fighting scenes in the North.
Phoenix Pin (钗头凤)
红酥手,黄藤酒,满城春色宫墙柳.
东风恶,欢情薄,一怀愁绪,几年离索.错、错、错!
春如旧,人空瘦,泪痕红邑鲛绡透.
桃花落,闲池阁.山盟虽在,锦书难托.莫、莫、莫!
Lily hands, rippling wine,
The town is filled with Spring like willows waving by.
Biting east wind, happiness thin,
a chest full of sorrow, years of separation.
Wrong, Wrong, Wrong!
Spring is like before; the girl is pale and thin in vain.
Through the sheer silks, it’s the tearful eyes brimming.
Peach blossoms falling, glimmering pound freezing,
Paramount promise is still, glorious book hard to sustain.
Moan, moan, moan!
This poem is the tear of his real love story (see his marriage). In this poem, "Biting east wind" is a metaphor for traditional Chinese view about women. This view breaks his first marriage. "Glorious book" is another metaphor for his ambition of unifying China. But he doesn't seem to be successful in either of them (marriage and career). He also uses antithesis, which is very popular in Chinese poetry. It matches both sound and sense in two poetic lines, like "a chest of sorrow" pairing "years of separation" and "paramount promise" pairing "glorious book". The sounds are perfectly matching each other in Chinese. This poem falls in the first period of his works.
Mei Flower (卜运算元-咏梅)
驿外断桥边
寂寞开无主
己是黄昏独自愁
更著风和雨
无意苦争春
一任羣芳妒
零落成泥碾作尘
只有香如故
Near the broken bridge outside the fortress, I am lonely and dis-oriented. It is dusk and I am worried alone, especially when the wind and rain start to blow. I do not intend to contest for the glory of Spring. I would rather be alone and envied by other excellent people. I would fall to become earth and be pressed to dust. My glory will be same as before

“死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同”出自南宋爱国诗人陆游所作的《示儿》一诗,表现的是诗人忧国忧民,至死念念不忘“北定中原”、统一祖国的深挚强烈的爱国激情.全诗如下：
示儿
【宋】陆游
死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同.
王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁.

原诗：
示儿
死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同.
王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁!
译文：
我本来知道,当我死后,人间的一切就都和我无关了；但唯一使我痛心的,就是我没能亲眼看到祖国的统一.因此,当大宋军队收复了中原失地的那一天到来之时,你们举行家祭,千万别忘把这好消息告诉你们的老子!
赏析：
这首诗是陆游的绝笔.他在弥留之际,还是念念不忘被女真贵族霸占着的中原领土和人民,热切地盼望着祖国的重新统一,因此他特地写这首诗作为遗嘱,谆谆告诫自己的儿子.从这里我们可以领会到诗人的爱国激情是何等的执着、深沉、热烈、真挚!无怪乎自南宋以来,凡是读过这首诗的人无不为之感动,特别是当外敌入侵或祖国分裂的情况下,更引起了无数人的共鸣

死去|元知|万事空, 但悲|不见|九州同. 王师|北定|中原日, 家祭|无忘|吿乃翁.
这个教材全解上有

悲

1、陈毅的（梅岭三章）,陆游的（示儿）
2、韵脚是年,悬、钱,压an,韵脚 空,同,翁,压ong
3、前诗是陈毅遭敌围困生死存亡关头写下的,诗人献身革命的决心和对革命必胜的信心矢志不移.,不畏死亡,鼓励战士坚持奋战!后诗是陆游临死前写的,是他最后的也最有名的一首诗.诗人念念不忘的,不是个人的生死,而是祖国河山的统一
4、律诗一般是八句,绝句一般是四句

我们在感受到陆游对祖国的拳拳之枕“死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同”的同时,又聆听了他对儿子的淳淳教悔“_纸上得来终觉浅,_,绝知此事要躬行”；而“诗圣”杜甫的一句“即从巴峡穿巫峡,便下襄阳向洛阳”让我们感受到了他归心似箭的心情；宋代理学家朱熹巧妙地用水塘作比喻,启示我们不断学习新知识,才能达到新境界.

元：死去元知万事空（ 才）这颗糖要1元钱（块,钱币单位 ）今年元旦（开始）

但悲不见九州同
示儿 【宋】陆游
死去元知万事空, 但悲不见九州同.
王师北定中原日, 家祭无忘告乃翁.

陆游（1125一1210年）,字务观,号放翁,是我国杰出的爱国诗人.在他的一生和他九千多首诗中,始终贯串和洋溢着强烈的爱国主义精神,从而形成了他诗歌创作的最显著的特色,奠定了他在祖国诗坛上的崇高地位.他在临终前写的《示儿》诗,更是一首感人至深、传诵千古的名作：
死去元知万事空,但悲不见九州同.王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁!
译成现代汉语就是：
我本来知道,当我死后,人间的一切就都和我无关了；但唯一使我痛心的,就是我没能亲眼看到祖国的统一.
因此,当大宋军队收复了中原失地的那一天到来之时,你们举行家祭,千万别忘把这好消息告诉你们的老子!
这首诗是陆游的绝笔.他在弥留之际,还是念念不忘被女真贵族霸占着的中原领土和人民,热切地盼望着祖国的重新统一,因此他特地写这首诗作为遗嘱,谆谆告诫自己的儿子.从这里我们可以领会到诗人的爱国激情是何等的执着、深沉、热烈、真挚!无怪乎自南宋以来,凡是读过这首诗的人无不为之感动,特别是当外敌入侵或祖国分裂的情况下,更引起了无数人的共鸣.
陆游所处的时代,正是我国历史上民族矛盾异常尖锐的时代.在十二世纪初,我国东北地区的女真族建立了金国.在陆游出生后的第二年,金国占领了北宋的都城汴京（今河南开封市）；第三年把徽、钦二帝掳去,北宋亡国.而当钦宗之弟赵构逃到南方,在临安（今浙江杭州市）建立了政权之后,不但不发愤图强,收复失地,反而任命臭名昭著的汉奸秦桧做宰相,一意向金人屈膝求和.绍兴十二年（1142年）和议告成,赵构竞无耻到向金国皇帝自称臣子,并答应每年献银二十五万两、绢二十五万匹,跟金人划淮水为界.从此北方的大好河山沦为金人的领土,北方的广大人民横被金人奴役,而南宋小朝廷也只是偏安一隅,在敌人的威胁压榨下苟延岁月.后来宋孝宗赵眘与金签订的“隆兴和议”及宁宗赵扩与金签订的“开禧和议”,照旧屈辱求和.这种局面,当然是一向反对民族压迫的广大汉族人民所不能容忍的.因此在这一历史时代,不知有多少中华民族的优秀儿女挺身而出,展开了不屈不挠的斗争,而陆游则是他们在文学战线上的杰出代表.
陆游一生经历了北宋的末年和南宋的前半期.由于幼年在敌人入侵下仓皇逃难,以及家庭和亲友的爱国言论的启发教育,陆游对当时的严重民族灾难有着极其深刻的感受,因而早在青少年时期,就在心灵深处埋下了爱国复仇的种子.此后无论在朝廷和地方做官,到川、陕前线从军,直至晚年在绍兴老家闲居,这颗种子生根、发芽、挺干、开花,虽然不断遭到风雨的摧残,却也不断地成长壮大,并且终于结满丰硕的果实.清朝诗人赵翼的《瓯北诗话》中有一段话,说得十分概括,他说：
放翁十余岁时,早已习闻先正之绪言,遂如冰寒火热之不可改易；且以《春秋》大义而论,亦莫有过于是者,故终身守之不变.入蜀后在宣抚使王炎幕下,经临南郑,瞻望鄠、杜,志盛气锐,真有唾手燕、云之意,其诗之言恢复者十之五六.出蜀以后,犹十之三四.至七十以后,……是固无复有功名之志矣,然其《感中原旧事》云：“乞倾东海洗胡沙”,《老马行》云：“中原旱蝗胡运衰,王师北伐方传诏,一闻战鼓意气生,犹能为国平燕赵”,则此心犹耿耿不忘也.临殁犹有“王师北定中原日,家祭无忘告乃翁”之句,则放翁之素志可见矣.
当然,这里所谓“十之五六”,“十之三四”,只是粗略的统计,而且只是从数量上、表面上来看的；然而即此也可见陆游的“素志”是一贯的,是自少至老历久不渝的.尤其这首《示儿》诗是他生命终点所爆发出的爱国火花,也可看做他一生爱国思想及诗作的总结.
历代文人,凡是读过《示儿》诗的无不为之感动.早在南宋当时,刘克庄就有一首绝句说：
不及生前见虏亡,放翁易箦愤堂堂.遥知小陆羞时荐,定告王师入洛阳!
这是1234年金朝被蒙古族灭亡之后,南宋政府从淮西调兵进驻开封城内,并从开封分兵收复了洛阳之后,刘氏在兴奋之际,想到陆游的子孙一定会遵从他的遗嘱,把这个好消息祭告“乃翁”的.但是好景不长,那个歌舞湖山、奸臣当道的南宋小朝廷连暮气已深的金兵尚且不能抵抗,更何况这“方张之寇”的蒙古大军呢?多亏广大爱国军民奋起阻击,才使得这个风雨飘摇的政权又延续了四十多年.这时南宋遗民林景熙写了一首《读陆放翁诗卷后》,词意极为沉痛,其末四句云：
青山一发愁蒙蒙,干戈况满天南东.来孙却见九州同,家祭如何告乃翁!
这是说,陆游临终时以不见“九州同”为憾事,现在他的孙子们却看到了种这局面,但是统一中国的不是宋王朝,而是新兴的元帝国,这样的消息在家祭时怎样告诉他老人家呢?以上所举两首诗,前一首洋溢着“漫卷诗书喜欲狂”的激情,后一首抒发了“亡国之音哀以思”的悲痛,一喜一悲,都是由《示儿》诗引发的.他们的爱国热情与陆游息息相通.
其他评述陆诗而特别提到《示儿》这首的,就我所见,不下三十余家（请参看我与孔繁礼同志同纂的《陆游研究资料汇编》）,或者说它有宗译“三呼渡河”之意,或者说它与杜甫“一饭不忘”的忠君爱国相同,也有读后叹息泣下的,也有作诗同情寄慨的.足见这首诗情真语挚,感人之深!
但是以上诸人,大都是受了此诗的感染而引起共鸣,却未暇对它的内容作细致的分析.值得参考和向读者推荐的,要数当代朱自清先生的《爱国诗》一文.在这篇文章里,他把我国古典诗歌中的爱国诗分为三个项目：一是忠于一朝,也就是忠于一姓；其次是歌咏那勇敢杀敌的将士；再其次是对异族的同仇.并指出第三项以民族为立场,范围更为广大.他认为陆游“虽做过官,他的爱国热诚却不仅为了赵家一姓.他曾在西北从军,加强了他的敌忾.为了民族,为了社稷,他永怀着恢复中原的壮志.”因此在历代爱国诗中,他特别推崇这首《示儿》诗,并对它做了具体的分析：
《示儿》诗是临终之作,不说到别的,只说“北定中原”,正是他的专一处.这种诗只是对儿子说话,不是什么遗疏遗表的,用不着装腔作势,他尽可以说些别的体己的话；可是他只说这个,他正以为这是最体己的话.诗里说“元知万事空”,万事都搁得下；“但悲不见九州同”,只这一件搁不下.他虽说“死去”,虽然“不见九州同”,可是相信“王师”终有“北定中原日”,所以叮嘱他儿子“家祭无忘告乃翁”!教儿子“无忘”,正见自已的念念不“忘”.这是他的爱国热诚的理想化；这理想便是我们现在说的“国家至上”的信念的雏形.……过去的诗人里,也许只有他才配称为爱国诗人.（见《朱自清选集》,1952年开明书店版）
朱自清本人也是一个深情的爱国者,新、旧诗都作得很好,所以他对陆游其人其诗的分析是深具慧心的.他从《示儿》诗中看到陆游“爱国热诚的理想化”,换言之,也就是陆游爱国思想的进步性和它所达到的高度.关于这一点,我们还可以进一步略加说明和补充：第一,陆游热爱祖国是和他热爱人民的思想感情紧密结合的,既包括对“忍死望恢复”的中原“遗民”的深切怀念,也包括对“岁辇金币输胡羌”的南宋老百姓的同情与哀悯.其次是他对祖国不可分割的北方大好河山的系念,如“三万里之黄河”和“五千仞之太华”,以及“两京宫阙”等等.再则是他对民族语言和整个民族文化的爱护,惟恐在异族的长期统治下遭到破坏与同化,以致“东都儿童作胡语”,甚至整个第二代都“羊裘左其衽”,改变了汉族的生活习惯,忘记了自己祖先的传统（有关例证,详见拙著《陆游传论》下编第四章）.这些才是他“但悲不见九州同”和热盼“北定中原日”的主要原因,也是他爱国思想的根本内容.列宁说：“爱国主义就是千百年来巩固起来的对自己的祖国的一种最深厚的感情.”其中包括对家乡、对祖国和对自己的人民、对优秀传统的爱.陆游诗里所表现的思想感情正是这些.因此朱文声称：“过去的诗人里,也许只有他才配称为爱国诗人”,这个评价虽显得过于强调,有抹杀他人之嫌,但为了指出特色,我们应该承认这是十分中肯而且公允的.