- 左迁
-
The Pere David"s deer is one kind of large-scale herbivore, the length of body 170-217 centimeters, the tail length 60-75 centimeters, the shoulder reaches as high as 122-137 centimeters, the body weight 120-180 kilograms, the female build is slightly smaller than the male gender. On female does not have the angle, around the male angle"s shape is special, does not have the eyebrow pitchfork, the angle to do above the angle base divides into two, first extends upwardly, around then divides into two again, on each small branch grows some small pitchforks again, latter straight extends backward, sometimes the terminal also grows some small pitchforks, the longest angle may amount to 80 centimeters. Male fawn when two years old the silique furcation, 6 year old of fork only then grows completely. Big, kisses long and narrow, the tip of the nose exposed part is spacious, the eye is small, kuang under the gland is remarkable. The four limbs are sturdy, main hoof spacious, multi-meats, has developed hangs the hoof, the walk time has the resounding clash sound. The tail is specially long, has the down, assumes the cinereus, the thoracic and abdominal area is the yellow white, the terminal is the vandyck brown. Summer the pili for the red rust color, on the nape has a black all kinds longirudinal striation, the abdomen and the buttocks is the brown white. In September the later pili substitutes for by long and the thick pessimistic winter wool. Because the Pere David"s deer “the hoof resembles Niu Feiniu, the head resembles Ma Feima, the tail resembles the donkey non-donkey, the angle resembles Lu Feilu”, therefore is named as “the weird creature”.
The Pere David"s deer good gets on well with others, the friendly swimming, likes take the tender grass and other aquatic plants as the food. Seeks a mate to be in heat begins in the end of June, continues about 6 weeks, in mid-July reaches the high tide. The male beastly personality becomes suddenly hot tempered, not only has the intermittent cry, but also selects by the angle, shoots the urine, the tumbling, from kuang under the gland secretion"s liquid will smudge on the bough. Between the male beast often occurs confronts the phenomenon which, the angle fights. The female beast"s period of pregnancy is about 270 days, is in Lu Lei the period of pregnancy is longest, generally bears young in next year April to May. The newborn baby body weight probably is 12 kilograms, the coat color dried orange and has the floccosoids, 6-8 weeks later floccosoids vanishing, is born for 3 months later, the body weight will amount to 70 kilograms. when 2 years old the nature is mature, the life is 20 years old.
This present life Pere David"s deer is called reaches to plant, from the fossil which discovered looked, the Pere David"s deer is also has 4 kinds, namely the bifurcation plants, south the Jin the kind, Lantian to plant with Taiwan plants. The Pere David"s deer is the animal which one kind is only restricted in the Quaternary Period mid and late part, from the known more than 190 Pere David"s deer fossil unearthed place confirmed that in history west Pere David"s deer"s distribution area to Shanxi"s Fenhe River basin, north to Liaoning"s Kangping, south to the Zhejiang Yuyao, east to coastal plain and islands. To the epipleistocene, the Pere David"s deer population rapidly expand, has achieved prosperously to the entire pleistocene epoch intermediate stage, but Shangzhou later the Pere David"s deer rapidly will decline.
Because the primitive humanity the population density is low, the productive forces level is low, does not constitute to Pere David"s deer"s threat. But after Shangzhou, because natural factors and so on vicissitude, Pere David"s deer own reason and jamming, have created Pere David"s deer"s unceasing reduction
Looking from the natural factor, because the Pere David"s deer is one kind of affection warm moist animal, but the Chinese nearly 5 millenniums come the temperature is changes cold gradually, the bog and the waters also obviously reduce, natural environment"s change has the tremendous influence to the Pere David"s deer.
Looking from own factor, the Pere David"s deer is in the deer class animal the docile one kind. According to we many year raising, the observation, the Pere David"s deer runs the speed to be inferior to the sika and the deer, the oestrus period male deer does not look like the sika, the red deer, the white-lipped deer such attack person, moreover occupies the group male deer to see that the human close namely escapes. When the breast-feeding period, the human hits the earmark, the survey to the baby, the baby cry can only attract the doe in the distant place to wait and see, but does not look like other deer such, the doe to protect the baby to attack the human. Between the male Pere David"s deer to compete for spouse"s angle to fight is very temperate, intense dashing with wide range"s migration, the time which the angle fights has not surpassed 10 minutes, the loser is only generally turns around gets out of the way, the victor no longer pursues fights, very little has between deer"s disabled phenomenon. After male Lu Zhanqun, other male deer peep at when the doe, occupies group male Lu Jinyong to roar with ways and so on chase expels opposite party. Above these characteristics had decided they evade the hostile organism ability difference, easily captures and kills by the natural enemy and the humanity. The Pere David"s deer mainly picks the food aquatic and the terrestrial gramineae and the leguminous plant, the feeding habits narrow is also the Pere David"s deer survival is threaten own factor.
The population growth and the agricultural development, has invaded Pere David"s deer"s life region. Humanity"s capturing and killing, serious influence Pere David"s deer"s survival. The archaeology discovered that before 10,000 years to 4 millenniums, in human ruins unearthed Pere David"s deer skeleton"s quantity, with family pig skeleton"s quantity quite. Obviously at that time the Pere David"s deer was treated as by the humanity food to encounter hunts and kills massively. In the armor classical Chinese literature records, ancient times one time obtained by hunting Pere David"s deer"s quantity to reach 348. Moreover the Pere David"s deer is also made each drugs which treats an illness and builds up strength, "Native Chinese Plants" records, “the elk deer velvet merit strives to defeat the velvet ......Deer velvet of angle the elk makes up cloudy, mainly treats all blood sickness, the physique waist knee is sore, nourishes yin the profit kidney ......” "Peng Zu To take after", "Family Buddhist scriptures Proven prescription" and the modern age "Medicinal prescription Medicinal preparation Big Dictionary", with the elk velvet, the angle, the bone and so on Fang Jijiu who makes the formula has several dozens items. The Pere David"s deer also becomes the humanity from this for the object which treats an illness chases down and kills.
The natural factor, Pere David"s deer own factor are the Pere David"s deer distribution area reduce the reason which gradually, quantity reduces, but human activity"s disturbance is the Pere David"s deer moves toward the determining factor which the open country exterminates.
- ardim
-
first
mentioned
as
santa
claus
driving
the
name
of
the
eight
elk
is
the
"christmas
eve"
of
the
poem,
these
eight
elk
are
called:
dasher,
dancer,
and
vixen
prancer;
come,
cupid,
and
blitzen
donder
(and
blixem
dunder,
and
blixen
donner).
later
in
the
"red
nose
reindeer
rudolf,"
the
famous
christmas
song
appeared
in
the
name
of
the
ninth
elk.
yes,
rudolph
is
the
legend
in
charge
of
guiding
the
sled,
but
also
the
most
favorite
of
santa
claus.
最初提到为圣诞老人驾车的八只麋鹿的名字的是在《圣诞前夕》这首诗中,
这八只麋鹿分别叫做:dasher,dancer,prancer
and
vixen;come,cupid,donder
and
blitzen(dunder
and
blixem
,donner
and
blixen)。
后来又在《红鼻子驯鹿鲁道夫》这首著名的圣诞歌曲中出现了第九只麋鹿的名字,它叫rudolph,也就是传说中负责引导雪橇的那只麋鹿,也是圣诞老人最喜欢的那只麋鹿。
- LuckySXyd
-
The elk, or wapiti (Cervus canadensis), is the second largest species of deer in the world and one of the largest mammals in North America and eastern Asia. In the deer family (Cervidae), only the moose, Alces alces (called an "elk" in Europe), is larger. Wapiti are almost identical to red deer found in Europe, of which they were long believed to be a subspecies; they have recently been determined to be a distinct species based on DNA evidence.
Elk range in forest and forest-edge habitat, feeding on grasses, plants, leaves and bark. Although native to North America and eastern Asia, they have adapted well to countries where they have been introduced, including New Zealand and Argentina. Their high level of adaptability poses a threat to endemic species and ecosystems where they have been introduced.
Male elk have large antlers which are shed each year. Males engage in ritualized mating behaviors during the rut, including posturing, antler wrestling and bugling, a loud series of screams which establishes dominance over other males and attracts females. The bugle call is one of the most distinctive calls in nature.
Elk are susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, some of which can be transmitted to livestock. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, largely through vaccination, have had mixed success.
Some cultures revere the elk as a spiritual force. In parts of Asia, antlers and their velvet are used in traditional medicines. Elk are hunted as a game species; the meat is leaner and higher in protein than beef or chicken.[2]
- wpBeta
-
General Characteristics
The summer coat is ochre to reddish tan in colour, and has the unique feature of having long wavy guard hairs throughout the year. In winter it becomes woolier, changing to duller grey, with the undersides a bright cream colour. Along the shoulders and down the spine is a darker stripe. The unusually long and slender head has large, expressive eyes and small, pointed ears. The skin around the eye and the lips are light grey and the neck has a throat mane in males. The legs are long, and the hooves are relatively long and slender - and adaptation to walking on soft, marshy ground. The donkey-like tail ends in a black tuft. The simple antlers are found only in males. Unique among deer, the antlers have a main branched anterior segment, with the tines extending backwards. Another strange feature of the antlers is that there may be two pairs per year. The summer antlers are the larger set, and are dropped in November, after the June-August rut. The second set, if they appear, are fully grown by January, and are dropped a few weeks later.
Ontogeny and Reproduction
Gestation Period: 270-300 days.
Young per Birth: 1, rarely 2
Weaning: At 10-11 months.
Sexual Maturity: At 14 months.
Life span: 18 years.
Ecology and Behavior
Since this deer is extinct in the wild, all behavioral observations noted here come from captive populations. Unlike most deer, the Pere David"s deer is very fond of water. They swim well, and will spend hours wading up to their shoulders. The Duke of Bedford once recorded that he has seen young stags playing in deep water more in the manner of seals than deer. During the breeding season, stags fast as the spar for the right to mate. When fighting, males not only use their antlers and teeth but also rear up on their hind legs and "box".
Family group: Single sex and/or maternal herds.
Diet: Mainly grasses, though water plants may be eaten.
Main Predators: Presumably originally leopard.
Distribution
Because of its fondness for water and its elongated hoofs, scientists assume that the Pere David"s deer originally inhabited swampy plains in northeast China.
Remarks
The Chinese call this deer "sze pu shiang" which means something to the effect of "none of the four". This odd name refers to this deer"s supposed ownership of the neck of a camel, the hoofs of a cow, the tail of a donkey, and the antlers of a deer, though it is not completely like any one of these animals. "Milu" is the Chinese name for the sika deer (Cervus nippon), although Milne-Edwards believed that the Pere David"s deer was called it. Elaphos (Greek) a deer; oura (Greek) the tail: refering to the relatively long, donkey-like tail. Pere Armand David (1826-1900) was a French Jesuit missionary and keen naturalist in China.
Native to China, these deer were easily hunted in their wild habitat of open plains and marshes. The wild herds kept diminishing until the last known wild individual was shot in 1939 near the Yellow Sea. However, their extinction was avoided by the Emperor of China, who had installed a large herd in his Imperial Hunting Park (Nan Hai-tsu Park) near Peking. While almost extinct in the wild, the deer thrived in the park, surrounded by a 72 kilometer / 43 mile long wall and guarded by a Tartar patrol. The French missionary Pere Armand David had wandered around and wondered about the contents of this secretive park, as strangers were forbidden to look inside. However, on May 17, 1865, Pere David convinced the guards to allow him to look once over the wall. As luck would have it, a herd of these deer happened to walk by at that very moment - a moment which would amaze both the missionary and the scientific world. After many vain efforts, Pere David was able to obtain two complete skins of the new animal (which he believed to be a new species of reindeer), which he took to Europe, enabling Milne-Edwards to provide the first scientific description of the Pere David"s Deer. After incessant diplomatic trials, three living deer were donated to the French ambassador in Peking by the Emperor. Although these deer did not survive the strenuous trip to Europe, Milne-Edwards" report had created a desire for these deer in Europe, and since the Emperor had given some to the French, he could hardly deny a gift to the English and Germans. Several pairs were subsequently successfully sent to Europe, where they multiplied readily. The approximately two dozen deer in Europe, as well as the large herd remaining in China seemed to ensure the survival of the species. However, in 1895 catastrophic floods devastated China, and with the floods, an old part of the wall surrounding the park was destroyed. The animals in the park were either swept away by the floods, or if they escaped safely, were hunted and killed by the starving Chinese. Only 20-30 deer survived in the park after the catastrophe. Yet they to were to die five years later. During the Boxer rebellion, troops occupied the Imperial Park and killed and ate every deer without exception. When the destruction of the Chinese herd became known, several European zoo directors decided to send all of their breeding Pere David"s deer to the Duke of Bedford"s Woburn Abbey. A total of 18 animals reached this deer-lover"s park, of which one stag and five hinds eventually bred. The population increased to around ninety animals, at which point World War I threatened to annihilate the rescue attempt. The population was subsequently reduced to fifty animals due to a food shortage. However, by 1946 the population had increased to 300, at which point World War II created more food difficulties. Since the herds were also threatened by bombing nearby, the Duke of Bedford decided to spread out the breeding population, and in 1956 four deer were sent to the Peking Zoo, despite political resistance. By 1970 over 500 animals resided at Woburn Abbey alone, with others held in breeding centres throughout the world. To complete the rescue mission, in 1986 22 deer were flown from Woburn Abbey to Peking, where, after a lengthy quarantine, they were released in the area of the old Imperial Park, where they were discovered over 130 years ago. The last step - reintroduction to the wild - has yet to be taken, although a forest preserve has been selected for this purpose not far from where the last wild animal was shot.