Is the Wife of Bath a Feminist?

女权主义者 [名] feminist; [例句]他发起的运动得到了女权主义者、反战分子和生态学家的支持。His campaign attracted the support of feminists, peaceniks and ecologists.

hed, become our constant companions an

成语名称： 男女平等 nán nǚ píng děng 欢迎您访问本页，本页的主要内容为解释成语【男女平等】的出处和来源，以及回答男女平等的意思是什么，其中包含英语翻译和造句，同时提供了百度百科和SOSO百科的链接地址，为您全方位的诠释男女平等成语。如果本页找不到内容，在页尾点击回百度搜索。 百科解释如下： 男女平等 男女平等，是指男女两性再婚姻家庭关系中，享有同等的权利，负担同等的义务。中华人民共和国《宪法》第48条第1款就男女平等问题明确指出：“中华人民共和国妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。”　　 目录 u2022 词语解释 u2022 男女平等 u2022 法学上的定义 u2022 男女平等是我国基本国策 u2022 性别平等 u2022 现代社会男女不平等的深刻根源 u2022 极端女权主义行为 [显示部分][显示全部] 英汉词典解释 &gt&gt到爱词霸英语查看详解 词语解释[回目录] 　　【名称】男女平等 　　【拼音】nán nǚ píng děng 　　【解释】男女在政治、经济和社会上的平等。 　　【出处】清·秋瑾《勉女权歌》：“男女平权天赋就，岂甘居牛后？” 男女平等[回目录] 　　男女平等 (feminist ) 　　旧时男尊女卑的封建意识根深蒂固，夫妻间男为女主，可随意打骂休弃。建国以后，随着文化教育和集体生产的发展，女子同男子一样参加学习和劳动，社会地位得到提高，男女平互助互爱之风大大发扬。 　　妇女和男子在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活各方面享有同等的权利。在漫长的原始社会中，男女两性之间的关系是朴素而平等的。私有制和阶级剥削是男女不平等、妇女受压迫的社会根源。奴隶制社会、封建制社会公然实行男尊女卑、夫权统治。资本主义社会中妇女的地位比古代有显著的改善，男女平等也被奉为一项法律原则。但是，这种男女平等具有很大的局限性和虚伪性。原则和实践、法律规定和现实生活之间也有很大距离。故在资本主义制度下，不可能实现真正的男女平等。消灭一切形式的性别歧视，是社会主义民主的必然要求。中华人民共和国成立后废除了一切歧视、束缚妇女的反动法律。在宪法和有关选举、劳动、教育、婚姻家庭和继承等一系列法律和法规中，都鲜明地体现了彻底的男女平等的精神。男女平等是中国婚姻家庭制度的基本原则之一。男女双方在结婚和离婚上的权利义务是平等的，夫妻在财产关系和人身关系上的权利义务是平等的，不同性别的家庭成员在家庭中的权利义务也是平等的。由于历史上遗留下来的种种原因，社会主义初级阶段中男女两性在实际生活中的地位还存在着一定的差别。重男轻女，歧视妇女的旧传统、旧思想还有一定的影响。为了坚持男女平等，要特别注意保护妇女的合法权益。从法律上的平等过渡到实际生活中的完全平等，是社会主义历史时期妇女解放运动的长期任务。 法学上的定义[回目录] 　　男女平等，是指男女两性在婚姻家庭关系中，享有同等的权利，负担同等的义务。 　　我国《宪法》第48条第1款就男女平等问题明确指出：“中华人民共和国妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。” 男女平等是我国基本国策[回目录] 　　 为什么要贯彻男女平等基本国策？ 　　男女平等是我国妇女发展的重要目标，是衡量社会文明进步的重要尺度。男女平等基本国策是江泽民同志在1995年第四次世界妇女大会开幕式明确提出的。胡锦涛在2003年中国妇女九大上也要求全党全社会要坚决贯彻男女平等基本国策。 　　 相关漫画 相关漫画 1.彻男女平等基本国策，是巩固党的执政基础、夯实党的群众基础的必然要求。 　　全心全意依靠人民群众是我们党夺取和巩固政权，推进社会主义现代化建设的成功经验和重要保证。妇女占人口的半数，是国家政权的重要依靠力量。在全面建设小康社会、加快社会主义现代化建设的新形势下，不断巩固党的执政地位，提高党的执政能力，就必须贯彻男女平等基本国策，最大限度地把妇女吸引和凝聚到中国共产党的伟大事业中来，充分发挥妇女推动经济社会发展的生力军作用。 　　 2.贯彻男女平等基本国策，是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。 　　妇女是全面建设小康社会伟大实践的参与者和受益者，妇女与男性的平等协调发展，是全面建设小康社会的重要特征。新中国成立以后，党和国家把男女平等写进了《宪法》，采取经济、法律、行政等多种手段和有效措施，在政治、经济、文化、社会和婚姻家庭等领域赋予并保障女性平等的发展机会和权利，充分调动和发挥了妇女在国家经济和社会发展中不可替代的作用。但是，由于历史和现实的多种原因，由法律上的男女平等到事实上的男女平等还有很长的路要走，一些忽视妇女的地位和作用，侵害妇女合法权益的现象依然存在。因此，要实现小康社会的奋斗目标，必须切实保障和推进男女平等，鼓励和支持妇女与男性平等地参与竞争，实现发展，享有成果。 　　 宣传画 宣传画 3.贯彻男女平等基本国策，是全面落实科学发展观、促进经济社会和人的全面发展的必然要求。 　　科学发展观为实现两性协调发展提供了更加科学的理论依据。人类是有男女两性共同组成，两性关系是社会中影响最为普遍的社会关系之一。因此，树立科学发展观，必然要求把男女平等纳入统筹发展的全过程。一个全面、协调、可持续发展的社会，必然也是一个男女平等、协调发展的社会。党中央强调树立科学发展观，就是要把满足人的全面需要、促进人的全面发展作为经济社会发展的根本出发点和落脚点。男女平等是实现人的自由全面发展的前提，只有在解放和发展生产力的基础上，坚持以人为本、统筹兼顾，妇女发展与经济发展同步、与男性发展同步才能真正的以实现，才能真正实现男女平等。 性别平等[回目录] 　　“性别平等”、“两性平等”或“性别平等主义”是相信两性平等（包括第三性等其他人）。很多此思想的追随者想以此字眼代替女权主义或男权主义，用以描述相信基本平等权利或法律上或社会上两性有平等的待遇。他们为了达到最终的平等和寻求妥协的方法而奋斗，以改善男性、女性之间的关系。 　　平等主义者普遍地认为大部份女权主义者放弃了平等的思想，而只是注重女性权利，挂斥其他性别的权利。平等主义者寻求提升女性、男性和其他人的权利。 现代社会男女不平等的深刻根源[回目录] 　　随着人类社会的不断发展，妇女解放事业取得了巨大的进步，妇女地位获得了空前的提高，人类社会也正是伴随着男女平等问题的逐步解决而不断前进。但是，当今世界男女不平等现象依然普遍存在，并越来越引起人们的广泛关注。当今社会虽在制度上已消除了男女不平等因素，但实现法律上的男女平等到事实上的男女平等将是一个漫长的追求过程。 　　当今社会男女不平等，究其深刻原因，其根源于人的自私本性，尤其是数千年来男权社会统治所形成的传统思想观念。这一传统观念使广大妇女仍处在男权统治的樊篱和阴影之下。男权统治在人类历史上已延续了数千年，人类社会在进入了男权社会之后，女性成了弱势群体，“男尊女卑”、“男主女从”成为一定社会的思维和行为定势。男权社会所形成并不断强化的传统文化和观念意识延绵至今，深深地印记在人们头脑中，不同程度上阻碍了女性智能才干的发展和创造力的发挥。特别是男性凭借近千年人类进入语言文字和制造精巧工具的时代，更是将男权统治地位通过文化、思想、制度加以稳固和强化。譬如，在中国的传统文化中，儒教是明显歧视妇女的，在西方，基督教的《旧约》是典型的男权意识的产物，某些偏狭极端的宗教最歧视妇女;在东西方的语言文化中也存在着大量的带有性别歧视和性别划分的语言。 　　可见，经过数千年的延续，男权文化的很多内容已经渗透到每个时代的男性和女性的观念意识中，并成为了他们显意识和下意识的共识。时至今日，虽然“女子无才便是德”这种观点已经过时，但在深层次上，男性歧视女性，女性下意识地自甘歧视的观念意识则还根深蒂固地存在着。人类是社会活动的主体，阴柔与阳刚的互补、共存、互动将是人类社会乃至宇宙的永恒运动发展的主旋律。未来社会男女双方要想能实现平等、互补、共存、和谐的伙伴关系，并不意味着完全取消和混淆男女两性的特征，但应该逐步弱化男权观念意识，积极消除男女两性那些不合理的规范与评判，在充分地尊重男女独立人格的基础上扬弃传统文化的弊端和偏见，完善和发展健康的人性。 极端女权主义行为[回目录] 　　极端女权主义行为是指某些特定的人、社会团体和其他组织为了实现他们的某些特定目的，借助盲目夸大女性作用以及疯狂打压男性的手段和方法，人为破坏良好有序和科学合理的教学秩序、科研秩序、生产秩序、社会生活秩序，破坏性地改变人类天性，制造男女之间的矛盾和其他社会矛盾，损害社会、损害人类和谐有序的人文环境，破坏国家和民族安定团结的严重危害行为。该行为的主体是为了实现某些目的特定的自然人、社会团体和其他组织；它所侵害的客体是受到法律保护的良好有序而科学合理的社会环境、社会秩序以及人类天性；它的主观方面是为了实现某些带有严重社会危害性的目的而采取的直接故意和间接故意；它的客观方面是行为主体通过借助于“女权主义”和“女权运动”的主观故意行为而产生了严重社会危害性的后果。 　　维护妇女儿童合法权益、保护妇女合法权利是《宪法》精神的重要体现，也是依法治国，建设法治国家的必须，但是极端女权主义行为的实施危害了国家和社会、损害了男性的正当利益，激发了社会上的相关反抗意识、特别是受到这种行为损害男性的报复意识往往能够反过来实施各种侵害妇女合法权利的行为，其本质上还是由于极端女权主义行为的社会危害性所带来的，因此维护妇女儿童合法权益就必须防止极端女权主义行为。 百度百科地址：baike.baidu.com/view/162781.htm SOSO百科地址: 百度搜索：《 点击此处 》

第一个是女权主义者第二个是女权主义、女权主义运动，也可以做争取男女平等的人来用

正确！就是女权主义者

feminist theory女权扩张论理论feminist[英][u02c8femu0259nu026ast][美][u02c8fu025bmu0259nu026ast]n.男女平等主义者，女权扩张论者; 复数：feminists例句:1.Lauren leader-chivee, who carried out the study, said women in generation x had mothers who were inspired by the feminist revolution and encouraged their daughters to aim high. 开展这一研究的劳伦？里德-基维说，x一代女性的母亲曾受到女权主义革命的影响，鼓励女儿要胸怀大志

就是女权运动,起源于美国

feminism

http://hi.baidu.com/fypsky/blog/item/c3ffdd137cdeed035aaf5387.html

托尼莫里斯的啊，这部小说东西多，很容易写paper。当然写种族问题更容易，不过女性主义也不难。你可以考虑一下为什么里面的女性角色那么重视自己的相貌

不是的,正确划分应是fe/mi/nist 记住,划分音节,其实也就是在你发音的时候,应以辅音加原音为一节： fe mi ni st两个都是清辅音 这样就会轻松、标准地发好这个单词的音了! 而像你那样： fem i nist 显然是不正确的! 明白了吗?

女性时代:Female Age

我知... 什么是女性主义 认同女受到因其性别而面对压迫 同意妇女有其独特需要 同意通过行动谋求社会的改变去达到改善妇女处境 女性主义理论涉及的问题层面很广，可以分成四大类： 1、解释性的：妇女为什么长久以来受到压迫？ 2、价值性的：依据什么基本价值我们认为这种压迫是不对的？ 3、诊断性的：在不同的文化、社会现实中，对妇女压迫的形式、严重性如何？ 4、策略性的：针对这样的现况，如何寻求解放途径？ 各个流派有它偏重、专长的问题：社会主义/马克主义和精神分析偏重解释的工作，自由主义和存在主义着眼于价值的阐明，后殖民则偏重第三世界现实的诊断，而几乎所有理论都有策略性的建议；另一方面，它们之间也有真正实质的辩论，如：自由主义和基进主义对色情法的争执。 哈定(Sandra Harding)觉得女性主义立场论的扩充，就必须批判欧洲中心论，并仔细地从各种「后殖民」的可能立场中，或从「多元文化」的各种内容中（如中国古代、 *** 古代、印度古代等的另类自然知识系统），学习、对话、与丰富女性主义的科学研究。当科学与科学的人文研究，充满著更多的「立场」、更多元的各种「在地知识系统」，那么整体而言，这个更丰富的视野与多元观点，就是更好的，甚至具有「更强的客观性 strong objectivity」。哈定一方面要避免因「多元文化」所可能引发的「相对论」问题，另方面则强调具有各种立场的整体丰富性，会更客观。 所有这些，当然是有政治意涵的。哈定认为，无论是以「去殖民」为依归的后殖民立场、或是女性主义立场，都不是天生的、或社会上早已存在的角色，它们都是需要承诺、需要政治斗争与理想去完成与肯定的立场。就像没有天生的「黑人 black 」，而需要承诺、斗争与理想去肯定这种身份认同(Narayan & Harding 2000 )。 梁丽清(1999)总结女性主性对社会福利政策的看法 对社会福利政策的看法 女性主义者批评部份妇女服务的社工为强化妇女传统的家庭角色 无助于妇女摆脱生活的压迫 以「性别分工」(gender division of labour)为核心概念分析社会福利政策 着重妇女「生育」(reproduction)及「社会关系再生产」(social reproduction)所带来的后果。 传统上 「男主外、女主内」:男性的角色分配在公众的领域 而女性的角色被划分在「私人」(private)的领域—主要是家庭。因此 男性在社会上担任领导的位置 在家庭则扮演经济支柱 女性只能够在劳工市场上担任二线劳工，但在家中被视为主要照顾者及经济依赖者，照顾家中的依赖者认为是「天职」，这种性别分工的安排在传统下被认为「合理」和「自然」的。 性别分工是建基于「男权制度」(patriarchy)[有人译作父权制度/社会]和「母职」(motherhood)两种概念.。「男权制度」很富争论 亦有不同的理解 简单来说是指一套「男强女弱」的观念和制度被男性利用来支配女性 使女性处于从属的位置 即「男尊女卑」的情况。 「母职」是指女性负起生育及育儿的责任 是女性天生的任务。担任照顾者的角色是一种「自然」的分工。同时妇女亦透过照顾者的角色去满足其女性及作为母亲的欲望。妇女成长的过程塑造为照顾者的角色。 女性主义者质疑将生育及育儿的责任混为一谈。育儿的工作不一定是妇女的 应该是父母双方面的责任。照顾并不是单纯的一种感情投注 无须付出物质的代价。而事实照顾工作要大量的时间、体力和精神负担 须有足够的社会资源去支持这项投资 现时福利政策包括托儿服务 社区照顾等反映 *** 对妇女的角色没有充份的反省 反而不断强化这种性别分工的意识。现行政策漠视妇女成为家中照顾者带来的恶果：妇女不能外出工作 肩负无偿劳动的家庭责任。但政策制定者往往视「照顾者」的角色是合理的安排 因此对家庭的支援裹足不前 反而把照顾老弱的责任 进一步推卸在妇女身上 局限了妇女生活的自由选择权利。 家庭责任令妇女成为经济依赖者。这种依赖关系 将妇女放置在从属于家庭的地位上。妇女在婚姻关系上并不享有与男性相等的权力关系 影响妇女在资源运用的权力。例如在申请公屋及综援时 已婚妇都不能用申请人的身份享有福利。这一方面强化妇女经济依赖者的角色忽略妇女在经济上的困境 不少研究指出妇女占贫穷人口中的大多数。 当妇女婚姻出现问题时 丧失了固有的经济能力及社会地位。一旦分居、离婚或丧偶 女性的依赖关系从依赖男性转移到依赖 *** 。单亲母亲仍被视为家中的照顾者，社会福利政策只着眼于协助这些母亲如何做好母亲的本份，忽略如何帮助母亲就业，使能够经济上，无须依赖 *** 。这些措施包括幼儿服务或津贴，就业训练及协助就业措施及就业保障。这依赖关系更延伸至年长的妇女，年老妇女因长期作为经济依赖者的角色，她们在年长时更须依赖 *** 的援助，在低水平的生活质素下过活。 妇女在传统的性别分工的社会安排后，令她们参与公众事务上障碍重重，造成她们在政治、经济、社会及文化上均与男性有明显的差距。 女性主义对未来社会的看法 (黄洪): 女性主义者并不是要成为女强人 并不是要简单将压迫者与被压迫者的身份倒转过来 建立一个「女尊男卑」压迫的社会。女性主义对新社会的看法是要建立一个没有剥削 没有层份 而人与自然 男与女 社会不同部分及阶级互相倚存的社会 前提是重新对自己的身体及生活获得「自主性」 反对没有极根增长的观念 接受人类宇宙是有限 我们的身体是有限 地球亦是有限。而人类的工作及追求不是对财富与商品永不完结的扩张 而是追求人类快乐及生命自身的创造。 参考: web.swk.cu.edu/~hwong/Teaching/Movies/Lecture2_the_Big_City.doc 女性主义（女权运动、女权主义）是指一个主要以女性经验为来源与动机的社会理论与政治运动。在对社会关系进行批判之外，许多女性主义的支持者也着重于性别不平等的分析以及推动妇女的权利、利益与议题。 女性主义理论的目的在于了解不平等的本质以及着重在性别政治、权力关系与性意识（sexuality）之上。女性主义政治行动则挑战诸如生育权、堕胎权、教育权、家庭暴力、孕妇留职（maternity leave）、薪资平等、投票权、性骚扰、性别歧视与性暴力等等的议题。女性主义探究的主题则包括歧视、刻板印象、物化（尤其是关于性的物化）、身体、家务分配、压迫与父权。 女性主义的观念基础是认为，现时的社会建立于一个男性被给予了比女性更多特权的父权体系之上。 现代女性主义理论主要、但并非完全地出自于西方的中产阶级学术界。不过，女性主义运动是一个跨越阶级与种族界线的草根运动。每个文化下面的女性主义运动各有其独特性，并且会针对该社会的女性来提出议题，比如苏丹的性器割除（genital mutilation，请见女性割礼）或北美的玻璃天花板效应（glass ceiling）。而如 *** 、 *** 与母职则是普世性的议题。 [编辑] 历史起源 主文章：女性主义历史 以现代的哲学与社会运动的观点来看，女性主义的通常以18世纪的启蒙时代思想家为起源。如玛莉·渥斯顿克雷福特（Mary Wollstonecraft）所著的《女权的辩护》（A Vindication of the Rights of Woman）是19世纪之前少数几篇可以称得上是女性主义的著作之一。渥氏将女性比喻为高贵、社会菁英、娇生惯养、脆弱以及有知识与道德怠惰的危险，她相信男性和女性对于这样的情况都有责任，并且认为女性拥有比男性多上很多的权力是理所当然的事情。但这并不是说更早以前就不存在着其他关于两性平等的著作。比如说，神秘哲学家安里西·哥内留斯·阿格里帕（Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa）在1529年所著的《关于女性之高贵卓越的演说》（The Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex）。 女性主义在19世纪渐渐转变为组织性的社会运动，因为当时人们越来越相信女性在一个以男性中心的社会中受到不平等的对待（请见父权条目）。女性主义运动根源于西方的进步主义，尤其是19世纪的改革运动中。组织性运动的时间是起于1848年在纽约州色内加瀑布市（Seneca Falls New York）召开的第一次女权大会。 艾米琳·潘克斯特（Emmeline Pankhurst）是妇女参政权运动的奠基者之一，她试图揭露英国社会制度里的性别歧视，并且成立了妇女社会政治联盟（The Women"s Social and Political Union）。在许多成员微罪遭捕，然后因为《猫捉老鼠法案》（The Cat and Mouse Act）而重复进出监牢数次后，她们被激起进行绝食 *** 。其结果的强制喂食让这些成员病得很严重，使得当时法律体制的残暴受到社会关注，也因此助长了她们的目的。 早期的女性主义者与最初的女性主义运动通常被称为「第一波女性主义」（the first-wave），而1960年之后的女性主义被称为「第二波女性主义」（the second-wave）。也有所谓的第三波女性主义（the third-wave），但是女性主义者之间对于其存在必要性、贡献与概念意见不一。这三个「波」之所以如此称呼，是因为就像海浪般，一个接一个永不间断，后来者运用了前行者的贡献与资源。现代女性主义有个非常重要的支援因素就是人类学家玛格丽特·米德（Margaret Mead）出版的《三个原始部落的性别与气质》（Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies，1935年）一书。她是哥伦比亚大学的教授，也是美国女性主义的主要领导人之一、贝拉·艾布札格（Bella Abzug）所就读的大学。在米德的书中报告说，查恩布里（Tchambuli）部落中的女性拥有支配地位，却没有造成任何问题。这本书使得艾布札格那个时代的知识份子相信，欧洲对于男性气质（masculinity）与女性气质（femininity）的观念是非常文化取向的，而并非无可抹灭的天性。 [编辑] 各种形式的女性主义 女性主义这个词会让人觉得这是单独的一个意识形态，然而事实上女性主义存在有许多流派。由于历史背景、某些国家里面女性的法律地位、以及其他因素的影响，女性主义为了达到不同的目的而产生了不同的路线。因此也就存在着各种的女性主义。 其中一个流派是激进女性主义（radical femini *** ），认为父权是造成社会最严重问题的根本原因。这个流派的女性主义在第二波女性主义很受欢迎，尽管在今日已经没有那么突出。不过，还是有许多人将「女性主义」这个词完全等同于激进女性主义所提出的观点。有些人觉得传统激进女性主义思想中将男性压迫女性视为优先的考量，以及认为有一个普世的「女性」概念，太过于全面化了，而且其他国家的女性与西方国家女性感受到的「女性」经验绝对不会是一样的。西方国家女性可能会觉得性别压迫是她们所面对的压迫根源，但是在世界其他地方的女性可能会发现她们受到的压迫是来自于种族或经济地位，而不是她们的女性地位。 有些激进女性主义者提倡分离主义 （separatist femini *** ），也就是将社会与文化中的男性与女性完全隔离开来，但也有些人质疑的不只是男女之间的关系，更质疑「男人」与「女人」的意义（请见酷儿理论）。有些人提出论点认为性别角色、性别认同与性倾向本身就是社会建构（请见父权规范 heteronormativity）。对这些女性主义者来说，女性主义是达成人类解放的根本手段（意即，解放女人也解放男人，以及从其他的社会问题一起解放）。 有些女性主义者则认为可能有些社会问题与父权无关，或者父权不是这些社会问题的优先考量（比如说，种族歧视或阶级划分）；他们将女性主义视为解放运动的其中一种，与其他运动彼此影响。 [编辑] 女性主义的主要流派 亚马逊女性主义（Amazon femini *** ） 文化女性主义 生态女性主义（ecofemini *** ） 自由意志女性主义（libertarian femini *** ）或个人女性主义（individualist femini *** ） 唯物女性主义（material femini *** ） 性别女性主义 法国女性主义 大众女性主义（pop femini *** ） 自由女性主义 马克思女性主义（Marxist femini *** ） 社会女性主义（socialist femini *** ） 基进女性主义（radical femini *** ） 性解放女性主义（sexually liberal femini *** 或sex-positive femini *** ） 心灵女性主义（spiritual femini *** ） 隔离女性主义 第三世界女性主义 跨性别女性主义（trfemini *** ） 有些运动、研究方法或人也可以被形容为原型女性主义（proto-feminist）或后女性主义（post-feminist） 网路女性主义(Cyberfemini *** ) 丝绒女性主义（fluffy femini *** ） [编辑] 与其他运动的关系 大部分的女性主义者在政治上采取整体观的行动路线，他们相信马丁·路德·金所说的：「任何一个地方发生的不公义都是对所有地方公义的威胁。（A threat to justice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.）」因此，有些女性主义者通常都会去支持其他社会运动，比如公民权利运动、同性恋权利运动、以及最近的父亲权利运动。同时，许多黑人女性主义者如贝儿·胡克斯（bell hooks），批评女性主义运动为白人女性所把持。女性主义者所宣称的女性不利之处，通常都是西方社会中女性的处境，而和黑人女性生活较没有关系。这个观念正是后殖民女性主义的关键点。许多黑人女性主义者会比较喜欢使用女人主义（womani *** ）这个名词来表示她们的观点。 然而，有时候女性主义者会对跨性别运动保持警戒距离，因为后者挑战了男性和女性之间的差异。跨性者与性别认同为女性的变性者会被排除在某些「只限女性」的场合之外，并且会被某些女性主义者所排拒，因为她们认为一个生下来就是男性的人，不可能真正了解女性所受到的压迫。这种观点被跨性者批评为跨性别恐惧症（trphobic），并且认为对性别多元者的歧视是另外一种面貌的异性恋主义和父权压迫。参见跨性别女性主义和性别研究。 [ 参考: zh. *** /w/index?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&variant=zh- Liberal femini *** also known as "main stream femini *** " hopes to assert the equality of men and women through political and legal reform. It is an individualistic form of femini *** and theory which focuses on women"s ability to show and maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. Liberal femini *** looks at the personal interactions of men and women as the starting ground from which to trform society into a more gender-equitable place. According to liberal feminists all women are capable of asserting their ability to achieve equality therefore it is possible for change to happen without altering the structure of society. Issues important to liberal feminists include reproductive and abortion rights sexual haras *** ent voting education "equal pay for equal work " affordable childcare affordable health care and bringing to light the frequency of sexual and domestic violence against women. Liberal feminists generally work for the eradication of institutional bias and the implementation of better laws. In the United States liberal feminists have historically worked for the ratification of the the Equal Rights Amendment or Constitutional Equity Amendment in the hopes it will ensure that men and women are treated as equals under the democratic laws that also influence important spheres of women"s lives including reproduction work and equal pay issues. Feminist writers associated with this tradition are amongst others Mary Wollstonecraft John Stuart Mill; second-wave feminists Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem; and Third Wave feminists Rebecca Walker

质量不错，时尚风格的。

Frankenstein is enormously important as a prototype for science fiction and as an early feminist work.Background of FrankensteinMary Shelley was born in 18th-century London to two influential writers. Her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, was a radical feminist who died after giving birth to Mary, and her father, William Godwin, raised her alone. Mary left home at 16, married Percy Shelley after his first wife"s suicide, and wrote Frankenstein in a writer"s challenge from Lord Byron in 1816-1817. The story, based on a horrendous vision, was composed during sweeping life changes. Frankenstein was published anonymously in 1818. However, the story is enduring in its psychological drama, questions asked, and memorable characterizations. The story has adapted to many forms, with each adaptation telling a very different version of Shelley"s original tale.Frankenstein is an advisory notice done up in gothic costume, warning post-industrial society about the explosion of scientific knowledge and its potential misapplication and the subsequent dehumanization of mankind. Much as the silent sci-fi film Metropolis warned of the need for labor unions, Frankenstein warned of the need for considered action in the use of knowledge, and the alienation in store for driven knowledge seekers. In Frankenstein, Shelley asks who exactly the real monster is.About the Novel: FrankensteinIn the beginning, Dr. Frankenstein is rescued from an ice flow in the sea near the North Pole. Chased through the Arctic by his Creature, Victor Frankenstein is saved by Captain Walton, who listens to the tale of the quest for knowledge--all gone wrong. Victor describes his childhood as a paradise, where his mother and father indulged him. But, his parents also failed to teach him reality, cause-and-effect, or the principles of respect. With these deficiencies, he considered his adopted sister Elizabeth a possession that he married to own.Elizabeth could not help Victor overcome his addiction to creating a superhuman species. Victor achieved the goal of his addiction and was subsequently repulsed by it. Elizabeth was quite literally killed by his addiction as Victor"s Creature destroyed everything that was dear to him. His parents had abandoned his soul in their enabling, and he abandoned his own creation without a name and without a thought.Frankenstein reveals three generations of monsters--personified in Victor"s mother, Victor, and the Creature. In addition, Elizabeth was reduced to monster status in her treatment as an object, and Mary Shelley herself was a monster (an educated feminist) who could not put her name to her own work. Victor, the Creature, and Mary Shelley were all different from the mainstream society that rejected them as monstrous: a radical scientist, an inhuman creation, and a feminist without a mother. Victor lost everyone of value, Shelley lost her mother at birth, and the Creature could not fit in anywhere. The Creature"s abandonment by parent and society is similar to that of the feminist for over two centuries. Feminists were scorned and abandoned as they obtained knowledge and subsequent power to participate more fully in societies. As portrayed in Katja von Garnier"s 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels, feminists were attacked, beaten, and shunned, just as was the Creature in Frankenstein. Shelley must have felt such abandonment and rejection, considering that her father educated her extensively, but she could not sign her own book.http://classiclit.about.com/od/frankenstein/fr/aa_frankenstein.htm

　　摘 要：作为翻译研究和现代女权运动发展的产物，西方女性主义翻译理论带有鲜明的政治色彩，即解构男性及原作的文化霸权地位。该理论强调翻译的目的性，突显了译者的主体地位，颠覆了传统翻译理论中对于“忠实”标准、原作与译作及作者与译者地位关系等观点，为西方翻译学研究开辟了崭新的视角，尤其对女性译者的翻译风格产生巨大影响。但在对翻译领域做出颠覆性贡献的同时，其局限性也不可避免。 　　关键词：女性主义；翻译理论；译者风格；贡献；局限性 　　20世纪60年代，女权主义运动在西方风起云涌。这场由知识女性发起的意识形态的战争，波及到了政治、文化、文学等社会上层建筑的各个方面，更推动了女性主义在学术领域的发展。翻译研究者从中找到了女性主义与翻译的相似点，认为翻译中存在严重的性别歧视问题，开始质疑暗含男性中心论的译论。由此，女性主义翻译观应运而生。 　　一、女性主义与翻译 　　两千多年来，翻译领域充斥着各式各样的性别隐喻，如，把翻译比作“不忠的美人”。翻译被置于与女性相同的地位。原作对于再生产的译本所具有的等级上的权威与阳性和阴性的意象连接在了一起：原作被视为强壮而具有生产力的男性，而译本则是低弱的派生女性。西方女性主义翻译理论家认为，翻译处于这种弱势地位是长期受父权压制的结果。父权中心制统治下的翻译研究移植了社会文化中男尊女卑的性别伦理，使翻译这种跨文化的语言活动也被视为从属、派生的部分，进而被女性化和边缘化。女性与翻译在共同的历史境遇上找到了相似点和类比的基础，从而引发了两者相互结合的可能（徐翠波，2011，p.60)。 　　二、理论主张 　　女性主义和翻译都是对语言的一种批判性理解，当二者结合起来时，便形成了一种全新的翻译理论。女性主义为翻译研究提供了一个全新研究的视角，它对传统翻译理论中的一些重要概念进行了全新的诠释，提出了独特的观点和见解。其主要观点包括： 　　（1）对传统翻译理论标准“忠实”的颠覆，强调叛逆 　　中外传统翻译理论一直把“忠实”视为翻译的根本准则之一。传统翻译理论中翻译标准的核心就是“信”或“忠实”，译文必须忠实于原作，以原作/作者为中心，强调译文/译者对原作/作者的绝对忠实。女性主义翻译理论家们坚决反对这一观点，她们认为，语言中充满了性别歧视，“忠实”通常意味着剥夺女性的话语权（马丽娜, 2012, p.127)。 因此，在翻译中，她们要“妇弄”（woman handling）文本，对文本从女性视角、以女性的方法进行操纵，大胆实践自己的理论宗旨。 　　（2）重新界定译文与原作的关系，突显译者主体性 　　女性主义翻译理论打破了传统的“作者/原作-译者/译文”的两元对立模式，提倡原作-译文的共生共荣。这首先表现在翻译延伸了原作的生命，使得它得以在另一个语言文化空间中面对新的读者群体。也就是本雅明所说的译文是原作的后续的生命 (afterlife)，译文为原作开启了一个更加广阔的生存空间。 　　女性主义翻译理论家们提出“性别译者”（feminist translator）的概念，首先肯定了译者性别差异所导致的对原文文本意义阐释过程中的不同，从而丰富了原文文本的内涵；同时也提高了译者的主体性并肯定了译者在翻译过程中的创造性。长久以来，传统翻译理论以“忠实”和“等值”为基础，忽视了译者的主体性。译文一直被认为是原作的附庸，译著仅仅是派生的和非创造性的活动，把译者的主体性化为零，是原作之镜。但女性主义者从译者的性别角色入手，重新界定了译文与原作的关系，突显了译者的主体性。 　　（3）消除翻译语言中的性别歧视 　　除了理论上的贡献外，女性主义翻译理论家们进行了大量丰富的翻译实践，以消除翻译语言中的性别歧视。尤其是对《圣经》作女性主义及两性兼容的语言( inclusive-language) 的阐释引发了争论，不仅让人们注意到性别化语言带来的冲突性的含义，而且也加强了对人们对翻译作为内容丰富的阐释活动的理解。她们宣称，在翻译过程中要用各种翻译策略彰显女性在文本中的地位，让女性的声音在语言中“可见”。在翻译的实践中，很多女性主义译者大胆采用新词、新拼法、新语法结构，以及运用一些文字游戏，目的在于超越男权语言的成规，为女性话语开辟新空间。 　　总之，西方女性主义翻译理论家肩负着为自己与翻译正名的双重历史任务，她们为此而进行了卓有成效的奋斗，并在翻译的手法上提倡干预性的翻译策略。弗洛图( Louis von Flotow，1997)提出了女性主义译者常用的三种干涉文本的翻译策略，即增补（supplementing）、加写前言和脚注 (prefacing & footnoting)和劫持 (hijacking)。 　　（a）增补（supplementing） 　　增补策略是指以这对两种语言的差异之处予以平衡的创造性行为，等同于一些理论家所说的补偿（compensation）。译者基于自己的立场在增补过程中对文本进行创造性改写。如“HuMan”中用大写的“M”指示原文隐含的男性中心主义等。这种翻译方法体现了女性译者对原文文本的有意识的干预。 　　(b) 加写前言和脚注 (prefacing & footnoting) 　　前言与脚注是指对翻译过程的描述，以突出女性译者翻译的差异性。这一策略已经成为女性主义翻译中的常规，用以解释原文的背景，意图以及自己的翻译策略。这些说明和记录无疑是为了凸显译者让人们关注她们的女人身份——或者更明确的说，女性主义者的身份——方式，为的是解释她们在翻译过程中的真实感受，也是为了阐明那些为了想象的或者政治的目的而利用语法性别资源的文本。 　　(c)劫持策略（hijacking） 　　劫持策略是指女性译者基于自己的观点，根据自己的理解或者爱好对原本不属于女性主义的观点进行带有女性主义倾向的操纵(郑钰洁，2011，p.155)。 　　三、对译者风格的影响 　　译者风格是指译者在翻译过程中表现出来的创作个性，具体体现为译者选择题材的口味、所遵循的翻译标准、使用的翻译方法和译文语言运用的技巧等特点的综合。译者风格由他们的世界观、创作天资和艺术偏好决定，并在翻译实践中形成和发展起来。（周颖, 2004, p.67) 　　首先，女性主义翻译理论影响下的译者乐于搜集女性作家和女性主义作家的作品，并把它们介绍到自己代表的语言文化中。女性主义译者往往通过创作新词来颠覆男性的叙述方式。与此同时，在女性主义作家的作品中，语言成了表达政治目的的工具。她们通过对词语的中性化和减性化使用来创作文章。女性主义译者希望通过翻译这样的作品来使女性主义特色得到体现。 　　其次，女性主义翻译在实践上极力提倡译者的干预性( interventionist)，要求对译文进行女性主义的创造。在三种女性主义译者常用的翻译策略中，“增补”是为了弥补语言间的差异，在补偿过程中，译者创造性地改写文本以体现其女性主义角色。“劫持”是表示女性主义译者对翻译文本中不符合女性主义的观点进行改写或挪用。“加写前言和脚注”则是女性主义译者常用的用来解释原作主旨、自己的选材目的和使用的翻译观等目的的方式。 　　第三，女性主义翻译对话语性别 (grammatical gender)提出质疑和批评，提出语言“性别中性”的观点，并重建女性主义词汇，在语言运用上体现了女性主义译者的风格。此外，女性主义译者不满足中性化词语的使用，还创造了一些阴性词来使用，如"translatress" (女性译者)。(张静，2007，p.72-73) 　　四、贡献及局限性 　　女性主义自引人翻译理论以来，不断拓宽翻译研究的视域。女性主义对差异的解释成功地解构了原作和男性的霸权地位，为人们反思传统译论中翻译的等值、文化差异、译者的主体性以及语言的本质等问题找到了新的理论依据。但是，由于女性主义流派众多，观点过于激进，并且把颠覆以结构主义为基础的传统译论作为终极目的，把非理性作为理性，为了实现其政治目的，过于强调翻译中对语言的“操纵”和译者的“干预”，因而在某种程度上偏离甚至歪曲了翻译活动的本质，也就不可避免地为各种各样的批评留下了口实。(张景华, 2004, p.23-24) 　　参考文献： 　　[1]Flotow, L.(1997). Translation and gender: Translating in the"era" of feminism. Manchester: St.Jerome Publishing. 　　[2]马丽娜（2012）。女性主义翻译理论研究之浅探。《湖北函授大学学报》，25（2），127. 　　[3]徐翠波（2011）。西方女性主义翻译理论浅探。《长江大学学报（社会科学版）》，34（4），60. 　　[4]张景华（2004）。女性主义对传统译论的颠覆及其局限性。《中国翻译》，25（4），23-24. 　　[5]张静（2007）。论女性主义翻译理论对译者风格的影响。《四川教育学院学报》，23（9），72-73. 　　[6]郑钰洁（2011）。浅谈女性主义翻译理论与传统译论。《大众文艺》，（13），155. 　　[7]周颖（2004）。论文学翻译中的译者风格。《安徽教育学院学报》，（9），64-67. 　　作者简介：张曼曼（1987.4--），女，汉族，安徽宿州人，西安外国语大学10级硕士研究生，专业方向：翻译理论与实践。

… … 随着女权运动，它的起源和发展已经经历了相当长的过程。早期，女权主义理论家都把焦点放在男性的支配地位或父权制。之后，他们开始争论战争始于于妇女本身，并研究更复杂和痛苦的方法………………后面是在是看不下去了

Analyze the personality of the character in "Jane Eyre" from feminism"s point of view.

在现实生活或工作学习中，大家都写过作文，肯定对各类作文都很熟悉吧，借助作文人们可以实现文化交流的目的。还是对作文一筹莫展吗？下面是我为大家整理的女性在现代世界的地位英语作文，欢迎大家分享。 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇1 Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In many countries， more and more women are acting as workers， farmers， scientists， and even leaders. We can say that almost all jobs which men can do are done successfully by women. Women are no longer looked down upon by society. With the changes in their social role， women＇s position in family has been improved as well. Husband and wife are now equal in the family. They deal with problems of daily life together， and share happiness with each other. In today＇s families， women are not usually the ones busy with dinners. In spite of these changes ， the liberation of women has not been completely realized. A number of men are self-centered， who regard women as incapable. Few women are allowed to attend important international meetings dominated by men. That＇s really the problem we should solve immediatel 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇2 In many countnes in the world, women are looked down upon. It is more difficult for them to get some work than men. In order to get a job, they sometimes have to tell a lie. That"s unfair. In fact, women can work no worse than men. There"s nothing that women can"t do. Perhaps, they are better at their work than men. For example, in making telephones and computers, many companies would rather employ women, for men can"t pick up the small pieces with their fingers. Like men,they can also become excellent engineers, doctors and teachers. So I am sure the day will come soon when women can really get equal rights. 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇3 Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in businesses and factories. In addition, they are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses which are run completely be women. Clearly, women are making outstanding contributions to the progress of modern society. 女性在现代社会中发挥着举足轻重的作用。如今许多女性走上工作岗位，如医学，法律和工程行业。他们中也包含一大部分企业和工厂的工人。另外，他们也逐渐进入之前只由男性来担任的工作岗位。甚至有一些企业纯粹由女性来运作。显然，妇女在现代社会的.进步中做出了突出贡献。 There are, However, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. First, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough. Second, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than women do. 然而，仍然有一些人主张男人在许多方面优于女性。首先，许多男人可以做的工作女人做起来却很难，女性身体不够健壮。其次，大部分世界著名的科学家和政治家都是男性。再次，整个社会似乎一直是由男性来占主导地位的，男人应享有比女性更多的权利。 Personally, I"m firmly standing on the side of those woman right defenders. Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. 就我个人而言，我坚定地站在女权捍卫者的行列。既然男性和女性对人类社会是同等重要的，他们就应该被平等对待。 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇4 In ancient times, women were usually considered weak and incapable. No matter in which country, the whole society was controlled by men, which was not changed until the last hundred years. From the beginning of the 20th century, numerous campaigns were launched aimed at winning over the equal rights for women. Since then, women"s status has improved a lot. In the modern world, the fact that women are playing a more and more important role in society has been accepted by most of the people. Now women tend to go out of kitchen and contribute their strength to their career. Actually, they do really very well or even better than men in arts, services, management and many other industries. Giving attention to both family and career, women in the modern world are under much more pressure than before. However, most of them consider it worthwhile. 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇5 Working treatment Companies tend to employ males when employers got the same masters degree.Unequal male-female eollment rates are still exist.When the industries and positions doing this,Universities are no exception.From 2000 to 2010,female students represented more percent of top scores in college entrance exams,but some universities continue to maintain a double standard of favoring females. Assignment distrubution in family In China,it has long been a traditional concept that a woman without talent is called virtuous.Males are asked to go to work and wives should worship them and depend on them.although marriage is equally important for both men and women,it is the women who seem to get saddled with the weight of responsibility for adopt children and doing housework. social status In daily life, we always equate a woman"s success with the marriage as if that"s all there is to life.These culture expectations and assumptions run deep- so deep that we don"t even notice the built-in sexism that separate women and men.What"s more,women in high politic power are less than man.Still in today,people unconsciously emphasis candidates gender when encounter females" name. Language using Both in English and Chinese,language also hind some kinds of discrimination.”male” and “female”,using man to include the human beings,and so on.Besides,maybe high heel shoes can be another term of please their husband or the 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇6 n allegiant follower of women＇ s rights? since the time god created adam and eve, women and men,with different body structure and distinct characteristics, are regarded as two totally different groups in the world.from that time, our ancestors have never felt suspicious of this established fact. modern women, however, with highly developed intellect,tend to distrust the truth held for thousands of years. believe it or not, a friend of mine is such a girl who always pretends to be an allegiant follower of women＇s rights. such things happen that she always goes into raptures at the mere mention of women＇s rights. she has a big heap of theories of her own to teach those naive girls in the dorm. though she often etols the virtue of being independent, having no marriage,having no children, or even never trusting men＇s words, she has never put it into practice up to now.what＇s more ridiculous,she was propagating her forever-correct ideas last minute, while she is meeting her beloved boyfriend this minute and never tired of meeting those new handsome guys. when we laughed at her for her unworkable theories, she always laughed like a drain, "i love guys, but i don＇t trust them.what i am doing is to earn the same opportunity of having fun of love as men always do,"she added every time, "eperience is the best way to protect yourself from those bad guys!" this doesn＇t surprise me any more for the real equality with men is not like this. in my opinion, real advocators of women rights never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves.they disregard those old social rules of women and men without being aware that they＇ve really done something to bridge the inequality with men. compared with those women like who has been mentioned above, they have a strong inner desire to pursue the same opportunity as men have. unlike girls who lay great emphasis on taking advantage of cosmetics and fashionable dressing, they spent much more time in learning, reading and perfecting themselves.they＇ve been conscious that without a perfect performance capability and advanced skills in the field of what they are working,the equal opportunities won＇t fall down from the heaven. besides this, they also involve themselves in such activities as discussions, seminars, forums and mass media to make the society and men know them well. this, with no doubt, is an effective way to better women＇s social status and narrow the gap between men and women. nowadays, "women＇s rights" becomes a fashionable term for women. while all women are talking about their ideas loudly hoping to stand themselves out from others, only a few of them have really donesomethingtopavetheway tothe"equal world". in my opinion, they are actually the pioneers of our world and are worth being respected. 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇7 Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements, theories, and philosophies which are concerned with the issue of gender difference, advocate equality for women, and campaign for women"s rights and interests. According to some, the history of feminism can be divided into three waves. The first wave was in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second was in the 1960s and 1970s and the third extends from the 1990s to the present. Feminist theory emerged from these feminist movements.It is manifest in a variety of disciplines such as feminist geography, feminist history and feminist literary criticism. Feminism has altered predominant perspectives in a wide range of areas within Western society, ranging from culture to law. Feminist activists have campaigned for women"s legal rights (rights of contract, property rights, voting rights); for women"s right to bodily integrity and autonomy, for abortion rights, and for reproductive rights (including access to contraception and quality prenatal care); for protection from domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape;for workplace rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; and against other forms of discrimination. During much of its history, most feminist movements and theories had leaders who were predominantly middle-class white women from Western Europe and North America. However, at least since Sojourner Truth"s 1851 speech to American feminists, women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms. This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the Civil Rights movement in the United States and the collapse of European colonialism in Africa, the Caribbean, parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia. Since that time, women in former European colonies and the Third World have proposed "Post-colonial" and "Third World" feminisms. Some Postcolonial feminists, such as Chandra Talpade Mohanty, are critical of Western feminism for being ethnocentric. Black feminists, such as Angela Davis and Alice Walker, share this view. Since the 1980s Standpoint feminists argued that feminism should examine how women"s experience of inequality relates to that of racism, homophobia, classism and colonization.In the late 1980s and 1990s postmodern feminists argued that gender roles are socially constructed,and that it is impossible to generalize women"s experiences across cultures and histories. 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇8 After women have made great strides for their rights,leaders gradually realized the necessity to achieve the equality of men and women and as well increasingly countries has put the principle of equality into practice.women are no longer being oppressed at the the bottom of society and even have equal opportunity to rise to leadership positions.however,gender discrimination still exist in insidious form today. Women and men may not dealt with in many field especially in the job market with female graduates affected the most.The figure indicates that more than 90 percent of female students experience gender discrimination in the force labour,while more than 40 percent of believe it is harder for women to get an offer than men. “men only”signs appeared frequently on recruit company,women are are refused by their image of delicate and lack of independent as people considered.So that women always lose many chances in choosing favorable job. Additionally , for same work,women receive lower payment at their job than men. Another statistic shows that women represent 50 percent of middle management and professional positions but the percentages of women at the top of organizations represent not even a third of that number which can not but arouse our thinking why do we have so few women leaderThat"s recessive gender discrimination.In the absence of gender discrimination stress patriarchal society,in order to realize their own value,women must pay double or even several times effort than men. Finally,the ideas that son preference and discrimination against girls took strong root since ancient time,every family continues to have children until they have a boy,if they have a girl,they would like to have another child.Killed,aborted or neglected,at least 100 million girls have disappeared and the number is rising. As we can see from above analysis,women still encounter discrimination or unfair treatment in many aspects.To achieve the “equality of men and women”We still have a long way to go. 女性在现代世界的地位英语作文 篇9 Since the time God created Adam and Eve, women and men,with different body structure and distinct characteristics, are regarded as two totally different groups in the world． From that time, our ancestors have never felt suspicious of this established fact． Modern women, however, with highly developed intellect,tend to distrust the truth held for thousands of years． Believe it or not, a friend of mine is such a girl who always pretends to be an allegiant follower of women＇s rights． Such things happen that she always goes into raptures at the mere mention of women＇s rights． She has a big heap of theories of her own to teach those naive girls in the dorm． Though she often extols the

乱世佳人-英文简介 GONE WITH THE WIND is a love story which took place during the American Civil War. The main character is Scarlett, whose father owned a big plantation called Tara in the southern state of Georgia. She fell in love with Ashley, but he loved his cousin Melanie and married her. Scarlett first married Charles and unfortunately he died in the war. Scarlett became a widow. When the war ended, life was really hard for her family and Scarlett took charge of the whole family. Later she married Frank who was shot to death and she became a widow again. The third time she married Rhett Butler, a businessman, and they had a baby girl called Bangni. Bangni unexpectedly died from a fall because of an accident. After a series of events, Scarlett finally came to understand that what she really needed was Rhett Butler. Because there were some misunderstandings between them, Rhett Butler could no longer trust her and he was determined to leave Scarlett. The film describes her bitter life experience. Scarlett looked forward to the arrival of a better tomorrow.

The feminist movement (also known as the Women"s Movement or Women"s Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as reproductive rights (sometimes including abortion),domestic violence,maternity leave,equal pay,sexual harassment,and sexual violence.The goals of the movement vary from country to country,e.g.opposition to female genital cutting in Sudan,or to the glass ceiling in Western countries.The history of feminist movements has been divided into three "waves" by feminist scholars.Each is described as dealing with different aspects of the same feminist issues.The first wave refers to the feminism movement of the 19th through early 20th centuries,which dealt mainly with the Suffrage movement.The second wave (1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws,as well as cultural inequalities.The Third wave of Feminism (1990s-current),is seen as both a continuation and a response to the perceived failures of the Second-wave.The feminist movement reaches far back before the 18th century,but the seeds of modern feminist movement were planted during the late part of that century.Christine de Pizan,a late medieval writer,was possibly the earliest feminist in the western tradition.She is believed to be the first woman to make a living out of writing.Feminist thought began to take a more substantial shape during The Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women"s education.The first scientific society for women was founded in Middleberg,a city in the south of the Dutch republic,in 1785.Journals for women which focused on issues like science became popular during this period as well.The period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the United States is referred to as the first wave of feminism.It focused primarily on gaining the right of women"s suffrage.The term,"first-wave," was coined retrospectively after the term second-wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting social and cultural inequalities as further political inequalities.

Feminish的意思是：女权主义赞同者。即相信女权主义的理想，但不是一个活动家，不自称为女权主义者。feminish is Someone who believes feminist ideals but is not an activist and doesn"t call themselves a feminist

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前些年,确实不是贬义词,是真正追求性别平等的大旗.但是近年来,就是贬义词.你看看微博上果子狸为首的手机壳割韭菜女权派,侯红斌为首的思想控制女权派,你就知道这是一帮做生意的,根本就是挂羊头卖狗肉,还有作家陈岚,多次用女拳的套路骂人被公安机关找上然后被迫假惺惺在微博上道歉.现在就可想而知了,你要说你是女权,大家都会用一种看外星人的目光看着你,因为这是个消费主义玩烂玩臭了的大旗和炒作噱头

1 IntroductionThe significance of this study lies in its exploration of the interconnectedness of gender and environmental issues through an ecofeminist lens. Margaret Atwood"s The Handmaid"s Tale presents a dystopian world where women"s bodies are commodified and nature is exploited, revealing the twin oppressions of women and nature in patriarchal societies. By examining the novel from an ecofeminist perspective, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between gender, environment, and power, as well as the potential for feminist environmentalism to create more just and sustainable societies. The findings of this study will be of interest to scholars in the fields of feminist theory, environmental studies, and literature, as well as policymakers and activists seeking to promote gender and environmental justice.Research on ecofeminism, which investigates the intersectionality of gender and environmental issues, has gained increasing attention in recent years. Scholars both at home and abroad have explored ecofeminist theory and its application in various fields, including literature, sociology, and environmental studies. In the field of English literature, Margaret Atwood"s The Handmaid"s Tale has been a popular topic of research, with scholars analyzing the novel from feminist, environmental, and other critical perspectives. However, few studies have examined the novel through an ecofeminist lens, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of gender and environmental issues. This study aims to fill this research gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of The Handmaid"s Tale from an ecofeminist perspective, contributing to the broader literature on feminist environmentalism.This study aims to analyze Margaret Atwood"s The Handmaid"s Tale from an ecofeminist perspective, with a focus on the twin oppressions of women and nature in patriarchal societies. The study will first provide a brief introduction to ecofeminism and explore the formation of Margaret Atwood"s ecofeminist awareness. It will then examine the novel"s portrayal of the destruction of nature and the oppression of women by men, analyzing the root causes of these twin oppressions. The study will also explore the rebellions of nature and women in the novel, including the revenge from nature and the rebellion of the Handmaids. By analyzing the novel through an ecofeminist lens, this study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between gender, environment, and power in The Handmaid"s Tale.This paper is divided intofive parts.. Chapter 2 provides a brief overview of ecofeminism and discusses the formation of Margaret Atwood"s ecofeminist awareness. Chapter 3 explores the twin oppressions of nature and women and the root cause of these oppressions. Chapter 4 analyzes the rebellions of nature and women in the novel. Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the thesis with a summary of the main findings and contributions, as well as a discussion of the limitations and future research directions.2 Two Ecofeminist Theory and Margaret Atwoodu2019s Ecofeminist Awareness2.1 A Brief Introduction to EcofeminismEcofeminism is a feminist and ecological philosophy that emerged in the 1970s in response to the environmental and social crises of the time. It seeks to examine the connections between the oppression of women and the exploitation of nature, and to challenge the underlying patriarchal and capitalist systems that perpetuate these issues.Ecofeminism is based on the recognition that women have a special relationship with nature and that their marginalization is linked to the degradation of the environment. This is because women have traditionally been associated with nurturing and caring for the natural world, and have been excluded from decision-making processes related to the environment. At the same time, the domination of nature and the exploitation of natural resources have been justified through patriarchal ideologies that prioritize the values of domination and control.Ecofeminism encompasses a range of approaches and theories, including cultural ecofeminism, spiritual ecofeminism, social ecofeminism, and materialist ecofeminism. These theories emphasize different aspects of the relationship between women and nature and offer different strategies for addressing the twin oppressions of women and nature.Cultural ecofeminism emphasizes the cultural and symbolic dimensions of the relationship between women and nature. It argues that the devaluation of women and nature is rooted in patriarchal cultural norms that equate women with nature and portray both as inferior to men and civilization. Spiritual ecofeminism draws on spiritual and religious traditions to highlight the spiritual and ethical dimensions of the relationship between women and nature. Social ecofeminism emphasizes the social and political dimensions of the relationship between women and nature and advocates for social justice and equal rights for women and marginalized groups. Materialist ecofeminism focuses on the material and economic dimensions of the relationship between women and nature and critiques the capitalist economic system that prioritizes profit over environmental and social concerns.Margaret Atwood"s works are often seen as exemplary of ecofeminist literature, as they address ecological and feminist issues and offer critical perspectives on contemporary society. In the following section, we will examine the formation of Atwood"s ecofeminist awareness and how it informs her portrayal of the relationships between women, nature, and society in The Handmaid"s Tale.2.2 The Formation of Margaret Atwoodu2019s Ecofeminist Awareness2.2.1 The Formation of Margaret Atwoodu2019s Ecological Awareness2.2.2 The Formation of Margaret Atwoodu2019s Feminist Sensitivity3 Twin Oppressions of Nature and Women3.1 The Destruction of Nature3.1.1 Manu2019s attitude towards nature in patriarchal history3.1.2 Ecological crisis in The Handmaid"s Tale3.2 Men"s Oppression of Women3.2.1 Womenu2019s Victimized Position in Gilead3.2.2 Womenu2019s Rights Deprived By Men3.3 The Root Cause for Twin Oppressions of Nature and Women4 Nature and Womenu2019s Rebellions4.1The Revenge from Nature4.2 The Rebellion of the Handmaids5 Conclusion

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Adams, Abigail (1744-1818). Adams was a prolific writer, patriot, abolitionist, and early feminist. In her famous correspondence to her husband, she spoke eloquently against slavery, many years before the abolitionist movement, and on behalf of women. Anthony, Susan B. 1820-1906. American suffragist. Anthony worked tirelessly for the woman suffrage movement. She lectured on women"s rights and organized a series of state and national conventions on the issue. She collected signatures for a petition to grant women the right to vote and to own property. During the Civil War Anthony worked toward the emancipation of the slaves. In 1863 she helped form the Women"s Loyal League, which supported U.S. president Abraham Lincoln"s policies. She registered to vote in Rochester, New York, on November 1, 1872. Four days later, she and fifteen other women voted in the presidential election. All sixteen women were arrested three weeks later, but only Anthony was brought before a court. Between 1881 and 1886, she and Stanton published three volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage, a collection of writings about the movement"s struggle. Black, Clementina (1850"s-1923). Social reformer and writer. Born in England. Worked to improve social and industrial conditions for women and girls in England through militant unionism. Wrote `Sweated Labor and the Minimum Wage" (1907) and `Married Women"s Work" (1915)Blackwell, Elizabeth (3/3/1821-5/31/1910). America"s first woman doctor, was admitted to New York"s Geneva College as a joke in 1847. She overcame taunts and prejudice while at medical school to earn her degree in 1849, graduating at the top of her class. After American hospitals refused to hire her, she opened a clinic in New York City where she was joined by her sister Dr. Emily Blackwell and Dr. Marie E. Zakrzewska. Bloomer, Amelia Jenks (1818-94). Social reformer. Born in Homer, N.Y. Active as speaker and writer for women"s rights. Editor of the Lily, which was believed to be the first newspaper edited entirely by a woman. Involved in dress reform through her defense of pantaloons, which came to be called "bloomers."Casgrain, Marie Therese Forget (1896-1981) A canadian feminist who led the fight to obtain full sufferage for women, she was also the president of Quebec League for Women"s Rights from 1929-1948. Catt, Carrie Chapman (1859-1947). American woman suffrage leader, born in Ripon, Wisconsin, and educated at the State College of Iowa. She was an organizer and lecturer for the woman suffrage movement. She was president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1900 to 1904 and of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, which she helped to organize, from 1904 to 1923. She was reelected president of the national association in 1915, retaining this post until her death. Catt"s campaign achieved success in 1920, when all American women won the right to vote. In the same year she participated in founding the National League of Women Voters. In the 1920s and "30s, Catt was active in the cause of international peace, serving as head of the National Committee on the Cause and Cure of War from 1925 to 1932. Chicago, Judy (born 1939). Artist. Born Judy Cohen in Chicago, IL. She helped found the Feminist Studio Workshop in Los Angeles. Most famous for the unusual, large exhibition called `The Dinner Party" in the late 1970s.Chopin, Kate (1851-1904). Writer. Born in St. Louis, Mo. Regular contributor of feminist short stories to literary journals. Her novel `The Awakening" (1899) shocked many people with its portrayal of a young woman"s sexual and artistic longings.Collins, Martha Layne (born 1963) Kentucky"s first female governor and first woman to chair the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors. Friedan, Betty (born 1921) Born in the U.S., a famous author and known feminist. She wrote the best-seller, "The Feminine Mystique" and challenged traditional roles of women. Cofounder and president of the National Organization for Women (from 1966-1977). She cofounded the First Women"s Bank and convened International Feminist Congress in 1973. Gilman, Charlotte (1860-1935) U.S. writer famous for her writings on feminism and labor. ("His Religion and Hers", "The Crux") Ginsburg, Ruth (born 1933) Director of Women"s Rights project of the American Civil Liberties Union and argued many cases before the Supreme Court. Was appointed ot the Supreme Court by President Bill Clinton in 1993. Murphy, Emily (1886-1933). A Canadian lawyer and writer. In 1916 helped establish the Women"s Court to hear women"s evidence in such cases as divorce or sexual assault. Became first woman magistrate in the British Empire.O"Reily, Leonora (1870-1927) U.S. labor leader and reformer, born in the U.S. She led and organized factory reforms and unionized female factory garmet workers; founding member of NAACP; active in civil rights and women"s sufferage movements. Pankhurst, Emmeline (1858-1928). Suffragist. Born in England. Militant worker for women"s suffrage in Manchester and London. In 1903 she and daughter formed the Women"s Social and Political Union.Parsons, Elsie Worthington Clews (1875-1941) Born in the U.S.; sociologist and anthropologist. Her early writing concerned women"s rights and she later became an advocate of human rights. She was the first woman elected president of American Anthropological Association. Paul, Alice (1/11/1885-7/9/1977). Before leaving England, Paul was arrested seven times and jailed at least three for her suffragist activities. When she returned to the United States, Paul joined, then left the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Thinking the NAWSA too mainstream, she founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage (CUWS) in 1913. The CUWS later merged with the Woman"s Party to form the National Woman"s Party, of which Paul was the first chair. Until the Nineteenth Amendment was passed in 1919, and ratified in 1920, Paul was an ardent supporter of suffrage, and even met with President Woodrow Wilson to urge him to support suffrage. After the amendment was passed, Paul continued her feminist work. In 1923, she drafted the Equal Rights Amendment, and largely through her influence was able to get the ERA through Congress in 1970. The amendment later failed to be ratified by two-thirds of the states. Sanger, Margaret (9/14/1883-9/6/1966). Birth control pioneer who first worked as a nurse, where she witnessed first-hand the health hazards of unwanted pregnancy. Her fifty year crusade to educate women about birth control resulted in numerous arrests on charges of obscenity and the founding of what was to become the Planned Parenthood Federation. Sanger also published numerous pamphlets and magazines, among them Woman Rebel, a monthly magazine, Family Limitation, a pamphlet of contraceptive advice, and The Birth Control Review. Additionally, Sanger wrote several books, including Women, Morality and Birth Control; My Fight for Birth Control, and Margaret Sanger: An Autobiography. Steinem, Gloria (born 1934). Writer and editor. Born in Toledo, Ohio. During the 1960s she appeared as a leader in the women"s movement in the United States. In 1970 cofounded Ms., which grew to be a leading feminist magazine.Truth, Sojourner (1797-1883). Born a slave in New York, Sojourner Turth was orginally called Isabella Van Wagner. She gained her freedom in 1827, after most of her thirteen children had been sold. She took the name "Sojourner Truth" in 1843 after having a vision. In 1836, Truth became the first Black to win a slander action against whites. At the 1851 Women"s Convention in Akron, Ohio, her powerful "Ain"t I a Woman" speech awed even detractors. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (11/12/1815-10/26/1902). Elizabeth Cady Stanton came to the women"s right movement after being excluded from sessions during an anti-slavery convention because of her sex. She and Lucretia Mott decided that a women"s rights convention was in order. Eight years later, in 1848, the first women"s rights convention took place at Seneca Falls, New York. It was there that, using the Declaration of Independence as a guide, the Declaration of Sentiments was written. Stanton, with Susan B. Anthony, organized the Women"s Loyal National League to fight slavery (1863) and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (1869) of which Stanton served as president. Stanton was also the co-editor of The Revolution, a weekly woman"s suffrage paper published by Anthony, and author of The Woman"s Bible (1895) and an autobiography, Eighty Years and More (1898). Stone, Lucy (1818-93). American feminist and abolitionist, born in West Brookfield, Massachusetts, and educated at Oberlin College. Noted as a lecturer on woman suffrage and as an advocate of the abolition of slavery. A leader of the American Woman"s Suffrage Association, she founded (1870) the Woman"s Journal, the chief publication of the women"s movement. Until her death she edited the journal, assisted by her husband, the American abolitionist Henry Blackwell. Stone created controversy by retaining her maiden name after her marriage as a symbol of a woman"s right to individuality. Those who followed her example came to be known as Lucy Stoners. Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-97). Writer. Born in England. Work includes `Thoughts on the Education of Daughters" (1787), `The Female Reader" (1789), and `A Historical and Moral View of the Origins and Progress of the French Revolution" (1794). `A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792), which challenged Rousseau"s ideas of female inferiority, is a classic of liberal feminism.

以ist作后缀的单词 feminist n 女权主义者； nationalist n 民族主义者； materialist n 唯物主义者； moralist n 道德家； philatelist n 集邮家，等。 扩展资料 　　例句： 　　He was infamous for his anti-feminist attitudes. 　　他因为他的反女权主义姿态而臭名昭著。 　　She makes no reference to any feminist work other than her own. 　　除了自己的作品之外，她根本不提任何其他女权主义作品。 　　A lot of people"s eyes glaze over if you say you are a feminist. 　　如果你说你是女权主义者，好多人都会愣住。 　　He is unlikely to send in the army to quell nationalist aspirations. 　　他不大可能派军队来压制民族主义倾向。 　　Perhaps my views qualify me as a nationalist. 　　可能我的意见让我具有成为民族主义者的资格。 　　But Mr Ortega has enjoyed a wave of nationalist support at home. 　　但奥尔特加在国内受到了一波民族主义者的`支持。 　　He was an arrogant and cocksure materialist. 　　他是一个狂妄的自信满满的唯物论者。 　　He was not interested in that materialist lure. 　　他对这种物质引诱不感兴趣。 　　Have you heard Madonna"s song "Materialist Girl"? 　　你听过麦当娜的歌“实惠女郎”吗？ 　　You know what your problem is, Hauser?You"re a moralist. 　　你知道你的问题出在哪吗，豪泽？ 　　He is a paradoxical aesthete as well as a paradoxical moralist. 　　他是一个矛盾的唯美主义者，同时他更是一个矛盾的道德家。 　　He is a paradoxical aesthete as well as a paradoxical moralist. 　　他是一个矛盾的唯美主义者，同是他更是一个矛盾的道德家。 　　I am a committee member of the Philatelist Association of our university. 　　我是我们大学里集邮家协会的成员。 　　The history of the post office is rarely of interest to anyone but the uniquely eager philatelist. 　　一提到邮局的历史，除了那些特别痴迷的集邮家外，恐怕很难再有谁会感兴趣。 　　According to an 1876 edition of the magazine Philatelist, timbromania was the earlier word that Herpin was attempting to oust. 　　根据一本1867年版的《集邮》杂志，timbromania是海尔宾试图取代的单词。 　　According to an 1876 edition of the magazine Philatelist, timbr

tion of it and partly because his salary was Territorially meagre (which is a strong expression).

玛丽·雪莱英文介绍 The Life of Mary Shelley This essay was written by Kim A. Woodbridge, the owner of this site. Mary Shelley, born August 30, 1797, was a prominent, though often overlooked, literary figure during the Romantic Era of English Literature. She was the only child of Mary Wollstonecraft, the famous feminist, and William Godwin, a philosopher and novelist. She was also the wife of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Mary"s parents were shapers of the Romantic sensibility and the revolutionary ideas of the left wing. Mary, Shelley, Byron, and Keats were principle figures in Romanticism"s second generation. Whereas the poets died young in the 1820"s, Mary lived through the Romantic era into the Victorian. Mary was born during the eighth year of the French Revolution. "She entered the world like the heroine of a Gothic tale: conceived in a secret amour, her birth heralded by storms and portents, attended by tragic drama, and known to thousands through Godwin"s memoirs. Percy Shelley would elevate the event to mythic status in his Dedication to The Revolt of Islam".( from pg. 21 of Romance and Reality by Emily Sunstein.) From infancy, Mary was treated as a unique individual with remarkable parents. High expectations were placed on her potential and she was treated as if she were born beneath a lucky star. Godwin was convinced that babies are born with a potential waiting to be developed. From an early age she was surrounded by famous philosophers, writers, and poets: Coleridge made his first visit when Mary was two years old. Charles Lamb was also a frequent visitor. A peculiar sort of Gothicism was part of Mary"s earliest existence. Most every day she would go for a walk with her father to the St. Pancras churchyard where her mother was buried. Godwin taught Mary to read and spell her name by having her trace her mother"s inscription on the stone. At the age of sixteen Mary ran away to live with the twenty-one year old Percy Shelley, the unhappily married radical heir to a wealthy baronetcy. To Mary, Shelley personified the genius and dedication to human betterment that she had admired her entire life. Although she was cast out of society, even by her father, this inspirational liaison produced her masterpiece, Frankenstein. She conceived of Frankenstein during one of the most famous house parties in literary history when staying at Lake Geneva in Switzerland with Byron and Shelley. Interestingly enough, she was only nineteen at the time. She wrote the novel while being overwhelmed by a series of calamities in her life. The worst of these were the suicides of her half-sister, Fanny Imlay, and Shelly"s wife, Harriet. After the suicides, Mary and Shelley, reluctantly married. Fierce public hostility toward the couple drove them to Italy. Initially, they were happy in Italy, but their two young children died there. Mary never fully recovered from this trauma. (Their first child had died shortly after birth early in their relationship.) Nevertheless, Shelley empowered Mary to live as she most desired: to enjoy intellectual and artistic growth, love, and freedom. When Mary was only twenty-four Percy drowned, leaving her penniless with a two year old son. For her remaining twenty-nine years she engaged in a struggle with the societal disapproval of her relationship with Shelley. Poverty forced her to live in England which she despised because of the morality and social system. She was shunned by conventional circles and worked as a professional writer to support her father and her son. Her circle, however, included literary and theatrical figures, artists, and politicians. She eventually came to more traditional views of women"s dependence and differences, like her mother before her. This not a reflection of her courage and integrity but derived from socialization and the conventions placed on her by society. Mary became an invalid at the age of forty-eight. She died in 1851 of a brain tumor with poetic timing. The Great Exhibition, which was a showcase of technological progress, was opened. This was the same scientific technology that she had warned against in her most famous book, Frankenstein答复还可以哈

sissy movie 女人电影movies of woman"s rights / movies about woman"s rights 女权主义电影

feminist

瑞滴可有乐斯，额发克轩内特，祝阮，飞迷你斯特

前者ist结尾的是物 后者ism结尾的是人

这里的bad不是糟糕 坏的 的意思 而是有极端的意思

feminism noun [U]the belief that women should be allowed the same rights, power and opportunities as men and be treated in the same way, or the set of activities intended to achieve this state

Feminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and equal opportunities for women.[1][2][3] Its concepts overlap with those of women"s rights. Feminism is mainly focused on women"s issues, but because feminism seeks gender equality, some feminists argue that men"s liberation is therefore a necessary part of feminism, and that men are also harmed by sexism and gender roles. Feminists are "person[s] whose beliefs and behavior[s] are based on feminism."[4]Feminist theory exists in a variety of disciplines, emerging from these feminist movements[5][6] and including general theories[specify] and theories about the origins of inequality, and, in some cases, about the social construction of sex and gender. Feminist activists have campaigned for women"s rights—such as in contract, property, and voting — while also promoting women"s rights to bodily integrity and autonomy and reproductive rights. They have opposed domestic violence, sexual harassment, and sexual assault. In economics, they have advocated for workplace rights, including equal pay and opportunities for careers and to start businesses.Some of the earlier forms of feminism have been criticized for being geared towards white, middle-class, educated perspectives. This led to the creation of ethnically-specific or multiculturalist forms of feminism.Although I am not a feminist, I admire Susan B. Anthony for her daring to hold on to her view even being mocked cruelly by her contemporaries. A tireless civil rights worker , Anthony devoted her life to the work which has guaranteed women"s basic right, including suffrage and equal protections under law. She believed that men and women are created equal and persevered unremittingly in opening doors and expanding acceptable modes of behavior for women. In the patriarchy society of her time, people considered her unladylike and ridiculous. However , 19th Amendment to the Constitution gives women"s rights to vote, which established Susan B. Anthony as a bold revolutionary feminist in history

欧洲17-18世纪的启蒙运动中关于性别的两种观点中，以卢梭为代表的认为男女生而有别、妇女是低等性别应服从男人意志在家里生儿育女培养理想公民的主张比男女平等的看法占上风。玛丽?沃尔斯通克拉芙特在《为女权一辩》中批驳卢梭的偏见，她拥护法国革命自由、平等、博爱的原则。妇女积极参与法国大革命，要求与男人平等权利，但遭到第三等级男人拒绝并镇压了妇女发人权要求。欧洲的工业革命导致男主外、女主内模式的定型化，中产阶级妇女成为家庭妇女和男人的附庸，“真正女性的崇拜”和维多利亚时代的禁欲主义要求妇女成为道德天使。19世纪末，接受了启蒙思想的欧美中产阶级妇女在参与当时一系列社会运动的过程中，直接孕育、开启了第一次女权运动，运动以争取妇女参政获得选举权而告捷。进入20世纪，两度爆发世界大战，二战后妇女退回家庭为男人腾出就业位置，中产阶级妇女再度感受到“女性奥秘”（女性味和女人职责）的压抑，在个体主义文化和蓬勃发展的左派运动中，欧美再次掀起新的女权运动，从运动初争取男女平等权利，到现在已成为全球性的旨在改变所有不平等结构的文化批判运动。

Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements, theories, and philosophies which are concerned with the issue of gender difference, advocate equality for women, and campaign for women"s rights and interests. According to some, the history of feminism can be divided into three waves. The first wave was in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second was in the 1960s and 1970s and the third extends from the 1990s to the present. Feminist theory emerged from these feminist movements.It is manifest in a variety of disciplines such as feminist geography, feminist history and feminist literary criticism.Feminism has altered predominant perspectives in a wide range of areas within Western society, ranging from culture to law. Feminist activists have campaigned for women"s legal rights (rights of contract, property rights, voting rights); for women"s right to bodily integrity and autonomy, for abortion rights, and for reproductive rights (including access to contraception and quality prenatal care); for protection from domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape;for workplace rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; and against other forms of discrimination.During much of its history, most feminist movements and theories had leaders who were predominantly middle-class white women from Western Europe and North America. However, at least since Sojourner Truth"s 1851 speech to American feminists, women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms. This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the Civil Rights movement in the United States and the collapse of European colonialism in Africa, the Caribbean, parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia. Since that time, women in former European colonies and the Third World have proposed "Post-colonial" and "Third World" feminisms. Some Postcolonial feminists, such as Chandra Talpade Mohanty, are critical of Western feminism for being ethnocentric. Black feminists, such as Angela Davis and Alice Walker, share this view.Since the 1980s Standpoint feminists argued that feminism should examine how women"s experience of inequality relates to that of racism, homophobia, classism and colonization.In the late 1980s and 1990s postmodern feminists argued that gender roles are socially constructed,and that it is impossible to generalize women"s experiences across cultures and histories.

Emini n. 埃米尼;

Frankenstein is enormously important as a prototype for science fiction and as an early feminist work. Background of Frankenstein Mary Shelley was born in 18th-century London to o influential writers. Her mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, was a radical feminist who died after giving birth to Mary, and her father, William Godwin, raised her alone. Mary left home at 16, married Percy Shelley after his first wife"s suicide, and wrote Frankenstein in a writer"s challenge from Lord Byron in 1816-1817. The story, based on a horrendous vision, was posed during sweeping life changes. Frankenstein was published anonymously in 1818. However, the story is enduring in its psychological drama, questions asked, and memorable characterizations. The story has adapted to many forms, with each adaptation telling a very different version of Shelley"s original tale. Frankenstein is an advisory notice done up in gothic costume, warning post-industrial society about the explosion of scientific knowledge and its potential misapplication and the subsequent dehumanization of mankind. Much as the silent sci-fi film Metropolis warned of the need for labor unions, Frankenstein warned of the need for considered action in the use of knowledge, and the alienation in store for driven knowledge seekers. In Frankenstein, Shelley asks who exactly the real monster is. About the Novel: Frankenstein In the beginning, Dr. Frankenstein is rescued from an ice flow in the sea near the North Pole. Chased through the Arctic by his Creature, Victor Frankenstein is saved by Captain Walton, who listens to the tale of the quest for knowledge--all gone wrong. Victor describes his childhood as a paradise, where his mother and father indulged him. But, his parents also failed to teach him reality, cause-and-effect, or the principles of respect. With these deficiencies, he considered his adopted sister Elizabeth a possession that he married to own. Elizabeth could not help Victor overe his addiction to creating a superhuman species. Victor achieved the goal of his addiction and was subsequently repulsed by it. Elizabeth was quite literally killed by his addiction as Victor"s Creature destroyed everything that was dear to him. His parents had abandoned his soul in their enabling, and he abandoned his own creation without a name and without a thought. Frankenstein reveals three generations of monsters--personified in Victor"s mother, Victor, and the Creature. In addition, Elizabeth was reduced to monster status in her treatment as an object, and Mary Shelley herself was a monster (an educated feminist) who could not put her name to her own work. Victor, the Creature, and Mary Shelley were all different from the mainstream society that rejected them as monstrous: a radical scientist, an inhuman creation, and a feminist without a mother. Victor lost everyone of value, Shelley lost her mother at birth, and the Creature could not fit in anywhere. The Creature"s abandonment by parent and society is similar to that of the feminist for over o centuries. Feminists were scorned and abandoned as they obtained knowledge and subsequent power to participate more fully in societies. As portrayed in Katja von Garnier"s 2004 film Iron Jawed Angels, feminists were attacked, beaten, and shunned, just as was the Creature in Frankenstein. Shelley must have felt such abandonment and rejection, considering that her father educated her extensively, but she could not sign her own book. 　　 见图片

The feminist movement (also known as the Women"s Movement or Women"s Liberation) is a series of campaigns on issues such as reproductive rights (sometimes including abortion), domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, and sexual violence. The goals of the movement vary from country to country, e.g. opposition to female genital cutting in Sudan, or to the glass ceiling in Western countries. The history of feminist movements has been divided into three "waves" by feminist scholars. Each is described as dealing with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first wave refers to the feminism movement of the 19th through early 20th centuries, which dealt mainly with the Suffrage movement. The second wave (1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws, as well as cultural inequalities. The Third wave of Feminism (1990s-current), is seen as both a continuation and a response to the perceived failures of the Second-wave. The feminist movement reaches far back before the 18th century, but the seeds of modern feminist movement were planted during the late part of that century. Christine de Pizan, a late medieval writer, was possibly the earliest feminist in the western tradition. She is believed to be the first woman to make a living out of writing. Feminist thought began to take a more substantial shape during The Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women"s education. The first scientific society for women was founded in Middleberg, a city in the south of the Dutch republic, in 1785. Journals for women which focused on issues like science became popular during this period as well. The period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the United States is referred to as the first wave of feminism. It focused primarily on gaining the right of women"s suffrage. The term, "first-wave," was coined retrospectively after the term second-wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting social and cultural inequalities as further political inequalities.

　　随着欧洲封建社会文化对人类精神的束缚逐渐松动，西方的女权运动开始萌芽。女权运动者的初衷是：自然、法律和造物者对人都是公平的，无论是男还是女。妇女在生活、自由和对幸福的追求上具有和男子相同的权利。英国是女权运动的发祥地。素有女性天堂之称，他们崇尚“女性优先”的绅士风度，尊卑有序。还有女性掌权听政则是国运隆昌的信条。　　1914年1月11日，伦敦爆发了著名的女权运动者冲击白金汉宫，向英王乔治五世请愿的行动，这个事件标志着女权运动进入了一个飞速发展的时期。　　人类社会进入19世纪后，随着西方近代工业文明的发展，封建社会文化对人类精神的束缚逐渐松动。在这种社会背景下，妇女要求在家庭中具有同男子相等地位的呼声越来越高，女权运动开始萌芽。　　女权运动者的初衷是：自然、法律和造物者对人都是公平的，无论是男还是女。妇女在生活、自由和对幸福的追求上具有和男子相同的权利。　　世界女权运动起源欧美国家。女权运动的发展紧紧跟随着人类工业革命的进步，每一次产业革命都带来女权运动的飞跃式发展。19世纪末，第一次工业革命带来了女权运动的萌芽，1869年美国妇女选举权协会成立。20世纪初，第二次工业革命时女权运动在欧美国家广泛展开。　　作为一种社会文化现象，女权运动牢牢建立在相应的社会物质文明的基础上，同时它也带动了社会文化，特别是人权运动的发展。　　70年代后，新女权运动从美国波及到欧洲以及加拿大、日本等国。联合国曾宣布1975年为国际妇女年.

女权运动 feminist movement 妇女争取与男子平等的权利，以改善妇女社会地位和生活境遇为主要目的的社会运动。又称妇女解放运动。 女权运动是近代资产阶级工业革命和18世纪启蒙思想的直接产物，最早出现在欧洲中产阶级的妇女中。1789年10月，法国大革命爆发后，一群巴黎妇女进军凡尔赛，向国民议会要求与男子平等的合法人权，揭开了女权运动的序幕。1790年法国女剧作家O.de高尔日发表了《妇女权利宣言》，提出17条有关妇女权利的要求。宣言后来成为女权运动的纲领性文件。1792年，英国女作家M.沃斯通克拉夫特发表《为女权辩护》一书，提出妇女应当在教育、就业和政治方面享有与男子同等的待遇，驳斥了女人是男人玩物的观点。19世纪中叶，女权运动的中心从欧洲转向美国 。1848年7月，美国女权主义者E.C.斯坦顿和L.莫特等人，在纽约州的塞内长福尔斯和罗彻斯特举行女权大会，要求制定妇女权利的法案，并陈述了妇女受歧视的社会境遇。此后，争取妇女选举权的斗争成为女权运动的主要内容。20世纪初，英国激进女权主义者E.潘克赫斯特领导的“战斗的参政派”，以暴力行动要求妇女参政。1911年，中国辛亥革命胜利后，女子北伐队解散，成立女子参政同盟会，并冲击参议院，要求立法确认妇女参政的权利。五四运动中妇女要求平等的呼声和行动，曾迫使北洋政府作出一定的让步。中华人民共和国建立后，妇女平等权利才得到法律确认。 世界上妇女最早获得选举权的国家是新西兰(1893)和芬兰（1906）。第一次世界大战前后，挪威、丹麦、苏联、美国、英国等国的妇女相继获得选举权。第二次世界大战以后，世界上大多数国家和地区在法律上明确规定了男女平等的政治权利。 当代女权运动以法国作家S.de波伏瓦的《第二性》为开端。该书从诸多方面陈述妇女受压迫的情况，从人权意义提出进一步解放妇女的要求。1963年，美国女作家B.弗里丹发表《女性之谜》，谴责家庭主妇地位对妇女的损害，以唤醒广大美国妇女，从此揭开新女权运动的序幕。70年代后，新女权运动从美国波及到欧洲以及加拿大、日本等国。联合国曾宣布1975年为国际妇女年。

激进的女权主义者a radical feminist

都到那会了， 早顾不上了， 他们还管先后？！

　　Passage Fifteen (The Second Wave of Feminism) 　　The statistics I"ve cited and the living examples are all too familiar to you. But what may not be so familiar will be the increasing number of women who are looking actively for advancement of for a new job in your offices. This woman may be equipped with professional skills and perhaps valuable experience, She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice President"s Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday. 　　She is the symbol of what I call the Second Wave of Feminism. She is the modern woman who is determined to be. 　　Her forerunner was the radical feminist who interpreted her trapped position as a female as oppression by the master class of men. Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society. Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life. 　　The radical feminists found strength in banding together. Coming to recognize each other for the first time, they could explore their own identities, realize their own power, and view the male and his system as the common enemy. The first phases of feminism in the last five years often took on this militant, class-warfare tone. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country. Consciousness-raising groups allowed women to explore both their identities and their dreams—and the two were often found in direct conflict. 　　What is the stereotyped role of American women? Marriage. A son. Two daughters. Breakfast. Ironing. Lunch. Bowling, maybe a garden club of for the very daring, non-credit courses in ceramics. Perhaps an occasional cocktail party. Dinner. Football or baseball on TV. Each day the same. Never any growth in expectations—unless it is growth because the husband has succeeded. The inevitable question: “Is that all there is to life?” 　　The rapid growth of many feminist organizations attests to the fact that these radical feminists had touched some vital nerves. The magazine “Ms.” was born in the year of the death of the magazine “Life.” But too often the consciousness-raising sessions became ends in themselves. Too often sexism reversed itself and man-hating was encouraged. Many had been with the male chauvinist. 　　It is not difficult, therefore, to detect a trend toward moderation. Consciousness-raising increasingly is regarded as a means to independence and fulfillment, rather than a ceremony of fulfillment itself. Genuine independence can be realized through competence, through finding a career, through the use of education. Remember that for many decades the education of women was not supposed to be useful. 　　1. What was the main idea of this passage? 　　[A]. The Second Wave of Feminist. [B]. Women"s Independent Spirits. 　　[C]. The Unity of Women. [D]. The Action of Union. 　　2. What was the author"s attitude toward the radical? 　　[A]. He supported it wholeheartedly. [B]. He opposed it strongly. 　　[C]. He disapproved to some extent. [D]. He ignored it completely. 　　3. What does the word “militant” mean? 　　[A]. Aggressive. [B]. Ambitions. [C]. Progressive. [D]. Independent. 　　4, What was the radical feminist"s view point about the male? 　　[A]. Women were exploited by the male. 　　[B]. Women were independent of the male. 　　[C]. Women"s lives were deprived by the male. 　　[D]. The male were their common enemy. 　　 Vocabulary 　　1. trapped 被诱入圈套的，陷阱 　　2. servile 屈从的，奴隶的，奴性的 　　3. dehumanized 使失去人/个性的 　　4. pretension 要求，权利，借口 　　5. look beneath 看到下面 　　6. band together 紧密团结在一起 　　7. explore 探索，考察 　　8. phase 阶段，方面，形式 　　9. class-warfare 阶级斗争 　　10. hammer home 硬性灌输 　　hammer home an idea into sb. 硬向某人灌输某种观念 　　11. intrigue 使着迷，密谋，用诡计取得 　　12. stereotype 固定不变的，陈规旧习的 　　13. attest 证明，证实，表明 　　14. chauvinist 沙文主义者，男子至上主义这 　　15. moderation （政治，宗教上）稳健中庸，缓和 　　16. fulfillment 臻于完善，发挥潜在能力 　　17. sexism 性别歧视（常指其实妇女） 　　18. be independent of 独立于……之外，不受……控制/支配 　　 难句译注 　　1. She will not be content to be Executive Assistant to Mr. Seldom Seen of the Assistant Vice President"s Girl Friday, who is the only one who comes in on Saturday. 　　这是作者杜撰的名字，含有讽刺内涵。Mr. Seldom Seen 很少见到的先生。说明公司很难见到他。那么做他的助手就是她替他干一切活。星期五姑娘。星期五是《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的一个人物，是鲁滨逊的仆人。这位星期六休假日来上班的姑娘，当然得干主人的一切活。 　　[参考译文] 她不会满意做“很少见”先生的助手，也不愿做助理副主席的星期五姑娘，那位姑娘是唯一的一个星期六来上班的人。 　　2. Men, she believed, had created a domestic, servile role for women in order that men could have the career and the opportunity to participate in making the great decisions of society. 　　[结构简析] she believed 形式上插入语，实际 Men 句是它的宾语从句。In order that 义：为的是。目的.状语。 　　[参考译文] 她认为男人为妇女创制了一个持家操劳的奴隶角色，为的是男人可以获得事业和机遇参与决定重大的社会抉择。 　　3. Thus the radical feminist held that women through history had been oppressed and dehumanized, mainly because man chose to exploit his wife and the mother of his children. Sometimes it was deliberate exploitation and sometimes it was the innocence of never looking beneath the pretensions of life. 　　[结构简析] 两句句子。前一句的宾语为主从句，后为并列句。 　　[参考译文]于是，激进女权主义者认为综观历史，妇女一直是被压迫被奴役，被非人化，主要原因就是因为男人就是想剥削他的妻子，孩子们的母亲。有时是有意的剥削；有时是由于没有透过生活的假象看到问题的实质，是无知所致。 　　4. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, and many others hammered home their ideas with a persistence that aroused and intrigued many of the brightest and most able women in the country. 　　[参考译文] Betty Friedan， Gloria Steinem，Germaine Greer，以及其他许多激进女权主义者坚持不懈的强行灌输（推行）他们的思想，幻想并吸引了国内无数最聪容，最能干的妇女。 　　 写作方法与文章大意 　　文章论述“争取女权运动的妇女”，也可以说是女权运动的第二次浪潮。作者从历史上的女权运动激进分子观点谈起：妇女为男人所奴役，剥削。因为男的想独揽决策社会的大权，到女子觉醒，认识自己和自己的力量，把男人视作她们共同的敌人。最后是目前向缓冲发展的趋势，也是作者观点。 　　 答案祥解 　　1. A. 第二次女权运动的浪潮。在第一段，一般性描述之后（见难句译注1），作者画龙点睛的指明“她就是我所指的第二次女权运动浪潮的象征。她是决心要成为的现代妇女的代表。”以后的文章就是围绕女权运动而写的。见文章大意。 　　B. 妇女的独立精神。这只是女权运动中部分内容。 C. 妇女团结。第三段一开始就提到“激进女权主义者发现了紧密团结在一起的力量。”也是女权运动的部分内容。 　　D. 团结运动。 　　2. C. 有点不赞成。这在最后两段表现的最为明显：“许多女权运动组织迅速发展证明这些激进争取女权的人触到了某些活跃的神经。（非常活跃）。 Ms 杂志就在《生活》停刊那年诞生。可是唤起觉醒的会议常常成为这些活动的目的。性别歧视（歧视妇女）也常常颠倒过来并且提倡憎恨男人。许多人曾是男权至上主义者。”“因此，察觉向平和中的趋向发展并不难。提高觉悟的做法越来越被认为是独立与成就的方式，而不是庆贺成就本身的仪式。真正的独立是能够通过能力，通过寻找一份事业，通过应用教育加以实现。要记住，几十年来，妇女教育被认为是无用的。”如果是倒数第二段是作者对激进分子有点批评，不满的态度的表现，那么最后一段就是作者的观点：独立是靠塌实工作，提高妇女自身的能力来实现的。 　　A. 他全心全意的拥护。 B. 他强烈反对。不完全如此。 D. 他完全忽视不顾。 　　3. A. 好斗的。（斗争性强的）。第三段第三句：“在最近5年中女权运动首要方面常常具有这种好斗的阶级斗争调子。” 　　B. 野心的。 C. 进步的。 D. 独立的。 　　4. D. 男人是她们共同的敌人。第三段：“激进女权运动分子在紧密团结中找到了力量。第一次她们认识了自己，她们可以探索自我，意识到她们的力量，把男人及其制度视为她们共同的敌人。” 　　A. 妇女为男人们所剥削。这在第三段中讲到，见难句译注3。这是妇女观点中具体内容之一。也是为什么说男人及制度是她们共同敌人的原因之一。 B. 妇女不受男人支配。 C. 男人剥夺了女人生活。

One of the pioneers of American feminist literary creation

　　女性主义 （女权运动、女权主义）是指一个主要以女性经验为来源与动机的社会理论与政治运动 。 在对社会关系进行批判之外，许多女性主义的支持者也着重于性别不平等的分析以及推动妇女的权利 、利益与议题。　　女性主义理论的目的在于了解不平等的本质以及著重在性别政治、权力关系与性意识（sexuality）之上。 女性主义政治行动则挑战诸如生育权 、 堕胎权 、 教育权 、 家庭暴力 、 孕妇留职 （maternity leave）、 薪资平等 、 投票权 、 性骚扰 、 性别歧视与性暴力等等的议题。 女性主义探究的主题则包括歧视 、 刻板印象 、 物化 （尤其是关于性的物化 ）、 身体 、 家务分配 、 压迫与父权 。　　女性主义的观念基础是认为，现时的社会建立于一个男性被给予了比女性更多特权的父权体系之上。　　现代女性主义理论主要、但并非完全地出自于西方的中产阶级学术界。 不过，女性主义运动是一个跨越阶级与种族界线的草根运动。每个文化下面的女性主义运动各有其独特性，并且会针对该社会的女性来提出议题，比如苏丹的性器割除 （genital mutilation，请见女性割礼 ）或北美的玻璃天花板效应 （glass ceiling） 。而如强奸 、 乱伦与母职则是普世性的议题。　　历史起源　　以现代的哲学与社会运动的观点来看，女性主义的通常以18世纪的启蒙时代思想家为起源。 如玛莉·吴尔史东克拉芙特 （Mary Wollstonecraft）所著的《 女权的辩护 》（ A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ）是19世纪之前少数几篇可以称得上是女性主义的著作之一。 吴尔史东克拉芙特将女性比喻为高贵、社会菁英、娇生惯养、脆弱以及有知识与道德怠惰的危险，她相信男性和女性对于这样的情况都有责任，并且认为女性拥有比男性多上很多的权力是理所当然的事情。 但这并不是说更早以前就不存在著其他关於两性平等的著作。但这并不是说更早以前就不存在着其他关于两性平等的著作。比如说，神秘哲学家安里西·哥内留斯·阿格里帕 （Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa）在1529年所著的《关于女性之高贵卓越的演说》（ The Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex ）。　　女性主义在19世纪渐渐转变为组织性的社会运动 ，因为当时人们越来越相信女性在一个以男性中心的社会中受到不平等的对待（请见父权条目）。 女性主义运动根源于西方的进步主义，尤其是19世纪的改革运动中。组织性运动的时间是起于1848年在纽约州 色内加瀑布市 （Seneca Falls, New York）召开的第一次女权大会。　　艾米琳·潘克斯特 （Emmeline Pankhurst）是妇女参政权运动的奠基者之一，她试图揭露英国社会制度里的性别歧视 ，并且成立了妇女社会政治联盟 （The Women"s Social and Political Union）。 在许多成员微罪遭捕，然后因为《 猫捉老鼠法案 》（ The Cat and Mouse Act ）而重复进出监牢数次后，她们被激起进行绝食抗议。 其结果的强制喂食让这些成员病得很严重，使得当时法律体制的残暴受到社会关注，也因此助长了她们的目的。　　早期的女性主义者与最初的女性主义运动通常被称为「第一波女性主义」（the first-wave），而1960年之后的女性主义被称为「 第二波女性主义 」（the second- wave）。 也有所谓的第三波女性主义 （the third-wave），但是女性主义者之间对于其存在必要性、贡献与概念意见不一。 这三个「波」之所以如此称呼，是因为就像海浪般，一个接一个永不间断，后来者运用了前行者的贡献与资源。 现代女性主义有个非常重要的支援因素就是人类学家 玛格丽特·米德 （Margaret Mead）出版的《三个原始部落的性别与气质》（ Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies ， 1935年 ）一书。 她是哥伦比亚大学的教授，也是美国女性主义的主要领导人之一、 贝拉·艾布札格 （Bella Abzug）所就读的大学。 在米德的书中报告说，查恩布里（Tchambuli）部落中的女性拥有支配地位，却没有造成任何问题。这本书使得艾布札格那个时代的知识份子相信，欧洲对于男性气质 （masculinity）与女性气质 （femininity）的观念是非常文化取向的，而并非无可抹灭的天性。　　各种形式的女性主义　　女性主义这个词会让人觉得这是单独的一个意识形态 ，然而事实上女性主义存在有许多流派。 由于历史背景、某些国家里面女性的法律地位、以及其他因素的影响，女性主义为了达到不同的目的而产生了不同的路线。 因此也就存在著各种的女性主义。因此也就存在着各种的女性主义。　　其中一个流派是激进女性主义 （radical feminism），认为父权是造成社会最严重问题的根本原因。 这个流派的女性主义在第二波女性主义很受欢迎，尽管在今日已经没有那么突出。不过，还是有许多人将「女性主义」这个词完全等同于激进女性主义所提出的观点。 有些人觉得传统激进女性主义思想中将男性压迫女性视为优先的考量，以及认为有一个普世的「女性」概念，太过于全面化了，而且其他国家的女性与西方国家女性感受到的「女性」经验绝对不会是一样的。 西方国家女性可能会觉得性别压迫是她们所面对的压迫根源，但是在世界其他地方的女性可能会发现她们受到的压迫是来自于种族或经济地位，而不是她们的女性地位。　　有些激进女性主义者提倡分离主义 （separatist feminism），也就是将社会与文化中的男性与女性完全隔离开来，但也有些人质疑的不只是男女之间的关系，更质疑「男人」与「女人」的意义（请见酷儿理论Queer Theory）。 有些人提出论点认为性别角色 、 性别认同与性倾向本身就是社会建构 （请见父权规范 heteronormativity）。 对这些女性主义者来说，女性主义是达成人类解放的根本手段（意即，解放女人也解放男人，以及从其他的社会问题一起解放）。　　有些女性主义者则认为可能有些社会问题与父权无关，或者父权不是这些社会问题的优先考量（比如说， 种族歧视或阶级划分）；他们将女性主义视为解放运动的其中一种，与其他运动彼此影响。　　女性主义的主要流派　　* 亚马逊女性主义 （Amazon feminism）　　* 文化女性主义　　* 生态女性主义 （ecofeminism）　　* 自由意志女性主义 （libertarian feminism）或个人女性主义（individualist feminism）　　* 唯物女性主义 （material feminism）　　* 性别女性主义　　* 法国女性主义　　* 大众女性主义 （pop feminism）　　* 自由女性主义　　* 马克思女性主义 （Marxist feminism）　　* 社会女性主义 （socialist feminism）　　* 基进女性主义 （radical feminism）　　* 性解放女性主义 （sexually liberal feminism或sex-positive feminism）　　* 心灵女性主义 （spiritual feminism）　　* 隔离女性主义　　* 第三世界女性主义　　* 跨性别女性主义 （transfeminism）　　* 原型女性主义 （proto-feminist）或后女性主义（post-feminist）　　* 网路女性主义 (Cyberfeminism)　　* 丝绒女性主义 （fluffy feminism）　　大部分的女性主义者在政治上采取整体观的行动路线，他们相信马丁·路德·金所说的：“任何一个地方发生的不公义都是对所有地方公义的威胁。（A threat to justice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.）”因此，有些女性主义者通常都会去支持其他社会运动，比如公民权利运动、同性恋权利运动、以及最近的父亲权利运动。同时，许多黑人女性主义者如贝儿·胡克斯（bellhooks），批评女性主义运动为白人女性所把持。女性主义者所宣称的女性不利之处，通常都是西方社会中女性的处境，而和黑人女性生活较没有关系。这个观念正是后殖民女性主义的关键点。许多黑人女性主义者会比较喜欢使用女人主义（womanism）这个名词来表示她们的观点。 然而，有时候女性主义者会对跨性别运动保持警戒距离，因为后者挑战了男性和女性之间的差异。跨性者与性别认同为女性的变性者会被排除在某些“只限女性”的场合之外，并且会被某些女性主义者所排拒，因为她们认为一个生下来就是男性的人，不可能真正了解女性所受到的压迫。这种观点被跨性者批评为跨性别恐惧症（transphobic），并且认为对性别多元者的歧视是另外一种面貌的异性恋主义和父权压迫。参见跨性别女性主义和性别研究。　　西方女权主义分三个阶段：1。第一代女权主义 ( 19世纪下半叶至20世纪初) 2。 现代女权主义( 20世纪初至60年代) 3。后现代女权主义 ( 20世纪60年代至今)　　第一代西方女权主义　　◆1、第一代西方女权主义：西方女权主义起源于法国资产阶级革命和启蒙运动以后，19世纪下半叶出现第一代，和欧洲工业革命同步，代表人物是英国的HARRIET TYLER MILL。最初的诉求是妇女在受教育和立法上应当平等，在经济上与男性平等。她们主要是从经济方面诉求妇女的解放，对以后的女权主义运动，特别是马克思主义/社会主义女权运动有很大影响，这一代有影响的文学作品有易仆生的"娜拉"托尔斯泰的"安娜·卡列尼娜"等。在美国，以伊丽莎白·凯迪·斯坦顿 (Elizabeth Cady Stanton)为代表的全国妇女选举权协会 (National Woman Suffrage Association) （NWSA）屡次要求联邦国会允许妇女参与政治投票，屡次遭遇拒绝，最终于第十九次修正案（The Nineteenth Amendment(1920)）通过。此次法案虽已通过，离妇女真正参政还有时日。中国20-40年代的一些社会主义者受到的女权主义影响，恐怕主要是属于这一代的。这一时期，女权主义还没有上升到理论高度，主要是一些实践活动，象克拉拉。蔡特金领导的妇女同工同酬的运动，和"三。八国际妇女节"的诞生。　　第二代西方女权主义　　◆2、第二代西方女权主义： 　　从 玛丽·维特雷·蒙塔古　　20世纪初到20世纪60年代，世界上经历了两次世界大战，殖民制度瓦解，各种矛盾从新排队，女权主义在这个大动荡的时期也各树大旗，风起云涌。这个时期的女权主义分道扬镳成为以 KATE MILLET， CATHARINE MACKINNON 等人为代表的"激进主义女权主义"，以 JULIET MITCHELL 为代表的"马克思主义 / 社会主义女权主义"和以贝蒂·佛里丹等人为代表的" 自由主义女权主义"。马克思主义/ 社会主义女权主义主要是从经济和阶级斗争方面要求妇女和男性的平等，要求妇女的在物质上的地位。而"激进女权主义"和"自由女权主义"却是在"性"方面诉求女性的"解放"。她们挑战的是整个男性社会，挑战"性阶级"体制。美国的凯特。米丽特在她的"性政治学"( 1970年)一书中第一次引入"父权制"( PATRIARCHY)的概念，她认为妇女受压迫的根源是"父权制"。她们将女性和男性完全对立起来：男人是敌人，女人是朋友；男人是暴躁，女人是温柔；男人是迫害者，女人是被迫害者；男人是压迫者，女人是被压迫者；男人是战争贩子，女人是和平主义者；男人是胜利者，女人是失败者；男人是个人中心主义者，女人是关系取向者；男人的快感只局限在生殖器上，女人的快感则体现在全身各方面；男人只注重结果，女人则注重过程……等等等等。这种简单的二分法，受到以后的后现代女权主义的批判，这一点很重要，也是后话。不过，这一时期的女权主义，尤其是激进和自由女权主义对"性解放"的诉求，对一批女权主义作家产生很大影响。弗吉利亚·伍尔芙和莱莘等人的作品虽然有后现代的痕迹，可是基本上是这一时期女权主义在文学上的代表。再加上个杜拉斯和米兰·昆德拉。　　后现代女权主义　　◆3、后现代女权主义 　　后现代女权主义开始于上个世纪60-80年代，她的产生大概和两个因素有关，一是，由于60年代的"性解放"和将男女对立起来的女权思想，带来了无数的家庭破裂，单亲母亲，问题儿童和艾滋病流行，于是人们反思：社会值不值得为性解放和女权主义付出那么大的代价？另一个因素是，80年代以后，越来越多的女人占据了政府企业学校传媒的领导地位，当了老板，男人们惊呼：母鸡打鸣了！女人也开始怀疑：还会不会生蛋？于是，后现代的女权应运而生。 　　如果说第二代的"现代女权主义"重实践，则第三代的"后现代女权主义"更重视超出女性范围的哲学思考，社会主义和性自由的色彩更浓厚。