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如何在英语写作中避免性别歧视1

2023-06-23 07:21:42
共1条回复
小菜G

近四十年来,尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度,但它毕竟已进人日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸,或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告,就会发现supervisor(工头,领班)替代了原来的foreman, workman‘s compensation(工人赔偿金)变成了worker‘s compensation; sales rep, sales associate或seller(推销员)取代了常用词salesman等。为此,笔者将有关资料整理如下,供英语学习者参考。请注意,所选用的例句,除个别注明外,均选自Rosalie Maggio编写的The Nonselist Word Finder: A Dictionary of Gender-Free Usage (Maggio, 1989)。

  1.尽量不用通性代词he,除了明确地指代一个男性人物时,都要设法避免使用之。可以根据语境需要,选用下列替换方式:

  1) 采用复数形式:

  Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.

  Revised: When bathing babies, never leave them unattended.

  给婴儿洗澡时,一定不能让他们无人照料。

  2) 用we/us/our改写原句:

  Sexist:From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.

  Revised:From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.

  各尽所能,按需分配。

  3) 改用第二人称:

  Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.

  Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.

  只有当汽车大的油用光了,按分规付款方式购物和抚养大一个孩子时,人的本来品性才会显露出来。

  4)改用被动语态

  Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.

  Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.

  一个在两种恶行之中要作出选择就两者都选的人。

  5)完全省略代词:

  Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?

  Revised: What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?

  一个人离去后,会作何感想呢?

  6)用冠词替代:

  Sexist: Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?

  Revised: Can a critic give an opinion of...?

  评论家议论煎蛋时难道到非要他去自己煎鸡蛋吗?

  7)用someone, one, the one, no one等替代:

  Sexist: He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.

  Revised: Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.

  接受忠告者有时胜过发出忠告者。

  8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次数不宜太多。

  s/he仅可用于备忘录(memos), 便条(notes), 或者非正式的交谈之中。

  9)用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替换:

  Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.

  Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.

  想找朋友;就得睁一只眼,闭一只眼;想留住朋友,就得双眼都闭上。

  2.尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词,即无性别之分的词(gender-free words),

  例如: child, teacher, officer(警官),people, worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,选民), coach(教练),church member(教友), sale rep(推销员),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader, evening student, employee (雇员),testee(考生,应试者),engineer,customers(顾客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(职员,办事员),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接线员,办事员),patriot(爱国者),person, planner(策划者,计划者), politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者), tutor(家庭教师,导师,[美国]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政长官),everybody, expert等.

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如何在英文写作中避免性别歧视?

近四十年来,尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度,但它毕竟已进人日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸,或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告,就会发现supervisor(工头,领班)替代了原来的foreman, workman‘s compensation(工人赔偿金)变成了worker‘s compensation; sales rep, sales associate或seller(推销员)取代了常用词salesman等。为此,笔者将有关资料整理如下,供英语学习者参考。请注意,所选用的例句,除个别注明外,均选自Rosalie Maggio编写的The Nonselist Word Finder: A Dictionary of Gender-Free Usage (Maggio, 1989)。 1.尽量不用通性代词he,除了明确地指代一个男性人物时,都要设法避免使用之。可以根据语境需要,选用下列替换方式: 1)采用复数形式 Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended. Revised: When bathing babies, never leave them unattended. 给婴儿洗澡时,一定不能让他们无人照料。 2)用we/us/our改写原句 Sexist: From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs. Revised: From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs. 各尽所能,按需分配。 3)改用第二人称、 Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent. Revised: You don‘t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent. 只有当汽车大的油用光了,按分规付款方式购物和抚养大一个孩子时,人的本来品性才会显露出来。 4)改用被动语态 Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both. Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils, chooses both. 一个在两种恶行之中要作出选择就两者都选的人。 5)完全省略代词 Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee? Revised: What a person thinks of after becoming a departee? 一个人离去后,会作何感想呢? 6)用冠词替代 Sexist: Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one? Revised: Can a critic give an opinion of...? 评论家议论煎蛋时难道到非要他去自己煎鸡蛋吗? 7)用someone, one, the one, no one等替代 Sexist: He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it. Revised: Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it. 接受忠告者有时胜过发出忠告者。 8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次数不宜太多。s/he仅可用于备忘录(memos), 便条(notes), 或者非正式的交谈之中。 9)用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替换 Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two. Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two. 想找朋友;就得睁一只眼,闭一只眼;想留住朋友,就得双眼都闭上。 2.尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词,即无性别之分的词(gender-free words), 例如: child, teacher, officer(警官),people, worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,选民), coach(教练),church member(教友), sale rep(推销员),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader, evening student, employee (雇员),testee(考生,应试者),engineer,customers(顾客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(职员,办事员),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接线员,办事员),patriot(爱国者),person, planner(策划者,计划者), politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者), tutor(家庭教师,导师,[美国]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政长官),everybody, expert等. 3、如非特指男性或女性,尽量用同义词或近义词替换含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后缀的词,例如: calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 挂历模特 call girl(应召女郎)--prostitute妓女 cover girl(杂志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特 flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,执旗员 flower girl(卖花女)--flower seller卖花人 housewife(家庭主妇)--house worker(家务工人) midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助产士) showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者) chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席,头头) ring man(赌/赛马者)--bettor; gambler(赌马者,赌博者) seaman(海员,水兵)--sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手,航海者,船员,领航员,船长 spokesman (发言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 发言人,代表, right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant; helper 得力助手,副手,助理,助手 4.写信时,如果不知道收信人的性别,不要使用传统的Dear Sir; Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam. 可以选用下列之一: 1) Dear friends of the library(亲爱的图书馆的朋友们) 2)Dear Madams and Sirs(亲爱的女士们及先生们) 3) Dear Personnel Officer(亲爱的人事处长) 4)Dear Committee Member(亲爱的委员) 5)Dear Citizen(亲爱的公民) 6)Dear Customer(亲爱的顾客) 7) Dear Councilor(亲爱的参议员,或顾问) 8)Dear Agent(亲爱的代办) 9)Dear Director(亲爱的厂长或局长;主任;) 5.尽量少引用含有通性词man; men的引语,如果非引用不可,下列处理办法可供选择: 1)不直接引用,把引语进行释义 Sexist: W. Phillips said: "The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet." Revised: W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet. W·菲利普斯说:“行使法律的办法是教导人们把不好的法律踩在脚下。" 2)使用[sic](原文如此)让读者意识到原文中的man使用得不大恰当。例如: w. Phillips said: “The best used laws is to teach men[sic] to trample bad ones under their feet.” 3)对上述引语,也可只引用其中的一部分,例如: W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people "to trample bad laws under their feet”。 我们赞同Rosalie Maggio所讲的话: “It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might
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2023-06-22 22:43:041

introduction your family

121.29.166.* 在2008年12月29日 18:55说 , My name is XXXX, I am a 8-year-old bog/girl.I was born in XXX,a very beautiful city. In my family , there are father, mother, a younger sister and an elder brother.My parents are workers, they get to work everyday from 9am to 5pm, my elder brother is a middle school situdent while I am a pupil,we have to send our younger sister to kindergarten every day before go to school. My family is sweet, we are close and love each other very much. In my family , everybody has one"s own habbit.I love to go swimming, watch TV, surf on Internet and so on. Now I am learning playing Piano, I hope someday I will be as good as Langlang.
2023-06-22 22:43:111

如何在英语写作中避免性别歧视.

近四十年来,尽管非性别歧视语还没有达到非不可的程度,但它毕竟已进人日常会话和写作的主流之中。随便翻开一张英美的报纸,或瞧一下五花八门的宣传广告,就会发现supervisor(工头,领班)替代了原来的foreman, workman“s compensation(工人赔偿金)变成了worker“s compensation; sales rep, sales associate或seller(推销员)取代了常用词salesman等。为此,笔者将有关资料整理如下,供英语学习者参考。请注意,所选用的例句,除个别注明外,均选自Rosalie Maggio编写的The Nonselist Word Finder: A Dictionary of Gender-Free Usage (Maggio, 1989)。   1.尽量不用通性代词he,除了明确地指代一个男性人物时,都要设法避免使用之。可以根据语境需要,选用下列替换方式:   1) 采用复数形式:   Sexist: When bathing a baby, never leave him unattended.   Revised: When bathing babies, never leave them unattended.   给婴儿洗澡时,一定不能让他们无人照料。   2) 用we/us/our改写原句:   Sexist:From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.   Revised:From each of us according to our abilities, to each of us according to our needs.   各尽所能,按需分配。   3) 改用第二人称:   Sexist: No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas, purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolescent.   Revised: You don“t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas, purchased something on the ! installment plan and raised an adolescent.   只有当汽车大的油用光了,按分规付款方式购物和抚养大一个孩子时,人的本来品性才会显露出来。   4)改用被动语态   Sexist: One who, when he has the choice of two evils, chooses both.   Revised: One who, when given the choice of two evils, chooses both.   一个在两种恶行之中要作出选择就两者都选的人。   5)完全省略代词:   Sexist: What a person thinks of after he becomes a departee?   Revised: What a person thinks of after becoming a departee?   一个人离去后,会作何感想呢?   6)用冠词替代:   Sexist: Can a critic give his opinion of an omelet without being asked to make one?   Revised: Can a critic give an opinion of...?   评论家议论煎蛋时难道到非要他去自己煎鸡蛋吗?   7)用someone, one, the one, no one等替代:   Sexist: He who can take advice is sometimes superior to him who can give it.   Revised: Someone who can take advice is sometimes superior to the one who can give it.   接受忠告者有时胜过发出忠告者。   8)使用he and she或his and her,但使用的次数不宜太多。   s/he仅可用于备忘录(memos), 便条(notes), 或者非正式的交谈之中。   9)用名词或上下文中用过的同义词替换:   Sexist: To find a friend one must close one eye - to keep him, two.   Revised: To find a friend, one must close one eye - to keep a friend, two.   想找朋友;就得睁一只眼,闭一只眼;想留住朋友,就得双眼都闭上。   2.尽量使用那些包括两性在内的词,即无性别之分的词(gender-free words),   例如: child, teacher, officer(警官),people, worker, immigrant(移民),voter(投票者,选民), coach(教练),church member(教友), sale rep(推销员),grand parent(外/祖父或祖母),leader, evening student, employee (雇员),testee(考生,应试者),engineer,customers(顾客), dealer(交易者,商人),clerk(职员,办事员),civilian(平民),scientist, operator(接线员,办事员),patriot(爱国者),person, planner(策划者,计划者), politician(政客), producer(生产者、制造者), tutor(家庭教师,导师,[美国]助教),reporter,writer,chief executive(首席行政长官),everybody, expert等.   3、如非特指男性或女性,尽量用同义词或近义词替换含有-girl, -woman, -wife, -man后缀的词,   例如:   calendar girl(月份牌上的美女像)-calendar model 挂历模特   call girl(应召女郎)--prostitute妓女   cover girl(杂志封面女郎)--cover model封面模特   flag girl(女司旗手)--flag bearer司旗手,执旗员   flower girl(卖花女)--flower seller卖花人   housewife(家庭主妇)--house worker(家务工人)   midwife(接生婆)--birth attendant(助产士)   showgirl(舞女,歌女)--dancer(伴舞者)   chairman(主席)--chair, head(主席,头头)   ring man(赌/赛马者)--bettor; gambler(赌马者,赌博者)   seaman(海员,水兵)--sailor; navigator; mariner pilot, captain 水手,航海者,船员,领航员,船长   spokesman (发言人) -speaker; representative, voice; press agent 发言人,代表,   right-hand man(得力助手) --right hand; deputy; assistant; helper 得力助手,副手,助理,助手   4.写信时,如果不知道收信人的性别,不要使用传统的Dear Sir; Dear Gentleman, Dear Madam. 可以选用下列之一:   1) Dear friends of the library(亲爱的图书馆的朋友们)   2) Dear Madams and Sirs(亲爱的女士们及先生们)   3) Dear Personnel Officer(亲爱的人事处长)   4) Dear Committee Member(亲爱的委员)   5) Dear Citizen(亲爱的公民)   6) Dear Customer(亲爱的顾客)   7) Dear Councilor(亲爱的参议员,或顾问)   8) Dear Agent(亲爱的代办)   9) Dear Director(亲爱的厂长或局长;主任;)   5.尽量少引用含有通性词man; men的引语,如果非引用不可,下列处理办法可供选择:   1)不直接引用,把引语进行释义   Sexist: W. Phillips said: "The best use of laws is to teach people to trample bed laws under their feet."   Revised: W. Phillips suggested that the best use of law is to teach people to trample bad ones under their feet.   W菲利普斯说:“行使法律的办法是教导人们把不好的法律踩在脚下。"   2)使用(原文如此)让读者意识到原文中的man使用得不大恰当。例如:   w. Phillips said: “The best used laws is to teach men to trample bad ones under their feet.”   3)对上述引语,也可只引用其中的一部分,例如:   W. Phillips said the best use of laws was to teach people "to trample bad laws under their feet”。   我们赞同Rosalie Maggio所讲的话:   “It is also necessary to acknowledge that there can be no solution to the problem of sexism in society on the level of language alone. Using the word secretary inclusively, for example, does not change the fact that only 1.6% of American secretaries are men. Using director instead of directress does not mean a woman will necessarily enjoy the same opportunities today a man might.
2023-06-22 22:43:431

what is your most important possession?

One of my most cherished possessions is something we all have. My life. People I love who is near and dear to me makes this life worthwhile, making them along with the capability of being able to love the most important value of being. I don"t think there should be any one particular thing to consider as the most valuable. I personally think we as humans don"t really posses anything physical and our only possession is our soul. Learn to cherish your surroundings and the people around you and your reward will be richer than any physical item can ever make you.
2023-06-22 22:43:501

mysql error 1064,求问是什么原因

--注释的话注意后面要有一个空格你的错误是:-- declare 在--和declare之间没有空格
2023-06-22 22:43:571

xml中怎么添加noNamespaceSchemaLocation和xsi-CSDN论坛

XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument(); XmlElement root = doc.CreateElement("AmazonEnvelope"); root.SetAttribute("xmlns:xsi", "XMLSchema-instance"); root.SetAttribute("noNamespaceSchemaLocation", "XMLSchema-instance", "amzn-envelope.xsd"); doc.AppendChild(root); doc.Save("TestEE.xml");
2023-06-22 22:44:071

omnibus test 什么意思

综合测试 多项混合测验
2023-06-22 22:44:142

persons regarding

一个改变世界的人
2023-06-22 22:44:211

用huitong防潮箱会不会很耗电?

不会啊,低的运作功率7W,每日仅耗电0.16度,一个月耗电大概5度左右,不仅不耗电还能一直运行,保持内部干燥。
2023-06-22 22:43:371

banduhelp

伴读小助手
2023-06-22 22:43:421

用huitong防潮箱耗电吗?一个月大约多少度电?

不耗电呀,里面很干燥,湿度保持在40左右,算了一下,一个月大概就花五度电。
2023-06-22 22:43:441

French Connection中文名字是什么

FrenchConnection的中文名是FCUK。FCUK是FrenchConnectionUnitedKingdom的缩写,产品包括服装、香水和化妆品。由英国人史蒂芬·马克斯和法国时装设计师皮埃尔·达勒、妮科尔·法西于1972年创建。FCUK(FrenchConnection)国家或地区:英国创建时间:1971年创建人:StephenMarks◆FCUK(FrenchConnection)品牌简介FCUK是英国时装品牌FrenchConnectionUnitedKingdom的简称,该品牌本来的名字是FrenchConnection,这个名字现在也常常使用。FCUK(FrenchConnection)在香港也叫FCHK(FrenchConnectionHongKong)。FCUK这个缩写品牌名是1997年以后才采用的,由于很像脏话FUCK而备受争议。FCUK(FrenchConnection)公司很擅长炒作,趁机推出一系列标有大大的“fcukfashion”、“hotasfcuk”、“fcukthis”、“milehighfcuk”、“toobusytofcuk”、“luckyfcuk”、“FunComesUsuallyKneeling”、“fcukonthebeach”等口号的字母T恤,一经推出即大卖。FCUK(FrenchConnection)2008春夏系列邀请到法国著名的创意大师FabienBaron做创意总监,这一季的时装反映了FCUK(FrenchConnection)勇于创新、融合英国和法国风格的时装设计。FCUK(FrenchConnection)于1972年由60年代温布尔登网球公开赛Junior组别冠军StephenMarks成立,由最初一所芝士布棉衣公司,慢慢演变成店铺网络横跨25个国家共超过1500销售点的时装品牌,产品种类由男女装衣饰、鞋履、眼镜、内衣裤、香氛及身体护理产品、化妆品、面部护理产品、甚至FCUK果汁酒精饮料均一应俱全,体现FCUK(FrenchConnection)不只是一个时装品牌,更是一种生活哲学和态度。FCUK(FrenchConnection)第一所伦敦总店成立以来,一直广受顾客欢迎和支持,产品品质是信心保证外,FCUK(FrenchConnection)亦擅于利用广告及口号为品牌营造新鲜感及话题,如1997年春季FCUK(FrenchConnection)便首次于英国伦敦Regent"sStreet的橱窗展示其全新标语FCUK宣传当时的伦敦时装周,其后更有一连串的平面广告和T-shirt图案为此推广首尾呼应,大大提高了消费者对品牌的认识外,亦同时令大众对FrenchConnection与FCUK两个名字的互通性加深。自FCUK(FrenchConnection)此简称面世后,其敢作敢为、不与俗同流的设计风格成为欧洲极受欢迎的连锁时装品牌,而每季意念新颖独到的广告活动及大型广告牌、店内装修及设计、产品设计及包装等均紧密无间地为品牌缔造统一鲜明的形象,难怪FrenchConnectionGroupInc.可成为英国的上市时装集团,顾客的支持是产品品质的信心保证。◆FCUK(FrenchConnection)风格理念:勇于创新、融合英国和法国风格。◆FCUK(FrenchConnection)产品类别:男装、女装、内衣裤、牛仔丹宁、鞋履、眼镜、手表、香水、身体护理产品、化妆品、面部护理产品、FCUK果汁酒精饮料◆FCUK(FrenchConnection)所属集团:FrenchConnection集团◆FCUK(FrenchConnection)官方网站:http://www.frenchconnection.com/◆FCUK(FrenchConnection)购买方式2003年秋季,香港I.T集团引入FCUK(FrenchConnection)品牌,并开在香港开设了首家FCUK(FrenchConnection)专门店,旋即为中国时装界卷起一股英伦热潮,承接着冬季的强劲走势,2004年春季FCUK(FrenchConnection)继续扩展,一连开设了4所均为处主要购物中心的专门店,并于2005年初于中国北京开设首间FCUK(FrenchConnection)。FCUK(FrenchConnection)北京在以下购物中心可以买到:新中关购物中心、东方新天地、世贸天阶、新东安市场FCUK(FrenchConnection)上海在以下购物中心可以买到:恒隆广场、新天地、港汇广场、华狮购物中心、龙之梦购物中心、宏伊国际广场、来福士广场、新梅联合广场、正大广场。此外,沈阳东舜百货、南京德基广场、深圳蛇口花园城商业中心也都有FCUK(FrenchConnection)的专柜。
2023-06-22 22:43:471

banduau是什么意思

band_360百科band作"用带绑扎"解时是及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语; 作"结合起来,伙同"解时,是不及物动词,常与against,into,together连用
2023-06-22 22:43:491

huitong惠通防潮箱会不会很费电?防潮吗?

一般来说所谓的防潮箱不过就是又一点电加热而已 所以用电量也不会对太大
2023-06-22 22:43:522

fcuk和fcuk是什么意思?

fc:混凝土轴心抗压强度设计值。fy:钢筋抗拉强度设计值。fcuk:混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值。相较混凝土而言,钢筋抗拉强度非常高,一般在200MPa以上,故通常人们在混凝土中加入钢筋等加劲材料与之共同工作,由钢筋承担其中的拉力,混凝土承担压应力部分。工作原理钢筋混凝土之所以可以共同工作是由它自身的材料性质决定的。首先钢筋与混凝土有着近似相同的线膨胀系数,不会由环境不同产生过大的应力。其次钢筋与混凝土之间有良好的粘结力,有时钢筋的表面也被加工成有间隔的肋条(称为变形钢筋)来提高混凝土与钢筋之间的机械咬合,当此仍不足以传递钢筋与混凝土之间的拉力时,通常将钢筋的端部弯起180度弯钩。此外混凝土中的氢氧化钙提供的碱性环境,在钢筋表面形成了一层钝化保护膜,使钢筋相对于中性与酸性环境下更不易腐蚀。
2023-06-22 22:43:551

能给个可以下载手机游戏,主题,软件,铃声的网站吗

http://bandu.kki.cn
2023-06-22 22:43:583

镜头发霉了,想买huitong的防潮箱,它能有效防潮吗?

能啊,50升,内部空间特别大,可以放下两三台摄像机。湿度现在保持在50左右,很稳定
2023-06-22 22:43:592

下列各组英语字母各代表什么

CCTV( 中央电视台) VCD(有影像和声音的数码文件格式 ) USE( 用、使用) WTO(世界贸易组织 )
2023-06-22 22:44:053

各个金属摇滚乐队用的都啥吉他和效果器

coldplay Oasis acdc
2023-06-22 22:44:084

joanly与junely哪个作为丽琼的英文名比较好?

Joanne 这个发音我教 你 先发 Joan 再单独发n , e 不发音。重音在n joan是升调 很好听
2023-06-22 22:44:084

八仙草有什么功效?

中草药是中药里面种类和数量都比较多的一种,中草药首先分类就是按照植物的种类进行分类的,比如有的中草药是比较矮小的植物,有的是比较高大的植物,而八仙草就是一种比较矮小的植物。那么,一般八仙草都有哪些功效与作用呢?【出处】出自《滇南本草》【拼音名】BāXiānCǎo【英文名】TenderCatchweedBedstrawHerb【别名】小锯藤、锯子草、小茜草、小飞扬藤、红丝线、血见愁、细茜草、拉拉藤、小舒筋、【来源】药材基源:为双子叶植物药茜草科植物拉拉藤或粗叶拉拉藤的全草。拉丁植物动物矿物名:GaliumaparineL.,GaliumasperliumWall.采收和储藏:秋季采收,鲜用或晒干。【原形态】1.猪殃殃一年生曼生或攀援草本,长20-40cm。茎绿色,多分枝,具四棱,沿棱生有倒生剌毛。叶4-8片轮生;近无柄;叶片线状披针形至椭圆新诗披针形,长2-4cm,宽2-6mm,先端有凸尖头,1脉,上面绿色,被倒白剌毛,下面淡绿色,沿中脉及边缘被毛。聚伞花序腋生或顶生,具数朵花;花小,黄绿色;花萼截头状,长约7mm,被钩毛;花冠4裂,裂片长圆形;雄蕊4,伸出;子房下位,2室,花柱2裂。果实干燥,通常由2个(偶或1个)近球形的果爿组成,表密生钩剌;每果爿内有一平凸的种子。花期4-5月,果期6-8月。2.粗叶拉拉藤本种与猪殃殃的区别是:茎六棱形。绿白色或有紫晕,基部连合。果实稍肉质。【生境分布】生态环境:1.猪殃殃生于路边、荒野、田埂边及草地上。2.粗叶拉拉藤生于山地、路旁。资源分布:1.猪殃殃分布地全固部分地区。2.粗叶拉拉藤分布于云南、广西等地。【栽培】野生【性状】性状鉴别全草纤细,昀破碎,表面灰绿或绿褐色。茎具四棱,直径1-1.5mm,棱上有多数倒生剌;质脆,易折断,断面中空。叶6-8片轮生,无柄;叶片多卷缩破碎,完工整者展平后呈披针形或条状披针形,长约2cm,宽2-4mm,边缘及下表面化中脉有倒生小剌。聚伞花序腋生或顶生,花小,易脱落。果小,常呈二半球形,密生白色钩毛。气微淡。以色绿、有花果者为佳。显微鉴别叶表面观:上表皮细胞壁较平直,未见气孔,下表皮细胞壁呈波状弯曲,气孔较多,不定式。叶肉组织中针晶束较多,长约100μm。叶缘的倒生剌毛多数,先端弯曲如钩状,长120-150μm,下部膨大,基部细胞10余个,长方形或类方形。茎横切面:四棱突出。表皮细胞1列。皮层为数列薄壁细胞;棱角处为4-6列厚角胞;内皮层细胞1列,长主形,凯氏点明显。韧皮部较窄皮部约宽1倍,导管直径12-40μm,木纤维多数。髓部薄壁细胞长方表或不规则形。【化学成份】1.猪殃殃地上部分含生物碱:原阿片碱(protopine)[1,2],哈尔明碱(harmine),和少量的消旋鸭嘴花酮碱(vasicinone),左旋1-羟基-2,3-去氢去氧骆驼蓬碱(8-hydroxy-2,3-dehydrodeoxypeganine)[2]。又含环烯萜(iridoid)类成分:水晶兰甙(monotropein),桃叶珊瑚甙(aucubin)[3],车叶草甙(asperu-loside)[3,4]。还含黄酮类成分:芸香甙(rutin)[5],槲皮素半乳糖甙(quercetingalactlside)[4];有机酸成分:绿原酸(chlorogenicacid)[5],琥珀酸(succinicacid)和乳酸钠(sodiumlacate)[7];香豆精类成分:东莨菪素(scopoletin)[5];鞣质(tannin)[8],蒽醌类(an-thraquinones)[9]等。果实含大麦芽胺(hordenine),加利果酸(jaligonicacid),木犀草素(lutellin),甘露醇(mannitol),肌醇(in-ositol),蜡醇(cerylalcohol),谷甾醇(sitosterol)[10]2.粗叶拉拉藤地上部分含车叶草甙,维生素(vitamin)C[11]。根含蒽醌类色素成分:4-甲氧基-1-萘酚(4-methoxy-1-naphthol),1-萘酚异戊醚(1-naphtholisopentylether),1-萘酚异戊烯醚(1-naphtholisopentenylether),2,2-甲基萘酚[1,2-b]吡喃[2,2-dimethylnaphthol[1,2-b]pyran],3,4-二氢2,2-二甲基萘酚[1,2-b]吡喃[3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethylnaphthol][1,2-b]pyran].【药理作用】1.血压:拉拉藤(醇)提取物可降低血压而不减慢心率,对狗静脉注射1-1.5g(生药)即可有效,未见有毒性。车叶草甙有降低兔血压的作用。猪殃殃醇提物1-1.5g(生药)静脉注射,可使狗血压下降。2.抗菌作用:100%煎剂用平板纸片法,对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、志贺痢疾杆菌等有抑制作用。3.血液:醇浸膏每日以2.2g/kg口服或腹腔注射,连续6日,对小鼠白血病L615有抑制作用,抑制率为28.5%。其变种GaliumaparineL.Var.Tenerum(Gren.EtGodr.)Rchb.5g生药/ml于美蓝试管法筛选试验,对急性淋巴细胞型白血病及急性粒细胞型白血病均为阳性。【毒性】未见有毒性【鉴别】理化鉴别薄层色谱:取本品粗粉约10g,用丙酮回流提取4h,滤过,滤液减压蒸馏,回收丙酮残渣用热水溶解,冷后将溶物滤去,水液低温蒸干,再用少许丙酮溶解,作供试品液,另取车叶草甙为对照品,分别点西半球同一薄层板上,以氯仿-乙酸乙酯-异丙醇(1:2:2)展开17cm。喷以Godin试齐(1%香草醛乙醇溶液和3%高氯酸水溶液,临用时等量混合),供烤片刻后,供试品色谱中,在与对照品色谱相应的位置上,显相同颜色的斑点。【性味】味辛;微苦;性微寒【归经】少阴;太阴经【功能主治】清热解毒;利尿通淋;消肿止痛。主痈疽肿毒;乳腺炎;阑尾炎;水肿;感冒发热;痢疾;尿路感染;尿血;牙龈出血;刀伤出血【用法用量】内服:煎汤,15-30g;或捣汁饮。外用:适量,捣敷。【注意】脾胃虚寒者忌服。【附方】1.治五淋:八仙草三钱,滑石二钱,甘草一钱,双果草二钱。水煎点水酒服。(《滇南本草》)2.治妇女经闭:猪殃殃二钱。水煎服。(《湖南药物志》)3.治跌打损伤:鲜猪殃殃根、马兰根各四钱。水酒各半煎服。另以鲜猪殃殃全草、酢浆草等分,捣烂外敷。4.治感冒:鲜猪殃殃一两,姜三片。擂汁冲开水服。5.治疖肿初起:鲜猪殃殃适量,加甜酒捣烂外敷,日换二次。6.治急性阑尾炎:鲜猪殃殃三两。煎水内服。7.治乳癌:鲜猪殃殃四两。捣汁和以猪油敷于癌症溃烂处,亦可煎水内服。8.治牙龈出血:鲜猪殃殃二至三两。水煎服。9.治中耳炎:鲜猪殃殃,捣汁滴耳。(《云南中草药》)【各家论述】1.《滇南本草》:治湿热,诸经客热,虚痨,童痨,筋骨疼痛,热淋,赤白便浊,玉茎痛。退血分烦热,止尿血。2.《贵州民间方药集》治疥癣。3.《广西中药志》治妇人痛经。又捣烂取汁冲糯米浆,治飞扬疮。4.江西《草药手册》:清热解毒,消肿止痛。治痈肿,阑尾炎,近用于治癌。5.《昆明民间常用草药》:清热消炎,祛风湿,散瘀血。治痰火热症,风热眼雾眼屎多,风湿跌打疼痛,外伤皮下瘀肿。3.《云南中草药》:清热凉血,利尿,治血淋,尿路感染。【临床应用】1.治疗菌痢:拉拉藤干品0.5-2两水煎,每日2次分服;或制成片剂,每片0.3克,每次10片,日4次;或用浸膏片,每片0.3克,每次4片,日4次。观察72例,治愈(症状消失,大便镜检、培养均阴性)69例,好转(症状消失,但大便培养阳性)2例,无效1例。平均住院9.23日。2.治疗肿瘤:新鲜拉拉藤半斤绞汁,加红糖适量冲服,每日1剂;或用干品1两洗净切碎,水煎30-60分钟,加红糖适量,每日1剂,3-6次分服;或以干品洗净切碎,放铁锅中烙片刻取出,每日1两,开水冲泡,分次频服。治疗乳腺癌、食道癌、下颌腺癌、子宫颈癌共9例,其中临床痊愈(症状消失,客观检查肿瘤消失,劳动力恢复,观察1年以上病情未复发)1例,显效(症状大部分消失,肿瘤明显缩小,劳动力有所改善,并维持1年以上)3例,有效(症状减轻,肿瘤稳定或稍有缩小,病情稳定6个月以上)2例,无效3例;治疗良性肿瘤6例,其中显效2例,有效4例。疗程最短1月多,最长2年。长期服用无毒性反应及明显副作用,仅部分病人服后有头昏、恶心等。若加红糖服用,反应可减轻;同时配服中药益气养营以扶正,反应可基本消失。【摘录】《中华本草》【煎药贴士】当中药熬煮2遍时,80%左右的药物成分就会被有效析出,所以一般中药熬煮2-3遍为最佳。而药液量的多少,需要因人而异,若是成年人则留大半碗的药量300ml左右;若为儿童或厌烦喝中药的人群,则留取小半碗的药量200ml左右即可。中药汤剂的服用方法为,早饭前、晚饭后,1日2次。
2023-06-22 22:44:151

电吉他的品牌

Washburn fender ESP Ibanez Jackson
2023-06-22 22:44:242

安庆汇通汽车部件股份有限公司电话是多少?

安庆汇通汽车部件股份有限公司联系方式:公司电话0556-6565987,公司邮箱huitong@htapc.com.cn,该公司在爱企查共有7条联系方式,其中有电话号码3条。公司介绍:安庆汇通汽车部件股份有限公司是2002-03-07在安徽省安庆市桐城市成立的责任有限公司,注册地址位于安徽省安庆市桐城经济开发区同祥路。安庆汇通汽车部件股份有限公司法定代表人徐天石,注册资本3,800万(元),目前处于开业状态。通过爱企查查看安庆汇通汽车部件股份有限公司更多经营信息和资讯。
2023-06-22 22:44:241

美国都有那几大家族,是那种在美国社会举足轻重的,他们都有哪些业务?

问题是整体提高的。女人通常,是按男人的生活规律要求而改变的。男的也一样会受女的的生活影响而改变,担当的事情不同,也参不了多小,质素!在某个时期能让人们整体都知道香臭!就进一步了,通常有能干的女人丈夫一定是不管事的,能干的男人女人是很小能抓什么主意的,参差不齐是一定的,须要正策,须要觉悟,须要人们都明白。也不要追问我,我说说而已。
2023-06-22 22:44:264

家用适合买huitong惠通防潮箱吗?多少升的够用?

防潮箱,就是给电子设备或者其他怕潮的物品使用的……目的就是防潮。所以,只要自己有这方面需求,就可以入手防潮箱使用。至于防潮箱的容积,那就要根据自己的实际情况去确定了……东西少、体积小,入手一个小容积的防潮箱就够用。如果东西多、体积大,那就得入手大容量防潮箱了。另外,选择防潮箱还要注意冗余度的问题……也就是说,要给今后的需求预留空间……免得添置器材之后没地方放……
2023-06-22 22:43:282

为什么被比尔盖茨被仍蛋糕?

可怜的保镖
2023-06-22 22:43:265

SAP分布式安装需要共享哪些文件目录

分布式文件系统对立的概念就是本地文件系统,本地文件系统是基于单主机单操作系统管理本地存储资源。分布式文件系统则是将存储资源管理放在服务器端,简单来讲是CS模式的文件系统,client端负责将用户访问操作与server交互,server通过管理的存储资源中获取存储数据。SNIA对于文件系统的发展有很详细的一篇文章,给链接供大家可以参考。http://www.snia.org/sites/default/education/tutorials/2010/spring/file/Christian_Bandulet_SNIATutorial Basics_EvolutionFileSystems.pdf随着NAS和SAN的不断发展,统一存储的感念最近也颇为流行,存储厂商也纷纷推出统一存储的产品。所谓统一存储,据我理解即可以将不同存储资源采用透明方式提供存储服务,而对存储资源分配调度管理则有服务器完成。针对NAS 和SAN 的优缺点,目前出现了多种新的网络存储技术, 如: NAS Gateway (NAS head) 、基于IP 的SAN 技术、对象存储技术。NAS 网关能将SAN 连结到IP 网络,使IP 网络用户能通过NAS 网关直接访问SAN 中的存储设备,所以NAS 网关具有以下优点:能使NAS 和SAN 互连在同一LAN中,突破了FC 拓扑的限制,允许FC 设备在IP 网络使用;减少了光纤设备的访问成本,允许访问未有充分利用的SAN 存储空间。基于IP 的SAN 互连技术主要包括: FCIP( IP tunneling) 、iFCP、iSCSI、Infiniband、mFCP ,其代表技术是iSCSI 技术。iSCSI技术原理是将SCSI协议映射到TCP/ IP之上,即将主机的SCSI 命令封装成TCP/ IP 数据包,在IP 网络上传输,到达目的节点后,再恢复成封装前的SCSI 命令,从而实现SCSI 命令在IP网络上的直接、透明传输,使访问远程的SCSI 盘可以像本地的硬盘一样方便。 存储对象具有文件和块二者的优点:象数据块一样在存储设备上被直接访问;通过一个对象接口,能象文件一样,在不同操作系统平台上实现数据共享。NAS Gateway 虽实现了NAS 和SAN 在IP 的融合,但不是真正的融合,因为它不能将NAS 设备和SAN 设备融合起来向用户提供统一的存储池,用户也只能以文件I/O的方式访问存储设备。对象存储虽具有NAS 和SAN 的优点,但需要设计专门的对象存储接口,需要对现有的文件系统进行修改,这阻碍了它的进一步普及推广。对于分布式文件系统的发展史,网络很多文章都总结过了,貌似都是转载的,在这里贴一个链接http://lxhzju.blog.163.com/blog/static/45008200682773039623/分布式文件系统与NAS、SAN的关系;NAS和SAN是存储系统,NAS基于NFS/CIFS等网络存储协议,采用了网络存储文件系统,而网络存储文件系统是分布式文件系统的一种。SAN为了便于管理,也提出了SAN文件系统,也属于分布式文件系统。
2023-06-22 22:43:241

用huitong惠通防潮箱会不会很耗电?防潮性能怎么样?

一点也不耗电,一个月下来也就五六度电。而且它防潮性能特别棒啊,回南天的时候,我们家的电子设备什么的没它真的不行,之前就发霉四五次,才决定买个防潮箱,心累啊。
2023-06-22 22:43:211

拌肚尖花怎么做?

主料: 猪肚 250克 辅料: 黄瓜 300克 调料: 花椒 10克 大葱 10克 姜 10克 大蒜 10克 碱 10克 盐 5克 味精 2克 香油 15克 各适量 拌肚尖花的做法: 1.将猪肚用刀片去两面筋和油,洗净,先顺剞一字刀,再横斜剞三刀一断的鱼鳃形片,切5厘米长的块,用碱腌约半小时后,用清水漂去碱味。2.待锅中的水烧开后,下入肚花氽熟,然后放入凉水中漂上。3.黄瓜去籽,切蓑衣花刀片,用盐腌一下,挤干水分;葱、姜、蒜均切成末。4.食用时,捞出肚尖挤干水分。另外,用锅将香油烧沸,下入花椒子,炸一下就捞出不要,再下入葱、姜、蒜,炒出香味后倒在肚尖花上,加进黄瓜和上列调料拌匀,装盘即成。 更多拌肚尖花信息见薄荷网食物库http://www.boohee.com/shiwu/bandujianhua
2023-06-22 22:43:141

huitong防潮箱的数控款和电子表款,哪款更好?

huitong防潮箱的两款都非常好,电子表款操作简单易上手,数控款更精确,但是两款除湿效果都是很棒的,能够保持内部干燥。
2023-06-22 22:43:131

fcuk什么意思?

fc:混凝土轴心抗压强度设计值。fy:钢筋抗拉强度设计值。fcuk:混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值。相较混凝土而言,钢筋抗拉强度非常高,一般在200MPa以上,故通常人们在混凝土中加入钢筋等加劲材料与之共同工作,由钢筋承担其中的拉力,混凝土承担压应力部分。工作原理钢筋混凝土之所以可以共同工作是由它自身的材料性质决定的。首先钢筋与混凝土有着近似相同的线膨胀系数,不会由环境不同产生过大的应力。其次钢筋与混凝土之间有良好的粘结力,有时钢筋的表面也被加工成有间隔的肋条(称为变形钢筋)来提高混凝土与钢筋之间的机械咬合,当此仍不足以传递钢筋与混凝土之间的拉力时,通常将钢筋的端部弯起180度弯钩。此外混凝土中的氢氧化钙提供的碱性环境,在钢筋表面形成了一层钝化保护膜,使钢筋相对于中性与酸性环境下更不易腐蚀。
2023-06-22 22:43:111

怎么判断得了白癜风?

您可以仔细观察一下,白斑表面是否光滑无皮屑,白斑呈淡白色或乳白色,如果边界模糊不清或朝正常皮肤扩散的话,有可能是白癜风,具体情况需要看到白斑后才可以确诊,白癜风属于难治疾病,最大的特点就是易扩散,尤其影响美观及生活,建议您及时到国家正规的专业医院进行检测就诊,以免延误病情及治疗最佳时期。
2023-06-22 22:43:074

想听实话,huitong惠通防潮箱真的能防潮吗?

huitong惠通防潮箱防潮性能挺不错的,这个品牌一直以来都在为军队供应防潮产品,防潮性能很值得信赖。我也是因为它防潮好才买回家里存放东西的,像我们家的相机,文件啊什么的,放在里面从来不担心会受潮发霉。
2023-06-22 22:43:071

huitong防潮箱使用寿命多久?性能如何?

防潮箱一般都可以继续轮回使用,只要不破,不会影响防潮效果,性能是有保障的,至于使用多久没有固定期限,不破就可继续用,老化后破了就不能用了。
2023-06-22 22:42:592

白癜风 治理

您好,白癜风的治疗,首先及时找出具体的发病诱因后,再进行针对性的治疗,建议患者最好寻找专业,正规,权威的医院,积极配合医生的治疗。
2023-06-22 22:42:593

huitong惠通防潮箱调节方式有哪些,安全吗?

huitong惠通防潮箱调节方式分两大类,一是数显款/电子表款,通过旋钮调节功率大小,二是数控款,可以直接设置湿度,防潮箱会自动除湿的,运行期间防潮箱也不会发热发烫,没有自燃风险,非常安全。
2023-06-22 22:42:521

第一任妻子去世,特朗普发文悼念!特朗普说了些什么?

特朗普在社交网上面发布了一条信息:我悲伤的告诉所有爱他的人,伊万娜特朗普已经在纽约的家中去世,他是一个美妙美丽和令人惊叹的女人过着伟大而鼓舞人心的生活,她的骄傲和喜悦是她的三个孩子,她为他们感觉到骄傲。
2023-06-22 22:42:513

白癜风治疗中心

建议不要盲目用药,治疗白癜风的药物有多种,但都有一定的适应症,不一定都适合每位患者,用药不对症的话,会导致白斑的加重,如果长时间用的话,可能会对肝,肾功能产生一定的损坏,还会加重病情,反而产生了抗药性,耐药性,损坏了白斑区的皮肤结构和血液的微循环结构,致使延误病情,错失最佳的治疗时机。
2023-06-22 22:42:513

fcuk什么意思?

fc:混凝土轴心抗压强度设计值。fy:钢筋抗拉强度设计值。fcuk:混凝土立方体抗压强度标准值。相较混凝土而言,钢筋抗拉强度非常高,一般在200MPa以上,故通常人们在混凝土中加入钢筋等加劲材料与之共同工作,由钢筋承担其中的拉力,混凝土承担压应力部分。工作原理钢筋混凝土之所以可以共同工作是由它自身的材料性质决定的。首先钢筋与混凝土有着近似相同的线膨胀系数,不会由环境不同产生过大的应力。其次钢筋与混凝土之间有良好的粘结力,有时钢筋的表面也被加工成有间隔的肋条(称为变形钢筋)来提高混凝土与钢筋之间的机械咬合,当此仍不足以传递钢筋与混凝土之间的拉力时,通常将钢筋的端部弯起180度弯钩。此外混凝土中的氢氧化钙提供的碱性环境,在钢筋表面形成了一层钝化保护膜,使钢筋相对于中性与酸性环境下更不易腐蚀。
2023-06-22 22:42:511