Vicious and Dangerous Sports Should be Banned by Law 中文翻译

你好，格雷英语为你解答应该是barbarous 这个单词 barbar***barbarous的中文意思是：野蛮的[英][ˈbɑ:bərəs][美][ˈbɑ:rbərəs]adj.野蛮的; 残暴的; 粗野的; 粗声粗气的; 例句：1、He thought the poetry of Whitman barbarous.他认为惠特曼的诗歌太粗俗。2、Surely you know the Arabs are a barbarous people.你知道阿拉伯人是一只野蛮民族。

一、详细释义： , adj. , 残暴的，极其残忍的，凶残的 , 例句： ,Their barbarous treatment of prisoners aroused great rage.,他们对犯人的残酷虐待激起了极大的愤怒。, 例句： ,She received the most barbarous treatment.,她受到他们极为残暴的待遇。, 粗野的，未开化的，野蛮的 , 例句： ,It is barbarous to call at 5 a.m.,清晨五点给人打电话是缺乏教养的行为。, 例句： ,He thought the poetry of Whitman barbarous.,他认为惠特曼的诗歌太粗俗。, 二、词义辨析： , cruel,brutal,inhuman,savage,barbarous,fierce,ruthless ,这些形容词都有“残忍的”，“野蛮的”之意。cruel一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。brutal指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。 inhuman着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。savage指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。barbarous专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。fierce指天性凶恶，令人害怕。ruthless与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。, 三、参考例句： ,The barbarous soldiers ravished the country women.,野蛮的士兵 *** 乡村的妇女。,She received the most barbarous treatment.,她受到他们极为残暴的待遇。,He thought the poetry of Whitman barbarous.,他认为惠特曼的诗歌太粗俗。,Their barbarous treatment of prisoners aroused great rage.,他们对犯人的残酷虐待激起了极大的愤怒。,It was barbarous to treat prisoners in that manner.,如此对待犯人，真是太残忍了。,To civilize the barbarous people is not easy.,要使野蛮人开化不是简单的。,Technology without morality is barbarous; morality without technology is impotent.,没有道德的技术是野蛮的；没有技术的道德是软弱的。,It is barbarous to call at 5 a.m.,清晨五点给人打电话是缺乏教养的行为。

野蛮的野蛮残忍凶猛的凶猛的恶性循环

rude。粗鲁的 野蛮的。外贸中有个‘野蛮装运 rogh handling"The packaging must be seaworthy and strong enough to stand rough handling.包装必须适合海运，足够牢固，经得住野蛮搬运。具体用哪个词应根据使用场景来确定。

uncivilized; brutal; barbarian; bestial; savage2;brutality; inhumanity; savageness

野蛮   [yě mán] [野蛮]基本解释 1.不文明 2.蛮横残暴 [野蛮]详细解释 不文明；没有开化。 梁启超 《中国专制政治进化史论》第一章：“常任首领之有大功于本羣者，威德巍巍，慴服羣类，及其死也，以为神而祀之，而其子孙又利用野蛮时代之宗教迷信也。” 胡适 《美国的妇人》：“那些外国传教的人，回到他们本国去捐钱，到处演说我们 中国 怎样的野蛮不开化。” 巴金 《利娜》上篇：“他很少笑过，也不爱玩，又不肯跳舞。总之，他好像是一个野蛮人。”亦指没有开化的人。《水浒后传》第二回：“﹝ 毛豸 ﹞笑道：‘娘子，我这孩子刚刚满月，撞到野蛮这担东西送上门，值一二千两银子，也是彩头。"” 鲁迅 《故事新编·起死》：“你敢动手？这不懂哲理的野蛮！” 蛮横。 *** 《反对本本主义》：“你对于某个问题没有调查，就停止你对于某个问题的发言权。这不太野蛮了吗？一点也不野蛮。” 指蛮横的行为。 萧三 《 *** 同志的青少年时代和初期革命活动》三九：“代表们叫工人们全体立即蹲下，说：‘我们只是为了要一碗饭吃，赤手空拳，不是什么造反。你们有卫兵，举‘大令"，要杀人，看是谁动野蛮！"” [野蛮]百科解释 野蛮是贬义词，指一个人粗鄙、使用暴力、不讲理。补充：有时野蛮也有与事实完全相反的一面。 更多→ 野蛮 [野蛮]英文翻译 barbarous; cruel; savage; uncivilized [野蛮]近义词 凶恶 强横 横暴 横蛮 粗暴 粗犷 粗野 粗鲁 蛮横 霸道 野蛮 [野蛮]反义词 仁慈 客套 开化 文明 轻柔 儒雅 温柔 [野蛮]相关词语 蛮横 横暴 客套 强悍 文明 *** 粗鲁 仁慈 粗野 霸道 轻柔 开化 [野蛮]相关搜寻 野蛮的蛮怎么组词

Voilent

意思和用法都相同，可以互换，没有什么区别。ruthless英 ["ruːθləs] 　 　 美 ["ruːθləs] 　 　adj. 残忍的；无情的。To foreign observers, American capitalism looks ruthless.对于外国人来说，美国的资本主义看起来是残忍的。heartless英 ["hɑːtləs] 　 　 美 ["hɑːrtləs] 　 　adj. 无情的；残酷的。It was heartless of you to leave without saying good-bye.你不告而别实在太狠心了。savage，barbarous，fierce，ruthless区别：1、savage指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。2、barbarous专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。3、fierce指天性凶恶，令人害怕。4、ruthless强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。

这是一个形容词，意思是：野蛮的，男女都可以形容。重点词汇：savage英［＇sævɪdʒ］释义：adj.野蛮的；残酷的；狂怒的；荒凉的n.未开化的人；粗鲁的人；残暴成性的人vt.乱咬；粗暴的对待n.（Savage）人名；（西）萨瓦赫；（英、德）萨维奇［复数：savages；第三人称单数：savages；现在分词：savaging；过去式：savaged；过去分词：savaged；比较级：more savage；最高级：most savage］短语：Savage principle塞韦奇原则；萨维奇准则词语辨析：cruel，brutal，inhuman，savage，barbarous这些形容词都有“残忍的”，“野蛮的”之意。1、cruel一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。2、brutal指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。3、inhuman着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。4、savage指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。5、barbarous专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。

hun

勇敢

ⅰ．后缀-able与-ible 形容词后缀-able与-ible是同义后缀，加在动词后，使动词变为形容词，其意义相当于情态动词 can ＋此动词被动式。所以在语义上有被动意义。例如： the results can be tested．→the results are testable．这些结果是可测试的。 究竟哪些动词加-ible，哪些加-able呢？ 1．加-ible的词大多数来自拉丁语。下面加-ible的词都是来自拉丁语的动词。如：edible（可食用的） visible（可见的）sensible（可觉察的）possible（可能的）flexible（易弯曲的） 2．以-mit结尾的动词，将-mit变为-miss再加 -ible。如：permit→permissible（可允许的） 3．以-nd结尾的动词，将-nd变为-ns再加-ible，如：respond→responsible（有责任的），defend→defensible（能防御的） 4．加-able的动词远比加-ible的多，且-able为活性后缀，如要构成这一意义的新词时，都是加 -able。 5．一般以"e"结尾的动词，去掉"e"再加-able。如：erase→erasable（可擦掉的），deceive→deceivable（可欺的） 也有直接加的，如：change→changeable（可变化的），service→serviceable（有用的） 6．动词以辅音加y结尾，y变i加able。如：deny→deniable（可否认的），rely→reliable（可靠的） ⅱ．后缀-ize（-ise） 后缀-ize（-ise）可以加在名词或形容词的后面构成动词，表示"照……样子做"、"按……方式处理"、"使成为……"、"变成……状态"、"……化"的意思。例如：dramatic（戏剧的）→dramatize（改编成剧本）， modern（现代的）→modernize（现代化），organ（组织）→organize（组织起来），civil（文明的）→civilize（使文明，变为文明），system（系统）→sys- temize（系统化），normal（正常的）→ normalize（使正常化），equal（平等的）→equalize（使平等，使相等） 注意某些以-y结尾的词，加 -ize（-ise）后缀时，要去掉-y再加-ize（-ise），例如： sympathy（同情心）→sympathize（同情，表同情） ⅲ．后缀-ful，-ous，-ent，-ant后缀-ful，-ous，-ent，-ant均为形容词后缀。可以直接加在动词或名词的后面构成形容词。一般来说，动词加后缀-ful，-ous，-ent，-ant构成的形容词表示主动意义。 -ful表示"富有……的"，"充满……的"，"具有……性质的"，"易于……的"或"可……的"。例如： powerful（有力的）peaceful（和平的）shameful（可耻的）helpful（有帮助的）forgetful（易忘的） -ous表示"如……的"，"有……性质的"，"有……的"或"属于……的"。例如：envious（羡慕的；妒嫉的）dangerous（危险的）famous（著名的）barbarous（野蛮的）monstrous（怪异的，畸形的） -ent表示"具有……性质的"或"关于……的"。例如：dependent（依赖的）confident（自信的）apparent（明显的）innocent（无罪的，天真的）frequent（屡次的） -ant表示"属于……的"或"具有……性质的"。例如：tolerant（能容忍的）assistant（辅助的）ascendant（上升的）accordant（和谐的，一致的） ⅳ．后缀-ee 后缀-ee属名词后缀，有较强的构词能力，它不但能加在动词后面构成名词，也可以加在某些形容词或名词后面构成名词。其构词的特点可归纳为以下几点： 1．加在许多及物动词后面构成名词，表示含有被动意义的"受动者"，这类名词也称作"被动性名词"。例如：trainee（接受训练者）employee（雇员） appointee（受任命者）expellee（被驱逐者）addressee（收件人）toastee（接受祝酒者）detainee（被拘留者）inter- viewee（被采访者） 2．加在某些不及物动词后构成名词，表示含有主动意义的"施动者"，即执行某动作的人。一般说来，这类动词没有加后缀-er或-or的形式。例如：returnee（归国者）escapee（逃亡者）embarkee（上船者）meetee（参加会议者）refugee（难民）divorcee（离婚者） 值得注意的是，如果这个词以不发音的-e结尾，这时只加一个-e即可。如：advise- advisee（被建议者）invite-invitee（受邀者） retire-retiree（退休者） ⅴ．后缀-er，-or，-ar 在表示"人"的这个意义上，它们像三姊妹。例如：banker（银行家）teenager（13-19的青少年）actor（男演员）translator（翻译者） governor（总督）scholar（学者）liar（撒谎者） beggar（乞丐）pedlar（小贩） guangao 常见的英语单词后缀: 1. 名词后缀 (1) 具有某种职业或动作的人 1)-an, -ain, 表示"……地方的人，精通……的人”American, historian, 2)-al, 表示"具有……职务的人" principal, 3)-ant,-ent, 表示"……者” merchant, agent, servant, student, 4)-ar, 表示"……的人” scholar, liar, peddler 5)-ard, -art, 表示"做……的人”coward, laggard, braggart(夸张者) 6)-arian, 表示"……派别的人， ……主义的人”humanitarian, vegetarian 7)-ary, 表示"从事……的人" secretary, missionary 8)-ant, 表示"具有……职责的人" candidate, graduate 9)-ator, 表示"做……的人" educator, speculator(投机者) 10)-crat, 表示"某种政体，主义的支持者" democrat, bureaucrat 11)-ee, 表示"动作承受者" employee, examinee 12)-eer, 表示"从事于……人" engineer, volunteer 13)-er, 表示"从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人" banker, observer, Londoner, villager 14)-ese, 表示" ……国人，…..地方的人”Japanese, Cantonese 15)-ess, 表示"阴性人称名词， actress, hostess, manageress 16)-eur, 表示"……家” amateur, littérateur 17)-ian, 表示"……地方人，信仰…….教的人，从事……职业的人”Christian, physician(内科医生)，musician 18)-ician, 表示"精通者， ……家，”electrician, magician, technician 19)-icist, 表示"……家， …….者, …….能手”physicist, phoneticist, technicist 20)-ic, 表示"……者，……师" mechanic, critic 21)-ie, 表示"爱，指小" dearie, auntie, lassie(小姑娘) 22)-ier, 表示"从事……职业” cavalier, clothier, brazier(黄铜匠) 23)-ine, ian, 表示"阴性人称" heroine, ballerina 24)-ist, 表示"从事……研究者，信仰……主义者" pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist 25)-ive, 表示"动作者，行为者” native, captive 26)-logist, 表示"……学家，研究者" biologist, geologist(地质学家) 27)-or, 表示"……者" author, doctor, operator, 28)-ster, 表示"做…….事情的人”youngster, gamester(赌徒)，songster 29)-yer, 表示" 从事……职业者” lawyer (2). 构成，具有抽象名词的含义 1)-acy, 表示"性质，状态，境遇" accuracy, diplomacy 2)-age, 表示"状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称" courage, storage, marriage 3)-al, a) 表示"事物的动作，过程”refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval b) 表示具体的事物manual, signal, editorial, journal 4)-ance, -ence表示"性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度” endurance, importance, diligence, difference, obedience 5)-ancy, -ency, 表示"性质，状态，行为，过程" frequency, urgency, efficiency, 6)-bility, 表示"动作，性质，状态" possibility, feasibility, 7)-craft, 表示"工艺，技巧” woodcraft, handicraft, statecraft（治国策） 8)-cracy, 表示"统治，支配" bureaucracy, democracy 9)-cy, 表示"性质，状态，职位，级别" bankruptcy(破产)，supremacy 10)-dom, 表示"等级，领域，状态" freedom, kingdom, wisdom 11)-ery, -ry, 表示"行为，状态，习性" bravery, bribery, rivalry 12)-ety, 表示"性质，状态” variety, dubiety(怀疑) 13)-faction, -facture, 表示"作成，……化，作用" satisfaction, manufacture 14)-hood, 表示"资格，身份, 年纪，状态" childhood, manhood, falsehood 15)-ice, 表示"行为，性质，状态" notice, justice, service 16)-ine, 表示"带有抽象概念" medicine, discipline, famine 17)-ing, 表示"动作的过程，结果" building, writing, learning 18)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示"行为的过程，结果，状况" action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction 19)-ise, 表示"性质，状态” exercise, merchandise(商业) 20)-ism, 表示"制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为" socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism 21)-ity, 表示"性质，状态，程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity 22)-ment, 表示"行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument 23)-mony, 表示"动作的结果，状态" ceremony, testimony 24)-ness, 表示"性质，状态，程度" goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness 25)-or, -our, 表示"动作，性质，状态" favor, error, 26)-osity, 表示"动作，状态” curiosity 27)-ship, 表示"情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业” hardship, membership, friendship 28)-th, 表示"动作，性质，过程，状态" depth, wealth, truth, length, growth 29)-tude, 表示"性质，状态，程度" latitude, altitude(海拔) 30)-ure, 表示"行为，结果" exposure, pressure, failure, procedure(手续)， 31)-y, 表示"行为的结果，状态，性质” glory, history, victory, inquiry (3) 带有场所，地方的含义 1)-age, 表示"住所，地点" village, cottage 2)-ary, 表示"住所，场地" library, granary (谷仓) 3)-ery, ry, 表示"工作场所，饲养所，地点" laundry, nursery, surgery(手术室) 4)-ory, 表示"工作场所，住处" factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory (4) 带有学术，科技含义 1)-grapy, 表示"……学，写法” biography, calligraphy, geography 2)-ic, ics, 表示"……学……法" logic, mechanics, optics, electronics 3)-ology, 表示"……学……论”biology, zoology, technology(工艺学) 4)-nomy, 表示"……学……术" astronomy, economy, bionomy(生态学) 5)-ery, 表示"学科，技术" chemistry, cookery, machinery 6)-y, 表示"……学，术，法” photography, philosophy (5) 表示人和事物的总和，集合含义 1)-age, baggage, tonnage 2)-dom, newspaperdom(新闻界) 3)-hood, neighbourhood, womanhood 4)-ery, cavalry, ministry(内阁) 5)-ure, legislature, judicature (6) 表示物品和物质名称的含义 1)-ant, ent, solvent, constant 2)-al, signal, pictorial(画报) 3)ar, collar, pillar(石柱) 4)- er, boiler, computer, washer, cooker 5)-ery, drapery(绸缎) 6)-ing, clothing, matting, 7)-ment, instrument, equipment, attachment (7) 表示“细小”的含义 1)-cle, particle, 2)-cule, molecule(分子) 3)-el, parcel 4)-en, chicken, maiden 5)-et, pocket, ticket 6)-etta, -ette, etto, cigarette, essayette(短文) 7)-kin, napkin 8)-ling, duckling, 9)-let, booklet 10)-y, baby, doggy 2. 形容词后缀 （1）带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义 1)-able, -ible, movable, comfortable, applicable, visible, responsible 2)-al, natural, additional, educational 3)-an, ane, urban, suburban, republican 4)-ant, -ent, distant, important, excellent 5)-ar, similar, popular, regular 6)-ary, military, voluntary 7)-ice, -atie, ical, politic, systematic, historic, physical, 8)-ine, masculine, feminine, marine 9)-ing, moving, touching, daring 10)-ish, foolish, bookish, selfish 11)-ive, active, impressive, decisive 12)-ory, satisfactory, compulsory 13)-il, -ile, -eel, fragile, genteel(文雅的) (2) 表示“相象，类似”的含义 1)-ish, boyish, childish 2)-esque, picturesque 3)-like, manlike, childlike 4)-ly, manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly 5)-some, troublesome, handsome 6)-y, milky, pasty (3) 表示“充分的”含义 1)-ful, beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful 2)-ous, dangerous, generous, courageous, various 3)-ent, violent (4) 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义 1)-en, wooden, golden, woolen 2)-ous, gaseous 3)-fic, scientific (5) 表示方向的含义 1)-ern, eastern, western 2)-ward, downward, forward (6) 表示“倍数”的含义 1)-ble, double, treble 2)ple, triple 3)-fold, twofold, tenfold (7) 表示“数量关系”的含义 1)-teen, thirteen 2)-ty, fifty 3)-th, fourth, fiftieth (8) 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义 1)-an, Roman, European 2)-ese, Chinese, 3)-ish, English, Spanish (9) 表示“比较程度”的含义 1)-er, greater 2)-ish, reddish, yellowish 3)-est, highest 4)-most, foremost, topmost (10)其他的含义 -less, 表示否定，countless, stainless, wireless 3. 动词后缀 1)-ize, ise, 表示"做成，变成，……化“modernize, mechanize, democratize, organize 2)-en, 表示"使成为，引起，使有” quicken, weaken, soften, harden 3)-fy, 表示"使……化, 使成”beautify, purify, intensify, signify, simplify 4)-ish, 表示"使，令” finish, abolish, diminish, establish 5)-ate, 表示“成为……，处理，作用” separate, operate, indicate 4. 副词后缀 1)-ly, possibly, swiftly, simply 2)-ward, -wards, downward, inwards, upward 3)-ways, always, sideways 4)-wise, otherwise, clockwise厄……我比较偷懒，从百度百科复制的，但是这个是最全最实用的 希望能帮到你

野的;猛烈的;疯狂的,狂怒的;怪的furiousviolentuntamedsavageferociousrashcrazyrecklessimpetuousmadwantonfranticfrenziedrabiddelirioushystericaloverwroughta.难驾驭的;粗野的untameduncivilizedsavageuncheckedunrestrainedviolentbarbarousbrutalrampantfierceferociousbestial

how could they do this so cruelly?

cruel

在这里输从伊丽莎白到乔治四世这个国家的人民（实际上，所有欧洲） ，虽然他们有一定的建筑（或有时architectooralooral ）的口味，没有在最感动的杰作中世纪艺术;事实上，因为它们没有使用他们的眼睛对他们，因为他们在欢庆自己的第一次在新古典回收珍惜学习，后来在获取科学的所谓，他们认为这些mouldering成堆的石头是仅仅文物的野蛮行为。顺便，我可以说，在法国旅行的人，非常精明的企业和相当完整的庸俗，阿瑟杨，给我们一个很好的措施这个愚蠢。）复制铸型这期间，他们没有期待中的最不喜欢13世纪的工作;不，他们不能建立一个纯墙上都希望13世纪的泥瓦匠。我说，如果他们不得不适当利用自己的眼睛，他们会看到这一次，然后下降到为何有人做;在这种情况下，他们肯定会很快发现，有丰富的理由反对的可能性，模仿古代的工作入需要翻译的文字尊敬的建筑师说，在采取上述这些维修，并维修，往往对他们非常好。但他们也下了，重新做那些部分字面上的疏忽和愚蠢上述已受伤甚至抹杀，而且似乎已经毫无疑问，他们可以这样做。他们知道这么多的老建筑的方式与他们的建设者，我不能多想在他们的鲁莽。但我做什么，而奇怪的是，他们没有看到，当他们结束了"恢复"旧的工作，它没有期待权; ，尽管他们的装饰相同节与13世纪，尽管其雕刻树叶及数字"准确" （天堂帮助我们！关于本世纪初，一些人开始向他们展示中世纪的艺术，其中的最引人注目的是沃尔特斯科特;和他显然真正热爱这些作品，加上传统的想法，他们"野蛮， "产生了一些好奇和有趣的段落在他的书。然而，敬佩的哥特式建筑的增长，直到最后人们开始认为，他们希望有更多的likethem ，并试图用非常小的成功，但他们强烈地感到高兴的企图。再次来到这期间学到了很多的详细资讯，哥特式，因为它曾是所谓的伟大实践和成功的建筑师中，生产建筑并没有巨大的伤害，当他们没有取代旧建筑物。但是，在另一个方向这一新的知识已经非常糟糕的后果。到这个时候我们的古建筑，都被忽视和虐待的几代人，需要严肃认真地在许多情况下修复。

We today to Western art past hundred years to the development course has not calculated strangely.Has three words in the Western modern art history is mentioned generally with the utilization.One is “the modern age”.This is Western art complied with as a whole the modern society develops the cultural nature, in which positive historical achievement has known for us and profits from.Another is “the vanguard”.It take surmounted the formal language standard the experimental nature as the character of surface, take in the cultural connotation exploratory as the basic characteristic.“Modern age” art not necessarily all by “vanguard” posture appearance, but “vanguard” art advanced art “the modern age” the advancement, its itself dopes good and bad, only then the process history choice and the cultural filtration, its valuable energetic aspect and the state of matter result only then become in the cultural confluence the constituent.Another is “the non-art”.It frequently and “the vanguard” associated and confuses with “the modern age” in among, but in the essence does not have the true modern spirit and the vanguard realizes, because it take denies artistic the value, is specially the artistic creative value as the goal, uses the extreme the technique and disturbs the way subversion art.It must break is the so-called art “the boundary”, but is entire artistic itself, therefore, it belongs to outside the artistic destruction sex act.To these three words also is three kind of phenomena which in the Western art developing process appears, we cannot mix regard it, cannot the behavior regard as especially of all forms “the non-art” “the modern age” “the vanguard”. Appears “the non-art” in our here the behavior, first is “the non-art” the phenomenon plagiarism and continues to use to the overseas each kind.Rank smell of blood, cruel, destruction, hostility; From oppressive, Shi Nue all sorts of techniques, already has it in the West, this is “the non-art” the behavior does not ask it “newly”, only to ask it “differently” the essential feature.In certain doer there, even “different” surpassed the West to have the degree.These behavior starting point is not completely the establishment above the artistic history logic, also had not proposed any artistic question or needs to solve any artistic question its significance not in art, but is aims at us the artistic form which develops, to earnest, the serious artistic creation carries on the challenge, constitutes to the artistic subversion.This kind of active moving spirit and the organizer thought understood and is familiar with the Western art the history which passes through to know this kind “the non-art” the behavior true direction.Let this kind of behavior occur in China, nothing but is aims at is facing the modern state development entire Chinese art.

barbecue的读音是：英["bɑ?b?kju?]。barbecue的读音是：英["bɑ?b?kju?]。barbecue的详尽释义是n.(名词)烤肉餐馆炙烤用的铁架轻便烤炉烤肉烤鱼烤全牲烤鸡吃烤肉的野宴烧烤全牲野外大宴会野餐烤肉架咖啡豆干燥场烧烤野餐烤架金属烤架烤全猪烤全羊烤全牛吃烤肉的宴会或野餐可携带到户外的烤（肉）架。barbecue的例句是用作名词(n.)The sunshine bodes well for our barbecue.明媚的阳光对我们的烤肉野餐是个吉兆。一、详尽释义点此查看barbecue的详细内容n.(名词)烤肉餐馆炙烤用的铁架轻便烤炉烤肉烤鱼烤全牲烤鸡吃烤肉的野宴烧烤全牲野外大宴会野餐烤肉架咖啡豆干燥场烧烤野餐烤架金属烤架烤全猪烤全羊烤全牛吃烤肉的宴会或野餐可携带到户外的烤（肉）架v.(动词)烤（肉）加浓的作料烤炙炙（肉类）全烧全烤红烧烧烤野餐在烤架上烧烤烧烤二、双解释义n.(名词)[C]金属烤架 a metal frame on which to cook food,especially meat,over an open fire,usually outdoor[C]烧烤野餐 a party at which food is prepared in this way and eatenv.(动词)vt. 在烤架上烧烤 cook meat and other food on a metal grill over an open fire, usually outside三、英英释义Noun:meat that has been barbecued or grilled in a highly seasoned saucea cookout in which food is cooked over an open fire; especially a whole animal carcass roasted on a spita rack to hold meat for cooking over hot charcoal usually out of doorsVerb:cook outdoors on a barbecue grill;"let"s barbecue that meat""We cooked out in the forest"四、例句The sunshine bodes well for our barbecue.明媚的阳光对我们的烤肉野餐是个吉兆。The rain loused up the barbecue.下雨弄砸了烤肉野餐。If you"re not busy Sunday, we"d love to have you both over for a barbecue.如果你周日有空，我们想请你们俩来吃烧烤。We can"t calculate on having good weather for the barbecue.我们不能指望着有好天气才去烧烤。I put another steak on the barbecue.我在烤架上又放了一块肉排。Now and then we like to barbecue chicken in the back yard.我们偶而会在后院子里烤鸡吃。五、常见句型用作名词(n.)Canadians often have barbecues in the summer.加拿大人常常在夏天举行烤肉野餐。They had a barbecue on their patio on Sunday.星期天他们在院子里进行烧烤。We"re having a barbecue this weekend.这个周末我们要搞一次野餐。用作动词(v.)用作及物动词S+ ～+n./pron.Barbecue the meat for five minutes.把肉放在烤肉架上烤五分钟。We barbecued several pieces of chicken for dinner.我们在户外烤了几块鸡肉当作晚餐。六、词汇搭配barbecue sauce在全烧时涂抹烤物用的...coffee drying barbecue咖啡豆晒场barbecue mix烤肉时涂抹用调味料...七、词语用法n.(名词)barbecue作“烤架”解时指户外烤肉用的金属架。v.(动词)barbecue通常指在户外烧烤。barbecue的相关临近词barber、barbarous、barbecuer、barbecue pit、barbecue mix、barbecued men、barbecue sauce、barbecued meat、barbecued pork、barbecued duck、barbecue stall、barbecued mutton点此查看更多关于barbecue的详细信息

再加点分吧，否则没人肯翻的What is rock ever is? It is a spirit, an attitude to the life, a real action, a self-denial ambit, a freedom which wants to relieve from oneself. What is rock ever is? Everyone has his own definition and his own activity. Because love, unique, crazy, heavy metal, screaming , shouting are full with every man who love rock. Its reality can appeal to anyone whatever man or woman, old or youth. Here, you pay your sweat, express your true mind, hope for your beautiful future and complain to the recent world, they all can be saw from the rock. Because it can relieve us from the pain, let us immerse in another world. Because of its existence, the world become wonderful and colorful, and we can enjoy our youth totally and express our true emotion. Because of loving it, I want to the whole world!Rock is not screaming and shouting, rock it not unique, rock is not pop, rock is not factitious, rock is not long hair, guitar and drum, rock is even not a barbarous voice!Rock is a music style, it can relax and entertain normal people, it also can enter into the palace of the art.Rock isn"t crazy like pop music, but it can rock your deep heart. Rock is not a love for no reason, but it is because you love listening to it, you like listening to this sound , so you can hear some likely sounds often.

英语词汇速记大全1——词根+词缀记忆法（附MP3）

要备注中文意思不

太多啦。举几个例子给你吧：如果是说人的-er或or(doctor,teacher)-tion也很常用-ism (一般指什么主义）-gy(geology, astrology).........

1.The Chinese first step impression to dyadic beautiful football is very barbarous , in fact, beauty is one kind of competition giving first place to tactics fully, but it does not attach importance to individual artifice and score like dyadic football of English. Every one team needs very strong cohesiveness.

My name is XXX. I"m 21 years old. I graducated from XX University．My major is hotel management. There are four members in my family,my father,my mother,my younger brother and I. I am out-going and open-minded.I like to make new friends. And I also like music and dancing. I hope your hotel give me a chance. It will be my great honor if I can work for your hotel.

civilized低频词，记不记随你啦！常见度： [英] [ˈsɪvəˌlaɪzd] [美] [ˈsɪvəˌlaɪzd] 生词本 简明释义 同反义词 adj. 文明的； 非野蛮的； 有礼貌的； 有教养的 v. 使文明； 教化； 使开化（ civilize的过去式和过去分词） 同义词epicurean 反义词adj.1. “文明的;有礼的”释义下的反义词 uncivilized wild barbarous 其他释义下的反义词 uncouth savage barbarian rude 推荐使用有道词典和金山词霸吧，都挺好的，不是做广告哦，我学英语，主要用这两个

野蛮女友: . . sassy girl 我的野蛮女友：my sassy girl

And several year of common people looks forward to Olympic Games in China neutralize a common people having met by chance , we are peerless happy, giving Olympic Games gigantic attention and support , this enthusiasm and intense emotion is generally not very common. One time of ? ? ? ? to Chinese climatic condition the terrain is favorable and the people are friendly all dominant flourishing age body of classical writings, we and world people make an appointment with Beijing together , are acquainted a very close friend , transfer Olympic Games friendship , continue five ring spirits together in competition. This aspiration being that fellow countrymen is in recent many years and scheduled time have been longed for , we have been won with indefatigable running after hold right, both and have defeated one difficult point after another in first-phase preparations with ultra-strong strength, having finally waited till this one day , this is to big league matches having international significance and history value what. Young Pioneer and drill will break out all round with the energy accumulating in the body and mind , assault the gold medal boundlessly for striving for honour , give opponent deep love regards for showing friendship. That we enjoy the world peace happiness with joyous same war ,creates big loving life miracles.We never feel fatigued , be full of go because of us; We never have a taste of the musical note arriving at a disharmony, because of we advocate civilization; We never see force grappling, because of we love friendship and peace heartily. ? ? ? ? the athlete selected for a sports meet has been already brave in carrying off nine gold medals in this our several days entering the competition , among them what be permeated out sweat has embodied out the competition pain , has embodied out our strength more. And the athlete selected for a sports meet station rises in receiving a prize holding deep love on the stage looking at a national flag attentively whenever national anthem sounds , is rewarded, the moment being singing national anthem , that moment, my feeling has arrived at Chinese"s great and the nation being proud. I am be one Chinese with self but extremely proud. Come to say to entering the competition on the sports ground person this is heartening news , they also will be on this account delightful for glorious , sharing with the teammate , further strengthening self gold medal dream , spurt towards the gold medal.Pay have right away bringing back a report, hardship lead to success. Fineness of athletes of our country brings a sum into play super-normal behaviour all makes a foreigner clap self hands shouting extremely, Chinese is amazing! We can look down upon Young Pioneer of the foreign country neither. Their same match has put up quality , has surpassed out style, we also should be that they applaud , being encouraged by them. Because of this is a vigorous behaviour of Olympic Games, place friendship before competition. On surpassing field, only have the feeling hand depths as brothers and sisters , do not have vulgar barbarous action. Surpass field if battlefield also if get-together. This is a civilized scope of operation , is the happy country.Think that once more, I open a TV set watching competition and draw when Young Pioneer and breath share a common fate, my heart has been trembled and conquered completely by their preeminent behaviour. Olympic Games arrives in China , Young Pioneer can be termed as maintaining an army resorted to arms the day before yesterday at going deep into every China children"s heart,the anomaly showing is extraordinarily brave , add though the audience who not having faced the competition scene in person have in respectively, also, being that expression is excited , judging at home for a short while. We get roused because of Olympic Games, also because of Olympic Games but big and powerful. We have had centennial Olympic Games of Chinese to spoil a dream no longer , we have broken shop sign of the sick man of East Asia long ago, and lofty sentiments has not failed at world people"s heart starting from full aspiration establishment in the east myth, bright pearl brilliance of the world reason east is sheer , China also is fresh with the extraordinary splendour , Olympic Games displaying China , China lifting up Olympic Games because of Olympic Games, to world declaration: China , you be big and powerful!

中英文太长网站自己看：http://www.360doc.com/content/10/1222/23/1247204_80549175.shtml

1776年7月4日北美原十三个英属殖民地一致通过的《独立宣言》原文：在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和上帝的意旨，接受独立和平等的地位时，出于人类舆论的尊重，必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府；其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标，就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布－－他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效，等待他的同意；而一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他对它们就完全置之不理。他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权；但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会，唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命，不得不顺从他的意旨。他一再解散各州的议会，因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。他在解散各州议会之后，又长期拒绝另选新议会；但立法权是无法取消的，因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其实各州仍然处于危险的境地，既有外来侵略之患，又有发生内乱之忧。他竭力抑制我们各州增加人口；为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其它鼓励外国人移居各州的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。他建立新官署，派遣大批官员，骚扰我们人民，并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。他在和平时期，未经我们的立法机关同意，就在我们中间维持常备军。他力图使军队独立于民政之外，并凌驾于民政之上。他同某些人勾结起来把我们置于一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下；他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的：在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；用假审讯来包庇他们，使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外；切断我们同世界各地的贸易；未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审；在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制，在那裹建立专制政府，并扩大该省的疆界，企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一个得心应手的工具，以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治；取消我们的宪章，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力，宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。他宣布我们已不属他保护之列，并对我们们作战，从而放弃了在这里的政务。他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们沿海地区，焚烧我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配作为一个文明国家的元首。他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞，强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的刽子手，或是死于自己的亲人和朋友的手下。他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民；而众所周知，印第安人的作战规律是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论的。 在这些压迫的每一陷阶段中，我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请求改善；但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主，当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时，是不配作自由人民的统治者的。我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义善感和雅量呼吁，我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们对于这种正义和血缘的呼声，也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离，并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们：和我们作战，就是敌人；和我们和好，就是朋友。因此，我们，在大陆会议下集会的美利坚联盟代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，非经他们授权，向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布；这些联合一致的殖民地从此是自由和独立的国家，并且按其权利也必须是自由和独立的国家，它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。为了支持这篇宣言，我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑，以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉，彼此宣誓。 英文原文[编辑本段]THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCEIn Congress, July 4, 1776,THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICAWhen in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature"s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands .He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.JOHN HANCOCK, PresidentAttested, CHARLES THOMSON, SecretaryNew Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTONMassachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRYRhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERYConnecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTTGeorgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTONMaryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTONVirginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRISPennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSSDelaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M"KEANNorth Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENNSouth Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETONNew Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARKPennsylvania: Robert Morris， Benjamin Rush， Benjamin Franklin， John Morton， George Clymer， James Smith， George Taylor， James Wilson， George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney， George Read， Thomas McKean Maryland: Samuel Chase， William Paca， Thomas Stone， Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe， Richard Henry Lee， Thomas Jefferson， Benjamin Harrison， Thomas Nelson， Jr.， Francis Lightfoot Lee， Carter Braxton North Carolina: William Hooper， Joseph Hewes， John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge， Thomas Heyward， Jr.， Thomas Lynch， Jr.， Arthur Middleton Georgia: Button Gwinnett， Lyman Hall， George Walton.

Rome, Ital. Roma, city (1991 pop. 2,775,250), capital of Italy and see of the pope, whose residence, Vatican City, is a sovereign state within the city of Rome. Rome is also the capital of Latium, a region of central Italy, and of Rome prov. It lies on both banks of the Tiber and its affluent, the Aniene, in the Campagna di Roma, between the Apennine Mts. and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Called the Eternal City, it is one of the world"s richest cities in history and art and one of its great cultural, religious, and intellectual centers.The rise of Rome from an insignificant pastoral settlement to perhaps the world"s most successful empire—supreme as a lawgiver and organizer, holding sway over virtually all the then-known world W of Persia, on which it left a permanent imprint of its material and cultural achievements—is one of the great epics of history. Whatever its fortunes throughout history, Rome has remained the symbol of European civilization. Because of the complexity of the subject matter, the following article is divided into several sections, and additional information will be found in the articles to which there are cross references. See also Roman art; Roman architecture; Latin literature; Roman religion.The Modern CityIn the past half century Rome has expanded well beyond the walls started in the 3d cent. by Emperor Aurelian, and it now extends north to the Aniene. Long sections of the ancient walls have been preserved, however, and archaeology remains an essential element of modern city-planning in Rome. Ancient marble columns and ruins rising beside modern apartments and offices, noisy boulevards, and luxurious villas and gardens characterize the modern city of Rome. As in ancient times, the larger section of Rome lies on the left bank of the Tiber, which intersects the city in three wide curves and is spanned by over 20 bridges.EconomyAs in ancient times Rome is a center of transportation. It is the focus of international traffic by road, rail, sea (at the port of Civitavecchia), and air (at Leonardo da Vinci international airport at Fiumicino) and is as well a cultural, religious, political, and commercial center of international importance. Public transportation in Rome is provided by an elaborate bus system. A subway, the Metropolitana, was opened in 1955. Rome"s large number of automobiles has caused serious traffic congestion, and in the 1970s and 80s various attempts were made to deal with the problem, including the banning of traffic in certain parts of the city. The economy of Rome depends to a very large extent on the tourist trade. The city is also a center of banking, insurance, printing, publishing, and fashion. Italy"s movie industry (founded in 1936) is located at nearby Cinecitta.Landmarks and InstitutionsAside from modern residential quarters, the right-bank section of Rome contains Vatican City, including Saint Peter"s Church, the Castel Sant" Angelo, and the ancient quarter of Trastevere. In describing the larger left-bank section one may use the Piazza Venezia, a central square, as a convenient point of departure. It lies at the foot of the old Capitol (see Capitoline Hill) and borders on the huge monument to King Victor Emmanuel II and on the Palazzo Venezia, a Renaissance palace from the balcony of which Mussolini used to address the crowds. A broad avenue, the Via dei Fori Imperiali, runs from the Piazza Venezia SE to the Colosseum, leaving the Emperors" Fora and at a distance the Church of St. Peter in Chains (San Pietro in Vincoli) to the left, and the Capitol and the ancient Forum to the right. From the Colosseum the Via di San Gregorio continues south past the Arch of Constantine and the Baths of Caracalla to the Appian Way. There, as in other places on the outskirts of Rome, are large catacombs. From the Piazza Venezia another modern thoroughfare, the Via del Mare, leads southwestward to the Tiber and then east past the Basilica of St. Paul"s Outside the Walls (San Paolo fuori le Mure) to Ostia, Rome"s ancient port now blocked by silt, to the sea at Lido di Roma.The narrow and busy Via del Corso leads N from the Piazza Venezia past the Piazza Colonna (now the heart of Rome) to the Piazza del Popolo at the gate of the old Flaminian Way. East of the Piazza del Popolo are the Pincian Hill, commanding one of the finest views of Rome, and the famous Borghese Villa. In the widest westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Via del Corso, is the Campo Marzio quarter (anciently, Campus Martius), where most of the medieval buildings are located; there also are the Pantheon (now a church) and the parliament buildings. To the east of the Via del Corso the fashionable Via Condotti leads to the Piazza di Spagna; a flight of 132 steps ascends from that square to the Church of the Santa Trinità dei Monti and the Villa Medici. The Quirinal palace is NE of the Piazza Venezia. In the southeastern section, near the gate of San Giovanni, are the Lateran buildings.As an educational center Rome possesses—aside from the Univ. of Rome (founded 1303)—the colleges of the church, several academies of fine arts, and the Accademia di Santa Cecilia (founded 1584), the world"s oldest academy of music. The opera house is one of Europe"s grandest. The various institutes of the Univ. of Rome were formerly scattered throughout the city but were transferred in 1935 to the northeastern section.Among the countless churches of Rome there are five patriarchal basilicas—St. Peter"s, St. John Lateran, St. Mary Major (Santa Maria Maggiore), St. Lawrence Outside the Walls, and St. Paul"s Outside the Walls. With the exception of St. Mary Major, the basilicas and other ancient churches occupy the sites of martyrs" tombs. Characteristic of the old Roman churches are their fine mosaics (4th–12th cent.) and the use of colored marble for decoration, introduced in the 12th cent. by the workers in marble known as Cosmati. Rome"s first mosque opened in 1995.Among Rome"s many palaces and villas the Farnese Palace (begun 1514) and the Farnesina (1508–11) are particularly famous; others, all dating from the 17th cent., are those of the great Roman families, the Colonna, Chigi, Torlonia, and Doria. Rome is celebrated for its beautiful Renaissance and baroque fountains, such as the ornate Fontana di Trevi (18th cent.). Its richest museums and libraries are in the Vatican. Others include the National (in the Villa Giulia), Capitoline, and Torlonia museums, notable for their antiquities; and the Borghese, Corsini, Doria, and Colonna collections of paintings.Rome before AugustusAncient Rome was built on the east, or left, bank of the Tiber on elevations (now much less prominent) emerging from the marshy lowlands of the Campagna. The seven hills of the ancient city are the Palatine, roughly in the center, with the Capitoline to the northwest and the Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine in an outlying north-southwest curve. The Pincian, N of the Quirinal, is not included among the seven. In the westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Quirinal, lies the Martian Field (Campus Martius), facing the Vatican across the Tiber. On the side of the Tiber opposite the Palatine is the Janiculum, a ridge running north and south, which was fortified in early times.Early in the first millennium B.C. the Tiber divided the Italic peoples from the Etruscans in the north and west (see Etruscan civilization). Not far to the north were the borders between the Sabines and the Latins; the Sabines were closely related to Roman life from the very beginning. The hills of Rome, free from the malaria that had been the bane of the low-lying plains of Latium, were a healthful and relatively safe place to live and a meeting ground for Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans. In the 8th cent. B.C., the fortified elevation of the Palatine was probably taken by Etruscans, who amalgamated the tiny hamlets about the Palatine into a city-state. Tradition tells of the founding of Rome by Romulus in 753 B.C. (hence the dating ab urbe condita, or AUC, i.e., from the founding of the city), and of the Tarquin family, the Etruscan royal house. It was probably Etruscan rule that civilized Rome and gave it the hegemony of Latium.The Roman RepublicThe Romans overthrew their foreign rulers c.500 B.C. and established the Roman republic, which lasted four centuries. The patrician class controlled the government, but the plebs (who comprised by far the major portion of the population) were allowed to elect the two patrician consuls, who held joint power. The vitality of the patricians was remarkable, and long after political power had been granted to the plebs, experienced patricians continued to govern Rome.As the majority realized its power and the aristocracy continued its rule, the people demanded (and received) privilege after privilege; the greatest were the election of plebeian tribunes (see tribune) and the codification (c.450 B.C.) of the Twelve Tables. With the growth of the city, multiplication of consular duties called for new officials: quaestor, praetor, and censor. The three popular assemblies, or comitia, developed slowly, but they quietly abstracted legislative power from the patricians. The ancient senate, theoretically the supreme power of the state, became more and more powerful until in the 3d cent. B.C. it controlled the consuls completely.Although the Roman republic was never a true democracy, historians have modified the traditional view that it was the tool of a powerful aristocracy and have acknowledged that the system had open aspects beyond the control of the ruling class. It remains true, however, that it was under senatorial administration that Rome began its march to world supremacy and that in the end the senate was crushed under the weight of the huge problems of empire.The Subduing of ItalyIn the 4th cent. B.C., Rome extended its influence over W Latium and S Etruria; during the course of that century and the next, Rome came in full contact with Greek culture, which modified Roman life tremendously. The idea of the old Roman courage and morality, however, was kept alive by such staunch conservatives as Cato the Elder. The power of the city may be inferred from the tremendous impression the sack of Rome (390 B.C.) by the Gauls made in subsequent times.The Samnites were subdued in the wars dated conventionally 343–341 B.C., 326–304 B.C., and 298–290 B.C., and the inhabitants of Picenum, Umbria, Apulia, Lucania, and Etruria were pacified. The Roman policy in subduing Italy was that of a master toward slaves. Tarentum, besieged by the Romans, called for the aid of Pyrrhus of Epirus; he won victories at Heraclea (280 B.C.) and Asculum (279 B.C.), but after a dispute with his Italian allies he returned to Greece, leaving the Romans masters of central and S Italy.Conquests Overseas and to the EastRome, previously a continental power, began to look seaward in the 3d cent. B.C. Sicily, a granary of the ancient world, was an obvious goal, but Rome"s rapid conquests could not continue there without meeting the like ambitions of Carthage, which ruled the W Mediterranean. The Punic Wars were thus inevitable, and in this titanic struggle the fate of Carthage and the destiny of Rome were decided. Although Carthage had the great general Hannibal, Rome fought with the resources of Italy behind it and had such leaders as Scipio Africanus Major. Rome gained from the Punic Wars dominion over Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the northern shores of Africa, indisputable hegemony in the Mediterranean, and an insatiable desire for conquest.With Carthage humbled, the Roman republic turned its attention eastward. Philip V of Macedon was defeated after two campaigns (215–205 B.C., 200–197 B.C.), and Antiochus III of Syria was conquered at Magnesia (190 B.C.); eventually the defeat of Perseus (171–168 B.C.) made Macedonia a Roman province. Greece did not become a Roman province, but the brief opposition of the Achaean League was disposed of, and the Greeks became subject to Rome. Egypt acknowledged vassalship to the republic in 168 B.C.Effects of ExpansionThe rapid expansion of Roman dominion, however, had terrible effects at home. The provinces were governed by the senate for the benefit not of Rome but of the senatorial class; enormous wealth (by graft and by trade) flowed into the hands of the senators, who used it exclusively to their own advantage. The equites (see knight), a class of financiers, came into its own through management of imperial trade. Class dissension was rife, and in spite of agrarian laws the masses were daily more dissatisfied. The slaves in Sicily rebelled twice (c.134–132 B.C., c.104–101 B.C.), and the Gracchus brothers in a political victory tried to make the populace more powerful, but such defiance was to no avail. Massacres and incredible barbarities disposed of the slaves" restlessness, and the Gracchi were assassinated (133 and 121 B.C.).Marius defeated Jugurtha (106 B.C.) and the Cimbri and the Teutons (101 B.C.), and he heralded a new era by definitively introducing Roman arms into Transalpine Gaul. Rome was forced by the Social War (90–88 B.C.) to extend citizenship widely in Italy, but the republic was nevertheless doomed. A slave revolt led by Spartacus was put down mercilessly. Marius, the idol of the populace, used proscription to rid himself of his foes, but Sulla, a conservative, destroyed Marius" party by the same method.Julius CaesarAfter Sulla"s retirement his lieutenant Pompey emerged as a popular champion. He abolished some of Sulla"s reactionary measures, suppressed Mediterranean piracy, and made himself master of Rome. His defe

在人类发展的长河里

poem和poetry的区别为：指代不同，用法不同，侧重点不同一、指代不同1、poem：诗，韵。2、poetry：诗集，诗歌。二、用法不同1、poem：poem的基本意思是“诗，诗歌”，指一首一首的“诗”，不指诗体。poem为可数名词，“一首诗”可以说a poem。2、poetry：poetry的基本意思是“诗(总称)”，是不可数名词。poetry也可作“诗歌的体裁”解，还可作“情意，诗情”解。poetry带定语强调其为听者未知的一种诗歌时，前面可加不定冠词。三、侧重点不同1、poem：poem多指“一首一首的诗”。2、poetry：poetry指“诗的总称”。

在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。 我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人们才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权利，则是经被统治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权利的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。若真要审慎的来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的。过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。 然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民至于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权也有义务去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠王国的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政。为了证明上述句句属实，现将事实公诸于世，让公正的世人作出评判。 他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。 他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律，要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意，而这些法律被搁置以后，他又完全置之不理。 他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其他的法律，除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在自己在立法机构中的代表权；而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的，只有暴君才畏惧它。 他把各州的立法委员召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而有远离他们的档案库的地方去开会，其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪，被迫就范。 他一再解散各州的众议院，因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。 他在解散众议院之后，又长期拒绝另选他人，于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由 普通人民来行使，致使在这其间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。 他力图阻止各州增加人口，为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其 他鼓励移民的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。 他拒绝批准建立司法权利的法律，以阻挠司法的执行。 他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。 他滥设新官署，委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬他们的财物。 他在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，就在我们中间维持其常备军。 他施加影响，使军队独立于文官政权之外，并凌驾于文官政权之上。 他同他人勾结，把我们置于一种既不符合我们的法规也未经我们法律承认的管辖之下，而且还批准他们炮制的各种伪法案，以便任其在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；不论这些人对我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪，他可用加审判来庇护他们，让他们逍遥法外；他可以切断我们同世界各地的贸易；未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；以莫须有的罪名把我们押送海外受审；他在一个邻省废除了英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专制政府，扩大其疆域，使其立即成为一个样板和合适的工具，以便向这里各殖民地推行同样的专制统治；他取消我们的许多特许状，废除我们最珍贵的法律并从根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；他终止我们立法机构行使权力，宣称他们自己拥有在任何情况下为我们制定法律的权力。 他们放弃设在这里的政府，宣称我们已不属他们保护之列，并向我们发动战争。他在我们的海域里大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们的沿海地区，烧毁我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。 他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵，来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当，其残忍与卑劣从一开始就连最野蛮的时代也难以相比，他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。 他强迫我们在公海被他们俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家，使他们成为残杀自己亲友的刽子手，或使他们死于自己亲友的手下。他在我们中间煽动内乱，并竭力挑唆残酷无情的印地安蛮子来对付我们边疆的居民，而众所周知，印地安人作战的准则是不分男女老幼、是非曲直，格杀勿论。在遭受这些压迫的每一阶段，我们都曾以最谦卑的言辞吁请予以纠正。而我们一次又一次的情愿，却只是被报以一次又一次的伤害。 一个君主，其品格被他的每一个只有暴君才干的出的行为所暴露时，就不配君临自由的人民。 我们并不是没有想到我们英国的弟兄。他们的立法机关想把无理的管辖权扩展到我们这里来，我们时常把这个企图通知他们。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这 里定居的情况告诉他们。我们曾恳求他们天生的正义感和雅量，念在同种同宗的分上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，因为这些掠夺行为难免会使我们之间的关系和来往中 断。可他们对这种正义和同宗的呼声也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们不得不宣布脱 离他们，以对待世界上其他民族的态度对待他们：同我交战者，就是敌人；同我 和好者，即为朋友。 因此我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，并经他们授权，向世界最高裁判者申诉，说明我们的严重意向，同时郑重宣布： 我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是，而且按公理也应该是，独立自由的国家；我们对英国王室效忠的全部义务，我们与大不列颠王国之间大不列颠一切政治联 系全部断绝，而且必须断绝。 作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。 我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑，同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支持这一宣言。 美国独立宣言―林语堂译 咱们国事乱到这般田地，叫咱们不得不跟（英国）皇上分家，自起炉灶，除了老天爷以外，谁也不要管谁，所以这会子总应向大家交个账，说个明白，叫人家懂得这是怎么一回事，别疑心了咱们是在做什么坑崩拐骗蒙的好勾当。 "咱们不会歪缠，就是这么几名话。一则，你我大家比起人家都是一只鼻子两只眼睛，不认输谁，说不定比人家还强的多着呢；二则，谁也别想贬却咱们的身分资格；三则，一个人要怎么活就可以怎么活，要怎么玩就可以怎么玩，要到哪儿去就可以到哪儿去，只要不碍着旁人就得了。什么鸟政府不放咱们这样，便是XXX。"还有，老百姓要什么政府就可自己做主，不干人家的鸟事。什么政府不给咱们这样就得滚他的蛋，再扶一个出来顶替。固然，象那些南美洲的傻子浑人，或者象什么共产党，天天革命，也不成个样子。或者衙门里老爷一做岔了事便革一回命，也是不成的。有时候，老爷们吞款舞弊，作恶为非，咱们闭着眼儿装不见，比起傻子浑人共产党天天革命还好，你只要不是什么无来由的，还能说声不是吗？但是国事混乱到这个分儿，一个人什么身分儿都没有了，任人当奴才看，到这会子，大家就得合拢来革那些狗官僚的命儿，另叫一般人来，给监视着，不让他们大模大样干他们偷鸡的勾当。咱们十三州老百姓就是这么一句话，罪受够了，再混也混不下去。 当今皇上乔治登基以来，政事就是一团糟，谁不服气来同他办交涉，就是一把拳头叫你吃，这还有什么天理么？咱们同他算一下账给你瞧。 咱们一体通过的条陈，他总批驳下来，咱们人人反对的条例，他倒给钦此了。 咱们有什么呈文，非他亲眼瞧过不成，呈文一上去，他却向口袋里一放，装着忘了，你同他提起，只给你一个不睬。 人家到宫里去呈请他立个新法，他就是这么一套：要末，把议会封起来，让他称孤道寡，孤行己意，不然，便是一个不行，两个不行。 他叫议会到那儿岭外天边三家村上去开会，乐得没人肯去，让他去一意横行霸道。 议员去找他，说什么好歹，他就是一溜不见，送他们回家。 议院封了，要叫开又不肯开，政事没人管，成个无法无天的天下。 他哄人家不要来咱们十三州。谁要来，也不让有报纸看，人家一看也不肯来了，就是来了，也不给田地，不得不回去，有的索性就不来。 他跟法官通同作弊，就不肯出钱多用几个官吏，人家有案子，三年两载还不见个动静，不发下来，只好认倒霉空手回去。 法官有什么不顺从他的意旨，就得滚蛋，官俸又不发，叫他们先来孝敬老天爷，不然也别想拿一个大。 高兴起了，就添了什么司什么员，安排一些不见经传的人小，钱向咱们老百姓腰包里拿，不管你情愿不情愿。 一个好好的太平天下，养了一大班丘八，惊扰百姓，咱们怎么抗议也没用。 他放着这些丘八作恶为非，横行霸道，不挂腰刀的人只好听他们排比。 他放贪官污吏到处作孽，一朝权在手，无恶不作，干起以下的事来： 叫一些毫无用处人人讨厌的丘八驻扎民家里。 丘八杀人，便做个圈套，放他们逍遥法外。 管人家的事。 征苛捐杂税，也不问一问咱们缴的税项有个缴税的道理没有。 把人捉将官里去，人家要叫百姓陪审，不让陪审。 把人无端赶出国外，事案是此地发的，叫人家到天边海外去受审。 放几个坏蛋充我们邻国的官员，慢慢的扩展，希望有一天把咱们也吞下去，同他们一般腐败。把宪法当做把戏，人人说好没人说坏的法律，他偏取消，让他一人去瞎干。 他把议院关了门，就象他一个人独干比别人干得好。现在一不做二不休，索性跟咱们开战，咱们还认什么皇上，做什么臣子？ 他把城也烧了，人也杀了，比狗还不如，在海上还要兴师问罪。 他雇些荷兰杂种来打咱们，教他们只要打得过咱们，可以随意抢掠，什么万国公法都不顾了。 咱们自己人在海上给他捉去，不管愿意不愿意，就迫着拿起枪把杀咱们同胞。 他唆使印第安生番，给他们枪火，教他们打死咱们的男女老少。 "每回他这样干，咱们就不服同他反抗，每回咱们不服同他反抗，他还是照旧这样干下去。一个人老是这样蛮横不讲理，还有什么身分，就是不配来管咱们有身分失，应当滚蛋。" "咱们向英国人讲理，总是不得要领。差不多天天咱们忠告他们，他们那边那些官僚违法越权，侵犯咱们。咱们老同他们讲，咱们是谁，咱们在做什么事，咱们为什么过海而来。咱们同他们讲公道，告诉他们，如果长此下去，咱们有一天要自己做自己打算，他们才知道利害。但是越和他们讲理，越无理可讲。可以见得他们不跟咱们一伙儿，就是同咱们为难，咱们就得同他们拚个高低，打完了再做道理。 因此，咱们决定，咱们代表十三州府的百姓在议会上议决：咱们合众国就是以前的十三州府，从此以后是自由国，照理就早该如此；咱们不认皇上，同他一刀两断，再也不听英国人的吩咐；咱们既然自由，自由国能干什么咱们就能干什么，尤重要的是宣战、议和、营商等等。 咱们拿圣经罚咒，大家一心一力，有首有尾，不顾利害，不论成败，不计吉凶，就是财破人亡，到断头台上，还是这样做去。 说的挺好的不是吗 要是只在他自己本国实行也是不错的回答者：gxy017 - 探花 十级 7-7 10:04评价已经被关闭 目前有 1 个人评价 好100% （1） 不好0% （0） 其他回答共 3 条独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence (American Memory Collection, Library of Congress) 1776年7月4日，美利坚合众国十三州议会一致通过的宣言。 在人类事务发展的过程中，当一个民族必须解除同另一个民族的联系，并按照自然法则和上帝的旨意，以独立平等的身份立于世界列国之林时，出于对人类舆论的尊重，必须把驱使他们独立的原因予以宣布。 我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力，则是经被治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除，以建立一个新的政府。新政府所依据的原则和组织其权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最有可能使他们获得安全和幸福。若真要审慎地来说，成立多年的政府是不应当由于无关紧要的和一时的原因而予以更换的，过去的一切经验都说明，任何苦难，只要尚能忍受，人类还是情愿忍受，也不想为申冤而废除他们久已习惯了的政府形式。然而，当始终追求同一目标的一系列滥用职权和强取豪夺的行为表明政府企图把人民置于专制暴政之下时，人民就有权，也有义务，去推翻这样的政府，并为其未来的安全提供新的保障。这就是这些殖民地过去忍受苦难的经过，也是他们现在不得不改变政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，就是屡屡伤害和掠夺这些殖民地的历史，其直接目标就是要在各州之上建立一个独裁暴政，为了证明上述句句属实，现将事实公诸于世，让公正的世人作出评判。 他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必需的法律。 他禁止他的殖民总督批准刻不容缓、极端重要的法律，要不就先行搁置这些法律直至征得他的同意，而这些法律被搁置以后，他又完全置之不理。 他拒绝批准便利大地区人民的其它法律，除非这些地区的人民情愿放弃自己在立法机构中的代表权，而代表权对人民是无比珍贵的，只有暴君才畏惧它。 他把各州的立法委员会召集到一个异乎寻常、极不舒适而又远离它们的档案库的地方去开会，其目的无非是使他们疲惫不堪，被迫就范。 他一再解散各州的众议院，因为后者坚决反对他侵犯人民的权利。 他在解散众议院之后，又长期拒绝另选他人，于是这项不可剥夺的立法权便归由普通人民来行使，致使在这期间各州仍处于外敌入侵和内部骚乱的种种危险之中。 他力图阻止各州增加人口，为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其它鼓励移民的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。 他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，以阻挠司法的执行。 他迫使法官为了保住任期、薪金的数额和支付而置于他个人意志的支配之下。 他滥设新官署，委派大批官员到这里骚扰我们的人民，吞噬他们的财物。 他在和平时期，未经我们立法机构同意，就在我们中间维持其常备军。 他施加影响，使军队独立于文官政权之外，并凌驾于文官政权之上。 他同他人勾结，把我们置于一种既不符合我们的法规也未经我们法律承认的管辖之下，而且还批准他们炮制的各种伪法案，以便任其在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队；不论这些人对我们各州居民犯下何等严重的谋杀罪，他可用假审判来庇护他们，让他们追逐法外；他可以切断我们同世界各地的贸易；未经我们同意便向我们强行征税；在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益；以莫须有的罪名把我们押送海外受审；他在一个邻省废除了英国法律的自由制度，在那里建立专制政府，扩大其疆界，使其立即成为一个样板和合适的工具，以便向这里各殖民地推行同样的专制统治；他取消我们的许多特许状，废除我们最珍贵的法律并从根本上改变我们各州政府的形式；他中止我们立法机构行使权力，宣称他们自己拥有在任何情况下为我们制定法律的权力。 他们放弃设在这里的政府，宣布我们已不属他们保护之列，并向我们发动战争。 他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们的沿海地区，烧毁我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。 他此时正在运送大批外国雇佣兵，来从事其制造死亡、荒凉和暴政的勾当，其残忍与卑劣从一开始就连最野蛮的时代也难以相比，他已完全不配当一个文明国家的元首。 他强迫我们在公海被他们俘虏的同胞拿起武器反对自己的国家，使他们成为残杀自己亲友的刽子手，或使他们死于自己亲友的手下。 他在我们中间煽动内乱，并竭力挑唆残酷无情的印地安蛮子来对付我们边疆的居民，而众所周知，印地安人作战的准则是不分男女老幼，是非曲直，格杀勿论。 在遭受这些压迫的每一阶段，我们都曾以最谦卑的言辞吁请予以纠正。而我们一次又一次的请愿，却只是被报以一次又一次的伤害。 一个君主，其品格被他的每一个只有暴君才干得出的行为所暴露时，就不配君临自由的人民。 我们并不是没有想到我们英国的弟兄。他们的立法机关想把无理的管辖权扩展到我们这里来，我们时常把这个企图通知他们。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情况告诉他们。我们曾恳求他们天生的正义感和雅量，念在同种同宗的份上；弃绝这些掠夺行为，因为这些掠夺行为难免会使我们之间的关系和来往中断。可他们对这种正义和同宗的呼声也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们不得不宣布脱离他们，以对待世界上其它民族的态度对待他们：同我交战者，就是敌人；同我和好者，即为朋友。 因此；我们这些在大陆会议上集会的美利坚合众国的代表们，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，并经他们授权，向世界最高裁判者申诉，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布：我们这些联合起来的殖民地现在是，而且按公理也应该是，独立自由的国家； 我们取消对英国王室效忠的全部义务，我们与大不列颠王国之间的一切政治联系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为一个独立自由的国家，我们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。我们坚定地信赖神明上帝的保佑，同时以我们的生命、财产和神圣的名誉彼此宣誓来支援这一宣言。 Fragment of a draft of the Declaration （这个作品在美国属于公有领域，因为它是美国联邦政府的作品。） John Trumbull s painting 美国独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature"s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens ta

大陆会议 （一七七六年七月四日） 美利坚合众国十三个州一致通过的独立宣言 在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和上帝的意旨，接受独立和平等的地位时，出於对人类舆论的尊重，必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。 我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的 : 人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府 ;其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由於轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置於专制统治之下时，那麽人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障——这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标，就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布—— 他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。 他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效，等待他的同意 ;而一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他对它们就完全置之不理。 他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其他法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权; 但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。 他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会，唯一的目的是使他们疲於奔命，不得不顺从他的意旨。 他一再解散各州的议会，因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。 他在解散各州议会之后，又长期拒绝另选新议会; 但立法权是无法取消的，因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其时各州仍然处於危险的境地，既有外来侵略之患，又有发生内乱之忧。 他竭力抑制我们各州增加人囗; 为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其地鼓励外国人移居各州的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。 他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。 他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，完全置於他个人意志的支配之下。 他建立新官署，派遣大批官员，骚扰我们人民，并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。 他在和平时期，未经我们的立法机关同意，就在我们中间维持常备军。 他力图使军队独立於民政之外，并凌驾於民政之上。 他同某些人勾结起来把我们置於一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下 ; 他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的 : 在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队 ; 用假审讯来包庇他们，使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外 ; 切断我们同世界各地的贸易 ; 未经我们同意便向我们强行徵税 ; 在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益 ; 编造罪名押送我们到海外去受审 ; 在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制，在那里建立专制政府，并扩大该省的疆界，企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一值得心应手的工具，以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治 ;取消我们的宪章，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式 ;中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力，宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。 他宣布我们已不属他保护之列，并对我们作战，从而放弃了在这里的政务。 他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们沿海地区，焚烧我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。 他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配件为一个文明国家的元首。 他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞，强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的创子手，或是死於自己的亲人和朋友的手下。 他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们追撞的居民 ; 而众所周知，印第安人的作战规律是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论的。 在这些压迫的每一阶段中，我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请求改善; 但屡次请求所得到的答覆是屡次遭受损害。一个君主，当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时，是不配作自由人民的统治者的。 我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义感和雅量呼吁，我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们对於这种正义和血缘的呼声，也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离，并且以对待世界上其他民族一样的态度对待他们 : 和我们作战，就是敌人 ;和我们和好，就是朋友。 因此，我们，在大陆会议下集会的美利坚合众国代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，非经他们授权，向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布; 这些联合一致的殖民地从此是自由和独立的国家，并且按其权利也必须是自由和独立的国家，它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝 ; 作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。 为了支持这篇宣言，我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑，以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉，彼此宣誓。

不知道你说的是不是黄宝书http://www.taisha.org/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=317135&highlight=%BB%C6%B1%A6%CA%E9其他的我好像没听说过不过我也想劝你最好还是老老实实的用红宝背，这种东西只能用来调剂一下

barbarous英[ˈbɑ:bərəs]美[ˈbɑ:rbərəs]adj.野蛮的; 残暴的; 粗野的; 粗声粗气的网络粗俗; 粗野; 野蛮Greedy, barbarous and cruel, as you are.跟你一样贪婪，野蛮跟残忍。It is one of the most barbarous customs in the world that we deny the advantages of learning to women.不给妇女以学习的好处是世界上最野蛮的风俗之一

cruel的名词是：cruelty。读音：英 [ˈkruːəl] ；美 [ˈkruːəl] adj. 残酷的，残忍的；使人痛苦的，让人受难的；无情的，严酷的短语Beckii Cruel 贝齐·库尔 ; 迷倒日本宅男的萌娘 ; 贝琪库尔 ; 贝齐库尔Cruel Intentions 致命性游戏 ; 危险性游戏 ; 危险性关系 ; 诱惑性游戏extremely cruel 惨绝人寰 ; 仁至义尽 ; 极其残忍扩展资料：词语辨析brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：brutal 指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。ruthless 与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。savage 指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。fierce 指天性凶恶，令人害怕。inhuman 着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。barbarous 专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。cruel 一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。

cruel的意思：adj.残酷的；冷酷的；残忍的；残暴的adv.非常网络无情的；令人痛苦的cruel的短语：extremely cruel极其残忍；惨绝人寰cruel的同近义词辨析：brutal, ruthless, savage, fierce, inhuman, barbarous, cruel这组词都有“残忍的”的意思，其区别是：brutal指极端的残忍，强调无情或缺乏同情心，含不择手段的意味。ruthless与cruel同义。强调为达到目的，对别人的痛苦毫无怜悯之心。savage指缺乏文明人应有的教养，尤指在动怒或冲动时表现出的粗野蛮横，含野蛮意味。fierce指天性凶恶，令人害怕。inhuman着重缺乏同情心、仁爱等人类特有的良好的品质。barbarous专指只有原始或未开化的人才会有的残忍行为。cruel一般用词，指行动或态度的残忍。cruel的例句：The feudal barons were cruel to the people.封建贵族对人民很残酷。That emperor was a cruel despot.那个皇帝是个残酷的专制君主。The death of their daughter was a cruel blow.女儿的死对他们是一个残酷的打击。

　　粗鄙：　　指粗俗鄙陋。语出明 谢榛 《四溟诗话》卷二：“ 武元康 曰：‘文有声律皆似诗，诗不粗鄙皆是文。"”　　野蛮：　　名称：野蛮【拼音】：yě mán　　基本解释　　◎ 野蛮 yěmán　　(1) [uncivilized;savage]∶不文明　　野蛮行为　　(2) [barbarous;cruel]∶蛮横残暴　　野蛮的屠杀

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barbarism,barbarity的区别为：指代不同、语法不同、侧重点不同。一、指代不同1、barbarism：野蛮。2、barbarity：暴行。二、语法不同1、barbarism：a brutal barbarous savage act野蛮的行为。2、barbarity：the quality of being shockingly cruel and inhumane令人震惊的残忍和不人道的品质。三、侧重点不同1、barbarism：侧重于表示一种内在的未开化。2、barbarity：侧重于表示一种性格上的行为。

The Declaration of Independence of the Thirteen Colonies In CONGRESS, July 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature"s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain [George III] is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained, and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms. Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by the authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. The signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows: New Hampshire: Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton Massachusetts: John Hancock, Samual Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island: Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery Connecticut: Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott New York: William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris New Jersey: Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton

Hymn To SatanTo you, creation"smighty principle, matter and spirit reason and senseWhilst the wine sparkles in cups like the soul in the eyeWhilst earth andsun exchange their smiles and words of loveAnd shudders from their secret embrace run downfrom the mountains, and the plain throbs with new lifeTo you my daringverses are unleashed, you I invoke, O Satan monarch of the feast.Put aside your sprinkler,priest, and your litanies! No, priest, Satan does not retreat!Behold! Rusterodes the mystic sword of Michael and the faithfulArchangel, deplumed,drops into the void. The thunderbolt lies frozen in Jove"s handLike pale meteors,spent worlds, the angels drop from the firmamentIn unsleepingmatter, king of phenomena, monarch of form,Satan alone lives.He holds sway in the tremulous flash of some dark eye,Or the eye which languidlyturns and resists, or which, bright and moist, provokes, insists.He shines in the brightblood of grapes, by which transient joy persists,Which restores fleetinglife, keeps grief at bay, and inspires us with loveYou breathe, O Satanin my verses, when from my heart explodes a challenge to the godOf wicked pontiffs,bloody kings; and like lightning you shock men"s minds.Sculpture, paintingand poetry first lived for you, Ahriman, Adonis and Astarte,When VenusAnadyomene blessed the clear Ionian skiesFor you the trees ofLebannon shook, resurrected lover of the holy Cyprian:For you wild dances were doneand choruses swelled for you virgins offered their spotless love,Amongst the perfumedpalms of Idumea where the Cyprian seas foam.To what avail didthe barbarous Christian fury of agape, in obscene ritual,With holy torchburn down your temples, scattering their Greek statuary?You, a refugee,the mindful people welcomed into their homes amongst their household godsThereafter filling the throbbingfemale heart with your fervor as both god and loverYou inspired the witch,pallid from endless enquiry, to succor suffering natureYou, to the intent gazeof the alchemist, and to the skeptical eye of the sorcerer,You revealed brightnew heavens beyond the confines of the drowsy cloister.Fleeing from materialthings, where you reside, the dreary monk took refuge in the Theban desert.To you O soulwith your sprig severed, Satan is benign: he gives you your Heloise.You mortify yourself to no purpose, in your rough sackcloth: Satan still murmurs to you lines from Maro and FlaccusAmidst the dirgeand wailing of the Psalms; and he brings to your side the divine shapes,Roseate amidst thathorrid black crowd, of Lycoris and GlyceraBut other shapesfrom a more glorious age fitfully fill the sleepless cell.Satan, from pagesin Livy, conjures fervent tribunes, consuls, restless throngs;And he thrusts you,O monk, with your memories of Italy"s proud past upon the Capitol.And you whom the ragingpyre could not destroy, voices of destiny, Wycliffe and Huss,You lift to the windsyour waning cry: ‘The new age is dawning, the time has come".And already mitresand crowns tremble: from the cloister rebellion rumblesPreaching defiancein the voice of the cassocked Girolamo SavonarolaAs Martin Lutherthrew off his monkish robes, so throw off your shackles, O mind of man,And crowned with flame,shoot lightning and thunder; Matter, arise; Satan has won.Both beautiful and awfula monster is unleashed it scours the oceans is scours the landGlittering and belching smokelike a volcano, it conquers the hills it devours the plains.It flies over chasms,then burrows into unknown caverns along deepest paths;To re-emerge, unconquerablefrom shore to shore it bellows out like a whirlwind,Like a whirlwindit spews its breath: ‘It is Satan, you peoples, Great Satan passes by".He passes by, bringing blessingfrom place to place, upon his unstoppable chariot of fireHail, O SatanO rebellion, O you avenging force of human reason!Let holy incenseand prayers rise to you! You have utterly vanquished the Jehova of the Priests.

　　I. THE BURIAL OF THE DEAD　　April is the cruellest month, breeding　　Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing　　Memory and desire, stirring　　Dull roots with spring rain.　　Winter kept us warm, covering　　Earth in forgetful snow, feeding　　A little life with dried tubers.　　Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee　　With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade,　　And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten, 10　　And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.　　Bin gar keine Russin, stamm" aus Litauen, echt deutsch.　　And when we were children, staying at the archduke"s,　　My cousin"s, he took me out on a sled,　　And I was frightened. He said, Marie,　　Marie, hold on tight. And down we went.　　In the mountains, there you feel free.　　I read, much of the night, and go south in the winter.　　What are the roots that clutch, what branches grow　　Out of this stony rubbish? Son of man, 20　　You cannot say, or guess, for you know only　　A heap of broken images, where the sun beats,　　And the dead tree gives no shelter, the cricket no relief,　　And the dry stone no sound of water. Only　　There is shadow under this red rock,　　(Come in under the shadow of this red rock),　　And I will show you something different from either　　Your shadow at morning striding behind you　　Or your shadow at evening rising to meet you;　　I will show you fear in a handful of dust. 30　　Frisch weht der Wind　　Der Heimat zu　　Mein Irisch Kind,　　Wo weilest du?　　"You gave me hyacinths first a year ago;　　"They called me the hyacinth girl."　　- Yet when we came back, late, from the Hyacinth garden,　　Your arms full, and your hair wet, I could not　　Speak, and my eyes failed, I was neither　　Living nor dead, and I knew nothing, 40　　Looking into the heart of light, the silence.　　Od" und leer das Meer.　　Madame Sosostris, famous clairvoyante,　　Had a bad cold, nevertheless　　Is known to be the wisest woman in Europe,　　With a wicked pack of cards. Here, said she,　　Is your card, the drowned Phoenician Sailor,　　(Those are pearls that were his eyes. Look!)　　Here is Belladonna, the Lady of the Rocks,　　The lady of situations. 50　　Here is the man with three staves, and here the Wheel,　　And here is the one-eyed merchant, and this card,　　Which is blank, is something he carries on his back,　　Which I am forbidden to see. I do not find　　The Hanged Man. Fear death by water.　　I see crowds of people, walking round in a ring.　　Thank you. If you see dear Mrs. Equitone,　　Tell her I bring the horoscope myself:　　One must be so careful these days.　　Unreal City, 60　　Under the brown fog of a winter dawn,　　A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many,　　I had not thought death had undone so many.　　Sighs, short and infrequent, were exhaled,　　And each man fixed his eyes before his feet.　　Flowed up the hill and down King William Street,　　To where Saint Mary Woolnoth kept the hours　　With a dead sound on the final stroke of nine.　　There I saw one I knew, and stopped him, crying "Stetson!　　"You who were with me in the ships at Mylae! 70　　"That corpse you planted last year in your garden,　　"Has it begun to sprout? Will it bloom this year?　　"Or has the sudden frost disturbed its bed?　　"Oh keep the Dog far hence, that"s friend to men,　　"Or with his nails he"ll dig it up again!　　"You! hypocrite lecteur! - mon semblable, - mon frere!"　　II. A GAME OF CHESS　　The Chair she sat in, like a burnished throne,　　Glowed on the marble, where the glass　　Held up by standards wrought with fruited vines　　From which a golden Cupidon peeped out 80　　(Another hid his eyes behind his wing)　　Doubled the flames of sevenbranched candelabra　　Reflecting light upon the table as　　The glitter of her jewels rose to meet it,　　From satin cases poured in rich profusion;　　In vials of ivory and coloured glass　　Unstoppered, lurked her strange synthetic perfumes,　　Unguent, powdered, or liquid - troubled, confused　　And drowned the sense in odours; stirred by the air　　That freshened from the window, these ascended 90　　In fattening the prolonged candle-flames,　　Flung their smoke into the laquearia,　　Stirring the pattern on the coffered ceiling.　　Huge sea-wood fed with copper　　Burned green and orange, framed by the coloured stone,　　In which sad light a carved dolphin swam.　　Above the antique mantel was displayed　　As though a window gave upon the sylvan scene　　The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king　　So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale 100　　Filled all the desert with inviolable voice　　And still she cried, and still the world pursues,　　"Jug Jug" to dirty ears.　　And other withered stumps of time　　Were told upon the walls; staring forms　　Leaned out, leaning, hushing the room enclosed.　　Footsteps shuffled on the stair.　　Under the firelight, under the brush, her hair　　Spread out in fiery points　　Glowed into words, then would be savagely still. 110　　"My nerves are bad to-night. Yes, bad. Stay with me.　　"Speak to me. Why do you never speak. Speak.　　"What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?　　"I never know what you are thinking. Think."　　I think we are in rats" alley　　Where the dead men lost their bones.　　"What is that noise?"　　The wind under the door.　　"What is that noise now? What is the wind doing?"　　Nothing again nothing. 120　　"Do　　"You know nothing? Do you see nothing? Do you remember　　"Nothing?"　　I remember　　Those are pearls that were his eyes.　　"Are you alive, or not? Is there nothing in your head?"　　But　　O O O O that Shakespeherian Rag -　　It"s so elegant　　So intelligent 130　　"What shall I do now? What shall I do?"　　I shall rush out as I am, and walk the street　　"With my hair down, so. What shall we do to-morrow?　　"What shall we ever do?"　　The hot water at ten.　　And if it rains, a closed car at four.　　And we shall play a game of chess,　　Pressing lidless eyes and waiting for a knock upon the door.　　When Lil"s husband got demobbed, I said -　　I didn"t mince my words, I said to her myself, 140　　HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME　　Now Albert"s coming back, make yourself a bit smart.　　He"ll want to know what you done with that money he gave you　　To get yourself some teeth. He did, I was there.　　You have them all out, Lil, and get a nice set,　　He said, I swear, I can"t bear to look at you.　　And no more can"t I, I said, and think of poor Albert,　　He"s been in the army four years, he wants a good time,　　And if you don"t give it him, there"s others will, I said.　　Oh is there, she said. Something o" that, I said. 150　　Then I"ll know who to thank, she said, and give me a straight look.　　HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME　　If you don"t like it you can get on with it, I said.　　Others can pick and choose if you can"t.　　But if Albert makes off, it won"t be for lack of telling.　　You ought to be ashamed, I said, to look so antique.　　(And her only thirty-one.)　　I can"t help it, she said, pulling a long face,　　It"s them pills I took, to bring it off, she said.　　(She"s had five already, and nearly died of young George.) 160　　The chemist said it would be alright, but I"ve never been the same.　　You are a proper fool, I said.　　Well, if Albert won"t leave you alone, there it is, I said,　　What you get married for if you don"t want children?　　HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME　　Well, that Sunday Albert was home, they had a hot gammon,　　And they asked me in to dinner, to get the beauty of it hot -　　HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME　　HURRY UP PLEASE ITS TIME　　Goonight Bill. Goonight Lou. Goonight May. Goonight. 170　　Ta ta. Goonight. Goonight.　　Good night, ladies, good night, sweet ladies, good night, good night.　　III. THE FIRE SERMON　　The river"s tent is broken: the last fingers of leaf　　Clutch and sink into the wet bank. The wind　　Crosses the brown land, unheard. The nymphs are departed.　　Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.　　The river bears no empty bottles, sandwich papers,　　Silk handkerchiefs, cardboard boxes, cigarette ends　　Or other testimony of summer nights. The nymphs are departed.　　And their friends, the loitering heirs of city directors; 180　　Departed, have left no addresses.　　By the waters of Leman I sat down and wept . . .　　Sweet Thames, run softly till I end my song,　　Sweet Thames, run softly, for I speak not loud or long.　　But at my back in a cold blast I hear　　The rattle of the bones, and chuckle spread from ear to ear.　　A rat crept softly through the vegetation　　Dragging its slimy belly on the bank　　While I was fishing in the dull canal　　On a winter evening round behind the gashouse 190　　Musing upon the king my brother"s wreck　　And on the king my father"s death before him.　　White bodies naked on the low damp ground　　And bones cast in a little low dry garret,　　Rattled by the rat"s foot only, year to year.　　But at my back from time to time I hear　　The sound of horns and motors, which shall bring　　Sweeney to Mrs. Porter in the spring.　　O the moon shone bright on Mrs. Porter　　And on her daughter 200　　They wash their feet in soda water　　Et O ces voix d"enfants, chantant dans la coupole!　　Twit twit twit　　Jug jug jug jug jug jug　　So rudely forc"d.　　Tereu　　Unreal City　　Under the brown fog of a winter noon　　Mr. Eugenides, the Smyrna merchant　　Unshaven, with a pocket full of currants 210　　C.i.f. London: documents at sight,　　Asked me in demotic French　　To luncheon at the Cannon Street Hotel　　Followed by a weekend at the Metropole.　　At the violet hour, when the eyes and back　　Turn upward from the desk, when the human engine waits　　Like a taxi throbbing waiting,　　I Tiresias, though blind, throbbing between two lives,　　Old man with wrinkled female breasts, can see　　At the violet hour, the evening hour that strives 220　　Homeward, and brings the sailor home from sea,　　The typist home at teatime, clears her breakfast, lights　　Her stove, and lays out food in tins.　　Out of the window perilously spread　　Her drying combinations touched by the sun"s last rays,　　On the divan are piled (at night her bed)　　Stockings, slippers, camisoles, and stays.　　I Tiresias, old man with wrinkled dugs　　Perceived the scene, and foretold the rest -　　I too awaited the expected guest. 230　　He, the young man carbuncular, arrives,　　A small house agent"s clerk, with one bold stare,　　One of the low on whom assurance sits　　As a silk hat on a Bradford millionaire.　　The time is now propitious, as he guesses,　　The meal is ended, she is bored and tired,　　Endeavours to engage her in caresses　　Which still are unreproved, if undesired.　　Flushed and decided, he assaults at once;　　Exploring hands encounter no defence; 240　　His vanity requires no response,　　And makes a welcome of indifference.　　(And I Tiresias have foresuffered all　　Enacted on this same divan or bed;　　I who have sat by Thebes below the wall　　And walked among the lowest of the dead.)　　Bestows one final patronising kiss,　　And gropes his way, finding the stairs unlit . . .　　She turns and looks a moment in the glass,　　Hardly aware of her departed lover; 250　　Her brain allows one half-formed thought to pass:　　"Well now that"s done: and I"m glad it"s over."　　When lovely woman stoops to folly and　　Paces about her room again, alone,　　She smoothes her hair with automatic hand,　　And puts a record on the gramophone.　　"This music crept by me upon the waters"　　And along the Strand, up Queen Victoria Street.　　O City city, I can sometimes hear　　Beside a public bar in Lower Thames Street, 260　　The pleasant whining of a mandoline　　And a clatter and a chatter from within　　Where fishmen lounge at noon: where the walls　　Of Magnus Martyr hold　　Inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold.　　The river sweats　　Oil and tar　　The barges drift　　With the turning tide　　Red sails 270　　Wide　　To leeward, swing on the heavy spar.　　The barges wash　　Drifting logs　　Down Greenwic

1.Peter: Forget them, Wendy. Forget them all. Come with me where you"ll never, never have to worry about grown up things again. Wendy: Never is an awfully long time. 2.Smee: Captain, the ice is melting, the sun is out, and the flowers are all in bloom... Captain Hook: He"s back. 3.Wendy: Why do you hate him so? 4.Pirate: Beg for your lives. John: My brother and I are English gentlemen. English gentlemen do not beg. [Michael gets on his knees] Michael: ...Please. Please. 5.Peter: Ready to lose the other one? Captain Hook: Not this time. 6.Captain Hook: [to Wendy] Didst thou ever want to be a pirate? 7.Wendy: We must leave at once... before we, in turn, are forgotten. 8.Wendy: Might I have time to consider your generous offer? Captain Hook: Absolutely. Captain Hook: My new obsession is you. Captain Hook: None of my crew will follow you... I swear it. Wendy: What would mother think of my becoming a pirate? 9.Smee: Pan did you a favor, did he, Captain? Captain Hook: A favor? He threw my hand to a crocodile, the beast liked it so much, it"s followed me ever since, licking its lips for the rest of me... YOU CALL THAT A FAVOR? 10.[Wendy sews Peter"s shadow to his feet] Peter: Oh, the cleverness of me. Wendy: Of course, I did nothing... Peter: You did a little. Wendy: Oh, the cleverness of you. 11.Peter: If you wish it. Slightly: If you wish it? 12.Captain Hook: If I were you, I"d give up. Peter: If you were me, I"d be ugly. 13.Peter: I do believe in fairies, I do, I do. 14.[Wendy has just become the Lost Boys" mother] Peter: Discipline. That"s what fathers believe in. We must spank all of the children now before they try to kill you again. Better yet, we should kill them. Wendy: Father. I agree that they are... perfectly horrid, but... kill them and they should think themselves... important. The Lost Boys: So important, Peter. Curly: And unique. Wendy: I, however, propose a much more vile punishment. Medicine. The dreadful, sticky, sweet kind. The Lost Boys: Please kill us, Peter. 15.Wendy: This belongs to you, and always will Peter: I want always to be a boy, and have fun. Wendy: You say so, Peter, but I think it is your biggest pretend. 16.Wendy: Where do you17.Peter: There"s mermaids. Wendy: Mermaids? Peter: Indians. John and Michael: Indians? Peter: Pirates. John and Michael: Pirates? Wahoo. 18.[Wendy kisses Peter Pan and he starts to glow] 19.Captain Hook: Pan... you"re pink. 20.Wendy: Surely you must have felt love once for something... or someone. Peter: Never. Even the sound of it offends me. [Wendy tries to touch his face, and he jumps away] Peter: Why do you have to spoil everything? We have fun, don"t we? I taught you to fly and to fight. What more could there be? Wendy: There is so much more. 21.Peter: [after bumping his head on waking up] I was not asleep. 22.[Peter and Wendy land to talk to mermaids to find John and Michael] Wendy: Oh, How sweet. [Peter looks disgusted] Wendy: What? Are mermaids not sweet? Peter: They"ll sweetly drown you if you get too close 23.Slightly: Well... we have our orders. Shoot the Wendy bird. Ready... Aim... FIRE. 24.[Peter sees a boy flying next to him, forgetting he has just met him minutes before] Peter: Who are you? John: I"m John. Peter: John. 25.[Mr. and Mrs. Darling are rushing up the stairs, right before Peter takes the children to Neverland] Narrator: It would be delightful to report that they reached the nursery in time... but then, there would be no story. 26.Captain Hook: She was leaving you. Your Wendy was leaving you. Why should she stay? What have you to offer? You are incomplete. Let"s take a look into the future, shall we? You fly to Wendy"s nursery and... what"s this? The window"s closed. Peter: I"ll open it. Captain Hook: I"m afraid the windows barred. Peter: I"ll call out her name. Captain Hook: She can"t hear you. Peter: No. Captain Hook: She can"t see you. Peter: Wendy. Captain Hook: She"s forgotten all about you. Peter: Stop it. Please. Stop it. 27.[During a swordfight between Peter and Wendy] Tootles: Mother and father are fighting again... 28.Peter: You be quiet or I"ll banish you just like Tink. Wendy: I WILL NOT BE BANISHED. Peter: Then leave. And take your feelings with you. 29.Peter: To live would be an awfully big adventure. 30.Wendy: Peter... I should like to give you a kiss. [Peter holds his hand out] Wendy: Don"t you know what a kiss is? Peter: I shall know when you give me one. 31.Hook: Old... Alone... Done for. 32.Slightly: I couldn"t find the house, and now everyone has a mother but me. [On Wendy being their mother] 33.Slightly: And isn"t she just first class? 34.Slightly: Brace yerselves lads. 35.Slightly: I remember kisses, let me see. Aye, that is a kiss. A powerful thing. 36.Slightly: Then she must stay here and die. The Lost Boys and Peter Pan: [gasp] No. Slightly: Of course not. How could I have thought? Stupid. [gazing up at Wendy and Peter dancing in mid-air] 37.Captain Hook: Oh... Peter"s found himself a... Wendy. And Hook is all alone. [Hook asked Tiger Lily if she had seen Peter Pan, and she replies with a foreign language, and then spits at him] 38.Smee: She says sorry, but no. 39.Mrs. Darling: There are many different kinds of bravery. There"s the bravery of thinking of others before one"s self. Now, your father has never brandished a sword nor... nor fired a pistol, thank heavens. But he has made many sacrifices for his family, and put away many dreams. Michael: Where did he put them? Mrs. Darling: He put them in a drawer. And sometimes, late at night, we take them out and admire them. But it gets harder and harder to close the drawer... and he does. And that is why he is brave. 40.Captain James Hook: Proud and insolent youth! Prepare to meet thy doom! Smee: It"s all a bit tragic, really, isn"t it? 41.John: [upon meeting Peter] You offend reason, sir. Michael: Mm-hmm. John: [sees Peter lift into the air] I should like to offend it with you 42.Peter: You can"t catch me and make me a man. 43.Peter: I"m the best there ever was! 44.Peter: She is to tell us stories... SHES... Slightly: Dead... awful. 45.Curly: Tragic. Nibs: Good shot, though. 46.Mrs. Darling: And what"s your name? Nibs: Nibs. I plan the battles. Mrs. Darling: Would you like a mother, Nibs? Nibs: [crying] Yes! 47.Captain Hook: It is your requiem mass, boy! 48.Captain Hook: Split my infinitives! 49.Captain Hook: How like a girl! 50.Captain Hook: So Peter Pan, this is all your doing? Peter: Aye James Hook, it"s all my doing. 51.Peter: Then you are my friend no more.

1776年7月4日北美原十三个英属殖民地一致通过的《独立宣言》原文： 在有关人类事务的发展过程中，当一个民族必须解除其和另一个民族之间的政治联系，并在世界各国之间依照自然法则和上帝的意旨，接受独立和平等的地位时，出于人类舆论的尊重，必须把他们不得不独立的原因予以宣布。 我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们之间建立政府，而政府之正当权力，是经被治理者的同意而产生的。当任何形式的政府对这些目标具破坏作用时，人民便有权力改变或废除它，以建立一个新的政府；其赖以奠基的原则，其组织权力的方式，务使人民认为唯有这样才最可能获得他们的安全和幸福。为了慎重起见，成立多年的政府，是不应当由于轻微和短暂的原因而予以变更的。过去的一切经验也都说明，任何苦难，只要是尚能忍受，人类都宁愿容忍，而无意为了本身的权益便废除他们久已习惯了的政府。但是，当追逐同一目标的一连串滥用职权和强取豪夺发生，证明政府企图把人民置于专制统治之下时，那么人民就有权利，也有义务推翻这个政府，并为他们未来的安全建立新的保障－－这就是这些殖民地过去逆来顺受的情况，也是它们现在不得不改变以前政府制度的原因。当今大不列颠国王的历史，是接连不断的伤天害理和强取豪夺的历史，这些暴行的唯一目标，就是想在这些州建立专制的暴政。为了证明所言属实，现把下列事实向公正的世界宣布－－ 他拒绝批准对公众利益最有益、最必要的法律。 他禁止他的总督们批准迫切而极为必要的法律，要不就把这些法律搁置起来暂不生效，等待他的同意；而一旦这些法律被搁置起来，他对它们就完全置之不理。 他拒绝批准便利广大地区人民的其它法律，除非那些人民情愿放弃自己在立法机关中的代表权；但这种权利对他们有无法估量的价值，而且只有暴君才畏惧这种权利。 他把各州立法团体召集到异乎寻常的、极为不便的、远离它们档案库的地方去开会，唯一的目的是使他们疲于奔命，不得不顺从他的意旨。 他一再解散各州的议会，因为它们以无畏的坚毅态度反对他侵犯人民的权利。 他在解散各州议会之后，又长期拒绝另选新议会；但立法权是无法取消的，因此这项权力仍由一般人民来行使。其实各州仍然处于危险的境地，既有外来侵略之患，又有发生内乱之忧。 他竭力抑制我们各州增加人口；为此目的，他阻挠外国人入籍法的通过，拒绝批准其它鼓励外国人移居各州的法律，并提高分配新土地的条件。 他拒绝批准建立司法权力的法律，藉以阻挠司法工作的推行。 他把法官的任期、薪金数额和支付，完全置于他个人意志的支配之下。 他建立新官署，派遣大批官员，骚扰我们人民，并耗尽人民必要的生活物质。 他在和平时期，未经我们的立法机关同意，就在我们中间维持常备军。 他力图使军队独立于民政之外，并凌驾于民政之上。 他同某些人勾结起来把我们置于一种不适合我们的体制且不为我们的法律所承认的管辖之下；他还批准那些人炮制的各种伪法案来达到以下目的： 在我们中间驻扎大批武装部队； 用假审讯来包庇他们，使他们杀害我们各州居民而仍然逍遥法外； 切断我们同世界各地的贸易； 未经我们同意便向我们强行征税； 在许多案件中剥夺我们享有陪审制的权益； 罗织罪名押送我们到海外去受审； 在一个邻省废除英国的自由法制，在那裹建立专制政府，并扩大该省的疆界，企图把该省变成既是一个样板又是一个得心应手的工具，以便进而向这里的各殖民地推行同样的极权统治； 取消我们的宪章，废除我们最宝贵的法律，并且根本上改变我们各州政府的形式； 中止我们自己的立法机关行使权力，宣称他们自己有权就一切事宜为我们制定法律。 他宣布我们已不属他保护之列，并对我们作战，从而放弃了在这里的政务。 他在我们的海域大肆掠夺，蹂躏我们沿海地区，焚烧我们的城镇，残害我们人民的生命。 他此时正在运送大批外国佣兵来完成屠杀、破坏和肆虐的勾当，这种勾当早就开始，其残酷卑劣甚至在最野蛮的时代都难以找到先例。他完全不配作为一个文明国家的元首。 他在公海上俘虏我们的同胞，强迫他们拿起武器来反对自己的国家，成为残杀自己亲人和朋友的刽子手，或是死于自己的亲人和朋友的手下。 他在我们中间煽动内乱，并且竭力挑唆那些残酷无情、没有开化的印第安人来杀掠我们边疆的居民；而众所周知，印第安人的作战规律是不分男女老幼，一律格杀勿论的。 在这些压迫的每一陷阶段中，我们都是用最谦卑的言辞请求改善；但屡次请求所得到的答复是屡次遭受损害。一个君主，当他的品格已打上了暴君行为的烙印时，是不配作自由人民的统治者的。 我们不是没有顾念我们英国的弟兄。我们时常提醒他们，他们的立法机关企图把无理的管辖权横加到我们的头上。我们也曾把我们移民来这里和在这里定居的情形告诉他们。我们曾经向他们天生的正义善感和雅量呼吁，我们恳求他们念在同种同宗的份上，弃绝这些掠夺行为，以免影响彼此的关系和往来。但是他们对于这种正义和血缘的呼声，也同样充耳不闻。因此，我们实在不得不宣布和他们脱离，并且以对待世界上其它民族一样的态度对待他们：和我们作战，就是敌人；和我们和好，就是朋友。 因此，我们，在大陆会议下集会的美利坚联盟代表，以各殖民地善良人民的名义，非经他们授权，向全世界最崇高的正义呼吁，说明我们的严正意向，同时郑重宣布；这些联合一致的殖民地从此是自由和独立的国家，并且按其权利也必须是自由和独立的国家，它们取消一切对英国王室效忠的义务，它们和大不列颠国家之间的一切政治关系从此全部断绝，而且必须断绝；作为自由独立的国家，它们完全有权宣战、缔和、结盟、通商和采取独立国家有权采取的一切行动。 为了支持这篇宣言，我们坚决信赖上帝的庇佑，以我们的生命、我们的财产和我们神圣的名誉，彼此宣誓。[编辑本段]英文原文 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE First Draft When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for a people to advance from that subordination in which they have hitherto remained, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the equal and independent station to which the laws of nature and of nature"s god entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the change We hold these truths to be [sacred and undeniable] selfevident, that all men are created equal and independent; that from that equal creation they derive in rights inherent and inalienables, among which are the preservation of life, and liberty and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these ends, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government shall become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing it"s powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes: and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. but when a long train of abuses and usurpations, begun at a distinguished period, and pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to [subject] reduce them to arbitrary power, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. -- Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to expunge their former systems of government. the history of his present majesty is a history of unremitting injuries and usurpations, among which no fact stands single or solitary to contradict the uniform tenor of the rest, all of which have in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. to prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world, for the truth of which we pledge a faith yet unsullied by falsehood. Second Draft In Congress, July 4, 1776, THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature"s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK, President Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS

《楚辞·离骚》—屈原 。Li Sao。Qu Yuan。长太息以掩涕兮，哀民生之多艰。Long did I sigh and wipe away my tears,To see my people bowed by griefs and fears.余虽好修姱以鞿羁兮，謇朝谇而夕替。Though I my gifts enhanced and curbed my pride,At morn they"d mock me, would at eve deride;既替余以蕙纕兮，又申之以揽茝。First cursed that I angelica should wear,Then cursed me for my melilotus fair.亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔。But since my heart did love such purity,I"d not regret a thousand deaths to die.怨灵修之浩荡兮，终不察夫民心。I marvel at the folly of the king,So heedless of his people"s suffering.众女嫉余之蛾眉兮，谣诼谓余以善淫。They envied me my mothlike eyebrows fine,And so my name his damsels did malign.固时俗之工巧兮，偭规矩而改错。Truly to craft alone their praise they paid,The square in measuring they disobeyed;背绳墨以追曲兮，竞周容以为度。With confidence their crooked lines they traced.忳郁邑余佗傺兮，吾独穷困乎此时也！In sadness plunged and sunk in deepest gloom,Alone I drove on to my dreary doom.宁溘死以流亡兮，余不忍为此态也！In exile rather would I meet my end,Than to the baseness of their ways descend.鸷鸟之不群兮，自前世而固然。Remote the eagle spurns the common range,Nor deigns since time began its way to change;何方圜之能周兮，夫孰异道而相安？A circle fits not with a square design;Their different ways could not be merged with mine.屈心而抑志兮，忍尤而攘垢。Yet still my heart I checked and curbed my pride,Their blame endured and their reproach beside.伏清白以死直兮，固前圣之所厚。To die for righteousness alone I sought,For this was what the ancient sages taught.