collective-bargaining agreement是什么意思

bargaining音节划分：bar▪gain英 [ˈbɑ:gənɪŋ]美 [ˈbɑ:rgənɪŋ]n.议价；讨价；商讨；商谈v.讨价还价，商谈( bargain的现在分词 )；提出条件，要求得到谈判；协商；交涉1. That was the cue for several months of intense bargaining.                                                那意味着几个月的激烈谈判开始了。来自柯林斯例句2. The result might inject more sense into future bargaining.                                                其结果可能为未来的谈判注入更多的理性。

bargaining power讨价还价的能力; 希望采纳哦！

有没有背景呢？单看for good 有永久地，意思如果是bargaining for good price 那就是讨价还价bargaining for goods 也是讲价希望对你有帮助哦~

plea bargainingn.经法庭批准; v.坦白从宽( plea bargain的现在分词 ); 用于法律文件中，指“法官同意因被告主动坦白而从轻发落。”; （刑事案件中的）庭外和解;

bargaining powern.（谈判中一方的）讨价还价的能力议价能力；谈判能力；谈判力例句1.This, in turn, has increased the bargaining power of workers across southern China.这反过来也增强了华南劳工的谈判力。2.The person with the resource thus has bargaining power over the other.资源与人因而具有比其他的议价能力。3.Stable allocation of bargaining power.谈判力的稳定分配。4.lacked the bargaining power for negotiations behind closed doors.在闭门谈判中缺乏议价能力。5.The bargaining power suppliers of inputs can use.原料供应商能运用的交涉力量

1、bargaining/negotiating chip2、negotiating leverage

bargaining。讨价还价的英语还有argy-bargy，palter，higgle，chaffer。例句：1、释放战俘被用作讨价还价的筹码。The release of prisoners was used as a bargaining chip.2、此事触发了此后数月激烈的讨价还价。That was the cue for several months of intense bargaining.3、经过一番艰难的讨价还价，我们达成了协议。After much hard bargaining we reached an agreement.4、将情报也用作讨价还价的筹码。Use information as a bargaining chip too.5、店员本身通常在激烈的讨价还价中处于有利地位。The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position.6、我的母亲是讨价还价的高手。My mother is a master of bargaining.

offer 是发盘或者报盘的意思,是外贸业务的一个环节,是对Enquiry(询价)的答复。它是交易的一方(通常是卖方)向对方提出某种交易条件(包括货名、数量、规模、价格、交货期等),并愿意按此条件成 交。 counter offer是还盘或者还价盘的意思，就是对卖家的offer进行还价的回复盘。

英文：bargaining skills中文：谈判技巧很高兴为您解答祝你生活愉快，学习进步如果你对这个答案有什么疑问，请追问如果满意记得采纳哦·~~

翻译过来是：消费者和供货商之间讨价还价的力量。具体有什么玄妙之处，应该参考营销或者经济知识吧~~

作为讨价还价筹码的保护论The protection-as-a-bargaining-chip argument另一种支持贸易限制的观点涉及讨价还价的策略。许多决策者声称支持自由贸易,但同时认为,当与自己的贸易伙伴讨价还价时,贸易限制可能还是有用的。他们声称,贸易限制威胁有助于消除外国政府业已实施的贸易限制。例如,Isoland国可以威胁说,除非Neighborland国取消它的小麦关税，否则就要对钢铁征收关税。如果Neighborland国对这种威胁的反应是取消了其关税,其结果可能是更自由的贸易。这种讨价还价策略的问题是,威胁可能不起作用。如果威胁没起作用,该国就会面临一个两难选择。它可以实施其威胁并实行贸易限制,这就会减少它自己的经济福利。或者它也可以收回自己的威胁,这又会使它在国际事务中失去威信。面对这种选择,该国也许会希望要是一开始就不做出这种威胁就好了。例如:美国政府可以威胁对法国葡萄酒进行进口限制，除非法国政府取消对美国牛肉的配额。假如法国政府拒绝，那美国政府将只有两个坏的可能性:A)限制法国葡萄酒的进口，而这将减少美国的经济福利B)不限制法国葡萄酒的进口，而这将会减小美国政府的威信

谈判僵局？

offer 是发盘或者报盘的意思,是外贸业务的一个环节,是对Enquiry(询价)的答复。它是交易的一方(通常是卖方)向对方提出某种交易条件(包括货名、数量、规模、价格、交货期等),并愿意按此条件成 交。counter offer是还盘或者还价盘的意思，就是对卖家的offer进行还价的回复盘。

many-people-have-experienced-bargaining许多人经历过讨价还价的事。请采纳如果你认可我的回答，敬请及时采纳~如果你认可我的回答，请及时点击【采纳为满意回答】按钮~~手机提问的朋友在客户端右上角评价点【满意】即可。~你的采纳是我前进的动力~~o(∩_∩)o，记得好评和采纳，互相帮助

集体谈判双语对照词典结果：collective bargaining劳资双方就工资等问题谈判; 很高兴为您解答祝你生活愉快，学习进步如果你对这个答案有什么疑问，请追问如果满意记得采纳哦·~~

这条路通向哪里？一个驾着双马马车的男人从大城市驶向了一条乡间小路。他没怎么注意方向所以迷路了。可是他仍然让马车继续行驶，因为他希望能遇见别人或是重新找到方向。马车行驶了很久，一直到天快黑的时候，他终于看到了一个正在田里工作的农夫。他停下了车，和农夫打招呼道：“你好！”“你好！”农夫答应着，并没有停下手里的农活。“这条路走向哪里？”“我从没见过它离开，它一直就在这里。”农夫一边回答，一边仍在忙农活。那个男人又问：“这里离下一个小镇有多远？”“我不知道，”农夫回答道，“我从没量过这段距离。”这时男人生气了，说：“那你知道什么？你就像个傻瓜！”农夫终于停下了工作，转身盯着男人看了很久，说：“或许我知道的不多，或许我是个傻瓜，但我至少没有迷路。”自己翻的。。。不好的话见谅啊。。。

分配式谈判

you are quite a bargainer!

many-people-have-experienced-bargaining很多人都经历过讨价还价1.Most people have experienced the dreaded ice cream headache at some point. 大多数人都曾有过吃冰淇淋引起可怕头疼的经历。2.I find that almost all successful people have experienced significant failures in life or in their work, but they have learned from their failures. 我发现几乎所有的成功人士都是在生活或工作生经受了重大失败后才获得成功，因为他们在失败中汲取教训。3.Most people have experienced the feeling, after a taxing mental work-out, that they cannot be bothered to make any more decisions. 多数人都有过这样的感受，在经历了繁重的脑力劳动而精疲力竭之后，不愿受到打扰再做任何决议。

1、否认DENIAL2、愤怒ANGER3、协商BARGAINING4、绝望DEPRESSION5、接受ACCEPTANCE1、拒绝／否认DENIAL在这一阶段，悲伤的人拒绝相信或拒绝承认已经发生的事实；他们试图告诉自己，生活和以前一样，没有改变。他们甚至通过重演一些过去和爱人一起进行的仪式来使自己确信生活没有变化，例如给已经不在的人倒一杯茶、急于告诉某人你遇见了一位老朋友。2、愤怒ANGER 度过了“否认”这个阶段后，人会变得愤怒，他们会通过很多方式表达这种愤怒，例如责怪他人应当对他们失去的事物负责。人的情绪容易变得悲愤和激动，甚至对自己也感到愤怒（例如认为自己应当对亲人的去世负责）。3、协商BARGAINING 这种协商（讨价还价）也许是和自身，也或者是和自己信仰的神灵（例如上帝）。通常我们会希望奉献一些东西来改变已经发生的事实。例如，我们企图通过达成某项协议，来换回我们我们的爱人，回到悲剧发生以前。4、沮丧DEPRESSION沮丧大概是所有痛失所爱的人都会经历的过程，这是五个阶段中最难度过的关口。这阶段中人会觉得疲倦、无精打采，也可能因为突然爆发的无力感而痛哭；感到生活不再有目标；感到愧疚，仿佛一切都是你的错。5、接受ACCEPTANCE这是悲痛的最后一个阶段，这时你意识到生活必须要继续下去，你可以接受失去亲人的事实。而后你开始为达到未来的目标而努力，你需要一些时间才能做到这一点，但是你会做到的。

collective bargaining词典结果collective bargaining劳资双方就工资等问题谈判;

one bed room and one living room.no agentno bargainingSerious buyers only

经过激烈的讨价还价，他们终于在汽车的售价上达成一致如果处理的好，课堂测试肯定可以鼓励学习和增长实学。

Allan Flanders (1910-1973) was one of the leading members of the highly influential‘Oxford School" of industrial relations. Along with Hugh Clegg, Alan Fox and OttoKahn-Freund, he developed a particular institutional approach to the analysis ofindustrial relations issues, first publicised in the 1954 textbook The System ofIndustrial Relations in Great Britain, co-edited with Hugh Clegg and later elaboratedin his popular collection of essays Management and Unions (1970). In the 1960sFlanders and his colleagues made substantial contributions to a range of governmentmeasures, including the design of state incomes policies, the promotion ofproductivity bargaining and more broadly the reform of collective bargaining.Flanders worked for the National Board for Prices and Incomes and the Commissionfor Industrial Relations and his evidence shaped the main arguments of the 1968Donovan Report.Less well known is the fact that Flanders was also a key figure in socialdemocratic and anti-communist politics from early in the Second World War up untilhis death in 1973. Consequently he was a major player in some of the key politicalstruggles and turning points of the 1950s and 1960s. For instance, as Chair of theEditorial Committee of Socialist Commentary, the principal postwar journal of rightwingsocial democracy, he contributed to the Gaitskellite victory over the Bevaniteleft in the 1950s and to the Campaign for Democratic Socialism (CDS) in the 1960s .This paper has three aims: first, to trace the development of Flanders" politicalthinking from his revolutionary and ethical socialist ideas of the 1930s through to hisright wing social democratic ideas of the late 1940s and beyond; second, to show theimpact of the Cold War on Flanders" political thinking especially in the period from1945 until around 1950; and third, to show how his political thinking influenced hisanalyses of industrial relations issues and his prescriptions for reform.The first part of the paper briefly maps out Flanders" conversion to a particularbrand of ethical socialism, through the influence of a tiny, leftist and vanguardistGerman sect, the Militant Socialist International. The group"s propagandising againstreformist socialism and against Marxism and communism proved ineffectual and itswhole raison d"etre was thrown into crisis by the onset of the Second World War.Flanders quickly accommodated to the widespread sentiment within the British labourmovement for anti- fascist unity and for economic planning, and soon came to believethat planning should serve two quite distinct purposes: it was to be a means for2effectively prosecuting the war against Nazi Germany but it was also to function as aninstrument of social reform, redistributing wealth and power away from Britain"smonopolists. As early as 1941 he had begun to argue that a reformist planning agendawould entail a radical shift in the role of trade unions. They would need to supportstate incomes policy, cooperate in improving work practices and abandon theirattachment to the ‘outmoded" doctrine of class struggle against capitalist exploitation.Initially inspired by the exigencies of war, these themes were to become permanentfeatures of Flanders" thinking as anti- fascist war gave way to Cold War.The growing antagonism between capitalist and communist states had severalmajor effects on Flanders" thinking and activity. First, his longstanding anticommunismwas intensified by the events of 1947 through 1949 (especiallyCzechoslovakia, Berlin, the Marshall Plan and the split in the WFTU). Second, hewas led to rework his ethical socialist ideas as a countervailing philosophy to SovietMarxism, particularly in the 1950s publications of the think tank Socialist Union. Inessence he argued that full employment, nationalization and the welfare state hadinaugurated a ‘new social order". Combining economic planning with individualfreedom, it was claimed to represent a ‘Third Way" between classical (US-style)capitalism and Soviet communism. Finally Flanders became increasingly active inmainstream politics, in the Labour Party and the Fabian Society and on the fringes ofthe CIA front organization, the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). His network ofcontacts and acquaintances included the leading British figures of anti-communistsocial democracy, such as Crosland, Gaitskell, Healey, Jenkins, Pickstock andRodgers as well as overseas writers and intellectuals associated with the CCF such asBondy and Silone.The final, and major, part of the paper traces the links between Flanders"political thinking and his industrial relations ideas. He argued consistently, from theearly 1940s through the early 1970s, that the role of trade unionism could no longerbe confined to, or dominated by, militant wage struggle or ‘free collectivebargaining". This would damage the competitive position of the British economy,threaten the public interest in low inflation and ‘orderly" industrial relations and createthe conditions under which communist agitation would find a receptive audience. Heargued unions should cooperate with both government and employers to raiseproductivity and control inflation, contribute to economic growth and therefore helpincrease wages. State incomes policy, with union support, he regarded as a legitimateand necessary form of economic planning under ‘the new social order". Throughcollective bargaining workers could participate in setting workplace rules andconditions, enhancing their dignity and status at the workplace and thus underpinninggood industrial relations. This set of activities therefore comprised an economicproject (protecting the British economy), a political project (protecting the new socialorder and the ‘free world" against communism) and an ideological project (securingworker support for a common purpose in industry and undermining support forMarxist ideas of class conflict).These positions placed him firmly in opposition to a variety of left-wing viewsand organizations and help account for the wide range of Flanders" activities. In hisacademic work he attacked leftist writers, such as Allen, Anderson and Blackburn,who were more sympathetic to union militancy and more hostile to union cooperationwith employers. In his analysis of union membership (later developed by GeorgeBain) he went out of his way to attack and downplay the idea that union militancyplayed any role at all in promoting union growth or improving terms and conditions ofemployment. His political work focussed both on the Labour and the trade union left:3he was close to Gaitskell and Crosland and to their key union supporters such as SamWatson of the Durham Miners and was active in CDS. He was a leading opponent ofthe left-wing demand for further, widespread nationalization, helping draft the antinationalizationarguments in the seminal 1960 text Must Labour Lose?The contradictions in Flanders" positions, and those of the Oxford school moregenerally, became increasingly clear through the1960s and 1970s. State regulation ofwages could not be combined with local wage bargaining for more than a few years ata time before breaking down in a wages explosion. Devolution of power to workplacerepresentatives often strengthened left militancy rather than promoting labourmanagementcooperation and genuine productivity bargaining.Flanders and other members of the Oxford School increasingly called for thetype of firm and authoritarian leadership of men such as Bevin and Citrine and thedegree of labour movement discipline seen during World War Two and the Cold War.They came to support legal curbs on trade unionism, e.g. In Place of Strife, andtougher incomes policies to enforce union compliance in the absence of widespreadconsent. Yet in the face of a powerful and well-organized trade union movement thesemeasures were doomed to fail. Politically, the social democratic circles aroundFlanders came under increasing strain as the economy slid into recession through the1970s. In the early days of the Thatcher era they finally split apart, one wingremaining inside the Labour Party, grouped around Healey and Hattersley, whilst theJenkins-Rodgers group broke away to create the SDP.

Rivalry among competitors The it industry has a large number of competitors, such as Yahoo, google, Linux and others software and/or its suppliers. Their product structure and similar or even better than Microsoft Microsoft, because they are more specifically.While Microsoft is extensive.Therefore Microsoft in the it industry competitive advantage of relatively low.Microsoft should take the coalition and strategic acquisitions and mergers (Union Association, Apple, acquisition of Yahoo), to increase the intensity of competition Threat of potential entry The development potential of the it industry is still very large, with the development of new technologies, new competitors entering the market and the development of it.Thus caused to other competitor barriers to entry.For instance, Microsoft"s right from the start paying attention to is the software, but the development of network market too fast, google first mining potential market for the network, he, by virtue of its own technology day scale-based low cost advantage of low-cost advantage, and has formed the economies of scale economies of scale, have a large number of customers and markets.When Microsoft noted the importance of developing the network side, it"s too late.Google gave him responsible for the barriers to entry.Bargaining power of suppliers Microsoft in the it industry, with its huge market, he has a strong Bargaining power of and/or its suppliers.Microsoft in the PC market share system into the leading position of monopoly.Most computer manufacturers are using Microsoft system because of the many Microsoft system users.Only a very small place of Microsoft operating systems can, like Linux, and Mac os.Although Apple computer almost only used Mac OS system, others " majority pc manufacturer or prefer to use Microsoft System.And Apple computer"s primary market is limited to the United States.Therefore, Microsoft has a strong Bargaining power of suppliers Bargaining power of buyers Microsoft with his independent research and development of technology, to have a very strong Bargaining power of buyer.His strategy is to ie, Media Player, etc and system ons and Microsoft the most compatible with the most powerful office is another a number of other software vendors are not available.And Microsoft now also continues to develop, so that Microsoft does not require additional software"s help and supply.Even need to purchase additional software"s product or technology, nor does it spend higher price because it has too many companies and products to the standardization of the standard, indifference undifferentiated, so Microsoft strong Bargaining power of suppliers Threat of substitutes A lot of software companies it is very likely to replace Microsoft software, such as the WPS IE, opera instead of in place of the office, 暴风影音 instead of media player. These third-party software are free and more powerful (such as a broadcaster).They attract large numbers of clients.Relative to the Microsoft software many fees, Microsoft office, and so on will lose competitive advantages, which will be the third-party software instead.For instance, an open source Linux systems, now more and by users concerned about and have a preference, dell has started in his many PC pre-installed linux system.So Microsoft need to reduce costs, or his continuing efforts to research and development software.

你的这个是关于企业供应链方面的。This article considers the outsourcing choice of a downstream firm with its own upstream这篇文章是关于下游企业针对其上游企业（供应商）的外包选择。A BARGAINING PERSPECTIVE ON STRATEGICOUTSOURCING AND SUPPLY COMPETITION针对策略外包和供应竞争的议价观点（远景）

一、筹码的英文有：chip n.片屑；切屑；碎片；炸薯条；筹码；撮踢；切削球；缺口；凹口counter n.柜台；小圆板；计数器；计算器；对立物；对立面；反作用；筹码currency n.通货；货币；通用；流通；通行；流行；流通（或流行）时间token n.标志；象征；礼券；代金券；标记；令牌；记号；信物；表示二、短语搭配：麻将筹码mahjong counters谈判的筹码bargaining chip把筹码换成现钱cash in one"s chips三、例句：1、他的筹码全输光了，再给他一些。He has lost all his chips. Give him some more.2、扑克牌戏筹码。A poker chip.3、扑克筹码迟早会失去强化物的作用Would lose their power to serve as reinforcers.

2017常用服装外贸词汇大全 　　外贸服装，是指国内服装生产厂家根据国外来料来样或国外来样、国内选料加工然后发货给国外客户的服装。下面，我为大家提供2017常用服装外贸词汇大全，希望对大家有所帮助! 　　final inspection 尾期检验，终查 　　finished product 成品 　　finished-size 成品尺寸 　　fitness wear 女式紧身衣 　　fitting 试衣，[英]尺寸 　　ill fitting 不合身 　　flag label 旗唛 　　flameproof fabric 防火布 　　attention card 注意卡 　　autolock zipper 自动锁拉链 　　azo dye 偶氮染料 　　back cover front 后搭前，后盖前 　　back rise 后直裆，[粤]后浪 　　back stitch 回针，倒针，[粤]返针 　　back 后片，后幅 　　backless dress 露背裙 　　barb wire，loop pin 行李索 　　apparel 成衣 　　applique 贴布绣 　　fabric construction 布料结构 　　fabric consumption 布料用量 　　fabric swatch 小块布样，[粤]布办 　　fabric width 幅宽，[粤]布封 　　fabric 布 　　fabric absorption 布料吸湿性 　　fabric breathability 布料透气性 　　fabric comfort 布料穿着舒适性 　　fabric fall 布料悬垂性 　　fabric flamability 布料可燃性 　　fabric resilience 布料回弹性 　　facing 贴边，贴 　　false fly (裤、裙的)假门襟，[粤]假钮牌 　　false placket 假门襟，[粤]假门筒 　　fastener 扣件(钮扣、拉链等) 　　felled seam 对折缝，[粤]埋夹 　　figure-clinging 紧身的，贴身胸围 　　fil-a-fil 米通条布 　　flannel 法兰绒，绒布 　　flare skirt 喇叭裙 　　flat knitting 横机织物 　　flax 亚麻 　　fleece 起绒布，[粤]抓毛布 　　flow chart 流程图 　　flow control 流程控制 　　fly (裤、裙的)门襟，[粤]钮牌 　　fold back facing 原身出贴 　　fold back hidden placket 原身双层门襟，[粤]原身出暗筒 　　fold line for lapel 领驳口 　　forwarder，shipping agent 货代，船公司 　　free size 可调尺寸 　　freight collect 到付 　　freight prepaid 预付 　　frill，frills 褶边，绉边，[粤]荷叶边 　　fringe 流苏，毛边 　　front edge 前襟边 　　front facing 挂面，[粤]襟贴 　　front opening 前开口 　　front rise 前直裆，小裆，[粤]前浪 　　front yoke 前过肩，[粤]前担干 　　front，forepart，front panel 前片，前幅 　　fullness 宽松位 　　fully fashion sweater 全成型毛衫 　　full lining 全里 　　full opening 全开襟，[粤]全开口 　　full range of size 尺码齐全 　　fur garment 裘皮服装，毛皮服装 　　fur 毛皮，[粤]皮草 　　fusible interlining 粘合衬，[粤]粘朴 　　fuzzing 起毛 　　garment 衣服 　　garment dye 成衣染色，件染 　　garment finishing 成衣后处理 　　garment sewing technology 成衣车缝工艺 　　garment wash 成衣洗水，普洗 　　gathering 打裥，抽碎褶 　　girl"s style fly 女装(裤、裙的)门襟，[粤]女装钮牌 　　godet 三角形布片 　　gorge line 领串口 　　grading 推挡，[粤]放码 　　grain 丝缕，[粤]布纹 　　grey scale 灰色样卡 　　grey scale for staining 沾色样卡 　　gross (一)罗(=12打) 　　grey，gray，greige，gray goods，Loom-state 坯布 　　grommet 凤眼，金属扣眼，索环 　　gross weight 毛重 　　grown-on sleeve 原身出袖 　　gusset 三角形布片 　　half lining 半里 　　half moon patch 半月形贴布，[粤]龟背 　　half opening 半开口 　　hand loom 手织样。指生产大货前所打的一小块布样，用来确认颜色、格型等效果。 　　handbag 手提包，手袋 　　handfeel 手感 　　handling charges 指处理费、杂费，比如码头搬运费等。 　　hanging garment 挂装 　　firm handfeel 手感厚实 　　hard handfeel 手感硬 　　harsh handfeel 手感粗糙 　　soft handfeel 手感柔软 　　handling 处理，操作，[粤]执手 　　hanger 衣架 　　hanger loop 挂衣袢 　　hangtag，(hang tag，swing tag) 吊牌，挂牌，[粤]挂卡，挂咭 　　hangtag sticker 吊牌贴纸 　　heavy fabric 厚重面料 　　hem 折边，底边，下摆，[粤]衫脚 　　bottom 下摆，[粤]衫脚 　　bottom hem 下摆卷边 　　cuff hem 袖口折边 　　shirttail hem 衬衫圆下摆 　　hemmer 卷边器，[粤]卷边靴 　　hemming with folder 用卷边器卷边，[粤]用拉筒卷边 　　hemming 卷边，[粤]还口 　　hand hemming 手工缲边，[粤]手针挑脚 　　hemming bottom 折缝底边，折缝裤脚 　　herringbone tape 人字织带 　　herringbone twill 人字斜纹布 　　hidden bartack 隐形套结，暗套结，[粤]隐形枣，暗枣 　　hidden placket 暗门襟，[粤]暗筒 　　high-waist skirt 高腰裙 　　hook & loop，hooks & loops 尼龙搭扣，[粤]魔术贴 　　hydrophilic finish 吸水处理 　　ill fitting 不合身 　　imitation cuff 假袖头，[粤]假鸡英 　　inherent quality 内在质量 　　inseam 内缝，[粤]内浪骨 　　inner box 内箱，内盒 　　inner extension [粤](腰头)搭咀内层 　　in-line inspection，in-process inspection 中期检验，中查 　　inspection 检验，检查 　　inspection certificate 检验证书 　　inspector 验货员，查货员 　　insulation layer (多层服装的)保温层 　　interlacing 交织 　　interlining 衬，衬布，[粤]朴 　　inverted pleat 内工字褶 　　iron 熨斗，[粤]烫斗 　　jandy.cn 一路好景 　　jean 粗斜纹棉布，牛仔布 　　jeans牛仔裤 　　jersey 汗布，针织平布 　　join the small shoulder 缝合小肩，[粤]纳膊 　　join the under arm seam and side seam 缝合袖底骨和侧缝，[粤]埋夹 　　just size 准确尺寸 　　jute 黄麻 　　khaki 卡其，卡其布，卡其色，黄褐色 　　knit 针织，编织 　　knitted rib collar 针织罗纹领 　　knowledge of material 材料学 　　kraft paper 牛皮纸 　　labor turnover 劳工流失 　　labour cost 劳工成本 　　lace 花边，[粤]厘士 　　large size 大号，大码 　　lap dip，lap-dip，lab dips 色卡，色咭，色样。是制衣厂要求布厂根据客供大货布所需颜色样，再每个颜色打出A，B，C，D……等若干个接近的颜色去给客户确认的色卡。 　　lastest size specification 最新规格表，最新尺寸表 　　lay out 排料，[粤]排唛 　　lead time 生产周期 　　leather 皮革 　　leather label，leather patch 皮牌 　　left cover right 左搭右，左盖右 　　leftover stock 库存尾货 　　leisure wear 休闲服 　　license 许可证 　　linen 亚麻 　　lining 里料，衬里，[粤]里布 　　linking 套口 　　lot number 批号 　　Lurex 卢勒克斯织物(商标名称) 　　Lycra 莱卡，英威达公司的弹性纤维注册品牌，[粤]拉架 　　3-plys export carton 三坑出口纸箱 　　a pair of braces 一副裤子背带 　　accessory 辅料 　　acetate lining 亚沙迪里布，亚沙地里布 　　air freight 空运费 　　allover embroidery 全身绣花，[粤]全身车花 　　anti-pilling agent 抗起毛剂 　　antistatic finish 防静电处理 　　automatic lock (zip) 自动锁拉链 　　appearance quality 外观质量 　　approved swatch 确认的样布 　　armhole，scye 袖窿，[粤]夹圈 　　[欧]Art.No.，[美]style No. 款号 　　assembling of front & back part 前后幅合并 　　assorted color 混色 　　assorted size混码 　　assorted color assorted size 混色混码 　　attach collar 上领，绱领 　　attach cuff to sleeve 车袖头到袖子上，[粤]车鸡英到袖子上 　　attachment (安装在衣车上辅助车缝的)附件 　　bar code sticker 条码贴纸，条形码贴纸 　　bargaining 讨价还价 　　base layer (多层服装的)内层 　　basting 疏缝，假缝 　　bead (装饰用)有孔小珠 　　bell bottom 喇叭裤脚 　　belt 带，腰带 　　belt loop，(belt-loop，beltloop) 腰带袢，裤带袢，[粤]裤耳，耳仔 　　bias cut 斜纹裁，[粤]纵纹裁 　　binder 滚边器，[粤]拉筒，包边蝴蝶，滚边蝴蝶 　　binding 滚边 　　binding tape 滚条 　　bleach spot漂白斑 　　bleach 漂白 　　blended 混纺 　　blouse 女衬衫，类似衬衫的女上衣 　　bodice 衣服大身部分 　　body 上衣的主要部分(除领、袖外)[粤]衫身 　　bottom，hem 下摆，[粤]衫脚，裤脚 　　bottoms 下装(下半身的服装。如裤、裙等)，短睡裤 　　bow tie 蝴蝶结领结。(bow-tie是“回转波”) 　　boxer 平脚裤，[粤]孖烟通 　　box pleat，(box-pleat) 工字褶，[粤]外工字褶 　　boy"s style fly 男装门襟，[粤]男装钮牌 　　braid 织带 　　brocade 织锦，锦缎 　　under fly 里襟，[粤]钮子 　　mock fly 假门襟 　　top fly 门襟 　　bracelet cuff 紧袖口 　　braces skirt 吊带裙 　　braces 吊带，背带 　　brass plate 铜牌 　　briefs 三角裤 　　brown 麻布和花边的胚 　　buckle 带扣 　　buckle loop 扣袢 　　bulk production 大量生产，[粤]大货 　　bundle number 捆号，[粤]扎号 　　bundle system 打包装置，包扎系统，[粤]执扎系统 　　bundling (裁片的)捆扎，[粤]执扎 　　button 钮扣，扣子，[粤]钮 　　automatic button feeding 自动喂扣 　　button feeder 喂扣器 　　button mold (布或皮)包扣 　　button mould 钮模 　　button robot 自动钉扣机 　　imitation wood button 仿木扣 　　jeans button 工字扣 　　string button 绳结扣 　　button position 钉扣位，[粤]钮位 　　button stand 里襟，[粤]钮门搭位，钮子 　　buttonhole，(button-hole) 扣眼，钮孔，[粤]钮门 　　buttonhole dimension 扣眼大小 　　buttonhole distance 扣眼裆(扣眼间的距离)，[粤]钮门距 　　buttonhole placket 门襟，[粤]门筒，(裤、裙的)钮牌 　　buttonhole position 扣眼位，[粤]钮门位 　　mock buttonhole 假扣眼，驳头眼，[粤]假钮门 　　welt buttonhole 滚边扣眼，滚眼 　　buttonholing 锁扣眼，[粤]开钮门，打钮门 　　button attaching 钉扣，[粤]打钮 　　camouflage color 迷彩色 　　camouflage pattern 迷彩图案 　　canvas，canavass 帆布 　　cardboard 纸板 　　care label，(washing label) 洗水唛，洗水标 　　care symbols 洗水符号 　　carton number 箱号 　　carton 纸箱 　　carton sticker 外箱贴纸 　　casing 吃势，[粤]容位 　　casual wear 便装，休闲服 　　catalogue (产品)目录 　　center back vent 后中衩(有搭位的) 　　center back 后中 　　center crease fold 中骨对折 　　center crease line 中骨线 　　center front 前中 　　certified sub-contractor 认可加工厂 　　chic 时髦的，流行的 　　circular knit 圆筒针织布 　　circular knitting machine 针织大圆机 　　claim indemnity 索赔 　　clapper 拱形烫木(烫后袖缝、摆缝等的工具) 　　classic look 经典款式 　　clean finish 卷边，[粤]还口 　　close fitting 贴身 　　closure 门襟 　　coating 涂层，上衣料，大衣料 　　collar fall 衣领翻下部分，[粤]上级领 　　attached collar 活动礼服衬衫领 　　Chinese collar 旗袍领 　　collar 衣领 　　collar band 领座，底领，[粤]下级领 　　collar butterfly 领蝴蝶(衬衫包装放在领口处固定领形用) 　　collar notch 领扼位(车缝时对位用) 　　collar point 领尖 　　collar stand 领座，[粤]下级领 　　collar stay 领插角片，[粤]领插竹(放在衬衫领尖处定形用，有固定缝于衣领里面的和插在外面活动的两种) 　　collection 系列 　　color/size breakdown 颜色尺码分配 　　color assortment 颜色搭配 　　color fastness 色牢度 　　combi program 配色组合 　　commodity inspection 商检 　　conceal zipper 隐形拉链 　　consolidation 拼柜 　　constructed specification 结构细节 　　content label 成份唛 　　continuous placket 用滚条一次拉成的袖衩，[粤]R折 　　contrast color 对比色，衬色，[粤]撞色 　　cotton string 棉绳 　　cord 灯心绒类布，绳，带 　　draw cord 拉绳，抽绳 　　drawstring 拉绳，抽绳 　　fustian cord [英]灯心绒 　　corduroy 灯芯绒 　　corduroys 灯心绒裤，工装裤 　　cost sheet 成本单 　　country of origin label 产地唛 　　covered button 包扣(用大身面料等包起来的`钮扣) 　　crease line 折线 　　crocking test 摩擦测试(测试色牢度) 　　cross crotch 十字缝，十字骨 　　cross cut 横纹裁 　　crotch 大腿根处，裤裆，裤浪底 　　crotch point 浪顶点 　　cuff 袖头，袖级，卡夫，[粤]鸡英，介英 　　cuff bottom，cuff hem 类似袖头的下摆或裤脚 　　cuff opening 袖衩，[粤]袖侧 　　cuff vent (有搭位的)袖衩，[粤]袖侧 　　cumulative units inspected 累计验货数 　　customs declarer 报关员 　　cut & sewn 切驳 　　cut in direction 顺毛裁 　　cutted pieces，cut pieces，cut parts 裁片 　　cutting room 裁剪车间，裁床部 　　cutting table 裁床 　　dart 省，褶，裥 　　date of dispatch 出货日期 　　decorative stitch 装饰线步 　　delivery date 落货期，出货期 　　deluxe kraft paper gummed tape 高级湿水牛皮纸 　　detachable cuff 活动袖头，[粤]活动鸡英 　　detachable lining 活动里布 　　die cutting machine 冲裁机，[粤]啤机 　　die 刀模，冲裁刀具，[粤]啤刀 　　discount，sales off 打折 　　discrepancy 差异 　　division 部门，组别 　　documentary secretary 单证员 　　fitting room 试衣间 　　dummy 假人(模特) 　　Dupoint paper 杜邦纸，防绒纸。一种无纺布，可用在羽绒制品中防止因面料密度不够而跑绒。因为这种防绒纸是杜邦公司生产的质量最好，所以俗称“杜邦纸”。 　　drill 斜纹布，卡其布，钻孔，钻孔器，[粤]锥子 　　drilling position 钻孔位 　　drop test 跌落测试 　　dry clean 干洗 　　dry rub 干擦 　　dyelot 缸号 　　dyeing 染色 　　random dyeing 扎染，间隔染色 　　easing 吃势，[粤]容位 　　easy care 免烫 　　edge covering 包边 　　fabric edge 布边 　　fringed edge 毛边，[粤]散口 　　edge stitch 车边线，[粤]间边线 　　edge trimmer 修边器 　　edge-finishing，(edge finishing) 边脚处理 　　egg pad 铁凳(熨烫肩部等部位的工具) 　　elastic waistband is extension of body 原身出橡筋腰头 　　elastic 橡筋 　　elbow dart 肘省，[粤]手肘褶 　　elbow patch 肘部贴布 　　elastic band 橡筋带 　　expiry date 有效期 　　export carton 出口纸箱 　　extension of waistband [粤]腰头搭咀 　　extra large size，king size 特大号，加大码 　　extra small size 特小号 　　eyelet buttonhole 圆头扣孔，凤眼 　　eyelet 气孔，鸡眼 　　eyes & hooks，hook and eye 风纪扣，领钩，钩棒扣，[粤]乌蝇扣 　　elastic cuff 松紧袖头，松紧袖口 　　end stopper 吊钟(拉绳末端的钟状扣) 　　embroidery 绣花，[粤]车花 　　embroidered patch 绣花章，绣花牌，[粤]车花章，车花牌 　　empire seam，empire line 胸底骨，也叫高腰线，一般位于女装上衣或裙的胸杯下 　　epaulet 肩章 　　ever pleat 耐久不变的褶裥 　　ex-factory date 出厂日期，离厂日期 ;

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您的贴图好像没有提（0.5，0.5）的情况和可能性的讨论，是贴图缺了吗？从已有的条件，先回答您对Focal Point的不解。首先您的问题是不理解为什么某一个特例（如对半分）是最有可能的纳什均衡（NE）：这是因为您期待Focal Point是一个严谨描述的概念，而事实上并不是这样的，Focal Point其实是一个现象描述性的概念。从维基百科里举的例子看，这个概念的提出者Schelling问了一堆学生如果他们明天要在纽约市撞到一个陌生人，那NE的时间和地点是什么呢？单纯从理论角度讨论的话，无论哪里，什么时候，撞到陌生人的概率几乎是相等的（假设陌生人是一堆iid的continuum），i.e.无论哪里无论何时都是一个NE。但是最多学生回答的是中午的中央火车站，在没有非常严格的统计学支持下，我们期望在交通枢纽遇到陌生人人的可能性和在用餐时间的餐厅or酒吧、在深夜的住宅里遇到陌生人的可能性并没有太大差别，因此中午的中央火车站这一答案只是基于学生对纽约市整体的概念得出的一个有限理性的答案。这个答案的推导过程并不严谨，但却会影响大多数人的决策至于为何不现实，对半分的概率更高只是统计学层面的说法，对于具体某一个案例并没有直接的意义。

REBADOW劝高材生比先生不要去告发KEANE被冤枉自卫这件事，如果比彻这么做了，他们会杀了他的。 RYAN找到比彻，向他抱歉。比彻希望代理keane的自卫杀人案件，但是rebadow怪老头告诉他说，联邦政府已经取消了他的出庭权力。 比彻想到去找KEANE，查找真相。但是，他现在在死囚区，和翡翠城没法接触。GROVES（那个杀了父母并且吃了父母的家伙）帮他支招。 比彻找到了麦先生，说自己害怕别人杀他，所以请麦先生把他关在保护监禁室，麦先生说，你不能啥时候想从保护监禁中出来进去就出来进去，这一次答应你，下次甭想。 就这样，比彻住到了keane的旁边。可是keane觉得他自己确实杀人了。他说冤冤相报何时了，如果自己被判死刑，就能终止这种互相残害。他觉得他被判死刑后要升入天堂，保持自己灵魂的纯洁，但是回到翡翠城，反而丢失灵魂。比彻说，我不对你灵魂负责，我不需要你自己申请，我对正义负责，我要伸张正义。这里应该有掌声啊~比彻到了图书馆，跟rebadow说要找到录像带。shilinger进入了，赶走了别人，比彻撒谎说他为了ryan的案件，shilinger发现他的纸上写的是关于死刑的纸，逼迫比彻把纸吃掉。 rebadow遭遇了黑狱警hearly，hearly知道他在找录像带（估计是ryan告诉他的），让他蹲紧闭，这样keane就死的不能再死了，ryan也安全不能再安全了。 经典台词： Hill: You swat at a fly, step on an ant, squash a cockroach, you don"t think much of it. In fact, killing a bug gives you a sense of accomplishment. Fucking ant was ruining your picnic, cockroach was crawling through your kitchen cabinets. You put an end to their disgusting, miserable little lives and make a better world for everyone. Only, for every one you kill, more appear. Bigger, uglier, meaner than before. 拍个苍蝇，踩个蚂蚁，碾个蟑螂，你不会多想，事实上，杀个虫子你会有满足感。他母亲的，蚂蚁破坏了你的野餐，蟑螂在你橱柜乱爬，你杀了他们，这样大家就有一个好的世界了，只不过，你更丑更卑鄙了。 Keane的死已成定局，SAID找到了狱长要求陪他走最后一程。狱长约定，said一路上只能跟他说精神信仰相关的话题，想一个牧师，神父阿訇那样。 犯人们在电视机前看电视报道，记者说了一堆，pete修女说了一句，keane和那个Martinez的爸爸各说了一句。然后nathan报告说，keane的妹妹肾坏死，麦先生说从一开始就是他的错。 经典语录又来了，关于死亡的，超级棒，推荐给大家。 Hill: Hey, some say there are five stages of death. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and finally, acceptance. The moment when you say to yourself, "I"m gonna die and there ain"t shit I can do about it." Oh, yeah, in Oz we know all about that. We know all about acceptance. 有人说，死亡分为五步：拒绝，生气，讨价还价，沮丧，然后最后，是接受。当你说我要死了，什么都不做只是去死时候，你就是接受。在OZ这个监狱中，我们知道的只有接受。 Billie（KEANE那个同性恋弟弟）帮keane梳头，Keane原谅了billie是个同性恋，他说阿拉爱他。 麦先生跑过来告诉keane他的妹妹grace在医院，肾坏死。keane说移植我的肾吧，反正我用不了两天了。麦先生向狱长申请，狱长说州长devlin拒绝，这个狗C的州长。 州长王八蛋说keane是危险分子不能让他去医院。 麦先生让神父打电话给主教。神父Mukada说他上学成绩特别好，但是来监狱当个狗屁神父就是因为他在主教办公室时候跟主教闹掰了，所以他拒绝给主教打电话，延迟keane的死刑。神父还是打了电话。 电视中，通讯员解说，州长在宗教压力下同意keane死刑延迟30天，好让他把自己的肾脏移植给他的妹妹。但是手术费用从他们家自己的保险中出，狗屁州长，再让我骂一句解解气。州长是OZ这部片子中两个最SB，CD的人之一。

bargaining power [释义] 讨价还价的能力; 全部释义>>[例句]That calculation gives china enormous bargaining power.这种推断让中国有了巨大的议价能力。

bargaining powern.（谈判中一方的）讨价还价的能力议价能力；谈判能力；谈判力例句1.This, in turn, has increased the bargaining power of workers across southern China.这反过来也增强了华南劳工的谈判力。2.The person with the resource thus has bargaining power over the other.资源与人因而具有比其他的议价能力。3.Stable allocation of bargaining power.谈判力的稳定分配。4.lacked the bargaining power for negotiations behind closed doors.在闭门谈判中缺乏议价能力。　　　5.The bargaining power suppliers of inputs can use.原料供应商能运用的交涉力量

much形容时间长，次数多。在讨价还价了半天之后...

作为讨价还价筹码的保护论The protection-as-a-bargaining-chip argument 另一种支持贸易限制的观点涉及讨价还价的策略。许多决策者声称支持自由贸易,但同时认为,当与自己的贸易伙伴讨价还价时,贸易限制可能还是有用的。他们声称,贸易限制威胁有助于消除外国政府业已实施的贸易限制。例如,Isoland国可以威胁说,除非Neighborland国取消它的小麦关税，否则就要对钢铁征收关税。如果Neighborland国对这种威胁的反应是取消了其关税,其结果可能是更自由的贸易。 这种讨价还价策略的问题是,威胁可能不起作用。如果威胁没起作用,该国就会面临一个两难选择。它可以实施其威胁并实行贸易限制,这就会减少它自己的经济福利。或者它也可以收回自己的威胁,这又会使它在国际事务中失去威信。面对这种选择,该国也许会希望要是一开始就不做出这种威胁就好了。例如:美国政府可以威胁对法国葡萄酒进行进口限制，除非法国政府取消对美国牛肉的配额。假如法国政府拒绝，那美国政府将只有两个坏的可能性:A)限制法国葡萄酒的进口，而这将减少美国的经济福利B)不限制法国葡萄酒的进口，而这将会减小美国政府的威信

集体谈判权

有原则的谈判

bargaining skill谈判技巧双语对照词典结果：网络释义1. 讨价还价的技巧

be good at doing sth 是正确的。下面的句子错误。

bargaining powern.（谈判中一方的）讨价还价的能力议价能力；谈判能力；谈判力bargaining英 [ˈbɑ:gənɪŋ] 美 [ˈbɑ:rgənɪŋ]n.议价； 讨价； 商讨； 商谈v.讨价还价，商谈( bargain的现在分词 )； 提出条件，要求得到power英 [ˈpaʊə(r)] 美 [ˈpaʊɚ]n.[机]动力，功率； 力量； 政权，权力； 强国，大国vt.运转； 用发动机发动； 使…有力量vi.靠动力行进； 快速行进adj.权力的； 机械能的，电动的； 用电力（或动力）发动的功率；电源；权力；力量复数： powers 过去式： powered 过去分词： powered 现在分词： powering 第三人称单数： powers

　　常用英语单词 篇1 　　token 表示，标志，象征He did that as a ～ of good faith 　　torture 拷打，拷问 ～ a confession from a prisoner 　　accommodate 使适应，使符合一致 accommodate oneself to changed circumstances 　　unfold 展开，打开 ～ a newspaper 　　uniform 制服；不变的，相同的，均匀，统一的 a ～ temperature 　　unify 使成一体，统一 become a unified nation 　　更新，使现代化 ～a textbook 　　upgrade 提高，使升级，改善 ～ products and services 　　uphold 举起，高举 He upheld his clenched hand 　　upright 挺直的，垂直的 an ～ seat 　　adhere 黏附，附着 Paste is used to make one surface adhere to another. 　　adjacent 临近的，毗邻的(to) a city and its adjacent suburbs 　　adjoin 贴近，与...毗邻 His house adjoins the lake. 　　thrust 推，刺，戳，插，挤He was ～ into power 　　tick （钟声等发出的）滴答声 　　tilt 使倾斜，使倾倒 Tilt your head back so that I can look down your throat 　　toss 扔，抛，掷 The children tossed the ball to each other 　　tough 坚韧的，牢固的 Some plastic are as ～ as metal 　　tow 拖，拉，牵引 tow a damaged ship into port 　　abstract 抽象的 A flower is beautiful, but beauty itself is abstract. 　　absurd 荒谬的，荒唐的 The idea that number 14 brings bad luck is absurd. 　　uproar 骚乱，骚动The public ～ over unclear-radiation hazards continues to mount 　　utilize 利用 ～ solar energy 　　utter 发出（声音等），说，吐露 ～ the truth 　　vacant 未被占用的 a ～ seat in a bus 　　vague 含糊的，不明确的，模糊的 a ～ answer 　　slip 滑倒，滑落，滑行 She ～ed on the wet stones and fell 　　slit 切开，撕开 ～ the envelope open 　　slope 倾斜，有坡度 The ground ～s down sharply at this point 　　sly 狡猾的，偷偷的 a ～answer 　　smash 打碎，打破，摧毁 The ball ～ed the window 　　snatch 夺得，一把抓住 The thief ～ed her handbag and ran off 　　immune免除的，豁免的：Nobody is immune from criticism 　　impact 冲击，撞击：the impact of light on the eye 　　impair 削弱，减少：The output of produce was impaired by the bad weather 　　impartial 公正的，无偏见的：A judge should be impartial 　　implement 工具，器具，用具：new types of farm implements 　　sting刺，螫，叮 A bee stung him on the neck 　　stir 使微动，移动 A breeze ～red my hair 　　stitch 一针，针脚 Make your ～es closer together 　　sue 控告，起诉 ～ sb for slander 　　summary 总结，概要 This book has a ～ at the end of each chapter 　　superb 极好的，一流的，杰出的 ～ science and engineering 　　superficial 表面的 a ～resemblance 　　superfluous过多的，剩余的，多余的a ～remark 　　supervise 监督，管理，指导 ～ sb"s every move 　　vanish 突然消失，逐渐消散 With a wave of his hand, the magician made the rabbit 　　veil 面纱，面罩 Jewish women wore ～s in token of reverence and submission 　　ventilate 使通风，使空气流通 ～ a room 　　venture 冒险，冒险行动，投机行动take a ～ in oil 　　uncover 揭开，揭露 ～ a dish of food 　　underestimate 低估 ～ the difficulties of the task 　　reassure v.使安心，使放心；使消除疑虑 　　常用英语单词 篇2 　　狮子——lion 　　豹——leopard 　　熊猫——panda 　　老虎——tiger 　　狼——wolf 　　斑马——zebra 　　公牛——bull 　　母牛——cow 　　小牛——calf 　　水牛——buffalo 　　山羊——goat 　　绵羊——sheep 　　羊羔——lamb 　　熊——bear 　　骆驼——camel 　　鹿——deer 　　大象——elephant 　　狐狸——fox 　　长颈鹿——giraffe 　　马——horse 　　猫——cat 　　狗——dog 　　鸭子——duck 　　鹅——goose(geese) 　　鱼——fish 　　鸟——bird 　　熊猫——panda 　　猴子——monkey 　　兔子——rabbit 　　猪——pig 　　老鼠——mouse(mice) 　　海豚——dolphin 　　常用英语单词 篇3 　　advantageous contract 有利的合同 　　bargaining range 谈判范围 　　concede ground 让步，屈服 　　bargaining strength 谈判实力 　　concession trading 让步贸易 　　bargaining 讨价还价 　　conflicting interests利益冲突 　　conflicting objectives冲突的目标 　　behavioral norms 行为规范 　　core outcomes 核心结果 　　bottom line 谈判底线 　　breakdown in negotiation 谈判破裂 　　collective well - being 集体利益 　　difficult decisions 决策困难 　　negotiation sketch 谈判简图 　　equitable agreement 公平合理的协议 　　negotiation skills 谈判技巧 　　on the routine basis 在惯例的基础上 　　expected benefits 期待的谈判结果 　　one-off business 一锤子买卖 　　face-to-face negotiation 面对面谈判 　　opening position 初步价位 　　factual information 实际信息 　　optimal timing 最佳时机 　　fail to reach any agreement 无法达成协议 　　optimize the interests使利益最优化 　　pull tricks 耍花招 　　renounce a negotiation 放弃谈判 　　favorable outcomes 利好结果 　　reservation price 保留价格 　　room for maneuver 周旋的余地 　　good joint outcome 互惠的共同结果 　　rough style 激烈的谈判风格 　　information loophole 信息空缺 　　settle differences 解决分歧 　　sham position 虚假立场 　　signal firmness 表现出坚定立场 　　organizational structure 组织结构 　　organizationally ambitious 对组织工作有远大抱负的 　　organization"s ends 组织目标 　　higher-up 上级 　　personal attractiveness 个人魅力 　　individual goal 个人目标 　　induce cooperation 促使合作 　　pressing deskwork 紧迫的案头工作 　　informal influence 非正式影响 　　public speaking skills 演讲技能 　　interactions 相互交流 　　relevance of the work 工作的实用性 　　interpersonal activities 交际活动 　　leader power 领导权力 　　常用英语单词 篇4 　　sensible a. 明理的，明智的 　　sensitive a. 敏感的，灵敏的，易怒的 　　sensitivity n. 敏感性，灵敏度 　　sensor n. 传感器，敏感元件 　　sentence n. 句子，宣判，判决；vt. 宣判，判决 　　sentiment n. 伤感，感情，情绪 　　separate vt. 使分开，区分，识别；vi. 分离，分居；a. 不同的，单独的，各自的，分隔的` 　　september n. 九月 　　sequence n. 连续，系列，次序，顺序 　　serial a. 连续的，一系列的；n. 连载小说 　　series n. 系列，序列 　　serious a. 严重的，认真的，严肃的 　　servant n. 仆人，雇员 　　serve v. 服务，伺候，招待，适用，适合服役 　　service n. 服务，公共事业，服役；vt. 维护，保养 　　sesame n. 芝麻 　　session n. 会期，一届会议，(某种活动)一段时间 　　set vt. 放，置，校正，规定；vi.落下，固定，着手，从事；n. (一)套；a. 固定的，规定的 　　settle vt. 处理，解决，安置，定居，结算；vi. 定居，下沉，沉演，平静，稳定 　　settlement n. 解决，移民，定居，清偿，结算 　　settler n. 移居者，开拓者 　　seven num. 七 　　seventeen num. 十七 　　seventy num. 七十 　　several a. 几个，若干 　　severe a. 严重的，严厉的，激烈的，困难的 　　sew v. 缝纫 　　sex n. 性别，性 　　sexual a. 性的，两性的，性别的 　　常用英语单词 篇5 　　a (an) art. 一（个、件 …… ） 　　ability n. 能力； 才能 　　able a. 能够；有能力的 　　about ad. 大约；到处；四处 　　prep. 关于；在各处；四处 　　above prep. 在 …… 上面 　　a. 上面的 　　ad. 在 …… 之上 　　abroad ad. 到（在）国外 　　absent a. 缺席， 不在 　　accent n. 口音，音调 　　accept vt. 接受 　　accident n. 事故，意外的事 　　ache vi.& n. 痛，疼痛 　　achieve vt. 达到，取得 　　across prep. 横过，穿过 　　act n. 法令，条例 v. （戏）表演，扮演（角色），演出（戏）；行动，做事 　　action n. 行动 　　active a. 积极的，主动的 　　activity n. 活动 　　add vt. 添加，增加 　　address n. 地址 　　advantage n. 优点； 好处 　　advertisement n. 广告 　　advice n. 忠告，劝告，建议 　　advise vt. 忠告，劝告，建议 　　afford vt. 负担得起（ …… 的费用）；抽得出（时间）；提供 　　afraid a. 害怕的；担心 　　常用英语单词 篇6 　　bear"s paw 熊掌 　　breast of deer 鹿脯 　　beche-de-mer; sea cucumber 海参 　　sea sturgeon 海鳝 　　salted jelly fish 海蜇皮 　　seaweed 海带 　　abalone 鲍鱼 　　shark fin 鱼翅 　　scallops 干贝 　　lobster 龙虾 　　bird"s nest 燕窝 　　roast suckling pig 烤乳猪 　　pig"s knuckle 猪脚 　　boiled salted duck 盐水鸭 　　preserved meat 腊肉 　　barbecued pork 叉烧 　　sausage 香肠 　　fried pork flakes 肉松 　　BAR-B-Q 烤肉 　　meat diet 荤菜 　　vegetables 素菜 　　meat broth 肉羹 　　local dish 地方菜 　　Cantonese cuisine 广东菜 　　set meal 客饭 　　curry rice 咖喱饭 　　fried rice 炒饭 　　plain rice 白饭 　　crispy rice 锅巴 　　gruel, soft rice, porridge 粥 　　noodles with gravy 打卤面 　　plain noodle 阳春面 　　casserole 砂锅 　　chafing dish, fire pot 火锅 　　meat bun 肉包子 　　shao-mai 烧麦 　　preserved bean curd 腐乳 　　bean curd 豆腐 　　fermented blank bean 豆豉 　　pickled cucumbers 酱瓜 　　preserved egg 皮蛋 　　salted duck egg 咸鸭蛋 　　dried turnip 萝卜干

是bargaining的同位语

服装基础英语J” SHAPED POCKET J形袋24L BUTTON 24号钮6 FEED PIQUE 6模珠地ACCESSORY 辅料BACK ACROSS 后背宽ACROSS MEASURE 横量ACRYLIC 腈纶ADHESIVE / FUSIBLE INTERLINING 粘衬ANTIQUE BRASS COATING 镀青古铜ANTISTATIC FINISH 防静电处理APPAREL 成衣APPEALING LOOK 吸引人的外表APPROVAL SAMPLE 批办APPROVED SAMPLE WITH SIGNING NAME 签名批办ARMHOLE 夹圈ASSEMBLING OF FRONT & BACK PART 前后幅合并ASSEMBLING SECTION 合并部分ATTACH COLLAR 上领ATTACH LABEL 上商标ATTACHMENT （车缝）附件BACK COVER FRONT 后搭前BACK MID-ARMHOLE 后背宽BACK STITCH 返针，回针BACKLESS DRESS 露背装BAR CODED STICKER 条形码贴纸BARGAINING 讨价还价BAR-TACK 打枣BASTE 假缝BATILK 蜡染BEARER 袋衬BEARER & FACING 袋衬袋贴BEDFORD CORD. 坑纹布，经条灯心绒BELL BOTTOM 喇叭裤脚BELLOWS POCKET 风琴袋BELT 腰带BELT-LOOP 裤耳BIAS CUT 斜纹裁，纵纹裁BIFURCATE 分叉BINDER 包边蝴蝶，滚边蝴蝶BINDING 包边BINDING OF SLV. OPENING R折BINDING OF TOP VENT 面叉包边BINDING TAPE 包边BINDING/BOUND 滚条BLANKET 毛毯，地毯BLEACH 漂白BLEACH SPOT 漂白污渍BLEEDING 洗水后褪色BLEND FIBRE 混纺纤维BLENDS 混纺BLIND STITCH 挑脚线步BLOUSE 女装衬衫BODY PRESSING 衫身熨烫BODY RISE 直浪BOTTOM 衫脚，下摆BOTTOM VENT OF SLEEVE 细侧BOTTOMS 下装BOX-PLEATED 外工字褶BOY"S STYLE FLY / LEFT FLY 男装钮牌，左钮牌BRAID 织锦，织带BRANCH 分公司BREAK STITCHES 断线BRIEFS 男装紧身内裤BROCADE 织锦，织带BROKEN STITCHING 断线BUBBLING 起泡BUCKLE 皮带扣BUCKLE-LOOP 皮带扣BULK PRODUCTION 大量生产BUNDLE CODE 扎号BUNDLING 执扎BUTTON 钮扣BUTTON STAND 钮门搭位BUTTON-HOLE 钮门 / 扣眼BUTTON-HOLING 开钮门BUTTONING 钉钮BUTTONING WITH BUTTON SEWER 用钉钮机钉钮C/B VENT 后中叉（有搭位/重叠位）CALICO / GRAY CLOTHES 胚布CANVAS 马尾衬，帆布CARDBOARD 纸板CARDED 粗疏CARE LABEL 洗水唛CARTONNING 装箱，入箱CASE PACK LABEL 外箱贴纸CASH POCKET 表袋CASUAL WEAR 便装CATCHING FACING 钮子CENTER BACK 后中CENTER CREASE FOLD 中骨对折CENTER CREASE LINE 中骨线CENTER FRONT 前中CERTIFIED SUB-CONTRACTOR 认可加工厂CHAIN STITCH M/C 锁链车CHAIN STITCHES 锁链线步CHAMPRAY 皱布CHEMISE 宽松服装CHEST/BUST 胸围CHIC 时髦的，流行的CIRCULAR KNIT 圆筒针织布CLASSIC LOOK 经典款式CLASSIFICATION 分类CLEAN FINISH 还口CLEAN FINISH OF TOP VENT 面叉还口CLEAN FINISH WITH 1/4" SINGLE NEEDLE 1/4" 单针还口CLOSE FITTING 贴身CLOSE SIDE SEAM 埋侧骨COATING 外套大衣COIN POCKET 表袋COLLAR 领子COLLAR BAND 下级领COLLAR FALL 上级领COLLAR NOTCH 领扼位COLLAR POINT 领尖COLLAR STAND 下级领COLLAR STAY 领插竹COLLECTION 系列COLOR SHADING 色差COMBED 精梳CONSTRUCTED SPECIFICATION 结构细节CONTINUOUS PLACKET R折CONTROL OF LABOR TURNOVER 劳工流失控制CORDUROY 灯心绒COST SHEET 成本单COTTON STRING 棉绳COVERING STITCHING 拉冚线步（600类）CREASE & WRINKLY RESISTANT FINISH 防皱处理CREASE LINE 折线CREPE DE-CHINE 皱布CROSS CROTCH 十字缝CROSS CUT 横纹裁CROTCH POINT 浪顶点CTN. NO. 箱号CUFF 鸡英，介英CUFF ATTACHING TO SLEEVE 车鸡英到袖子上CUFF VENT/CUFF OPENING 袖侧CUFFED BOTTOM HEM 反脚，假反脚，脚级CUFFLESS BOTTOM 平脚CURVED POCKET 弯袋CUT & SEWN 切驳CUTTING PIECE 裁片CUTTING PIECE NUMBERING 给裁片编号D.K. JACQUARD 双面提花（针织）DAMAGE CAUSED BY NEEDLE 针孔DECORATIVE STITCHING 装饰间线DELIVERY DATE 落货期DENIER 旦尼尔DENIM 牛仔DENSITY 密度DESIGN SKETCH 设计图DESIGNED FEATURE 设计特征DIMENSION 尺寸、尺码DINNER JACKET 晚礼服DIRT STAINS AFTER WASHING 洗水后有污迹DIRTY SPOT 污点DISCOUNT / SALES OFF 打折DOBBY 织花布DOUBLE CUFF 双层鸡英DOUBLE END 双经DOUBLE JETTED POCKET 双唇袋DOUBLE NEEDLE FELL SEAM 双针埋夹DOUBLE PICK 双纬DOUBLING 并线DRESS COAT 礼服DRESSING ROOM 试衣间DRILLING 钻孔位DRY-CLEANED 干洗DUCK 帆布DYING 染色 ------希望对你有用。我看是对服装英语还算全了。

What Is A "Plea Bargain"?A "plea bargain" is a deal offered by a prosecutor as an incentive for a defendant to plead guilty. If every case in the justice system went to trial, the courts would be so overloaded that they would effectively be shut down. Plea bargaining allows the prosecutor to obtain guilty pleas in cases that might otherwise go to trial.What Are The Types Of "Plea Bargains"?There are two types of plea bargain:Charge BargainA "charge bargain" occurs when the prosecutor allows a defendant to "plead guilty to a lesser charge," or to only some of the charges that have been filed against him. For example, a defendant charged with burgarly may be offered the opportunity to plead guilty to "attempted burglary." A defendant charged with Drunk Driving and Driving With License Suspended may be offered the opportunity to plead guilty to just the drunk driving charge.Sentence BargainA "sentence bargain" occurs when a defendant is told in advance what his sentence will be if he pleads guilty. This can help a prosecutor obtain a conviction if, for example, a defendant is facing serious charges and is afraid of being hit with the "maximum" sentence. Typically, sentence bargains can only be granted if they are approved by the trial judge. Many jurisdictions severely limit sentence bargaining.Sentence bargaining sometimes occurs in high profile cases, where the prosecutor does not want to reduce the charges against the defendant, usually for fear of how the newspapers will react. A sentence bargain may allow the prosecutor to obtain a conviction to the most serious charge, while assuring the defendant of an acceptable sentence.What Happens If I Break My Deal With The Prosecutor?A plea bargain is a contract between the prosecutor and the defendant, and both parties are required to comply with the terms of their contract. If you have a plea bargain with the prosecutor and you are required to perform particular tasks (such as pleading guilty on a particular date, cooperating in the investigation of another offense, or testifying against a co-defendant), the prosecutor may revoke the plea bargain if you fail to satisfy your duties.What Happens If If The Prosecutor Breaks His Deal With Me?If the prosecutor breaks a deal with a defendant, the defendant may seek to have his plea set aside, or may seek a court order requiring the prosecutor to respect the plea bargain. This may happen if the prosecutor has agreed not to authorize additional criminal charges against the defendant in return for the guilty plea, yet subsequently files the charges.How Do I Make Sure That My Plea Bargain Is Followed?Make sure that the plea deal is clearly stated on the record at the time of your plea. Sometimes, the plea deal will be reduced to writing, and will be signed by the parties. It is usually adequate to reference the written plea agreement on the record, without reciting all of the terms. During your sentence, the court will ask you about any promises that you have received, other than the plea bargain stated on the record, in return for your guilty plea. If you answer that there are none, yet the terms of your plea are not on the record, you may find yourself without any recourse if the prosecutor only respects those terms that were stated on the record.Criminal Defense Lawyer Charged with a crime? Protect your freedom! Consult a local criminal defense lawyer for free.There are rare exceptions to the rule of placing the entire plea agreement on the record. Sometimes, the defense, prosecutor and judge will work out a resolution of a high profile case, but will not want to place the terms of the deal on the record. (For example, the prosecutor may not want the adverse publicity of looking "soft on crime," and the judge may not want to admit to engaging in "sentence bargaining" in a serious case.) However, don"t assume that your case falls into this small category of exceptions - ask your attorney before you plead guilty to make sure that the entire agreement is part of the record (either directly or by reference to the contract), and make the attorney explain any decision to depart from this practice.When Should I First Consider a Plea Bargain?The answer to that depends upon the facts of your case, and the laws and procedures of the jurisdiction where you are charged. However, in many cases it can be advantageous to retain an attorney and seek a plea bargain before you have been charged with an offense. For example, if your attorney can begin negotiations with a prosecutor while the police are still investigating or before you are formally charged with a crime, you may be able to obtain a reduction of charges that would not be available after charges are officially filed.————————————————————————Plea Bargaining is a form of negotiation between a person charged with an offence and a crown prosecutor. The accused person usually negotiates through his counsel. Plea bargaining can take several forms. For example, an accused charged with several offences may agree to plead guilty to some of these offences while the Crown agrees to withdraw the remaining charges. It may also take the form of an accused pleading guilty in exchange for the Crown recommending to the court a lesser sentence than the accused might otherwise risk receiving. As well, the Crown and the accused often negotiate over the facts upon which a guilty plea will be entered.In some cases, the Crown will agree not to allege an aggravating fact, which is nonessential to the admission of guilt, in return for the accused agreeing to plead guilty. For example, the accused might agree to plead guilty to the robbery of a bank if the Crown accepts the accused"s version that while committing the robbery the handgun he was carrying was unloaded rather than loaded. Obviously, a concession of this nature by the Crown does not affect the validity of the guilty plea but could result in a lesser sentence.Plea bargaining usually takes place before the actual trial, in which case, if an agreement is reached, the witnesses (upon whom the Crown was relying to prove its case) are spared the necessity of having to attend court. One of the major motivations causing the Crown to become involved in plea bargaining is its desire to save civilian witnesses the inconvenience and, in some cases (especially for victims), the trauma of having to testify at a criminal trial.Plea negotiations may also take place during the course of a trial; for instance, when unexpected evidence arises at trial and greatly increases the risk to either the Crown or the defence of not securing a conviction or acquittal, respectively. Also, negotiations concerning the disposition of a case may even arise in the appeal context; for example, where the Crown appeals and the defence cross-appeals, both sides may agree, if it is mutually satisfactory, to abandon their respective appeals.Plea bargaining has essentially 2 main purposes. The first is to increase certainty. The Criminal Code generally allows judges, for most crimes, a wide discretion concerning the imposition of sentences. Consequently, it is often difficult for the Crown or the defence to assess exactly what sentence will be imposed. Similarly, the outcome of a trial, whether before a judge or a judge and jury, can sometimes be difficult to predict. Thus, either the Crown or the defence may be willing to make certain sacrifices in order to obtain greater certainty and to insure that their most important objective is achieved.Secondly, plea bargaining is also entered into in order to save valuable court time and, more importantly, to save the expense and inconvenience of a criminal trial. It is a fact of life in the Canadian criminal justice system that the Crown will usually be more disposed to consider plea negotiations when it is involved in a lengthy and complicated prosecution that requires a significant expenditure of funds to obtain the evidence or witnesses required by the Crown to prove its case.Although in a sense plea bargaining may take the determination of a case out of the court"s hands (for instance, when the Crown decides to accept a guilty plea to some of the charges and withdraw the remainder), it is subject to limitations. For example, although the Crown may recommend a specific sentence to the court, the imposition of sentence is ultimately the court"s responsibility, and the court may reject the Crown"s recommendation where it feels that recommendation is inappropriate.Moreover, it has been held by various appellate courts in Canada that the Crown is divisible; in other words, the Crown can occasionally on appeal change its position despite a previous agreement made by the prosecutor in the court below, but such a change is only allowed where the Crown can demonstrate good reason for taking a different position. It is important to realize that the judge hearing the case is never a party to this agreement nor is he involved in the plea negotiations. Thus there is always the danger that the judge might not adopt the position taken by counsel as a result of the plea negotiations.Finally, when plea negotiations do not result in an agreement or where the circumstances of a particular case make it inappropriate for counsel to engage in plea bargaining, then the accused will either take the case to trial or simply plead guilty without any understanding having been reached with the Crown concerning the process of sentencing.

谈判的筹码Bargaining chips

AAction learning：行动学习Alternation ranking method：交替排序法Annual bonus：年终分红Application forms：工作申请表Appraisal interview：评价面试Aptitudes：资质Arbitration：仲裁 Attendance incentive plan：参与式激励计划Authority：职权BBehavior modeling：行为模拟Behaviorally anchored rating scale (bars)：行为锚定等级评价法Benchmark job：基准职位Benefits：福利Bias：个人偏见Boycott：联合抵制Bumping/layoff procedures：工作替换/临时解雇程序Burnout：耗竭CC Candidate-order error：候选人次序错误Capital accumulation program：资本积累方案Career anchors：职业锚Career cycle：职业周期Career planning and development：职业规划与职业发展Case study method：案例研究方法Central tendency：居中趋势Citations：传讯Civil Rights Act：民权法Classes：类Classification (or grading) method：归类（或分级）法Collective bargaining：集体谈判Comparable worth：可比价值Compensable factor：报酬因素Computerized forecast：计算机化预测Content validity：内容效度Criterion validity：效标效度Critical incident method：关键事件法DDavis-Bacon Act (DBA)：戴维斯―佩根法案Day-to-day-collective bargaining：日常集体谈判Decline stage：下降阶段Deferred profit-sharing plan：延期利润分享计划Defined benefit：固定福利Defined contribution：固定缴款Department of Labor job analysis：劳工部工作分析法Discipline：纪律Dismissal：解雇；开除Downsizing：精简EEarly retirement window：提前退休窗口Economic strike：经济罢工Edgar Schein：艾德加•施恩Employee compensation：职员报酬Employee orientation：雇员上岗引导Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) ：雇员退休收入保障法案Employee services benefits：雇员服务福利Employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) ：雇员持股计划Equal Pay Act：公平工资法Establishment stage：确立阶段Exit interviews：离职面谈Expectancy chart：期望图表Experimentation：实验Exploration stage：探索阶段FFact-finder：调查Fair day"s work：公平日工作Fair Labor Standards Act：公平劳动标准法案Flexible benefits programs：弹性福利计划Flex place：弹性工作地点Flextime：弹性工作时间Forced distribution method：强制分布法Four-day workweek：每周4天工作制Frederick Taylor：弗雷德里克•泰罗Functional control：职能控制Functional job analysis：功能性工作分析法GGeneral economic conditions：一般经济状况Golden offerings：高龄给付Good faith bargaining：真诚的谈判Grade description：等级说明书Grades：等级Graphic rating scale：图尺度评价法Grid training：方格训练Grievance：抱怨Grievance procedure：抱怨程序Group life insurance：团体人寿保险Group pension plan：团体退休金计划Growth stage：成长阶段Guarantee corporation：担保公司Guaranteed fair treatment：有保证的公平对待Guaranteed piecework plan：有保障的计件工资制Gain sharing：收益分享HHalo effect：晕轮效应Health maintenance organization (HMO) ：健康维持组织Illegal bargaining：非法谈判项目IImpasse：僵持Implied authority：隐含职权Incentive plan：激励计划Individual retirement account (IRA) ：个人退休账户In-house development center：企业内部开发中心Insubordination：不服从Insurance benefits：保险福利Interviews：谈话；面谈JJob analysis：工作分析Job description：工作描述Job evaluation：职位评价Job instruction training (JIT) ：工作指导培训Job posting：工作公告 Job rotation：工作轮换Job sharing：工作分组Job specifications：工作说明书John Holland：约翰•霍兰德Junior board：初级董事会LLayoff：临时解雇Leader attach training：领导者匹配训练Lifetime employment without guarantees：无保证终身解雇Line manager：直线管理者Local market conditions：地方劳动力市场Lockout：闭厂由于空间有限只能到L了 其他的想要请和我联系

no bargain 是对的，不还价，名词词组no bargaining 是错的

2015-09-19 迈克尔·波特 21世纪经济报道导读： 迈克尔·波特“五力模型”认为行业中存在着决定竞争规模和程度的五种力量，这五种力量综合起来影响着产业的吸引力。五种力量分别为进入壁垒、替代品威胁、买方议价能力、卖方议价能力以及现存竞争者之间的竞争。 波特五力模型（Porter"s Five Forces Model），由迈克尔·波特（Michael Porter）于20世纪80年代初提出，对公司战略制定产生全球性的深远影响。波特五力模型认为行业中存在着决定竞争规模和程度的五种力量，这五种力量综合起来影响着产业的吸引力。五种力量分别为进入壁垒、替代品威胁、买方议价能力、卖方议价能力以及现存竞争者之间的竞争。任何产业，无论是国内的或国际的，无论生产产品的或提供服务的，竞争规律都将体现在这五种竞争的作用力上。因此，波特五力模型是企业制定竞争战略时经常利用的战略分析工具。 在波特之前， 企业战略分析的基本方法是SWOT法 ，即分析判断企业本身的优势（strength）和劣势（weakness），外部环境的机会（opportunity）和威胁（threat），进而根据企业的内部资源和外部环境来确定发展战略。SWOT法相当简便实用，但同时又显得过于笼统，如果没有具体指标，容易产生主观臆断。所以，波特在SWOT法的基础上，提出了分析产业结构的五力模型，以求战略分析的细化和深化。 波特指出，一般而言，一种产业的结构，可以用下图来表示： 供应商的议价能力（Bargaining power of suppliers） 供方主要通过其提高投入要素价格与降低单位价值质量的能力，来影响行业中现有企业的盈利能力与产品竞争力。供方力量的强弱主要取决于他们所提供给买主的是什么投入要素，当供方所提供的投入要素其价值构成了买主产品总成本的较大比例、对买主产品生产过程非常重要、或者严重影响买主产品的质量时，供方对于买主的潜在讨价还价力量就大大增强。一般来说，满足如下条件的供方集团会具有比较强大的讨价还价力量： 供方行业为一些具有比较稳固市场地位而不受市场剧烈竞争困挠的企业所控制，其产品的买主很多，以致于每一单个买主都不可能成为供方的重要客户。 供方各企业的产品各具有一定特色，以致于买主难以转换或转换成本太高，或者很难找到可与供方企业产品相竞争的替代品。 供方能够方便地实行前向联合或一体化，而买主难以进行后向联合或一体化。 购买者的议价能力（Bargaining power of buyers of customers） 购买者主要通过其压价与要求提供较高的产品或服务质量的能力，来影响行业中现有企业的盈利能力。其购买者议价能力影响主要有以下原因: 购买者的总数较少，而每个购买者的购买量较大，占了卖方销售量的很大比例。 卖方行业由大量相对来说规模较小的企业所组成。 购买者所购买的基本上是一种标准化产品，同时向多个卖主购买产品在经济上也完全可行。 购买者有能力实现后向一体化，而卖主不可能前向一体化。 新进入者的威胁（the threat of new entrants for an industry） 新进入者在给行业带来新生产能力、新资源的同时，将希望在已被现有企业瓜分完毕的市场中赢得一席之地，这就有可能会与现有企业发生原材料与市场份额的竞争，最终导致行业中现有企业盈利水平降低，严重的话还有可能危及这些企业的生存。竞争性进入威胁的严重程度取决于两方面的因素，这就是进入新领域的障碍大小与预期现有企业对于进入者的反应情况。 进入障碍主要包括规模经济、产品差异、资本需要、转换成本、销售渠道开拓、政府行为与政策（如国家综合平衡统一建设的石化企业）、不受规模支配的成本劣势(如商业秘密、产供销关系、学习与经验曲线效应等)、自然资源（如冶金业对矿产的拥有）、地理环境（如造船厂只能建在海滨城市）等方面 ，这其中有些障碍是很难借助复制或仿造的方式来突破的。预期现有企业对进入者的反应情况，主要是采取报复行动的可能性大小，则取决于有关厂商的财力情况、报复记录、固定资产规模、行业增长速度等。总之，新企业进入一个行业的可能性大小，取决于进入者主观估计进入所能带来的潜在利益、所需花费的代价与所要承担的风险这三者的相对大小情况。 替代品的威胁（the threat of substitute products） 两个处于同行业或不同行业中的企业，可能会由于所生产的产品是互为替代品，从而在它们之间产生相互竞争行为 ，这种源自于替代品的竞争会以各种形式影响行业中现有企业的竞争战略。首先，现有企业产品售价以及获利潜力的提高，将由于存在着能被用户方便接受的替代品而受到限制；第二，由于替代品生产者的侵入，使得现有企业必须提高产品质量、或者通过降低成本来降低售价、或者使其产品具有特色，否则其销量与利润增长的目标就有可能受挫；第三，源自替代品生产者的竞争强度，受产品买主转换成本高低的影响。总之，替代品价格越低、质量越好、用户转换成本越低，其所能产生的竞争压力就强；而这种来自替代品生产者的竞争压力的强度，可以具体通过考察替代品销售增长率、替代品厂家生产能力与盈利扩张情况来加以描述。 同业竞争者的竞争程度（the intensity of competitive rivalry） 大部分行业中的企业，相互之间的利益都是紧密联系在一起的，作为企业整体战略一部分的各企业竞争战略，其目标都在于使得自己的企业获得相对于竞争对手的优势，所以，在实施中就必然会产生冲突与对抗现象，这些冲突与对抗就构成了现有企业之间的竞争。现有企业之间的竞争常常表现在价格、广告、产品介绍、售后服务等方面，其竞争强度与许多因素有关。 一般来说，出现下述情况将意味着行业中现有企业之间竞争的加剧，这就是：行业进入障碍较低，势均力敌竞争对手较多，竞争参与者范围广泛；市场趋于成熟，产品需求增长缓慢；竞争者企图采用降价等手段促销；竞争者提供几乎相同的产品或服务，用户转换成本很低；一个战略行动如果取得成功，其收入相当可观；行业外部实力强大的公司在接收了行业中实力薄弱企业后，发起进攻性行动，结果使得刚被接收的企业成为市场的主要竞争者；退出障碍较高，即退出竞争要比继续参与竞争代价更高。在这里，退出障碍主要受经济、战略、感情以及社会政治关系等方面考虑的影响，具体包括：资产的专用性、退出的固定费用、战略上的相互牵制、情绪上的难以接受、政府和社会的各种限制等。 行业中的每一个企业或多或少都必须应付以上各种力量构成的威胁，而且客户必面对行业中的每一个竞争者的举动。除非认为正面交锋有必要而且有益处，例如要求得到很大的市场份额，否则客户可以通过设置进入壁垒，包括差异化和转换成本来保护自己。 当一个客户确定了其优势和劣势时(参见SWOT分析)，客户必须进行定位，以便因势利导，而不是被预料到的环境因素变化所损害，如产品生命周期、行业增长速度等等，然后保护自己并做好准备，以有效地对其它企业的举动做出反应。 根据上面对于五种竞争力量的讨论，企业可以采取尽可能地将自身的经营与竞争力量隔绝开来、努力从自身利益需要出发影响行业竞争规则、先占领有利的市场地位再发起进攻性竞争行动等手段来对付这五种竞争力量，以增强自己的市场地位与竞争实力。 （迈克尔·波特：哈佛商学院教授 ，商业管理界公认的"竞争战略之父"，文章转自《管理学家》，略有调整，仅代表作者本人观点）

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He thrust past a throng of drunkards and bargaining women and walked on through flaring streets.