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关于匈奴人的历史

2023-06-28 13:52:16
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西柚不是西游

  匈奴 原本是活跃在中亚蒙古大草原上的游牧民族,他们从公元3世纪开始了漫长的西迁。匈奴人是骑在马背上的民族,匈奴的骑兵擅长使用长矛和弓箭作战。为了找到新的适合放牧的草原,匈奴人带着家眷和大量的马匹牲口开始了迁徙。匈奴军队有着强大的力量和严明的纪律,他们以不可阻挡之势扫清了西迁路上的所有障碍。当地的民族为了躲避恐怖的敌人而不得不离开自己的家园,从而掀起了一阵巨大的迁徙浪潮。这一连锁反应由君士坦丁堡和东罗马帝国一直延伸到多瑙河和莱茵河流域,最终在公元476年淹没了西罗马帝国。

  匈奴人终于发现了所喜爱的土地,他们定居在匈牙利平原,在蒂萨河畔的塞格得城建立了自己的大本营。匈奴人需要广阔的草原来放牧他们的马群和牲口,从这一片区域开始,匈奴人通过同盟或是征服的方式控制了由俄罗斯的乌拉尔山直到法国的莱茵河之间的区域。

  匈奴人是马术精湛的骑手,从少年时期就开始接受训练,一些历史学家相信正是匈奴人发明了马镫,增强了骑兵在持握长矛冲锋时的战斗力。匈奴骑兵的机动能力使敌人带来感到恐惧,他们每天要更换几匹战马以保持这一优势。匈奴人的第二个优势是他们使用的复合弓,远远超过了西方的任何同类武器。站立在马镫上,他们能够向前后左右各个方向发射弓箭。匈奴人的战术是令人惊异的闪电般的突袭,并因此而带来恐怖。他们是一支由轻骑兵所组成的军团,他们的行政体系需要一名伟大的领袖来统率整个部落。

  当伊朗人种的游牧民(斯基泰人和萨尔马特人)占据着草原地带西部即南俄罗斯时,无疑地还包括图尔盖河流域和西西伯利 匈奴极盛时期疆域图亚;草原地带的东部是处于突厥-蒙古种民族的统治之下。其中在古代史上占统治地位的民族是以"匈奴"一名而被中国人所知。匈奴一名与后来罗马人和印度人称呼同一蛮族的名称(Huns〔Hunni〕和Huna)是同词源的。可能这些匈奴人(直到公元前3世纪的秦朝,才在中国编年史上清楚地记载了匈奴一名)在公元前第9和第8世纪时已经被中国人称为严狁。更早一些的时候,他们可能被称为"草粥",或更含糊地被叫作"胡人"。在历史的黎明时期,汉人所知的胡人是指那些当时居住在中国边境上,即在鄂尔多斯、山西北部和河北北部的那些民族。马斯佩罗推测:所谓北戎即"北部之戎",分布在今天的北京西部和西北部,是一支胡人部落。其他的部落在公元前第4世纪时已经归降于赵国。赵武灵王(大约公元前325-298年在位)甚至从他们那里夺取了山西最北部(大同地区),实际上还夺取了今鄂尔多斯北部地区(约公元前300年)。正是为了有效地防范这些游牧民的进攻,秦国(陕西)和赵国(山西)的汉人都改他们的重车兵为灵活的骑兵。这一军事改革带来了中国服装上的彻底变化;弓箭时代的长袍被从游牧民那里学来的骑兵裤子所取代。从游牧民哪里,中国武士们还模仿了羽毛装饰的帽子、"三尾服"和后来对名为"战国时期"的艺术起到很大作用的"带扣"。也正是为了防御匈奴,赵国及其邻近诸国的中国人开始沿其北部边境垒起最初的城墙,后来秦始皇统一和完成了城墙的建筑,成为了长城。

  据司马迁记述,正是在公元前3世纪后半叶,匈奴似乎成为一支统一的、强大的民族,他们由一位名叫单于的首领统帅着,单于的全名汉文译音是撑犁孤涂单于,中国人把这些词解释为"像天子一样广大的首领"。在这些词中可以发现突厥-蒙古语词根,特别是"撑犁"是突厥-蒙古语词(Tangri,天国)的译音。在单于之下,有两个最大的官职,即屠耆王,意为左右贤王。汉文译音"屠耆"与突厥字(doghri)有关系,意思是"正直的"、"忠实的"。就基本上以游牧生活为主的民族所能谈到的固定居住地而言,单于住在鄂尔浑河上游的山区,以后成吉思汗蒙古人的都城哈拉和林就建在这儿。左贤王--原则上是单于的继承人--住在东面,可能在克鲁伦高地。右贤王住在西面,可能像阿尔伯特·赫尔曼认为的那样,在杭爱山区、今乌里雅苏台附近。接下去,匈奴统治集团内依次有:左右谷蠡王、左右大将、左右大都尉、左右大当户、左右骨都侯,然后是千夫长、百夫长,十夫长。这个游牧民族,在行进时被组织得像一支军队。一般行进的方向是朝南,这在突厥-蒙古种各民族中已成为习惯;类似的现象在匈奴的后裔、6世纪的突厥人中,以及成吉思汗的蒙古人中都可以看到。

  汉人描绘的匈奴肖像上的特征,我们在他们的继承者突厥人和蒙古人身上也可以看到。威格尔概括道:"他们的身材矮而粗壮,头大而圆,阔脸,颧骨高,鼻翼宽,上胡须浓密,而领下仅有一小撮硬须,长长的耳垂上穿着孔,佩戴着一只耳环。头部除了头顶上留着一束头发外,其余部分都剃光。厚厚的眉毛,杏眼,目光炯炯有神。身穿长齐小腿的、两边开叉的宽松长袍,腰上系有腰带,腰带两端都垂在前面,由于寒冷,袖子在手腕处收紧。一条短毛皮围在肩上,头戴皮帽。鞋是皮制的,宽大的裤子用一条皮带在踝部捆扎紧。弓箭袋系在腰带上,垂在左腿的前面,箭筒也系在腰带上横吊在腰背部,箭头朝着右边。"

  上述服装的一些细部,特别是裹齐踝部的裤子,对匈奴人与斯基泰人来说都是共同的。有许多习惯也是相同的:如葬礼上的牺牲。匈奴和斯基泰人都是在酋长(或首领)的墓上,割开其妻子及随从们的喉咙,至于匈奴人,其人数达到上百或者上千。希罗多德(IV.65)记载,斯基泰人将敌人的头盖骨在沿眉毛平处锯开,在外面用皮套蒙上,里面嵌上金片,作为饮器使用。《前汉书》证实了匈奴人中有同样的习惯。这一习惯特别是从老上单于用月氏王的头盖骨来饮酒的例子中可以看到。确实,匈奴和斯基泰人都是把头看作战利品的。希罗多德(IV.64)曾提到斯基泰人在战利品中展示他们砍下的敌人的头颅以及挂在马缰绳上的头皮,以示夸耀。

  在匈奴的后裔,即公元第6世纪的突厥人中,一个战士坟墩上的石头,其数目是与他一生中所杀敌人的数目成比例。这种嗜血性的风俗也同样盛行于印欧种和突厥-蒙古种的游牧民中。斯基泰人用敌人的血洒在插在一个小土堆上的神圣的短弯刀上,以及喝一杯被他杀死的第一个敌人的血。匈奴人在订盟约时,要用人头盖骨制成的容器喝血。在悼念死者时,斯基泰人和匈奴人用小刀把脸划破,"让血和泪一起流出来"。

  像斯基泰人一样,匈奴人基本上是游牧民,他们生活的节奏也是由他们的羊群、马群、牛群和骆驼群而调节。为寻找水源和牧场,他们随牧群而迁徙。他们吃的只是畜肉(这一习惯给更多是以蔬菜为食的中国人很深的印象),衣皮革,被谢裘,住毡帐。他们信奉一种以崇拜天(腾格里)和崇拜某些神山为基础的、含混不清的萨满教。他们的单于或者最高君主,在秋季召集全体匈奴人(这个季节马最壮)课校人畜。所有的中原汉人著作家都把这些野蛮人描述成顽固的掠夺者,他们会出其不意地出现在耕地边缘,侵袭人畜和抢劫财产,然后在任何还击可能来到之前带着战利品溜走。当他们被追赶时,他们的战术是引诱汉人军队深入大戈壁滩或是草原荒凉之地,然后在自己不遭埋伏的情况下,以雷雨般的箭惩罚追赶者,直到他们的敌人被拖垮,被饥渴弄得精疲力竭,他们才一举而消灭之。由于他们的骑兵的机动性以及他们的弓箭技术,这些方法相当有效。在从最初的匈奴到成吉思汗时期的所有草原居民中,这些方法都很少变化。对于所有那些由马上弓箭手组成的部落,无论是东方的匈奴人或是西方的斯基泰人,这些方法都是共同的。正如希罗多德所陈述的,斯基泰人对付大流士就是采用同样的策略。大流士及时地意识到这种危险,并且在这种"退出俄罗斯"可能终止灾难的来临之前就撤退了。有多少汉人将领后来因为缺乏这种谨慎,他们受到匈奴人佯装逃逸的蒙蔽而进入沙漠荒凉之地,在那儿遭到了屠杀呢?

  至于匈奴在突厥-蒙古种各民族中的语言位置,一些作者,如白鸟库吉倾向于把他们归入蒙古种人。相反,伯希和从汉文译本所提供的反复核对的几次巧合中,认为全面来看,这些匈奴人应该属于突厥种,特别是他们的政治领导人。中国古代北方游牧民族。其族属尚无定论,主要有突厥、蒙古等说。无文字。战国末,常扰掠秦、赵、燕北边,三国相继筑长城以拒之。冒顿单于在位(前209~前174)时,统一各部,建立国家,统有大漠南北广大地区。老上单于(约前174~前160)时,匈奴势力东至辽河,西越葱岭,北抵贝加尔湖,南达长城,成为历史上第一个草原游牧帝国。汉初,匈奴不断南下侵掠。公元前200年,围汉高祖刘邦于白登山(今山西大同东北),遂迫汉朝实行和亲,且岁奉贡献,并开关市与之交易。然而,匈奴仍屡屡背约南侵,成为汉朝一大边患。汉武帝时国力强盛,曾3次(前127、前121、前119)大举出兵反击匈奴,匈奴势力渐衰。汉代,匈奴由于天灾、人祸及汉军的打击,发生过两次分裂:一次是公元前57年左右出现的五单于并立局面。结果是公元前53年呼韩邪单于归汉,引众南徙阴山附近。公元前36年,汉西域副校尉陈汤发西域各国兵远征康居,击杀与汉为敌的郅支单于,消灭了匈奴在西域的势力,公元前33年,汉元帝以宫人王嫱(昭君)嫁呼韩邪单于,恢复了和亲。另一次是王莽篡汉后,匈奴的势力有所发展。但到东汉光武帝建武二十四年(公元48年),匈奴日逐王比被南边八部拥立为南单于,袭用其祖父呼韩邪单于的称号,请求内附,得到东汉允许。匈奴又一次分裂,成为南北二部。南下附汉的称为南匈奴,留居漠北的称为北匈奴。

  南匈奴屯居朔方、五原、云中(在今内蒙古自治区境内)等郡,东汉末分为五部。至西晋,南匈奴人在逐步转向定居农耕生活,但除了上层贵族生活习惯和文化教养受汉文化影响较深外,匈奴仍然聚族而居,社会结构变化不大。304年,匈奴刘渊建立政权,民族共同体开始瓦解,逐渐汉化。除刘赵政权外,十六国中的夏(赫连氏)和北凉(沮渠氏)也是匈奴支裔建立的。

  公元91年,汉军出居延塞(今内蒙古西部额济纳旗一带),围北匈奴单于于金微山(今阿尔泰山)。北匈奴战败后部分西迁,余众后来归附于兴起的鲜卑。多数学者认为,西迁的北匈奴就是欧洲史上的匈人。

阿啵呲嘚
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★匈奴人的历史:
匈奴的英文名是hun,是祖居阿尔泰山脉以东南、大兴安岭以西、蒙古草原以南、青藏高原以东北、华北平原以西北戈壁披发左衽的北方民族,古北亚人种和原始印欧人种的混合,统治集团父系Y染色体主体为西欧亚R1a1和北亚C3,母系线粒体DNA为D4,崇拜黄金。匈奴也是破坏者和野蛮人的代名词,从中可以看出欧洲人对匈奴的恐怖记忆。公元1世纪,北匈奴,逐渐向西逃亡,最后深入到欧洲腹地,引发了欧洲社会的大变动,改变了欧洲历史。
按《史记》,匈奴人的先祖是夏朝的遗民,向西迁移的过程中融合了月氏、楼兰、乌孙、呼揭及其旁二十六国的白种人。《史记·匈奴列传》记载:“匈奴,其先夏后氏之苗裔,曰淳维。唐虞以上有山戎、猃允、薰粥,居于北边,随草畜牧而转移”。《山海经·大荒北经》称:犬戎与夏人同祖,皆出于黄帝。《史记索隐》引张晏的话说:“淳维以殷时奔北边。”意即夏的后裔淳维,在商朝时逃到北边,子孙繁衍成了匈奴。还有一说认为,移居北地的夏之后裔,是夏桀的儿子。夏桀流放三年而死,其子獯鬻带着父亲留下的妻妾,避居北野,随畜移徙,即是中国所称的匈奴。部分学者根据《史记》记载的后半段文字,认为匈奴原是山戎、猃狁、荤粥。王国维在《鬼方昆夷猃狁考》中,把匈奴名称的演变作了系统的概括,认为商朝时的鬼方、混夷、獯鬻,周朝时的猃狁,春秋时的戎、狄,战国时的胡,都是后世所谓的匈奴。
匈奴是古代蒙古戈壁草原的游牧民族,最初在蒙古建立国家,前215年被逐出黄河河套地区,历经东汉时分裂,南匈奴进入中原内附,北匈奴从漠北西迁,中间经历了约三百年。内迁中原的南匈奴在十六国时期成立地方政权,如汉赵、北凉、胡夏等;北匈奴西迁康居。自汉武帝元光六年(西元前129年)起开始受到汉朝军队的攻击,汉武帝元朔六年(西元前123年)匈奴将主力北撤漠北,至汉武帝元狩四年(西元前119)已完全退出漠南。汉元帝竟宁元年(西元前33),王昭君嫁与匈奴呼韩邪单于后,匈奴人已重新回到漠南,双方依汉元帝永光元年(西元前 43)的约定以长城为界;在东汉光武帝建武二十二年(西元 46)匈奴人受到乌桓人的攻击北迁前的80年间,匈奴人一直居住在漠南。匈奴人的最近后裔是蒙古族。目前蒙古国仍有8%的男性(16万人)带有匈奴人的Y染色体。
★匈奴人的历史大事年表:
公元前 二一五年 秦始皇发兵三十万,使蒙恬北攻匈奴。
公元前 二一四年 蒙恬败匈奴,略河南地,设县四十四。增修民城, 西起临挑,东至辽东,御匈奴。
公元前 二零一年 九月,韩王信降匈奴。冒顿进兵太原,至晋阳。
公元前 二零零年 十月,刘邦击韩王信,信败走匈奴。曼丘臣等扶赵利为赵王。合韩王信及匈奴兵反击汉军。汉军被围于平城七日。十二月,匈奴攻代。
公元前 一九八年 冬,汉使人至匈奴结和亲。
公元前 一九七年 九月,代相陈豨结匈奴自立为代王,刘邦自攻之。
公元前 一九五年 三月,燕王卢绾亡入匈奴,被封为东胡卢王。
公元前 一九二年 汉以宗室女饰为公主,嫁匈奴。
公元前 一八二年 匈奴入狄道,攻阿阳。
公元前 一八一年 十二月,匈奴至狄道,略二千余人。
公元前 一七七年 五月,匈奴右贤王入居河南地,略上郡。
公元前 一七四年 春,冒顿致书汉文帝,约和。冒顿死,老上(稽粥)即“单于”位。汉文帝遣宗室女为公主至匈奴和。
公元前 一六九年 匈奴略狄道。
公元前 一六六年 冬,匈奴入汉朝那、彭阳,侯骑至甘泉宫,月余乃退。中行说降匈奴,劝稽粥勿爱汉物。
公元前 一六二年 匈奴连年扰汉边,云中、辽东最甚。汉文帝致书单子,匈奴亦使人报聘,又和亲。
公元前 一五八年 冬,匈奴入上郡、云中、月余始退。稽粥死,军臣即位。
公元前 一五六年 四月,汉与匈奴和亲。
公元前 一五五年 秋,汉与匈奴和亲。
公元前 一五四年 正月,汉七王与匈奴结兵造反,未遂。
公元前 一五二年 汉公主嫁匈奴。匈奴与汉通市。
公元前 一四八年 二月,匈奴兵迫燕地。
公无前 一四四年 六月,匈奴兵至雁门,入上郡,取汉苑马。
公元前 一四二年 三月,匈奴兵至雁门。
公元前 一三三年 六月,汉武帝使四将军,兵三十余万,诱击匈奴,无功。
公元前 一二九年 匈奴入上谷,汉使卫青等四将军各率万骑分道出击。青至龙城斩获。秋,匈奴入汉塞,韩安国屯渔阳。匈奴生擒李广。
公元前 一二八年 秋,匈奴入辽西、渔阳、雁门。卫青等击退之。
公元前 一二七年 匈奴入上谷、渔阳。卫青击退之于河南,逐匈奴 白羊王、楼烦王,取河南地,设朔方郡,筑朔方城。修秦时所筑塞。
公元前 一二六年 冬,军臣死,伊秩邪立,内战,太子于禅出降汉。匈奴入汉代郡。又入雁门。
公元前 一二五年 夏,匈奴入汉代郡、定襄、上郡。
公元前 一二四年 春,匈奴右贤王兵临汉朔方,汉以卫青等十余将往征。秋,匈奴入汉代郡。 公元前 一二三年 二月,汉卫青统六将军击匈奴。
公元前 一二二年 五月,匈奴入上谷。
公元前 一二一年 三月,霍去病击匈奴。夏,去病再击匈奴。匈奴入代、雁门。秋,匈奴浑邪王杀休屠王,并其众降汉。汉分徙匈奴前后降者子陇西、北地、上郡、朔方、云中等五郡外为五属国。
公元前 一二零年 秋,匈奴入右北平、定襄。
公元前 一一九年 春,汉大攻匈奴。匈奴漠南无王庭。
公元前 一一五年 汉于原浑邪王地设酒泉郡,休屠王地设武威郡。
公元前 一一四年 匈奴伊秩邪死,乌维立。
公元前 一一二年 西羌结匈奴攻汉安故,围抱罕。匈奴入五原。
公元前 一一一年 汉二将军率骑入匈奴二千里,无功。
公元前 一一零年 十月,汉武帝北巡、登单于台、向匈奴挑战,匈奴单于杀主张接见汉使者,拘汉使。
公元前 一零七年 秋,匈奴数扰汉边。
公元前 一零五年 乌维死;詹师庐即单于位。匈奴王庭益西北。匈奴境大雨雪。国中不安。 公元前 一零四年 汉筑受降城于塞外。
公元前 一零三年 汉二万骑侵匈奴,被歼,赵破奴被擒。匈奴入双边。
公元前 一零二年 詹师庐死,句犁湖即单于位。汉于五原塞外数百里至千里,筑城障。秋,匈奴入汉定襄、云中、酒泉、张掖等郡。
公元前 一零一年 汉使楼兰王侯伺匈奴。冬,匈奴尽归向所拘汉使,使人聘于汉。
公元前 一零零年 三月,汉使苏武送匈奴使之留在汉者。武以密谋匈奴事发,被拘。句犁湖死,且鞮侯立为单于。
公元前 九九年 五月,汉击匈奴于天山。军还,为匈奴所围,大败。李陵败降匈奴。汉以匈奴叛王介和王成娩将.楼兰兵击车师,为匈奴救兵所败。
公元前 九八年 秋,匈奴入雁门。
公元前 九七年 正月,汉分路击匈奴,无功。
公元前 九六年 且鞮侯死,狐鹿姑即单于位。
公元前 九一年 秋,匈奴入上谷,五原。
公元前 九零年 三月,汉李广利击匈奴,败降。匈奴介和王率六国兵攻车师。狐鹿姑致书汉武帝、约边界。
公元前 八七年 冬,匈奴入朔方。
公元前 八五年 狐鹿姑死,壶衍鞮即单于位。匈奴争乱。
公元前 八一年 匈奴与汉议和,释苏武归。
公元前 八零年 匈奴入汉边,大败。
公元前 七九年 匈奴备汉进攻,筑余吾水桥。
公元前 七七年 乌桓发匈奴先单于墓棘。匈奴与乌桓战。
公元前 七二年 匈奴伐乌孙,汉救之。
公元前 七一年 五月,汉攻匈奴军罢。冬,匈奴击乌孙。匈境大雨雪。西、北、东邻国进攻。属国瓦解。
公元前 六八年 壶衍鞮死,虚闾权渠立为单于。匈奴发屯兵备汉。秋,匈奴投属之辱居种居左地者起兵,与瓯脱战,败而降汉。
公元前 六七年 汉郑吉破车师,其王奔匈奴。
公元前 六四年 匈奴攻车师,郑吉被围,汉以车师地归匈奴。
公元前 六零年 匈奴日逐王先贤掸将众降汉。匈奴罢西域僮仆都尉。
公元前 五九年 匈奴击车师。匈奴使人奉献于汉,贺汉明年正旦。
公元前 五八年 丁零掠匈奴。单于使弟朝于汉。匈奴庭内争, 呼韩邪立。
公元前 五七年 七月,匈奴五单于争立。郅支立为单于。
公元前 五六年 八月,匈奴屠营单于子右谷蠡王以相争兵败,降汉。
十一月,匈奴左大将乌厉屈等降汉。
公元前 五五年 六月,汉设西河、北地属国,以处匈奴降者。
公元前 五四年 正月,匈奴单于称臣于汉,使弟右谷蠡王入侍汉。
公元前 五三年 正月,匈奴庭内就降汉与否政策争论。呼韩、郅支各遣子入侍汉。冬.匈奴单于贺汉正旦。
公元前 五二年 冬,呼韩邪请明年朝汉。
公元前 五一年 正月,呼韩邪入汉朝,汉授玺绶。二月,汉使骑送之归国,允其居汉光禄塞下。
公元前 五零年 冬,呼韩、郅支各献于汉。
公元前 四九年 正月,呼韩朝汉。 二月归国。
公元前 四八年 汉使云中、五原输谷,救呼韩邪困贫。
公元前 四四年 郅支杀汉使谷吉,徙帐康居。
公元前 四三年 呼韩邪北归庭。与汉盟誓。
公元前 三六年 秋,汉西域都护甘延寿发西域兵攻入康居,杀郅支。匈奴随郅支西迁者几尽。 公元前 三三年 正月,呼韩邪朝汉。汉以王嫱嫁之。呼韩邪为汉保塞。
公元前 三一年 呼韩邪死,雕陶莫皋立为复株累若鞮单于。
公元前 二七年 匈奴单于使朝汉。
公元前 二五年 正月,雕陶莫皋朝汉。
公元前 二零年 雕陶莫皋死,且麇胥立为搜谐若鞮单于,搜谐使子入侍。
公元前 一二年 搜谐入汉,病死汉塞下。
公元前 十一年 且莫车立为车牙若鞮单于。
公元前 八年 车牙死,囊知牙斯立为乌株留若鞮单于。汉使单子献地。
公元前 三年 匈奴单于请朝汉。
公元前 一年 正月,乌珠留入朝。
公元 二年 汉要王嫱须卜居次入侍。车师后王忤汉戊己校尉,亡入匈奴。婼羌去胡来王率妻子人民入匈奴。王莽迫匈奴允四条件;要匈奴改一字名。乌桓杀匈奴使者,拒绝纳税。
公元 九年 王莽换单于玺,授新章。
公元 十年 汉改匈奴单于为匈奴服于。备甲率三十万攻匈奴,预分其地为十五国。
公元 十一年 王莽使人诱赂呼韩邪诸子。乌株留分告诸部入汉塞、大赂。车师降匈奴。
公元 十三年 乌株留死,成立为乌累若鞮单于。匈奴单于改左贤王为护于。
公元 十四年 匈奴请和。
公元 十五年 春,汉改匈奴单于为恭奴善于。
公元 十六年 汉击匈奴、兵屯于边。
公元 十八年 咸死,舆立为呼都而尸道皋若鞮单于。单于遣使向汉奉献。汉迫匈奴大臣须卜当至长安,拜为须卜单于。匈奴入汉边。
公元 十九年 汉“猪突豨勇”击匈奴。
公元 二一年 汉转谷、帛到边郡,备击匈奴。
公元 二三年 冬,更始帝使人至匈奴。单于不再称臣。
公元 二五年 卢芳称西平王,结匈奴,匈奴立为汉皇帝。
公元 二七年 二月,汉渔阳太守彭宠自立为燕王。结匈奴。
公元 二八年 五月,匈奴助彭宠战,败。
公元 二九年 十一月,汉五原李典等结匈奴,迎卢芳都九原,据五原等郡。
公元 三零年 十二月,汉冯异破卢芳、匈奴兵。匈奴遣使向汉奉献。汉报命、通旧好。
公元 三十一年 三月,公孙述立瑰器为朔宁王。冬,卢芳所设云中、朔方太守降汉。
公元 三二年 十一月,陇西等郡附瑰嚣。
公元 三三年 汉迁雁门吏民于太原。六月,匈奴败汉兵。汉兵屯常山备匈奴。
公元 三四年 正月,汉吴汉破匈奴兵。汉省定襄郡,迁民于西河。
公元 三五年 汉省朔方牧并于并州。
公元 三六年 匈奴与乌桓助卢芳扰汉边。
公元 三七年 二月,卢芳入匈奴。五月,匈奴入汉河东。
公元 三八年 西域诸国苦匈奴重敛,请汉置都护,不许。
公元 三九年 二月,吴汉攻匈奴。汉迁雁门、代、上谷吏民于居庸、常山关以东,避匈奴。匈奴左部转居塞内。十二月,匈奴护卢芳居高柳。
公元 四零年 十二月,卢芳降汉,被封代王。
公元 四一年 匈奴、乌桓、鲜卑连兵入汉塞。
公元 四二年 五月,卢芳又入匈奴。十年后死于此。
公元 四四年 五月,匈奴掠上党等地。十二月,匈奴略天水等地。汉迁五原民于河东。
公元 四五年 四月,安定属国胡据青山。冬,匈奴入上谷。
公元 四六年 匈奴求和亲。匈奴为乌桓所破,北迁。都善、车师均附匈奴。
公元 四六年 呼都而尸死,蒲奴立。匈奴连年蝗旱;
公元 四七年 薁鞬日逐王比使人奉匈奴地图至西河,向汉求内附。
公元 四八年 正月,日逐王比与八部大人叩汉五原塞,请为汉扦边.汉许之。十月,比立为单于,是为“南”单于。 从此,匈奴被分称为南、北匈奴。
公元 四九年 正月,汉祭彤赂鲜卑攻匈奴。南单于向汉称藩。三月,使子入侍汉。
公元 五零年 正月,汉授南单于玺绶。听入居云中,设使匈奴中郎将。夏,南单于部下内讧,左贤王自立为单于,月余死。冬,北匈奴始攻南单于,汉使南单于,居西河美稷,使西河长吏以兵卫之。南单于以兵屯八郡,为汉侦侯。
公元 五一年 北匈奴至汉武威,请和亲。
公元 五二年 北匈奴使人向汉贡马裘,请和亲。
公元 五五年 北匈奴遣使向汉奉献。
公元 五六年 比死,莫立为臣浮尤鞮劳单于。一年后,汗立为何伐于虑鞮单于。
公元 五九年 正月,汉明堂大礼,南匈奴侍子助祭。汗死,适立为醯僮尸逐侯鞮单于。
公元 六二年 十一月,北匈奴扰五原。十二月,扰云中,南单于击却之。单于适死,苏立为丘徐车林鞮单于,数月死。
公元 六三年 长立为胡邪尸逐侯鞮单于。
公元 六四年 北匈奴向汉求市,许之。
公元 六五年 三月,汉郑众使北匈奴还。悉南、北匈奴交通状,屯营五原曼柏以防之。十月,北匈奴扰西河诸郡。
公元 六六年 二月,南匈奴使子入汉学。
公元 七二年 十二月,汉耿秉、窦固等屯凉州,备击匈奴。
公元 七三年 二月,汉四路击北匈奴。窦固取伊吾庐、余无功。汉斑超使西域,杀北匈奴使者。九月,北匈奴大入云中。
公元 七四年 八月,汉令诸属国囚任兵,赴军营
公元 七五年 三月,北匈奴破车师后王,围金满城。七月,北匈奴围攻汉耿恭。十一月,北匈奴围柳中城。又攻耿恭于疏勒城。
公元 七六年 汉边郡兵与南单于,共攻北匈奴。
公元 七七年 三月,北匈奴复据伊吾地。
公元 八三年 六月,北匈奴三木楼普大入请降汉。
公元 八四年 北匈奴向汉请市,许之。大且渠驱牛、羊至关市,为南单于抄掠而去。
公元 八五年 北匈奴大人降汉者七三人。西域、丁零、鲜卑共攻匈奴,单于远走。冬,北匈奴声言回击南单于,汉使南单于还所掠。单于长死,宣立为伊屠于闾鞮单于。
公元 八七年 七月,鲜卑大破北匈奴,杀尤留单于。十月,北匈奴大乱,五十八部二八万口降汉。
公元 八八年 七月,北匈奴饥乱,降南单于者岁数千人。南单于请汉兵击北匈奴。宣死,屯屠河立为休兰尸,逐侯疑单于。
公元 八九年 六月,汉窦宪破北匈奴于稽落山、勒石燕然。北单于向汉奉献。
公元 九零年 二月,汉复设西河、上郡属国都尉。五月,窦宪攻北匈奴伊吾庐地。九月,北单于向汉称臣。十月,南单于与汉兵袭北匈奴。
公元 九一年 二月,窦宪破北匈奴于金微山。单于远走。北匈奴于除鞬立为单于,至蒲类海、款汉塞请降。
公元 九二年 正月,汉授于除鞬单于玺缓,屯伊吾,以兵监护之
公元 九三年 正月,于除鞬率众北归,北匈奴残破,鲜卑据其地,匈奴余种十余万落自称鲜卑。屯屠河死,安国立为单于。
公元 九四年 正月,安国与师子不和。安国被属下杀。师子立为亭独尸逐侯鞮单于。十一月,北匈奴新降者十五部二十余万人拥逢侯为单子而起事。汉、鲜卑攻逢侯。
公元 九六年 五月,南匈奴右温禺犊王乌居战出塞。七月,汉追击。迁其余众于安定,北地。冬,逢侯左部万余人降汉。
公元 九八年 师子死,檀立为万氏尸逐鞮单于。
公元 一零四年 十一月,北匈奴称臣,愿和亲,汉不许。
公元 一零五年 北匈奴至敦煌贡献,请汉修故约,汉不许。
公元 一零九年 九月,南匈奴骨都侯与鲜卑大人、雁门乌桓连兵犯五原,败汉兵,围美稷。十一月,汉兵破南匈奴薁鞬日逐王。
公元 一一零年 正月,耿夔、梁堇兵破南单于。二月,南匈奴攻常山。三月,南单于降汉,还所掠汉男女及羌所卖入匈奴者。
公元 一一六年 汉与南单于破先零羌于灵州。
公元 一一八年 春,逢侯降汉。
公元 一一九年 北匈奴复役属西域诸国。
公元 一二零年 三月,北匈奴结车师后王,杀汉使,逐车师前王。
公元 一二三年 四月,北匈奴数扰河西,汉班勇屯柳中以遏之。十一月,鲜卑攻南单子於曼柏。
公元 一二四年 正月,班勇发西域兵攻北匈奴伊蠡王于车师前庭。五月,南匈奴大人阿族以单子征调烦累,北走,汉追之,斩获殆尽。檀死,拔被立为南单于。
公元 一二五年 七月,班勇斩匈奴在车师后庭之使者。
公元 一二六年 班勇发诸国兵击北匈奴呼衍王。呼衍王迁居枯梧河上。北单于来援,勇逐之。鲜卑数寇南匈奴,求汉复障塞。
公元 一二七年 正月,汉与南匈奴破鲜卑其至鞬。
公元 一二八年 拔死,休利立为去特若尸逐就单子。
公元 一三三年 三月,汉与南匈奴击鲜卑。
公元 一三四年 四月,车师后部击北匈奴于阊吾隆谷。
公元 一三五年 春,北匈奴呼衍王攻车师后部。
公元 一三七年 八月,汉兵攻呼衍王。
公元 一四零年 四月,南匈奴句龙大人吾斯、车纽等攻西河、围美稷、扰朔方。五月,汉破之。汉中郎将陈龟杀南单于。九月,吾斯立车纽为单于,结乌桓,羌胡,略并州、凉、幽、冀等地。汉迁西河、上郡、朔方于内地。十二月,破车纽于马邑,车纽降。
公元 一四三年 六月,汉立守义王兜楼储为单于。十一月,汉中郎将暗杀吾斯。
公元 一四四年 四月,汉破南匈奴左部。
公元 一四七年 兜楼储死,车居儿立为伊陵尸逐就单于。
公元 一五一年 四月,呼衍王扰伊吾。
公元 一五三年 车师后王进入匈奴。
公元 一五五年 七月,南匈奴左薁鞬台耆,且渠伯德等攻美程,东羌应之。汉招诱东羌破台营,伯德等。
公元 一五六年 七月,鲜卑檀石槐尽有匈奴故地。
公元 一五八年 十二月,南匈奴诸部结乌桓、鲜卑扰沿边九郡。汉诱乌桓杀匈奴屠各部帅,引兵击南单于、破降之。
公元 一六六年 七月,鲜卑结南匈奴扰九边。十二月,南匈奴、乌桓二十万口降汉。
公元 一七四年 十二月,鲜卑扰北地,汉郡兵与屠各兵破之。
公元 一七七年 八月,汉与南匈奴兵击鲜卑,大败。车居儿死。
公元 一七八年 呼徵立为南单于。
公元 一七九年 汉中郎将杀呼徵,立羌渠。
公元 一八七年 十二月,屠各胡起事。
公元 一八八年 三月,屠各胡攻杀并州刺史。匈奴内讧,一部与屠各胡合攻杀羌渠,其子于扶罗立为持至尸逐侯单子。起义者另立须卜骨都侯为单于。九月,南单于于扶罗与白波、黄巾合攻河东。
公元 一八九年 须卜骨都侯死。南单于虚其位,以老王行国事。
公元 一九一年 七月,於夫罗附董卓。
公元 一九二年 睦固结于於夫罗略。曹操破之于内黄。
公元 一九三年 正月,黑山别部与於夫罗附袁述,屯封丘。六月,曹操击屠各兵于常山,无功。
公元 一九五年 十一月,南匈奴右贤王去卑护卫汉献帝,击退李榷、郭把兵。於夫罗死,呼厨泉立为单于。
公元 二零二年 九月,曹操击降南单于。
公元 二一六年 七月,呼厨泉朝见魏,曹操留之,使去卑监其国。分部为五,各立贵人为帅,以汉司马监之。
公元 二二零年 魏授呼厨泉魏玺绶。
公元290年,匈奴开始在阿兰国周围活动。
公元350年,匈奴灭阿兰。
公元374年,攻入第聂伯河,与东哥特人战。
公元376年,匈奴大败西哥特,后者逃入罗马帝国境内。
公元408年,乌丁王去世,奥克塔王朝开始,奥克塔成为国王(单于)。
公元434年,布雷达和阿提拉共同成为国王(单于),攻拜占庭,后者被迫开始向匈奴付700黄金年贡。
公元445年,布雷达去世,阿提拉独掌大权。
公元447年,攻拜占庭,后者将年贡增到2100黄金。
公元451年,沙隆会战,西哥特与西罗马联军胜阿提拉。
公元452年,匈奴人兵临罗马城,教皇里奥一世出城将阿提拉劝说回去。
公元453年,阿提拉去世,匈奴帝国崩溃。
公元468年,阿提拉一儿子发动对拜占庭的战争,自己战败死去。
参考:http://baike.b***.com/view/14656.htm
牛云

匈奴是我国古代一个强大而影响深远的民族,其名始显于战国。自西汉以来,中国古代文籍记述其先民即殷周鬼方、猃狁。当今学术界,仍多宗古籍;也有西来、北来等说。匈奴无文字,以语言为约束。留传至今的少量古代汉语文记录的匈奴语汇与氏族名,难于对其族属与语族作出准确判断,目前主要有突厥、蒙古等说,也还有别的一些说法。

匈奴出现于中国历史舞台的最初活动中心地区,为漠南阴山及河套一带。见于记载的匈奴第一个单于,驻头曼城,其地当今内蒙古包头市境。战国末叶,匈奴与东胡并强,常扰掠秦、赵、燕三国北部边郡,三国相继筑长城以拒匈奴与东胡;秦始皇复使蒙恬统30万众连成万里长城。

至公元前209年,冒顿杀其父头曼,废单于推举制度,自立为单于。从此,匈奴遂由族名,兼为单于国名。 公元前209~前174年,冒顿在位,控弦之士30余万,南并楼烦、白羊王,东灭东胡,西走月氏,北服屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁各族。老上单于继冒顿,又从伊犁河流域驱逐月氏、乌孙徙居伊犁河流域,实为匈奴属国,又役属西域城廓诸国。于是匈奴东至辽河,西至葱岭,北抵贝加尔湖,南达长城。在中国历史上,北部草原游牧各部中,第一次出现了统一的游牧军事政权。

匈奴政权的机构分3部分:①单于庭(首脑部),直辖的地区在匈奴中部,其南对着汉地的代郡(今河北省蔚县一带)和云中郡(今内蒙古托克托县一带);②左贤王庭(东部),管辖的地区在匈奴东部,其南对着汉地的上谷都(今河北省怀来县一带),东面连接澻貉;③右贤王庭(西部),管辖的地区在匈奴西部,其南对着汉地的上郡(今陕西省榆林县一带),西面连接月氏和氏、羌。

匈奴游牧军事政权, 单于是匈奴的最高首领,匈奴语称为"撑犁孤涂单于"。匈奴语称"天"为撑犁,称"子"为孤涂,故"撑犁孤涂单于"一词的意义,相当汉语"天子"。

单于总揽军政及对外一切大权,由左右骨都侯辅政,骨都侯由氏族贵族呼衍氏、兰氏和须卜士担任。呼衍氏居左位,兰氏、须卜氏居右位,主断狱松。裁决了的案件,用口头报告单于。

左、右贤王理地方的最高长官。匈奴人尚左,单于以下,即以左贤王为最尊贵,因而权力和地位也较右贤王为高,并且常常是单于的"储副"。左、右贤王以下,还有左、右谷蠡王、日逐王等号。再下则是左、右大将,左、右大都尉,左、右大当户等高官。

匈奴男子,平常游牧于部落,战时即按部落编为军队。另一方面,所有各级官员都是大大小小的军事首长,除了单于自己统领军队、亲临战阵以外,自左、右贤王以下,直至大当户,也都分别统军,指挥作战,大者统领万骑,小者统领数千。这些统领万骑的军事首领共有24个,被称为"万骑"(万骑长)。各个万骑长亦各自置千长(千骑长)、百长(百骑长)、什长(十骑长)、裨小王、相封、都尉、当户、且渠等官。都尉、当户、且渠等都是中下级的带兵官,各以部众多少为区别权力大小及地位高下的标准。

单于庭和左、右贤王庭各有被划定的游牧地区,各自在自己的辖区内组织军队,实行统治。所有及龄壮丁既已编为骑兵,氏族首领则被任命为什长、百长或千长,显贵氏族或家庭则垄断和世袭万骑长或王、侯等高官要职。通过这样的组织关系,迫使那些"甲骑"随同他们去进行无休止的掠夺战争。

匈奴对被征服各民族实行残酷的剥削与压迫。其表现:①对于东邻的乌桓,自冒顿单于将他们征服之后,就强迫每年输送牛、马、羊皮、过时不缴,常常没收他们的妻子。②对于被征服的部族或部落,如果能够把他们的人口迁移到匈奴去的,就强迫他们迁移,使他们更直接地处于匈奴统治者的支配之下。③对于那些不能迁移的被征服部族或部落,例如对西域各族,以日逐王驻西边,设僮仆都尉等官于西域征收赋税,并且被西域各族人民为奴婢。

匈奴与汉朝的关系,也经历前后两个时期的发展与演变。

冒顿初立时,即爆发秦末农民起义,继之五年楚汉战争,匈奴南下夺秦九原郡(今包头及河套地区),与汉朝分界于河南塞(今内蒙古河套一带),势力达到朝那(今甘肃平凉市)、肤地(今陕西榆林县)。汉高祖七年(公元前200),汉高祖亲统军击匈奴,至平城(今山西大同东北),被冒顿围困于白登山,7月始以计脱。次年,纳刘敬谏,与匈奴和亲。匈奴通过与汉朝和亲,不但获得了汉朝的公主为单于阏氏(匈奴人称妻、妾为阏氏),而且每年还获得了不少絮、缯、酒、米、食物。又与匈奴开关市,以利于南北农牧两大民族之间的物资交流。以后经历高后至文、景60余年间,匈奴贵族屡屡背约骚扰汉朝边那郡,屠戮吏民,掳掠人畜,汉朝仅防御处之。直至武帝即位(公元前141)以后,始着手强力反击。武帝对匈奴的反击战开始于元光二年(公元前133),经过元狩二年及四年(公元前121及前119)两次带决定性的战役,匈奴大败,右地浑邪王率领4万余众附降于汉,单于及左贤王亦皆通走,河西走廊平定。匈奴主部不得不退出河套及其以西一带,从此"漠南无王庭"。

公元前57年,匈奴统治集团内部发生分裂和内讧,5单于争立,内部大乱,陷于绝境。后来由于匈奴首领呼韩邪单于稽侯珊在位(公元前58~前31),附汉为藩臣,汉朝待以殊礼,位居诸侯王之上,且以大量物资提供提供匈奴赈灾。于是汉与匈奴结为一家,关市大开,至王莽檀政以前,60余年和平发展,汉、匈人民都得以安定,出现了民众富庶,牛马布野的局面。匈奴单于也巩固了自己的地位。

西汉末年及王莽篡位时期,王莽采取侮辱匈奴单于的政策,破坏了持续半个多世纪的和平相安发展的汉匈关系,至东汉光武时始得到改变。光武帝建武二十四年(公元48),驻牧于匈奴之南、管领南边八部之众的蔜鞯日逐王比(呼韩邪单于稽侯珊之孙)归附汉朝,自立为呼韩邪单于,于是匈奴遂分裂为南北两部。建武二十六年,置使匈奴中郎将于南匈奴,帮助比设立单于庭帐(南庭)于五原西部塞,随后又让他入居西河郡美稷县(今内蒙古准格尔一带)。

北匈奴不仅常攻扰南单于,且屡掠汉边郡,侵迫西域诸国,阻塞中西交通。汉和帝永元元年(89),东汉朝廷利用北匈奴内部阶级矛盾、民族矛盾和统治阶级之间的矛盾所造成的混乱,社会危机十分深刻的时机,发动了一次规模巨大的军事出击。在汉将和南单于的联军合击下,连年大破北匈奴于大漠南北及今新疆东部,北单于受创遁逃,于永元三年率领一部分部众西迁。匈奴政权全部瓦解,残留在漠北的一部分匈奴余众,有十余万户加入了鲜卑;另有一部分始终留在漠北的西北角,直至5世纪初才被柔然吞并。残留在今新疆的匈奴余众则在那里继续活动了60多年。

近数十年来国内外考古学者在漠北的诺颜山、内蒙古及其他地区发掘上百个匈奴墓葬,出土的属于公元前3世纪以前及以后的大批铁器,包括兵器(铁刀、铁剑、铁镞),生产工具(铁镞、铁铧)和生活用具(铁马嚼、铁环、铁片、铁钉),以及铁块、铸铁的模型与炼铁炉等。证明匈奴族约公元前3世纪在大漠南北兴起的时候,物质文化已开始进入铁器时代。铁器文化使匈奴社会的生产力迈进到一个崭新的历史阶段,不仅畜牧业大为繁盛,而且还推动了手工业的发展。

匈奴人的经济生活,以畜牧业为主。逐水草迁徙,过着游牧的生活,住穹庐(毡制帐幕),食畜肉,饮潼酪(牲畜乳制的乳浆),衣皮革,被毡裘。狩猎业和农业居于次要的地位。手工业中最重要的是冶铁业,其次是铸铜业和陶器制造业(匈奴墓葬出土了大批的铜器和陶器)。此外,匈奴人经常与汉人互通"关市"。

匈奴社会是否经过奴隶制,上前国内外学者尚无定论。但《史记·匈奴列传》说,匈奴人作战,把俘掠得来的人口收为奴婢。因此,匈奴平民拥有奴隶的现象很普遍,而匈奴贵族拥有的奴隶更多。《史记·匈奴列传》又说:匈奴贵族死,他们的"近幸臣妾"(奴婢)从死者多至数千百人。从诺颜山出土的匈奴贵族墓葬中,有一个墓穴发现了17条辫发。这正是匈奴贵族拥有大批奴隶和以大批奴隶殉葬的物证。

匈奴人的婚姻习俗是:父死,妻其后母;兄死则妻其嫂。故匈奴的一夫多妻现象较为普遍。

南匈奴自入塞内附之后,受到汉朝中央政府的优厚待遇。和平、安定的环境有利于社会生产的发展。同时,南匈奴人从入塞开始,不仅分布边缘诸郡,而且与汉人错居。《晋书·北狄匈奴传》说:"匈奴五千余落,入居朔方诸郡,与汉人杂处",就是指东汉的南匈奴人而言。匈奴的"落"即户的意思,每落以5口计算,当时仅晋书所记这些人居郡县的南匈奴人口就有2~3万人。与汉人杂居的以及分布缘边诸郡的南匈奴人,朝夕与汉人共同生活,或经常与汉人交往接触,自然受到汉人文化的强烈影响。因此经过40年左右,由于社会生产的发展及汉族文化的影响,他们的社会发生了很大的变化。

南匈奴人原分布在北边诸郡,如北地、朔方、五原、云中、定襄、雁门、上、代、上谷(今甘肃东部,山西、陕西北部及内蒙古呼和浩特至包头一带)。此后不断内迁。顺帝永和五年(140)南匈奴发生内乱,左部句龙王吾斯及右贤王合兵围攻西河美稷(南单于庭所在),后又东引乌桓,西收羌、胡,侵掠并、凉、幽、冀4州。汉朝为了避免这些人众的扰掠,乃将西河、上郡、朔方等郡治南移,因此原来分布在西河、上郡、朔方等地的匈奴人更为南下,大多数深入集中到并州中部的汾水流域一带。这对于他们后来由牧畜业经济转向农业经济,提供了一个有利的环境。

魏晋南北朝时期,内迁的匈奴有了很大的变化,除南匈奴外,这时分解出名为"屠各"的一支活跃起来。南匈奴和屠各散居在今甘肃、陕西、内蒙古和山西一带,其中以聚居在山西的为最多最强。这两部分匈奴人,在304~329年联合起来,先后在山西和陕西建立了"汉-前赵"政权。从匈奴分解出来的另一支--临松卢水胡,居于今甘肃河西走廊与青海之间,在397~460年,在河西走廊一带建立了"北京"政权。由匈奴与鲜卑两族融合而产生的新的一支--铁弗匈奴,原先居于今内蒙古河套一带,在407~431年,在今陕北一带建立了"夏"政权。随着上述各政权的先后被消灭,匈奴的名字在南北朝后期也逐渐消失。

公元91年匈奴在和汉民族的长年战争中承认了失败,开始了始无前例的民族大迁移……

南匈奴附汉,北匈奴远飙。北匈奴西迁的第一站是乌孙的地盘,既现在的伊犁和上游一带,第二站是康居,也就是锡尔河上游东部。第三站为阿兰聊这已经到了欧洲边缘。在91年到290年长达两百年的历程中,这个上天的骄子好象消失了一样。北方的苍狼为了梦中的家园,在雪地中,沙漠里艰难的跋涉。中外的史书中都找不到这个骄傲民族的记载。当《波斯史》中提到三世纪末匈奴出先在阿兰聊时,这头饥渴太旧的苍狼已经对它面前弱小的西方民族露出了爪牙……公元四世纪中叶,阿兰聊灭国,西方震动。从此,匈奴在西方的活动遂史不绝书。

阿兰聊灭国后没多久,西方诸国还来不及为其哀悼,就将面临着一场巨大的浩劫。公元374年,巴兰勃率领匈奴铁骑入侵东哥特,来时排山倒海,去时十室九空,而且匈奴在三百年来对中国作战以来不知道学到了多少中国的战争艺术和谋略,这岂是西方诸蛮所能相抗的。匈奴以战养战的方式沉重打击了东哥特人,当年迈的东哥特国王赫曼立克(Hermanrik)的军队被匈奴全歼后,他便自杀了,继位的维席密尔(Vithmir)也兵败身亡。赫曼立克之子呼哪蒙特率部投降,而其余的部众在阿拉修斯和萨弗莱克斯的带领下逃到西哥特。也有人逃向巴尔干。

西哥特国王阿撒那立克(Athenarie)得知东哥特灭国后立刻在德聂斯德河布阵,意图阻止匈奴人渡河,不料匈奴人在远处上游偷渡后夜袭敌营,重创西板哥特军。

西哥特人在惊悖之余,一部大约二十余万众渡过多瑙河进入罗马国境,由于罗马帝国官吏的残酷压迫,哥特人纷纷起义。

罗马皇帝法伦斯(Valens)调集大军于公元378年8月9日在阿德里雅堡与哥特人会战,在哥特的重装骑兵面前曾经纵横欧亚的罗马方阵步兵毫无地位。下午,法伦斯和四万禁卫军全数战死。方阵步兵的时代过去了。这一战,动摇了罗马的根基,罗马再也无法控制辖下的诸族和领土。而此时,匈奴人回到喀尔巴阡山以东,进行休整。

公元400年,匈奴人乌尔丁带领大军攻入匈牙利追击哥特人,并越过阿尔卑斯山进入了意大利,这支可怜的哥特队伍在法洛伦斯被西罗马军队消灭以报阿德里雅堡之仇。匈奴人只是来意大利转了一下,不过又带来了相当大的后果。匈牙利原住民凡达尔人,瑞维人,和最先被匈奴人灭国的阿兰聊人开始了大跑路。这三族人进入高卢,与当地人战斗后于409年越过比利牛斯山,进入伊比利亚半岛,并建立了三个国家。与此同时,阿勒立克带领的哥特人也南下逃避匈奴的大军,不过他们比几年前的同胞拽多了,在408年,409年,410年三次围攻罗马,而在410年攻入城中,这是历史上罗马城的第二次沦陷。

在这次战争中,西方诸族在匈奴军势的压力下为生存互相火并。而匈奴人则占据了巴诺尼亚(今匈牙利)把当地的哥特人列入统治之下后又开始无忧无虑的放牧生活了。

乌尔丁死后,路加既位,路加死后他的两个侄儿白里达(Bleda)阿提拉(Attild)共同治国。在这段时间里西欧相当平静,而北欧,东欧战火纷飞,盎格鲁撒克逊人不堪匈奴压力,渡海流亡到英伦三岛,在俄罗斯南部草原的匈奴人也归与阿提拉旗下,俄罗斯森林民族——斯拉夫人,芬人也告屈服,斯拉夫人可能就是在此时以“匈奴仆人”的身份第一次进入西欧的。

公元445年白里达死后,阿提拉独领匈奴,成为欧洲最有权势之人!王庭设于多瑙河以东的大草原上。

此时的东西罗马都要向阿提拉进贡。匈奴在东方失去的荣光在西方找了回来。

由于对西罗马提出的政治联姻和领土要求遭到拒绝,阿提拉决定开战。451年,阿提拉统领五十万大军进入高卢,这也许是欧洲历史上第一次见到如此规模的军队吧。罗马大将阿契斯北上抵挡,并联合了所有受匈奴压迫的蛮族王国。双方在加泰隆尼亚平原上会战,此战空前惨烈一日之间占死者有十五万之众……阿提拉见双方陷入了毫无意义的消耗战,于是领军回国。

次年,阿提拉率军突然越过阿尔卑斯山直攻意大利并摧毁意大利北部所有城市,压迫罗马。446年,军中大疫,阿提拉见西罗马已求和,东罗马援军已至于是回国,并与同年病死。次二役过后,西方人畏惧地称其为——上帝之鞭。

阿提拉死后,强大的匈奴人内部又出现内讧,诸子争立为王,贵族之间争权夺利,互相残杀,匈奴瓦解.日耳曼人乘时而起,把匈奴人赶回喀尔巴阡山以东。461年,阿提拉幼子邓直昔克企图重建霸权,不幸在于东罗马交战时战败身亡。这是西方史书上对匈奴人活动的最后记载。

在中国,此时正是北魏中期,南匈奴和其各分支在中国建立的“汉——前赵”“北凉”“大夏”等均在公元460年相继覆灭。

在亚洲和欧洲的匈奴人则分别与当地各民族混合了起来,一个彪悍而勇敢的民族从此消失了.奴在世界范围内正式退出了历史舞台。天之骄子的传说结束了。

马老四

首先现在的匈牙利人自己认为他们的祖先是匈奴人,证据之一就是匈牙利人的姓名是姓在前,名在后,这种和欧洲传统名在前的姓在后的完全不通附和东方民族的特点。但是就算匈牙利人有匈奴人的血统,也不能完全说他们就是匈奴人的后代,首先匈牙利民族保留的大部分文化都没有东方文明的特点,是非常西方的,其次现在匈牙利人是很纯正的白人种,已经失去了匈奴人黄种人的特性,与其说他们是匈奴人后代不如说是匈奴人失败后逐渐被欧洲人同化掉了。

在说匈奴人的血统,《史记》中《匈奴列传》记载匈奴人是夏朝遗民和北方其他游牧民族混血的人种(在混血中有很大量的白色人种,但是匈奴人的人种特点还是基本呈现黄种人的特点),他们的祖先是华夏民族的一员,但是后来因为各种原因逐渐被华夏民族边缘化,在华夏民族其他族群都得到大的发展情况下他们进步缓慢,逐渐成为北方的一个野蛮民族,和华夏其他族群的文化差距越来越大,我们古人有过一场关于民族区分很重大很持久的辩论,这就是华夷之辨,他们得出的结论是夷以华夏礼则华夏之,反之华夏以夷礼则夷之,就是说血统不是分辨华夷的最重要的方式,真正区分华夷的是礼,也就是生活方式

文化行为的一个综合体,从血统角度来说匈奴和汉朝时候以华夏族为主体形成的汉族实际是很亲近的,但是从文化上来说他们又是完全不同的异族,这是历史发展的结果,有偶然也有必然。

至于你说对匈奴人的研究难,并不完全是因为年代久远,更多的是史料的缺乏。像古埃及历史比匈奴要远多了,五六千年以前的历史但是因为古埃及文字破以后,古埃及也就变得不在神秘。而匈奴人自己是没有文字的,他们的历史多数是传说,所以真正的难度在这,不在于久远。同样秦汉时期和匈奴血缘关系很近的汉族,因为有自己的文字所以秦汉时期我们的历史我们自己就很清楚。这和年代久远的关系不太大。

我可以负责任的说蒙古人不是匈奴的后代,现在蒙古人身上带有匈奴人的基因特点不到5%,而且只是在一部分蒙古人身上有体现,所以他们只是有不多的混血,完全没有继承的关系,相反蒙古人身上到是有20%左右的中国人(主要是秦汉时期的中原人)的基因构成,但是我们和他们也只是混血,没有继承关系。我们来讨论蒙古族的构成不能单一的来说蒙古族是由谁发展而来的,他的发展构成比匈奴还复杂,要从中国北方民族历史发展的大背景来研究蒙古族族源这才是比较有效的途径,而不是简单说他是其他那个古民族的后裔。史书上只是很笼统的说是由鲜卑中的室韦族发展而来而鲜卑源自东胡,而东胡其实就是东夷的一部,如果你有一点历史常识你会知道东夷可以说是组成汉民族的一个重要民族,华夏民族和东夷是风俗很近的两大族群,相互影响相互学习,其中有很大一部分东夷族和我们华夏族融合形成了以后的汉族,但是还有一部分迁移到东北,形成了所谓的东胡,他们以前也是先进民族,但是因为迁移到东北改变了生活方式逐渐也是落后于中原的同族,开始成为一个北方的落后民族,但也不能说东胡就是蒙古的祖先,因为蒙古实际上他和身上有非常多的混血痕迹,只能说东胡是其中之一,这样来说,蒙古人和我们也是有很近的血缘上的关系。

还有就是你说西迁欧洲的叫北匈奴,留下来的是南匈奴,这也是不正确的,北匈奴不是到了欧洲才叫北匈奴,他是在东汉时期就分裂成了北匈奴和南匈奴,后来外戚窦宪和南匈奴夹击北匈奴一举击溃北匈奴,然后北匈奴绝大部分是投降了汉朝,他们和南匈奴都留在了汉朝,他们逐渐接受了汉文化,也正是这些已经有些汉化的匈奴人,导演了后来的五胡十六国。只有极少数的匈奴人西迁到了中东,而不是欧洲,他们至少在中东地区呆了上百年的时间才到的欧洲,等他们到欧洲的时候已经恢复了原气,给欧洲蛮族诸部以及罗马帝国带来了灭顶之灾,不过就在欧洲岌岌可危的时候匈奴王阿提拉意外的死亡,因为匈奴文化落后没有相应的继承制度,阿提拉儿子们相互攻伐争夺王位,给了欧洲人喘息机会,欧洲人组成联军一举打败了匈奴,匈奴慢慢就被其他民族同化了。

东胡从严格意义上他已经不存在了现在,东胡后来分裂为鲜卑和乌桓,乌桓最后被曹操击溃,很多就退出了历史舞台,鲜卑后来在五胡十六国里也扮演了重要的角色,北魏北周都是鲜卑政权,后来隋朝的建立者杨坚也是一个鲜卑化的汉族人,唐朝统治者也有鲜卑血统,李渊的母亲就是鲜卑人独孤氏,但是后来慢慢鲜卑主体逐步汉化成为汉族的一份子,还有一部分也就是你说的室韦族慢慢和其他北方民族混合形成后来的蒙古,蒙古不能算是正统的东胡系,实际上东胡很早就退出历史舞台了。蒙古人和鲜卑的亲近程度其实很低,比汉族和蒙古族都未必更近。你老师说的大部分还靠谱,也有些就有点不靠谱

慧慧

Xiongnu was active in central Asia Mongolia steppe nomads from the third century A.D., they began the long moved west. Xiongnu people is on horseback, nation, skilled in the use of xiongnu cavalry spear and bows operations. In order to find a new suit grazing the prairie xiongnu people with dependents and a lot of horses began migrating animals. Xiongnu army has strong strength and strict discipline, and they with unstoppable cleared the potential of the road moved west all obstacles. The local ethnic to escape the terror of the enemy and forced to leave their homes, thus raised a great migration tide. This chain reaction by Constantinople and east Roman empire extends to the Danube and Rhine valley, finally in 476 A.D. flooded the west Roman empire.

Xiongnu people finally discovered delight land, they settled in Hungary, DiSaHe situated in plain plug gedo city to set up their own agents. Xiongnu people need wide prairie to grazing their horses and cattle, from this area of xiongnu people start, CFCSR or conquer way to control by Russian ural until the area between the French Rhine.

Xiongnu people is equestrian exquisite rider, from young period began to accept training, some historians believe it is xiongnu people invented the stirrup, and enhance the cavalry spear charge on the grip of combat effectiveness. Hsiungnu cavalry mobility make the enemy brought fear, every day they will replace a few horse horse to keep this advantage. The second advantage the xiongnu people is that they use of the composite bow, far more than the western any similar weapons. Stand on the stirrup, they can forward around each direction after launch bow and arrows. Xiongnu people tactics are amazing lightning raid, and thus bring terror. They are a team composed of the legion by light cavalry, their administrative system needs a great leaders in command of the clan.

When Iran race nomads (si base and sal matt) tai occupying the grassland region west namely south Russia, undoubtedly also includes tuor cover river basin and cc "the hsiungnu jisheng period territory figure and; Grassland region of eastern is in the turks - the Mongolian national minority rule. Among them in ancient history on the dominant nation is on a "hsiungnu" a known by Chinese. Hsiungnu a and later the Romans and the Indian people call the same barbarians name (Hunni) and Huns [Huna) is the same etymology. Maybe these xiongnu people (until the 3rd century B.C., just in China during the qin dynasty recorded clearly on the chronicle xiongnu a) in the first 9 and 8th century has been Chinese call yan Yun. Earlier, they might be called the "grass porridge", or more vague called "by the conference semifinals." At the dawn of history, han period known as the conference semifinals refers to those who lived in the Chinese border, that in north ordos, shanxi and hebei northern those people. The horse spezia ROM to speculate that the so-called north Rong namely "the northern Rong", distribution in today"s Beijing west and northwest of China, is a conference semifinals tribe. Other tribes in the 4th century BC, when already upon advisement on zhao. ZhaoWuLingWang (about BC 325-298 years reign) even took from them the most northern shanxi datong region), (actually also took this northern ordos basin areas (about 300 B.C.). It is in order to effectively prevent the nomads of the offense, qin (shaanxi) and zhao (shanxi) of han has changed their heavy truck soldier for flexible cavalry. The military reform has brought China on clothes thoroughly change, Archer era gown be learned from nomads cavalry pants replaced. From nomads, China where warriors who has copied the feathered hats, "three tail served" and later on, called "warring states period" art has played a significant role "buckle." It is also for defense hsiungnu, zhao and its neighboring states of the Chinese people start along the northern border since base initially walls, and later qin shihuang unified and finished building walls, become the Great Wall.

According to records, sima qian is in the third century BC, seems to be a xiongnu secondhalf of unity, powerful nation, they named shan-yu by a captain, princes shan-yu Chinese transliteration name is hold plough solitary besmear shan-yu, Chinese put these words interpreted as "as broad as emperor of princes." In these words can be found in the turks - Mongolian root, especially "hold plough" is the turks - Mongolian kingdom Tangri words (,) transliteration. At shan-yu, under the two largest offices, and there is the carcasses cascc king, meaning XianWang around. Chinese transliteration "jungle cascc" and the turks word (doghri) have relations, means "integrity", "the faithful". Was basically with nomadic life gives priority to the nation could talk about fixed residence is concerned, shan-yu live in earl gave HunHe upstream of the mountainous area, the capital city of genghis khan mongols after hara, and Lin is built here. ZuoXianWang - in principle is shan-yu heir -- live in the east, may LuLun highland. Cleopatra, Right XianWang live in the west, may like Albert Herman thinks like love in hangzhou mountainous, this ulyanovsk jas Sue stations. Next, the ruling group in hsiungnu within GuLi king, have: around about general, DouWei around, so the big big when elihu, and bone all around, then is the hou, the captains of thousands and ten centurion. The nomads, in travel is organized as an army. Generally the marching direction is facing south, in the turks - Mongolian kind of nationalities in has become a habit. Similar phenomenon in hsiungnu seed, 6 century turks, and among the Mongolian people genghis khan can see it.

Han depicting the huns image characteristics, we in their inheritors of the turks and mongols body also can see. Willy riegl summarized way: "they figure short and stout, head is big and round, broadly face, cheekbones high, alar wide, the beard, and brought under thick only a handful hard must, long ear lobe wearing hole, wearing a earrings. Head except overhead had a hair beam outside, rest shave. The thick eyebrows, almond eye, eye jiongjiongweishen. Wearing long qi crus, both sides furcated loose-fitting robes, waist belt, belt are both ends hanging in front, and because of the cold, the sleeves on wrist tightening. A short fur surrounded on the shoulder, wore a cap. Shoes are made of, wide trousers with a belt in the ankle strapping tight. Bow bag department

可乐

匈奴人最早与汉人是同宗同源....是商朝国王的后代,汉武帝时被赶出大漠以南,后分裂,一部被冉闵灭族,一部逃往欧洲...

meira

匈奴人西迁到欧洲,成了匈牙利的先民。但肯定跟当地人通婚了的,有了西方人的血统。

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2023-06-28 10:50:561

动词变名词的变化规则例子

动词变名词,通常加ing,叫做动名词,表示"……这件事"。有的动词变名词要加名词后缀,不同后缀,意思不同。比如teach,teacher;act,actor。有些动词变内部字母,比如advise,advice。 动词变名词的构词法 一:动词后加or或er变成对应的人,如conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor; 二:动词后加ment,如achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement; 三:动词后加tion,如adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction; 四:动词后加sion,如admit –-admission,conclude—conclusion,decide—decision; 五:动词后加-ance/-ence,如allow—allowance,aear—aearance,assist—assistance; 六:动词后加-al,如arrive—arrival,survive—survival; 七:动词后加ing,这个例子多得没法数了。 动词变为名词的方法 1.词形不变,词性改变。例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词,也可以用作名词。 2. 一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示“某一类人”的名词。例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer, jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner, visit—visitor, invent—inventor等。 注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r。例如:drive—driver, write—writer等。 2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er。例如:run—runner, win—winner, begin—beginner等。 3. 在动词词尾加-ing变成名词(方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)。例如: meet—meeting, build—building, wait—waiting, wash—washing, swim—swimming, shop—shopping, begin—beginning等。 动名词的规则变化 1.一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing (现在进行时)work ---- working study ----- studying 2.动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去-e加-ing take ----- taking make ----- making 3.重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing cut ----- cutting put begin 4.以-ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加-ing lie ----- lying tie ----- tying die ----- dying
2023-06-28 10:51:301

动词变名词的变化规则

2023-06-28 10:51:441

英语作文。招聘广告。

Advisement I want to employ a domestic workers.1 live at home 2. Will drive cars 3. Will know some English 4. Do not smoke 5. Housework (cleaning, laundry, take care of a 7-year-old girl) 6, caring 7 to readHost family is wealthy and and harmony.if you want to this work ,please call me .My tellphone number is 132......................
2023-06-28 10:51:531

JACS送审后状态显示

underadvisement。JACS是《美国化学会志》,文章送审后会显示underadvisement(审查中),之后如通过会显示adopt(通过),不通过显示不通过Fail(不通过)。
2023-06-28 10:52:431

英语翻译单词问题,求助英语达人。

struggle courage confidence pride perseverance resolute advertisement sobriety 斗争勇气信心骄傲的毅力坚决广告清醒
2023-06-28 10:52:526

名词怎么变动名词

名词不能变动名词,只有动词才能变动名词。1、词形不变,词性改变。例如:work、study、water、plant等可以用作动词,也可以用作名词。2、一些动词在词尾加上er或or之后就变成了表示“某一类人”的名词。特征:英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来,它仍一方面保留着动词的某些特征(例如可以带宾语、表语、状语),具有动词的某些变化形式,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念,另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能与名词类同:在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。动名词的构词法:一:动词之后or或er成为相应的人,作为conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor。二:动词之后ment,作为achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement。三:动词之后tion,作为adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction。
2023-06-28 10:53:142

英语投诉信

  无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧,作文是通过文字来表达一个主题意义的.记叙方法。为了让您在写作文时更加简单方便,下面是我帮大家整理的英语投诉信作文,欢迎阅读,希望大家能够喜欢。   英语投诉信 篇1 Dear Mr. Chang:   On September 10, our order for 280 women?s cotton sweaters was duly received, but we regret to say that 40 cotton sweaters in white color were seriously soiled.   We had the case investigated immediately, and the result shows the damage was due to improper packing, for which the suppliers are definitely responsible.   Needless to say, we have suffered a great loss from this, as we cannot sell the sweaters in this condition to our customers. We ask you to conduct investigation at your end and reply to us.   Sincerely yours,   Sunny Lee   Manager   英语投诉信 篇2 Dear Sir/Madam,   Please send us a correction on part of our order WP-11.   All the items we ordered arrived in excellent condition except for one model. It you refer to our original order (see the copy attached), you will note that we requested your fluorescent desk-lamps, Model 606. However, Model 608 reached us instead. For details, please see the inspection certificate issued by the Tianjin Commodity Inspection Bureau.   Will you kindly take back those you sent out and substitute them with an equal quantity (120 items) of Model 606? We would appreciate your attention to this matter promptly.   Yours faithfully   英语投诉信 篇3 Dear Sales Manager,   This letter is a complaint concerning the actions of one of your salespersons. On Tuesday, May 5, 2012, around 2 P.m, I went to your store to look for a T-shirt. When I asked a salesperson Ms. Wang for help in finding my size, she informed me that she was busy and I would have to find one myself. I explained that the reason why I came to her was that I couldn"t find one. She then said in a rude tone that if I couldn"t find one, it meant that the store didn"t have it, and that I needed to look somewhere else.   I felt that Ms Wang was rude. I hope that you will look into the matter. I shop frequently at your store and I look forward to a more pleasurable shopping experience next time. Yours,   XX   英语投诉信 篇4 Dear Manager,   Last weekend,I bought a mobile phone of your company`s on the Internet.But I find out some serious quality problems of this mobile phone.   First of all,I can`t use this phone to send short messages to my family members or my friends,what is more,mobile phone doesn`t ring when I am making a call.   Secondly,this type phone has been sold out.Everyone who bought your company`s phone can`t find any way to exchange a new phone.   What`s more,the type of your company`s phone is more advanced than other mobilephone`s.And in Chinathere isn`t any suitable spare part of mobile phone,we can`t get it fixed!   All in all,it is said that "customer First".So you must try your best serve for your customer.And you should send a new mobile phone to me in a short time.Don`t put off your action,customers who bought your company`s phones just like me,we are angry!   Yours,   Bumanyi   英语投诉信 篇5 Dear Sir or Madam,   I, as a devoted customer of your online shop, am writing the letter to file my dramatic complaint about the poor quality of your E-book and the poor attitude of your server.   The detailed problems are as follows. To begin with, there is something wrong with screen of the E-book, which has been broken deliberately or unintentionally. In addition, it does not work occasionally, which hamper using ordinarily. Most importantly, the product does not comply with your description previously both in style and faculty. Most importantly, servers response of not providing refund and exchange a new one makes me overwhelmed with outrage.   I would appreciate it if you could refund or exchange a new one for me. I"m looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.   Yours sincerely   Li Ming   英语投诉信 篇6 Dear Sir or Madam,   I used to be a faithful customer of your shopping center for the past years and most of the time i enjoy my experiences of shopping here。However,today i wae irritated by one of your salesman。   Today,i was trying to choose some T—shirts suitable for me,but the first several T—shirts i tried were not my style。Therefore,i ask him if there are more ones that can be recomm end ed by him。Unexpectedly,he was so impatient and said rudely,"How do i know what you like"。I was hurt。   With this letter,i hope i can draw your attention to the flaws in your sales service,which should be improved immediately。   Yours,   XX   英语投诉信 篇7 Dear Sir,   I am writing to let you know the deplorable attitude of one of your staff member. I received my telephone bill for the previous month from you and thought there were some errors in calculation: I had been overcharged for two overseas calls.   However, when I called your Complaints Department, the girl who answered my phone was very rude. For one thing she interrupted me continually, for another she even said that the fault was my own. Needless to say, such a way of dealing with customers is unacceptable.   I would like to suggest that the girl in question should be disciplined, and instructed on the proper way to deal with clients. And I hope she can make formal apology to me.   An early response will be appreciated.   Sincerely yours,   Donna   英语投诉信 篇8 Dear boss:   Thank you for reading my letter.   Last Sunday is my classmate Mary"s brithday.We went to your restaurant so as to celebrated Mary"s brithday.But your restaurant was not good than I expected.We couldn"t tolerate that restaurant at all.The service was really bad and the food was awful.The most unbearable was the hygiene of the restaurant was horrible,we felt very disgusting.   We complained about the food ,the hygiene and the the service to the waiter.But his attitude was very pride and he ignored us.It was really provoking!Finally ,the waiter drove us away.How dare he was!   All of us were very angry.I am doubt that whether I would come to your restaurant or not.   Yours,   Liming   英语投诉信 篇9 Dear Manager:   Two weeks ago, I was walking along the street when I saw your a traffic advisement and I stepped into your shop.Don"t find the domestic advice.Persuaded by your salesman"s sweet words,I spent 2000 Yuan and bought a fridge.When I took the new fridge home.I couldn"t wait a minute and make it work once.Everything went on quitely well until yesterday. I open the door of fridge as usual, however, a wave of hot smell air is pronounced.The newly- bought fridge didn"t produce cold but hot air.The foodcooler has gone bad.Nothing can be worse NET.I hope you can do with the matter ASAP. My telephone number is 5256745. I am waiting for your reply.   A consumer.   Angel   英语投诉信 篇10 Dear Sir:   My name is Raymond, I am writing to tell you something about your restaurant questions.   Last Saturday, I was going to your restaurant with my fri end s. We are very hungry, but when we order, your restaurant waiter But ignore our. So my fri end was very angry. Besides, when the waiter come on .my fri end ask her why ignore our, she is very aggressive for us and say you don"t see me I am very busy. So I do hope you can have your restaurant waiter training about etiquette.   Thank you for your time and kind consideration.   Sincerely yours   Raymond   英语投诉信 篇11 Dear Mr. Gao,   I have to write this plain letter even it is a little bit interruptive to you. I bought a color television in your emporium the other day,but there was no image when I turned it on at home. There might be something wrong with the new-bought TV,so I went back to find the exact salesperson to ask for changing a new one. She refused me without any politeness. Im wondering how can you treat customers like this? Im writing to ask my money back if you can not provide a new one.   Yours Sincerely   XXX   英语投诉信 篇12 Dear Mr. John ,   I"m one of your neighbours.And I"m now writing and behave of the resident "s association to complain about your making noises.You disterb others" normal lifes.   Since you moved in the building three months ago we have received many complaints about your bad behaviors. According to the complaints you have shown very little consideration for the other residents of the building.For example ,you often turned on the music very loudly till late.Furthermore every week end your extremely noisey partys last until the early hours of the next morning so that other residents can not have a good rest.Much words though some residents have talked to you about the noise you made your behavior has no improvement.   A harmony community"s life needs every resident"s effert.Of course you are no exception.We hope you can realise and stop your improper behavior as soon as possible.Unless you do something to improve the present situation,we will have no other choice but to take legal action.   Your"s sincerely   LinYue
2023-06-28 10:53:401

Marketing职能分工细讲

By Flora Marketing和sales用钱的维度不同,marketing为了维护品牌的价值不会建议去做discount,sales为了更多的revenue会搞更多的promotion。 marketing的职能主要包括PR,digital,event,e-com,field,product marketing。 PR,digital,event组成brand marketing。PR和digital组成 M-com。 Brand marketing的考核指标主要有:1.awareness,即消费者对品牌的认知度,提到可口可乐能想起红色,是品牌在消费者脑海中建立的连接。但commercial rate比较低,考核标准一般为20%-25%。2.top of mind,即品牌在消费者心目中的地位,提到眼镜,第一个想起的品牌即为雷朋。考核标准一般为12%-18%。前者是对品牌的认识与否,后者是对品牌的认可程度。 PR简而言之就是让别人为你说好话,分为T-PR和E-PR.T-PR包括传统平面广告(报纸),杂志,电视。E-PR则包括走的是线上渠道,包括与腾讯,优酷,今日头条等各大网站和apps的广告投放。考核指标包括:1.Number of article,新闻稿的发布数量。2.Number of media invited 邀请的媒体数量。考核的标准通过EAV(即equivalent advisement value,即对活动产生的广告价值进行折现,取决于与media关系的好坏以及media本身质量的高低)和ROI相结合的方式。好的PR,具备产出高EAV和高ROI的功力,整合线上和线下媒体,并保持一致性,例如苹果在不同渠道上都宣传同一款产品,如果在电视上宣传iPad,微信上推广iWatch,视频网站宣传iPhone,会让消费者感到迷惑,而最为忌讳的是自嗨,找不到消费群体的痛点所在,盲目烧钱。 活动做出后,一方面对各方面的媒体发布文章进行数稿,另一方面主动找editor,找Key official accounts即公众大号进行约稿,不同的渠道不可能发同样的通稿。偏重的角度不同,产生的效果也就不一样。以星巴克为例,烘焙工坊launch后,从财经杂志角度出发,会侧重于马云到场对此次活动的价值所在。从luxury角度出发,会更多抓取这个项目的时尚元素。从lifestyle出发,则会关注coffee本身。 digital marketing主要形式包括WeChat,Weibo,vertical platform,H5,banner,app等。主要考量点
2023-06-28 10:53:481

英文翻译

Hello, I am new students, I came to school, I want to look for Teacher Wang is asking for information about the next semester, you can let me in?
2023-06-28 10:53:595

大学优秀英语作文范文

【 #英语资源# 导语】大学大家都会写很多英语作文了,下面是由 考 网整理的关于大学优秀英语作文范文,欢迎阅读关注! 【篇一】大学优秀英语作文范文:养宠物   Nowadays, more and more people like to keep pets, such as the dogs, cats and so on. People keep pets as their families, the relationship they build is deep. Pet is really cute, before we raise a pet, we must think about the advantages and disadvantages and then make the wise choice.   如今,越来越多的人喜欢养宠物,比如狗和猫等等。人们把宠物当作家人,并且建立了深厚的联系。宠物很可爱,在我们养宠物以前,必须想清楚好处和坏处,然后才做出明智的选择。   Keeping a pet has many advantages. People can have the pet as their families, they can have someone accompany. It is said that some people feel lonely to live alone, then a pet can drive away the loneliness. What"s more, raising a pet can cultivate a person"s sense of responsibility, because he has to take care of the pet very carefully.   养宠物有很多好处。人们把宠物当作家人,有个伴。据说一些独自生活的人感到孤独,宠物能够把孤单驱散。而且,养宠物可以朋友一个人的责任感,以为他要细心照顾好宠物。   There are also disadvantages. It takes time to take care of the pet, like to feed and wash the pet. The most difficulty thing is to deal with the shit. The one who likes to keep clean is not suitable to have a pet. What"s more, some pets may bite people and brings threat to people"s health.   不好的方面也存在。照顾宠物花时间,比如给宠物喂食和洗澡。最困难的事情就是处理粪便。喜欢干净的人是不适合养宠物的。而且,一些宠物会咬人,威胁人们的健康。   Keeping a pet is not easy, once we have a pet, we must take care of it very carefully.   养宠物不容易,一旦我们有宠物,就要细心照顾好。 【篇二】大学优秀英语作文范文:乡村生活   I was born in the country, my family lived there before I was 6 years old. Then my parents moved to the city for their work, I had to stay away from my hometown. Though living in the city brings me a lot of convenience, I eat the good food, I still miss country life all the time. I love to live in the country.   我在乡村里出生,在六岁以前,我的家庭住在那里。然而父母为了工作搬去了市区,我不得不远离家乡,虽然在城市生活给我带来了很多方便,我可以吃到好吃的食物,但是我仍然一直很想念乡村生活。我喜欢住在乡村。   Living in the country, the time seems to be very slow. I woke up early in the morning and then took the walk. After eating the breakfast, it was about 8 o"clock. I went out to play with my friends or went to help my grandparents with their work. After doing these, it was just 11 o"clock. But in the city, I woke up at 9 o"clock, and then I ate the breakfast, the rest of the day was to play computer. How time flies to me.   生活在乡村,时间似乎过得很慢。我一大早就起来了,然后去散步。在吃完早饭后,时间是八点。我出去和朋友们一起玩或者帮助爷爷奶奶干活。昨晚这些事情,时间才11点。但是在城市里,我九点起来,然后吃早餐,剩下的时间就是玩电脑。时间过得真是快啊。   I get so close to the nature and I find so much fun in the country life. I always want to live in my hometown. When I have the time, I will go back there and enjoy the moment.   在乡村里生活,我是如此的接近大自然,找到了很多乐趣。我总是想要在家乡省会。当我有时间,我就会回到那里,享受在那里的时间。 【篇三】大学优秀英语作文范文:广告到底能不能影响人们消费   Today, many commercial advertisements can be seen everywhere, selling different kinds of products such as cosmetics, toys and clothes. Some people concern that the widespread of advertisements may result in the loss of individuality among people, as they tend to wear the same clothes and use the same makeup. From my perspective, I completely disagree with this viewpoint. Admittedly, people from different walks of life have various consumption views. However, most people would budget their disposable income wisely instead of wasting all in a set of clothes without serious consideration. Therefore, despite the proliferation of the commercial advertisements for the same luxury product, people would still make decisions of buying or not according to their limited income. Also, people are capable of distinguishing whether the clothes in the advertisement suit themselves or not. Being exposed in a sea of advertisements for long, people"s immune systems towards advertisements have strengthened.   今天,许多商业广告随处可见,销售不同种类的产品,如化妆品,玩具和衣服。有些人担心广告的广泛性会导致人们丧失个性,因为他们往往穿着同一个衣服,并使用相同的化妆品。从我的角度看,我完全不同意这种观点。不可否认,不同阶层的人有不同的消费观。然而,大多数人会明智地把他们的可支配收入,而不是浪费所有的衣服,没有认真考虑。因此,尽管对于同一个奢侈品产品的商业广告的扩散,人们还是会决定购买或不按其有限的收入。此外,人们有能力区分广告中的衣服是否适合自己。在长期的广告中,人们对广告的免疫系统都加强了。   Consequently, fewer people would be swayed by the gorgeous clothes in the advisements as they realize that most clothes on advertisements only suit for models but not for the average. Furthermore, so many different advertisements are provided for people"s option that it is fairly difficult to be the same with others. Take clothes for example. There are various styles, ranging from classical to modern, childish to mature, conservative to sexy. Therefore, people still could choose their favorite style to meet their demand. To conclude, due to the multi-choice of advertisement and people"s wise budget, people would not lost their individualities under the strong promotion of the same product in the advertisement.   因此,越来越少的人会被在建议他们实现最华丽的衣服,衣服上的广告只适合模型而不是平均。此外,许多不同的广告提供给人们的选择,这是相当困难的是相同的其他人。以衣服为例。有不同的风格,从古典到现代,幼稚到成熟,保守的性感。因此,人们还是可以选择自己喜欢的款式来满足自己的需求。最后,由于广告和人民明智的预算多的选择,人们不会失去他们的个性,在广告中同一产品的大力推广下。
2023-06-28 10:54:261

广告就像这个世界的一个个细胞,置入我们生活学习的各个方面。 如何用英语翻译

广告就像这个世界的一个个细胞,置入我们生活学习的各个方面。地道的:The advisements are kind of cells of the world,which penetrate all aspects of our life and study.
2023-06-28 10:54:393

翻译下这个地址(美国)

应该是 University Academic Advisement Center, California State University - Los Angeles, Library South Palmer Wing, Room 1040A, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA
2023-06-28 10:54:475

effect impact和influence的区别

influence影响,“感化”.侧重于内在的,潜移默化的影响使一个人的行为或思想发生改变.effect“招致,引起”,主要是指“作用”,常用来指产生的“直接后果".(effect一般指积极的影响,affect一般则指消极的影响)impact指有冲击性的,震撼的影响.语气强烈.1.The book give the reader far influence.这本书对读者产生了长远影响.2.Her advisement has no influence on her.她的劝告对她毫无影响.The direct effect is obvious.直接的效果是明显.The noise effect on my work.噪声影响了我工作.1.It"s difficult to assess the impact of the President"s speech.总统讲话的巨大影响很难估计.2.It has a crisp visual impact.它是一个干脆利落的视觉冲击.
2023-06-28 10:55:103

珍惜时间英语演讲稿范文【三篇】

【 #英语资源# 导语】时间是宝贵的,我们要珍惜时间,这道理我们都懂,那么用英语怎么表达出来呢?以下是 为大家整理的珍惜时间英语演讲稿范文【三篇】,欢迎阅读参考。 【篇一】珍惜时间英语演讲稿   my brother-in-law opened the bottom drawer of my sisters bureau and lifted out a tissue-wrapped package. this, he said, is not a slip. this is lingerie. he discarded the tissue and handed me the slip.   it was exquisite, silk, handmade and trimmed with a cobweb of lace. the price tag with an astronomical figure on it was still attached.   jan bought this the first time we went to new york, at least 8 or 9 years ago. she never wore it. she was saving it for a special occasion.   well, i guess this is the occasion.   he took the slip from me and put it on the bed, with the other clothes we were taking to the mortician. his hands lingered on the soft material for a moment, then he slammed the drawer shut and turned to me, dont ever save anything for a special occasion. every day you re alive is a special occasion.   i remembered those words through the funeral and the days that followed when i helped him and my niece attend to all the sad chores that follow an unexpected death. i thought about them on the plane returning to california from the midwestern town where my sisters family lives. i thought about all the things that she hadnt seen or heard or done. i thought about the things that she had done without realizing that they were special.   im still thinking about his words, and theyve changed the weeds in the garden. im spending more time with my family and friends and less time in committee meetings. whenever possible, life should be a pattern of experience to savour, not endure. im trying to recognize these moment now and cherish them.   im not saving anything; we use our good china and crystal for every special. event such as losing a pound, getting the sink unstopped, the first camellia blossom… i wear my good blazer to the market if i feel like it. my theory is if i look prosperous, i can shell out $28. 49 for one small bag of groceries without wincing. im not saving my good perfume for special parties; clerks in hardware stores and tellers in banks have noses that function as well as my party going friends.   someday and one of these days are losing their grip on my vocabulary. if its worth seeing or hearing or doing, i want to see and hear and do it now. im not sure what my sister wouldve done had she know that she wouldnt be here for the tomorrow we all take for granted.   i think she would have called family members and a few close friends. she might have called a few former friends to apologize, and mend fences for past squabbles. i like to think she would have gone out for a chinese dinner, her favorite food. im guessing. ill never know.   its those little things left undone that would make me angry if i knew that my hours were limited. angry because i put off seeing good friends whom i was going to get in touch with someday. angry because i hadnt written certain letters that i intended to write one of these days. angry and sorry that i didnt tell my husband and daughter often enough how much i truly love them. 【篇二】珍惜时间英语演讲稿   Hello, ladies and gentlemen! It is my honor to share my topic with you here. And my topic is Time Is Valuable.?? Time flies. The article cong cong of Zhu Ziqing also tells us time is rare. We all know that :Time is life, at home we have parents advisement, at school we have teachers advisement. But who treasures time as life?   Now let"s enjoy a story: One day a young man visited great educator Banjieming. When Banjieming opened the door, to the young man"s great surprise.: his house was very dirty. “I"m sorry, It"s too dirty. Wait a minute please. Banjieming said and closed the door.   One minute later, Banjieming opened the door again and said: come in please . This time what the young man saw was a clean and clear sitting room.   “OK, You may go now. Banjieming said , “But I , I havn"t remit to you”. The young man asked. “Isn"t it enough? Looking at the room, “ Banjieming said. “You have been here for one minute.” “One minute? One minute, Oh I know. You tell me a truth: We can do many things in a minute.” The young man left with satisfaction.   The story is short but meaningful. Just like the story says:   one minute isn"t long. But our life is made of such minutes. In fact only treasure time , will you succeed, only treasure time, will you realize your ideal. Only treasure time will you achieve what you want.   We should make good use of time to study hard or to do something meaningful for yourself. So, we should plan the time to study and relax,especially at home.Because we have more free time at home,so that we can use that time to do a lot of things.   However,how can we plan the time? There are different ways for different people.For example, somebody like to study in the morning, and relax in the afternoon.On the contrary, somebody like to relax in the morning, and study in the afternoon.Somebody even think the best time to study is in the evening.Different ways for different people.But all the ways have one thing in common.   That is the need for practical action. If you want to change a difficult situation, if you want to change yourself, if you want to make good use of time to study, you must put into action.Or not, your plan will be not meaningful. 【篇三】珍惜时间英语演讲稿   In this world, there is one thing that is very fair to everybody, whether you are a male or female, young or old, rich or poor. Does anybody know what it is called?   Right. It is time. The topic I am going to present to you today is called “ Treasure Every Minute”.   To realize the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade.   To realize the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.   To realize the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.   To realize the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.   To realize the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who missed the train.   To realize the value of ONE SECOND, ask a person who just avoided an accident.   To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND, ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.   Treasure every moment that you have! And treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special enough to spend your time with.   And remember that time waits for no one. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That"s why it"s called the present!! The clock is running. Make the most of today.   Good luck, everybody!
2023-06-28 10:55:161

以时间为题英文演讲稿

  演讲稿是为了在会议或重要活动上表达自己意见、看法或汇报思想工作情况而事先准备好的文稿。在日新月异的现代社会中,演讲稿在我们的视野里出现的频率越来越高,演讲稿的"注意事项有许多,你确定会写吗?以下是我为大家整理的以时间为题的英文演讲稿,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。   以时间为题英文演讲稿 篇1   Hello, everybody!   In this world, there is one thing that is very fair to everybody, whether you are a male or female, young or old, rich or poor. Does anybody know what it is called?   Right. It is time. The topic I am going to present to you today is called “ Treasure Every Minute”.   To realize the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade.   To realize the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.   To realize the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.   To realize the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.   To realize the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who missed the train.   To realize the value of ONE SECOND, ask a person who just avoided an accident.   To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND, ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.   Treasure every moment that you have! And treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special enough to spend your time with.   And remember that time waits for no one. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. Thats why its called the present!! The clock is running. Make the most of today.   Good luck, everybody!   Thank you !   以时间为题英文演讲稿 篇2   Hello, ladies and gentlemen! It is my honor to share my topic with you here. And my topic is Time Is Valuable.   Time flies. The article cong cong of Zhu Ziqing also tells us time is rare. We all know that :Time is life, at home we have parents advisement, at school we have teachers advisement. But who treasures time as life?   Now let"s enjoy a story: One day a young man visited great educator Banjieming. When Banjieming opened the door, to the young man"s great surprise.: his house was very dirty. “I"m sorry, It"s too dirty. Wait a minute please. Banjieming said and closed the door.   One minute later, Banjieming opened the door again and said: come in please . This time what the young man saw was a clean and clear sitting room.   “OK, You may go now. Banjieming said , “But I , I havn"t remit to you”. The young man asked. “Isn"t it enough? Looking at the room, “ Banjieming said. “You have been here for one minute.” “One minute? One minute, Oh I know. You tell me a truth: We can do many things in a minute.” The young man left with satisfaction.   The story is short but meaningful. Just like the story says:one minute isn"t long. But our life is made of such minutes. In fact only treasure time , will you succeed, only treasure time, will you realize your ideal. Only treasure time will you achieve what you want.   We should make good use of time to study hard or to do something meaningful for yourself. So, we should plan the time to study and relax,especially at home.Because we have more free time at home,so that we can use that time to do a lot of things.   However,how can we plan the time? There are different ways for different people.For example, somebody like to study in the morning, and relax in the afternoon.On the contrary, somebody like to relax in the morning, and study in the afternoon.Somebody even think the best time to study is in the evening.Different ways for different people.But all the ways have one thing in common.   That is the need for practical action. If you want to change a difficult situation, if you want to change yourself, if you want to make good use of time to study, you must put into action.Or not, your plan will be not meaningful.   So dear fiends, please treasure every minutes of your life. Only like this will you have an excellent future. Thank you very much.   以时间为题英文演讲稿 篇3   Maybe you always ask "How can I get more and more time?" Now, I can tell you a story.   Once upon a time, there were many people in a village which named "gold time". And there was an old man in the village. Villagers called him "time man". Because he could "move" time to a lot of places. Sometimes he "moved" it to the top of the desk. Sometimes he "moved" it to the playground. There were many people on the playground. Some did exercises. Some played football. And he "moved" it to peoples home. They were having a birthday party. And the other people were cooking. In spite of this, many people still said, "I havent got enough time! Time man, give me enough time!" Time man was very angry. He couldnt bear it. Then, he killed himself. It was 12:00 p.m. So now we have 24 hours a day.   If you think time is not enough, you must hurry up to do every thing quickly. And dont waste time. If you can do every thing well, I think you must be best.Do you know? Mr. Lu said, "we only can get 24 hours one day. It brings somebody gold. And it also gives somebody lazy and unhappy. I only want tell you,Dont waste time."   以时间为题英文演讲稿 篇4   For thousands of years, animals have trodden a slow path, their spirits together with the body. But our human beings transportation is too fast. The body moves but the soul is left behind. We try to free ourselves in convenience, but we only imprison the soul. Since we invented how to count hours, we do everything to short the time, short the deadline. But the time saved cant be shorten. Nowadays, we spend lots of time staying in front of a TV just changing the channels, while we have no time to talk with a good friend or play with our family. We have plenty of time to search old news on the internet, while we hardly think about our life. In the end, the only thing apparent is our loneliness.   Take your time, please. Try to follow the natural steps and have your own clock. Try to share your time with everybody you love, share your mind, your happiness and sadness. Try to read the world we live in, do not only catch a quick glimpse at the society.   Someday, when we know how to spend every second in our life, we can then live our own life.   以时间为题英文演讲稿 篇5   Since I entered college I have felt a great burden off my mind and I just want to relax. So do my classmates. We enjoy playing cards and are very skillful at it. We seldom work on our lessons unless there is an examination. Then we work under pressure. I know it is not good, but what I lack is self control. Mat of us know it is a problem, and it is time we did something about it.   As youth, we are in the prime of our life. We should make good use of our golden time. The teachers take pains to teach us every day so that we can acquire more knowledge. We should not fail their expectations. I should not rest content with what I have done. Entering cnllege is just a step in the threshold of the palace of knowledge. The road is long. The modern age needs the well educated. The future world is highly competitive. If we idle away our time while young wo shall regret it in vain when we are did.   From now on I will concentrate all my energy on my studies as to qualify myself as a talent in the 21st century. Time and tide wait for no man. I should value my time. What about you, my friend?
2023-06-28 10:55:231

大学生珍惜时间英语演讲稿

【 #英语资源# 导语】震撼人心的英语演讲必然离不开一份优秀的英语演讲稿,这不仅是对于英语语法能力的考验,更是对于英语综合内容的把握以及口语能力的掌握。以下是 为大家精心整理的内容,欢迎大家阅读。 1.大学生珍惜时间英语演讲稿   Time, was a strange thing, it makes all sickness and death. When there is something born of time, from that moment the beginning of time has passed. How to we do? We can only seize the opportunity to seize life, to do the masters of their own destiny.   I have thought about a problem, what is time? I think that time is of the mind in life when the runway, and it is responsible for the completion of a mission of a subdivision.   Can not recover the past, the past is a good time regardless, or painful and have to stay in our memory, our experience has enriched and matured our thinking. Occasionally, the memories, can regulate our emotions, purify our hearts. Has been really obsessed with old things is not desirable because it is more important now.   I read a Soviet writer Nicholas? Alec? Ostrovsky"s book "How to Make Steel", I was moved to this section of the article so that impressed me: "Life belongs to the people only once. one"s life should be spent this way: when he look back, he does not regret the years wasted, not because of the shame . Thus, in death, he will be able to say : "I own a whole life and energies are dedicated to the world"s most magnificent cause - the cause of humanity andthe struggle of liberation. " Yes ah life time were more valuable it, especially the juvenile time. From now on, I have to cherish.   I"ve heard such a story: The pressure in the rubble and stones following a grass, it is a longing for the sun to reach it the will of Health, no matter how heavy stones above, between the rocks and stones How to narrow the gap, it always twists and turns, the tough and up through to the ground. Its root to the soil under the long shoots to the ground it stands, this is an irresistible force of life, to prevent its stones were thrown to the. Xiaocaohu a vitality so great that people can not help but sigh.   Yes ah, life will be like this, like the grass, no matter what circumstances, are making progress will never bow, the only way of life is the best, the most meaningful. Time is of the essence, time is gone forever, and we must treasure this good time, study hard, grow up, the effectiveness of the motherland. It is also the so-called "one inch by one inch gold time, gold-inch inch time. Let us cherish the time with it! 2.大学生珍惜时间英语演讲稿   A proverb says,"Time is money." But in my opinion, time is even more precious than money. Why? Because when money is spent, we can earn it back. However, when time is gone, it will never return. This is the reason why we must value time.Collected by www.ii63·com   It goes without saying that the time for our study and work is unusually limited. Hence, even an hour is extremely precious. We should make full use of our time to do useful things. As a student,I must make efforts to engage in my study so as to serve our nation and people in the future. But it is a pity that there. are a lot of people who do not know the importance of time. They do not realize that wasting time is equal to wasting a part of their valuable life.collected by II63·com 3.大学生珍惜时间英语演讲稿   Hello, ladies and gentlemen! It is my honor to share my topic with you here. And my topic is Time Is Valuable. Time flies. The article cong cong of Zhu Ziqing also tells us time is rare. We all know that :Time is life, at home we have parents advisement, at school we have teachers advisement. But who treasures time as life?   Now let"s enjoy a story: One day a young man visited great educator Banjieming. When Banjieming opened the door, to the young man"s great surprise.: his house was very dirty. “I"m sorry, It"s too dirty. Wait a minute please. Banjieming said and closed the door.   One minute later, Banjieming opened the door again and said: come in please . This time what the young man saw was a clean and clear sitting room.   “OK, You may go now. Banjieming said , “But I , I havn"t remit to you”. The young man asked. “Isn"t it enough? Looking at the room, “ Banjieming said. “You have been here for one minute.” “One minute? One minute, Oh I know. You tell me a truth: We can do many things in a minute.” The young man left with satisfaction.   The story is short but meaningful. Just like the story says:   one minute isn"t long. But our life is made of such minutes. In fact only treasure time , will you succeed, only treasure time, will you realize your ideal. Only treasure time will you achieve what you want.   We should make good use of time to study hard or to do something meaningful for yourself. So, we should plan the time to study and relax,especially at home.Because we have more free time at home,so that we can use that time to do a lot of things.   However,how can we plan the time? There are different ways for different people.For example, somebody like to study in the morning, and relax in the afternoon.On the contrary, somebody like to relax in the morning, and study in the afternoon.Somebody even think the best time to study is in the evening.Different ways for different people.But all the ways have one thing in common.   That is the need for practical action. If you want to change a difficult situation, if you want to change yourself, if you want to make good use of time to study, you must put into action.Or not, your plan will be not meaningful.   So dear fiends, please treasure every minutes of your life. Only like this will you have an excellent future. Thank you very much.
2023-06-28 10:55:301

我在报纸上看到贵公司招聘客服经理的广告用英语翻译

I read the advisement for recruiting Customer service manager fromcompany on the newspaper.
2023-06-28 10:55:534

高中英语演讲稿

高中英语演讲稿精选7篇   演讲稿可以提高演讲人的自信心,有助发言人更好地展现自己。在发展不断提速的社会中,很多地方都会使用到演讲稿,相信很多朋友都对写演讲稿感到非常苦恼吧,以下是我精心整理的高中英语演讲稿,供大家参考借鉴,希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。 高中英语演讲稿1   ladies and gentlemen,boys and girls,   I am chinese. i am proud of being a chinese with five thousand years ofcivilization behind. I‘ve learned about the four great inventions made by ourforefathers. I‘ve learned about the great wall and the yangtze river. I‘velearned about zhang heng and I‘ve learned about zheng says the yellow rivercivilization has vanished?I know that my ancestors have made miracles on thisfertile land and we‘re still making miracles. who can ignore the fact that wehave established ourselves as a great state in the world,that we have devisedour own nuclear weapons,that we have successfully sent our satellites intospace,and that our gnp ranks no. 7 in the world? We have experienced theplunders by other nations,and we have experienced the war. yet,based on suchruins,there still stands our nation----china,unyielding and unconquerable!   I once came across an american tourist. She said,china has a history offive thousand years,but the us only has a history of 200 years. Five thousandyears ago,china took the lead in the world,and now it is the us that isleading. My heart was deeply touched by these words. It is true that we‘restill a developing nation,but it doesn‘t mean that we can despise ourselves. Wehave such a long-standing history,we have such abundant resources,we have suchintelligent and diligent people,and we have enough to be proud of. We have   Reasons to say proudly:we are sure to take the lead in the world in thefuture again,for our problems are big,but our ambition is even bigger,ourchallenges are great,but our will is even greater.   I am chinese. I have inherited black hair and black eyes. I have inheritedthe virtues of my ancestors. I have also taken over responsibility. I am sure,that wherever I go,whatever I do,I shall never forget that I am chinese! 高中英语演讲稿2   Honorable Judges,fellow students:   Good afternoon!   Recently,ther is a heated debate in our society. The college students arethe beneficiaries of a rare privilege,who receive exceptional education atextraordinary places. But will we be able to face the challenge and supportourselves against all odds? Will we be able to better the lives of others? Willwe be able to accept the responsibility of building the future of ourcountry?   The cynics say the college students are the pampered lost generation,whichwould cringe at the slightest discomfort. But the cynics are wrong. The collegestudents I see are eagerly learning about how to live independently. We helpeach other clean the dormitory,go shopping and bargain together,and take parttime jobs to supplement our pocket money.   The cynics say we care for nothing other than grades; and we neglect theneed for character cultivation. But again,the cynics are wrong. We care deeplyfor each other,we cherish freedom,we treasure justice,and we seek truth. Lastweek,thousands of my fellow students had their blood type tested in order tomake a contribution for the children who suffer from blood cancer.   As college students,we are adolescents at the critical turning point inour lives. We all face a fundamental choice:cynicism or faith,each willprofoundly impact our future,or even the future of our country. I believe inall my fellow classmates. Though we are still inexperienced and even a littlebit childish. I believe that we have the courage and faith to meet any challengeand take on our responsibilities. We are preparing to assume newresponsibilities and tasks,and to use the education we have received to makeour world a better place. I believe in our future.   thank you! 高中英语演讲稿3 尊敬的各位领导、老师们、同学们:   上午好!我是今年新进教师,柴xx,来自高一化学组。非常荣幸,在开学典礼的今天,作为新教师代表在这里发言。   首先,请允许我代表新老师向给我们提供实现人生抱负机会的校领导表示衷心的感谢。   能够成为一名教师,我们是幸福的;能够成为二中的教师,我们更是深感自豪。从我们踏上三尺讲台的那一刻起,我们就肩负了教书育人的圣神职责。我们深感责任重大,我们必须努力进取。在此,请允许我代表全体新教师郑重承诺,在今后的工作中努力做到以下四点:    一、做一名合格的教师   我们将以老教师为榜样,虚心请教、刻苦专研、努力探索本学科的教学方法,做到因材施教,争取在最短的时间内让自己的教学步入正轨。    二、做一名品德高尚的教师   古人云:“学高为师,身正为范”。一名优秀的教师不仅要有广博的知识,更要有高尚的道德情怀。我们要以自己的人格去塑造学生的人格,用自己的道德情感去唤醒学生的道德情感。“言传不如身教”我们将铭记于心。    三、做一名有责任感的教师   “师者,所以传道授业解惑也”。我们需要有高度的责任感,严谨务实的工作作风,精心备课、细心讲解、耐心答疑,以平等的心态、欣赏的目光、发展的眼光去对待每一位学生,成为学生学习上、生活中的好朋友。    四、做一名真正的凤冈二中人   凤冈二中的发展需要我们一代又一代人坚持不懈的努力。我们将继承和发扬二中的优良传统,在校领导的带领下,努力奋斗,对学校的发展做出应有的贡献。在这个舞台上实现自己的人生价值。   作为一名老师我想对同学们说:没有永远的最后,只有暂时的落后,每天进步一点点,坚持,就会成功。无论昨天的你怎样都已经过去。   新学期,新起点,新的希望,新的征程。我相信经历过磨练的我们会更加的`成熟与自信!就让我们期待明天更为丰硕的成果吧!在更为激励的竞争中乘风破浪,尽展二中风采。在我们全体师生的努力下二中的明天会更加辉煌! 高中英语演讲稿4   1)开始时对听众的称呼语最常用的是Ladies and gentlemen,也可根据不同情况,选用Fellow students,Distinguished guests,Mr Chairman,Honorable Judges(评委)等等。   2)提出论题由于演讲的时间限制,必须开门见山,提出论题。提出论题的方法有各种各样,但最生动,最能引起注意的是用举例法。比如:你要呼吁大家关心贫穷地区的孩子,你可以用亲眼看到的或者收集到的那些贫穷孩子多么需要帮助的实例开始。另外,用具体的统计数据也是一个有效的引出论题的方法,比如:你要谈遵守交通规则的话题,你可以从举一系列有关车辆、车祸等的数据开始。   3)论证对提出的论题,不可主观地妄下结论,而要进行客观的论证。这是演讲中最需要下功夫的部分。关键是要把道理讲清楚。常见的论证方法有举例法、因果法、对比法等等,可参见英语议论文的有关章节。   4)结论结论要简明扼要(以给听众留下深刻印象。   5)结尾结尾要简洁,不要拉拉扯扯,说个没完。特别是不要受汉语影响,说些类似“准备不足,请谅解”,“请批评指正”这样的废话。最普通的结尾就是:Thank you very much for your attention   格式:   1、顶格写称谓语(如:亲爱的老师)   2、下一行空两格写问候(如:大家好)   3、正文   4、结尾(如:谢谢大家)   写法:    1、内容上的现实性   演讲稿是为了说明一定的观点和态度的。这个观点和态度一定要与现实生活紧密相关。它讨论的应该是现实生活中存在的并为人们所关心的问题。它的观点要来自身边的生活或学习,材料也是如此。它得是真实可信,是为了解决身边的问题而提出和讨论的。    2、情感上的说服性   演讲的目的和作用就在于打动听众,使听者对讲话者的观点或态度产生认可或同情。演讲稿作为这种具有特定目的的讲话稿,一定要具有说服力和感染力。很多著名的政治家都是很好的演讲者,他们往往借肋于自己出色的演讲,为自己的政治斗争铺路。    3、特定情景性   演讲稿是为演讲服务的,不同的演讲有不同的目的、情绪,有不同的场合和不同的听众,这些构成演讲的情景,演讲稿的写作要与这些特定情景相适应。    4、口语化   演讲稿的最终目的是用于讲话,所以,它是有声语言,是书面化的口语。因此,演讲稿要“上口”、“入耳”,它一方面是把口头语言变为书面语言,即化声音为文字,起到规范文字、有助演讲的作用;另一方面,演讲稿要把较为正规严肃的书面语言转化为易听易明的口语,以便演讲。同时,演讲稿的语言应适应演讲人的讲话习惯,同演讲者的自然讲话节奏一致。   演讲稿对于演讲都有哪些作用呢?主要体现在以下几方面:(1)整理演讲者的思路、提示演讲的内容、限定演讲的速度;(2)引导听众,使听众能更好地理解演讲的内容;(3)通过对语言的推究提高语言的表现力,增强语言的感染力。   由于演讲稿具有以上的特征和作用,它在写作方法上也有一定方法可循。 高中英语演讲稿5   Hello,ladies and gentlemen! It is my honor to share my topic with youhere. And my topic is Time Is Valuable.?? Time flies. The article cong cong ofZhu Ziqing also tells us time is rare. We all know that:Time is life,at homewe have parents advisement,at school we have teachers advisement. But whotreasures time as life?   Now let"s enjoy a story:One day a young man visited great educatorBanjieming. When Banjieming opened the door,to the young man"s great surprise.:his house was very dirty. “I"m sorry,It"s too dirty. Wait a minute please.Banjieming said and closed the door.   One minute later,Banjieming opened the door again and said:e in please .This time what the young man saw was a clean and clear sitting room.   “OK,You may go now. Banjieming said,“But I,I havn"t remit to you”. Theyoung man asked. “Isn"t it enough? Looking at the room,“ Banjieming said. “Youhave been here for one minute.” “One minute? One minute,Oh I know. You tell mea truth:We can do many things in a minute.” The young man left withsatisfaction.   The story is short but meaningful. Just like the story says:   one minute isn"t long. But our life is made of such minutes. In fact onlytreasure time,will you succeed,only treasure time,will you realize yourideal. Only treasure time will you achieve what you want.   We should make good use of time to study hard or to do something meaningfulfor yourself. So,we should plan the time to study and relax,especially at usewe have more free time at home,so that we can use that time to do a lot ofthings.   However,how can we plan the time? There are different ways for differentexample,somebody like to study in the morning,and relax in the the contrary,somebody like to relax in the morning,and study in the body even think the besttime to study is in the erent ways for different all the ways have one thing inmon.   That is the need for practical action. If you want to change a difficultsituation,if you want to change yourself,if you want to make good use of timeto study,you must put into not,your plan will be not meaningful.   So dear fiends,please treasure every minutes of your life. Only like thiswill you have an excellent future. Thank you very much. 高中英语演讲稿6   Good morning,ladies and gentlemen,today i am so happy to stand here to giveyou a speech.Or rather, a real story of mine.   Though with time going by,i can still remember what you once told me.Youshould be a brave girl.Smiling,you looked into my eyes.Year in,year out,nearlymost of my memories are fading little by little.But only this simple sentenceremained,without being forgotten in my life.   Again and again,i can not stop myself from thinking about it.Soordinary,but so impressive,so moving,just like the brightest sunshine,it helpsme go through the darkest night.I am such a sensitive girl in your heart.Yousaid,my sorroful facial expression made feel so distersssed.However,there is onething i never tell you,that is ,i am being a big girl gradually with your wordsand smiles.I never tell you about it,for i believe oneday,you can see the greatchanges of mine for yourself.That is what i want to do in return.As i know,thatwill be the best gift for you.   I suddenly think of a song named MY HEART WILL GO ON.There is a beautifulsentence going like this.You are safe in my heart.More than once,i was moved totears by it.I know ,i am also safe in your heart.i have already forgotten when itold you i was going to leave for Australia this summer holiday.You just smiledas usual,gently speaking.Whatever you decide to do,i will be in favor of it,but,just onething,remember,when you fell lonely abroad,do not forget we are here,praying for you.We are all around you,far across the distance and space betweenus.i closed my eyes,the flashback started.The memories we had together,once weplayed games on the palyground,we played jokes on each other,you always wrote alot of sentences on my articles to encourage me.And the most unforgetablething,you told me,you believed m i could be a big girl.Sooner or later.   At that specific moment,i suddenly understood the meaning of this sentencetotally.So on that day,i smiled as you used to,looking at you.The last words isaid were,keep walking in sunshine.   Yes,keep walking in sunshine.I said to you,also to myself.I know i am notalone wiht your pany,and we can keep walking in sunshine till the last minute ofour days.   I promise,i will be a big girl.   I promise,i will be a brave girl.   I promise,i will keep walking in sunshine.   That is my speech,thank you! 高中英语演讲稿7   Time,was a strange thing,it makes all sickness and death. When there issomething born of time, from that moment the beginning of time has passed. Howto we do? We can only seize the opportunity to seize life,to do the masters oftheir own destiny.   I have thought about a problem,what is time? I think that time is of themind in life when the runway,and it is responsible for the pletion of a missionof a subdivision.   Can not recover the past,the past is a good time regardless,or painfuland have to stay in our memory,our experience has enriched and matured ourthinking. Occasionally,the memories,can regulate our emotions,purify ourhearts. Has been really obsessed with old things is not desirable because it ismore important now.   I read a Soviet writer Nicholas? Alec? Ostrovsky"s book "How to MakeSteel",I was moved to this section of the article so that impressed me:"Lifebelongs to the people only once. one"s life should be spent this way:when helook back,he does not regret the years wasted,not because of the shame . Thus,in death,he will be able to say:"I own a whole life and energies arededicated to the world"s most magnificent cause - the cause of humanity andthestruggle of liberation. " Yes ah life time were more valuable it,especially thejuvenile time. From now on,I have to cherish.   I"ve heard such a story:The pressure in the rubble and stones following agrass,it is a longing for the sun to reach it the will of Health,no matter howheavy stones above,between the rocks and stones How to narrow the gap,italways twists and turns,the tough and up through to the ground. Its root to thesoil under the long shoots to the ground it stands,this is an irresistibleforce of life,to prevent its stones were thrown to the. Xiaocaohu a vitality sogreat that people can not help but sigh.   Yes ah,life will be like this,like the grass,no matter whatcircumstances,are making progress will never bow,the only way of life is thebest,the most meaningful. Time is of the essence,time is gone forever,and wemust treasure this good time,study hard,grow up,the effectiveness of themotherland. It is also the so-called "one inch by one inch gold time,gold-inchinch time. Let us cherish the time with it! ;
2023-06-28 10:56:021

6月26日下午雅思口语题有些什么?

我靠!shirley老师!她是郑州环雅的,不同地区口语还是有细小差别的。楼主建议你还是找论坛问本地考生比较准确...不过shirley老师的总结还是可以参考看看的。我每次都是周日考,周六晚上shirley老师会发布周6蹲点题,现在好像改April(是不是这名?)老师发布了...
2023-06-28 10:56:472

auto-rp方式使用哪一个组播地址

在现有的一个PIM-SM环境下,你配置好了的RP会给的BSR发Advisement信息,里面包含了自己的RP信息,BSR收到之后会分发给PIM-SM环境下的所有设备,这样RP信息就在所有设备上都有了。即使你在现有的环境下新加了机器进来,BSR也会周期性的分发RP信息给所有的机器,自然也包括新加入的机器(只需开启PIM-SM,配置好单播),所有一个PIM-SM环境里的设备是可以同步学到auto-RP信息的。
2023-06-28 10:56:561

以e结尾的单词加ment

以e结尾的动词加-ment变成名词,例如: 1、move(行动)— movement(运动); 2、encourage(鼓舞)— encouragement(鼓励); 3、judge(法官) —judgement(判决); 4、argue(争论)——argument(争执)。 扩展资料   动词变名词的"构词法:   一:动词后加or或er变成对应的人,如conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor;   二:动词后加ment,如achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement;   三:动词后加tion,如adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction;   四:动词后加sion,如admit –-admission,conclude—conclusion,decide—decision;   五:动词后加-ance/-ence,如allow—allowance,aear—aearance,assist—assistance;   六:动词后加-al,如arrive—arrival,survive—survival;   七:动词后加ing,如draw——drawing,read——reading,train——training.
2023-06-28 10:57:221

动词如何变名词

1、词形不变,词性变化。例如:work、study、water、plant等可以用作动词,也可用作名词。2、有些动词加在词尾-er或-or然后它就变成了一种表现“某种人”名词。3、在动词末尾加上-ing成为名词(这个方法和把动词变成现在分词一样)。例如: meet—meeting, build—building,wait—waiting,wash—washing,swim—swimming,shop—shopping,begin—beginning等。扩展资料:动名词的构词法:一:动词之后or或er成为相应的人,作为conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor;二:动词之后ment,作为achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement;三:动词之后tion,作为adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction;四:动词之后sion,作为admit –-admission,conclude—conclusion,decide—decision;五:动词之后-ance/-ence,作为allow—allowance,aear—aearance,assist—assistance;六:动词之后-al,作为arrive—arrival,survive—survival;七:动词之后ing,有太多的例子无法计数。
2023-06-28 10:58:021

动词怎么变名词呢?

1、词形不变,词性变化。例如:work、study、water、plant等可以用作动词,也可用作名词。2、有些动词加在词尾-er或-or然后它就变成了一种表现“某种人”名词。3、在动词末尾加上-ing成为名词(这个方法和把动词变成现在分词一样)。例如: meet—meeting, build—building,wait—waiting,wash—washing,swim—swimming,shop—shopping,begin—beginning等。扩展资料:动名词的构词法:一:动词之后or或er成为相应的人,作为conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor;二:动词之后ment,作为achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement;三:动词之后tion,作为adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction;四:动词之后sion,作为admit –-admission,conclude—conclusion,decide—decision;五:动词之后-ance/-ence,作为allow—allowance,aear—aearance,assist—assistance;六:动词之后-al,作为arrive—arrival,survive—survival;七:动词之后ing,有太多的例子无法计数。
2023-06-28 10:58:201

动词变动名词一ing的规则是什么?

规则如下:1、一般情况下直接在词尾加ing。如:play→playing,read→reading,watch→watching。2、以不发音的字母e结尾的单词,去掉字母e,再加ing。如:dance→dancing,write→writing,make→making。3、单词最后三个字母为“辅音-元音-辅音”结构,并且通常为重读音节的动词,先双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing。如:swim→swimming,run→running,sit→sitting。动词变名词注意:动词后加or或er变成对应的人,如conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor。动词后加ment,如achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement 。动词后加tion,如adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction。
2023-06-28 10:58:371

动词变动名词一ing的规则是什么?

1.单词末尾有不发音e的,去e加ing2.辅元辅结构的单词双写最后的字母加ing3.单词以ie结尾,把ie变y加ing
2023-06-28 10:58:533

JACS送审后状态显示

underadvisement。JACS是《美国化学会志》,文章送审后会显示underadvisement(审查中),之后如通过会显示adopt(通过),不通过显示不通过Fail(不通过)。
2023-06-28 10:59:101

Straight Life 歌词

歌曲名:Straight Life歌手:Freddie Hubbard专辑:Jazz Moods - HotStraight LifeBlack Box Recorder - The Facts of Life(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful day (It"s a beautiful day)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(In our) Dream home(In our) Dream homeStraight lifeAway from alternative cultureTransient people (Straight life)Coming in and out of our livesStraight lifePainting our walls, and wiring the circuitGradate advisement (Straight life)Building it up by the sweat of our bowsHome improvementsIn our dream homeHome improvementsWe"re not movingStraight lifeVisiting sites of local interestWalking the hillsides (Straight life)Playing games, bringing back souvenirsStraight lifeSecret signs, our own signed languageMisunderstandings (Straight life)Have now become a thing of the pastHome improvementsIn our dream homeHome improvementsWe"re never moving(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful day (It"s a beautiful day)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(In our) Dream home(In our) Dream homeStraight lifeLives in a tin on top of the wardrobePersonal photos (Straight life)Holiday snaps, caravan sitesStraight lifeKeep your mouth shut, say hello to the neighboursStraight lifeLook at our straight lifeHome improvementsIn our dream homeHome improvementsWe"re not moving(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful day (It"s a beautiful day)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(In our) Dream home(In our) Dream home(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful day (It"s a beautiful day)(Dream home) It"s a beautiful morning (It"s a beautiful morning)(In our) Dream home(In our) Dream homeStraight lifeLook at a straight lifeStraight lifeThis is our straight lifeStraight lifehttp://music.baidu.com/song/7990107
2023-06-28 10:59:161

英语演讲稿之珍惜时间

  陶渊明曾说:盛年不再来,一日难再晨,及时当勉励,岁月不待人。以下是的我为大家精心整理的“英语演讲稿之珍惜时间”三篇,供大家阅读!希望能够帮助到大家!更多精彩英语演讲稿请持续关注英语演讲稿栏目!   篇一:英语演讲稿之珍惜时间   Good morning, everybody!   In this world, there is one thing that is very fair to everybody, whether you are a male or female, young or old, rich or poor. Does anybody know what it is called?   Right. It is time. The topic I am going to present to you today is called “ Treasure Every Minute”.   To realize the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade.   To realize the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.   To realize the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.   To realize the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.   To realize the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who missed the train.   To realize the value of ONE SECOND, ask a person who just avoided an accident.   To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND, ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.   Treasure every moment that you have! And treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special enough to spend your time with.   And remember that time waits for no one. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That"s why it"s called the present!! The clock is running. Make the most of today.   Good luck, everybody!   篇二:英语演讲稿之珍惜时间   Hello, ladies and gentlemen! It is my honor to share my topic with you here. And my topic is Time Is Valuable.?? Time flies. The article cong cong of Zhu Ziqing also tells us time is rare. We all know that :Time is life, at home we have parents advisement, at school we have teachers advisement. But who treasures time as life?   Now let"s enjoy a story: One day a young man visited great educator Banjieming. When Banjieming opened the door, to the young man"s great surprise.: his house was very dirty. “I"m sorry, It"s too dirty. Wait a minute please. Banjieming said and closed the door.   One minute later, Banjieming opened the door again and said: come in please . This time what the young man saw was a clean and clear sitting room.   “OK, You may go now. Banjieming said , “But I , I havn"t remit to you”. The young man asked. “Isn"t it enough? Looking at the room, “ Banjieming said. “You have been here for one minute.” “One minute? One minute, Oh I know. You tell me a truth: We can do many things in a minute.” The young man left with satisfaction.   The story is short but meaningful. Just like the story says:   one minute isn"t long. But our life is made of such minutes. In fact only treasure time , will you succeed, only treasure time, will you realize your ideal. Only treasure time will you achieve what you want.   We should make good use of time to study hard or to do something meaningful for yourself. So, we should plan the time to study and relax,especially at home.Because we have more free time at home,so that we can use that time to do a lot of things.   However,how can we plan the time? There are different ways for different people.For example, somebody like to study in the morning, and relax in the afternoon.On the contrary, somebody like to relax in the morning, and study in the afternoon.Somebody even think the best time to study is in the evening.Different ways for different people.But all the ways have one thing in common.   That is the need for practical action. If you want to change a difficult situation, if you want to change yourself, if you want to make good use of time to study, you must put into action.Or not, your plan will be not meaningful.   So dear fiends, please treasure every minutes of your life. Only like this will you have an excellent future. Thank you very much.   篇三:英语演讲稿之珍惜时间   Time, was a strange thing, it makes all sickness and death. When there is something born of time, from that moment the beginning of time has passed. How to we do? We can only seize the opportunity to seize life, to do the masters of their own destiny.   I have thought about a problem, what is time? I think that time is of the mind in life when the runway, and it is responsible for the completion of a mission of a subdivision.   Can not recover the past, the past is a good time regardless, or painful and have to stay in our memory, our experience has enriched and matured our thinking. Occasionally, the memories, can regulate our emotions, purify our hearts. Has been really obsessed with old things is not desirable because it is more important now.   I read a Soviet writer Nicholas? Alec? Ostrovsky"s book "How to Make Steel", I was moved to this section of the article so that impressed me: "Life belongs to the people only once. one"s life should be spent this way: when he look back, he does not regret the years wasted, not because of the shame . Thus, in death, he will be able to say : "I own a whole life and energies are dedicated to the world"s most magnificent cause - the cause of humanity and   the struggle of liberation. " Yes ah life time were more valuable it, especially the juvenile time. From now on, I have to cherish.   I"ve heard such a story: The pressure in the rubble and stones following a grass, it is a longing for the sun to reach it the will of Health, no matter how heavy stones above, between the rocks and stones How to narrow the gap, it always twists and turns, the tough and up through to the ground. Its root to the soil under the long shoots to the ground it stands, this is an irresistible force of life, to prevent its stones were thrown to the. Xiaocaohu a vitality so great that people can not help but sigh.   Yes ah, life will be like this, like the grass, no matter what circumstances, are making progress will never bow, the only way of life is the best, the most meaningful. Time is of the essence, time is gone forever, and we must treasure this good time, study hard, grow up, the effectiveness of the motherland. It is also the so-called "one inch by one inch gold time, gold-inch inch time. Let us cherish the time with it!    我精心推荐
2023-06-28 10:59:231

动词变名词的变化规则加er

动词变名词的变化规则加er: 一般情况下在动词后面直接加er.work--- worker。 动词变名词,通常加ing,叫做动名词,表示"……这件事"。 有的动词变名词要加名词后缀,不同后缀,意思不同。比如teach,teacher。 有些动词变内部字母,比如advise,advice。 扩展资料   动词变名词的构词法:   一:动词后加or或er变成对应的人,如conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor;   二:动词后加ment,如achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement;   三:动词后加tion,如adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction;   四:动词后加sion,如admit –-admission,conclude—conclusion,decide—decision;   五:动词后加-ance/-ence,如allow—allowance,aear—aearance,assist—assistance;   六:动词后加-al,如arrive—arrival,survive—survival;   七:动词后加ing,这个例子多得没法数了。   动词变为名词的方法:   1.词形不变,词性改变。例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词,也可以用作名词。   2. 一些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表示“某一类人”的名词。例如:work—worker, teach—teacher, sing—singer, jump—jumper, play—player, learn—learner, visit—visitor, invent—inventor等。   注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的"动词,在词尾加-r。例如:drive—driver, write—writer等。   2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er。例如:run—runner, win—winner, begin—beginner等。   3. 在动词词尾加-ing变成名词(方法与动词变为现在分词的方法相同)。例如: meet—meeting, build—building, wait—waiting, wash—washing, swim—swimming, shop—shopping, begin—beginning等。   动名词的规则变化:   1.一般情况下,直接在动词后加-ing (现在进行时)work ---- working study ----- studying   2.动词以不发音的-e结尾,要去-e加-ing take ----- taking make ----- making   3.重读闭音节的动词,要双写词尾字母,再加-ing cut ----- cutting put begin   4.以-ie结尾的动词,把变成y再加-ing lie ----- lying tie ----- tying die ----- dying
2023-06-28 10:59:291

动词变名词的变化规则 小学

2023-06-28 10:59:361

“这是我我的建议,希望你早日康复”用英语怎么说

This is my advisement,so I hope you can recover soon.
2023-06-28 10:59:541

英文错误请指出,谢谢啦~

There are so many people in the world, but there is only one earth. Have you ever thought about the relation between us and the earth? The author of the cartoon may have certain thoughts. We can see in the picture that the earth has been tortured by the increased exhaust gas emitted by automobile. The earth may not be able to take the pain caused by human being any longer, but people are doing nothing to reduce its pain, not even awared of it.The cartoon is like an alarm to us warning that we can not focus on continuous development without thinking of the environment. When the industry develops, more and more resources are consumed. The increasing consumed resource leads to increasing exhausted resource.The natural resource is limited. So we must not only solve the problem in developing economy,but also in protecting the environment. I have some advices. First ,we must control the consumption of natual resoure, and increase the utilizaiton efficiency. For example, solve the pollution problems through science and technology, and redirect industrial development path to protect environment and save resource. Secondly, the government should legislate to regulate the activities of companies and individuals.Let us strive to resume a natural earth.只能改成这样了......
2023-06-28 11:00:011

give out /hand out

没有
2023-06-28 11:00:093

书名广告学概论翻译成英语

good
2023-06-28 11:00:174

翻译问题:我从中国科学院××研究所毕业,获得博士学位,导师刘在刚研究员。

I graduated from XX Institute, Academy of Sciences of China and gained my Doctor"s degree. My tutor was the researcher Liu Zaigang. 私は 中国科学院の××研究所からは卒业して、博士の学位を获得して. 研究员刘在刚は 私は指导者です.
2023-06-28 11:00:242

珍惜时间英语演讲稿范文

  时间是宝贵的,我们要珍惜时间,这道理我们都懂,那么用英语怎么说出来呢?以下是由我为你整理的“珍惜时间英语演讲稿范文”,更多内容请访问。   珍惜时间英语演讲稿范文(一)   my brother-in-law opened the bottom drawer of my sisters bureau and lifted out a tissue-wrapped package. this, he said, is not a slip. this is lingerie. he discarded the tissue and handed me the slip.   it was exquisite, silk, handmade and trimmed with a cobweb of lace. the price tag with an astronomical figure on it was still attached.   jan bought this the first time we went to new york, at least 8 or 9 years ago. she never wore it. she was saving it for a special occasion.   well, i guess this is the occasion.   he took the slip from me and put it on the bed, with the other clothes we were taking to the mortician. his hands lingered on the soft material for a moment, then he slammed the drawer shut and turned to me, dont ever save anything for a special occasion. every day you re alive is a special occasion.   i remembered those words through the funeral and the days that followed when i helped him and my niece attend to all the sad chores that follow an unexpected death. i thought about them on the plane returning to california from the midwestern town where my sisters family lives. i thought about all the things that she hadnt seen or heard or done. i thought about the things that she had done without realizing that they were special.   im still thinking about his words, and theyve changed the weeds in the garden. im spending more time with my family and friends and less time in committee meetings. whenever possible, life should be a pattern of experience to savour, not endure. im trying to recognize these moment now and cherish them.   im not saving anything; we use our good china and crystal for every special. event such as losing a pound, getting the sink unstopped, the first camellia blossom… i wear my good blazer to the market if i feel like it. my theory is if i look prosperous, i can shell out $28. 49 for one small bag of groceries without wincing. im not saving my good perfume for special parties; clerks in hardware stores and tellers in banks have noses that function as well as my party going friends.   someday and one of these days are losing their grip on my vocabulary. if its worth seeing or hearing or doing, i want to see and hear and do it now. im not sure what my sister wouldve done had she know that she wouldnt be here for the tomorrow we all take for granted.   i think she would have called family members and a few close friends. she might have called a few former friends to apologize, and mend fences for past squabbles. i like to think she would have gone out for a chinese dinner, her favorite food. im guessing. ill never know.   its those little things left undone that would make me angry if i knew that my hours were limited. angry because i put off seeing good friends whom i was going to get in touch with someday. angry because i hadnt written certain letters that i intended to write one of these days. angry and sorry that i didnt tell my husband and daughter often enough how much i truly love them.   im trying very hard not to put off, hold back, or save anything that would add laughter and luster to our lives. and every morning when i open my eyes, i tell myself that every day, every minute, every breath truly, is... a gift from god.   珍惜时间英语演讲稿范文(二)   Hello, ladies and gentlemen! It is my honor to share my topic with you here. And my topic is Time Is Valuable.?? Time flies. The article cong cong of Zhu Ziqing also tells us time is rare. We all know that :Time is life, at home we have parents advisement, at school we have teachers advisement. But who treasures time as life?   Now let"s enjoy a story: One day a young man visited great educator Banjieming. When Banjieming opened the door, to the young man"s great surprise.: his house was very dirty. “I"m sorry, It"s too dirty. Wait a minute please. Banjieming said and closed the door.   One minute later, Banjieming opened the door again and said: come in please . This time what the young man saw was a clean and clear sitting room.   “OK, You may go now. Banjieming said , “But I , I havn"t remit to you”. The young man asked. “Isn"t it enough? Looking at the room, “ Banjieming said. “You have been here for one minute.” “One minute? One minute, Oh I know. You tell me a truth: We can do many things in a minute.” The young man left with satisfaction.   The story is short but meaningful. Just like the story says:   one minute isn"t long. But our life is made of such minutes. In fact only treasure time , will you succeed, only treasure time, will you realize your ideal. Only treasure time will you achieve what you want.   We should make good use of time to study hard or to do something meaningful for yourself. So, we should plan the time to study and relax,especially at home.Because we have more free time at home,so that we can use that time to do a lot of things.   However,how can we plan the time? There are different ways for different people.For example, somebody like to study in the morning, and relax in the afternoon.On the contrary, somebody like to relax in the morning, and study in the afternoon.Somebody even think the best time to study is in the evening.Different ways for different people.But all the ways have one thing in common.   That is the need for practical action. If you want to change a difficult situation, if you want to change yourself, if you want to make good use of time to study, you must put into action.Or not, your plan will be not meaningful.   So dear fiends, please treasure every minutes of your life. Only like this will you have an excellent future. Thank you very much.   珍惜时间英语演讲稿范文(三)   In this world, there is one thing that is very fair to everybody, whether you are a male or female, young or old, rich or poor. Does anybody know what it is called?   Right. It is time. The topic I am going to present to you today is called “ Treasure Every Minute”.   To realize the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade.   To realize the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.   To realize the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.   To realize the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.   To realize the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who missed the train.   To realize the value of ONE SECOND, ask a person who just avoided an accident.   To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND, ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.   Treasure every moment that you have! And treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special enough to spend your time with.   And remember that time waits for no one. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That"s why it"s called the present!! The clock is running. Make the most of today.   Good luck, everybody!
2023-06-28 11:00:431

effect和impact的区别

influence影响,“感化”.侧重于内在的,潜移默化的影响使一个人的行为或思想发生改变.effect“招致,引起”,主要是指“作用”,常用来指产生的“直接后果".(effect一般指积极的影响,affect一般则指消极的影响)impact指有冲击性的,震撼的影响.语气强烈.1.The book give the reader far influence.这本书对读者产生了长远影响.2.Her advisement has no influence on her.她的劝告对她毫无影响.The direct effect is obvious.直接的效果是明显.The noise effect on my work.噪声影响了我工作.1.It"s difficult to assess the impact of the President"s speech.总统讲话的巨大影响很难估计.2.It has a crisp visual impact.它是一个干脆利落的视觉冲击. 我的回答你还满意吗?望采纳,谢谢!
2023-06-28 11:00:511

I am determined to make an()next time I have any questions A.advertisement B.adjustment

选A. advisement深思熟虑,下次有问题时要深思熟虑。
2023-06-28 11:00:592

动名词是什么意思,如何运用?

1、词形不变,词性变化。例如:work、study、water、plant等可以用作动词,也可用作名词。2、有些动词加在词尾-er或-or然后它就变成了一种表现“某种人”名词。3、在动词末尾加上-ing成为名词(这个方法和把动词变成现在分词一样)。例如: meet—meeting, build—building,wait—waiting,wash—washing,swim—swimming,shop—shopping,begin—beginning等。扩展资料:动名词的构词法:一:动词之后or或er成为相应的人,作为conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor;二:动词之后ment,作为achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement;三:动词之后tion,作为adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction;四:动词之后sion,作为admit –-admission,conclude—conclusion,decide—decision;五:动词之后-ance/-ence,作为allow—allowance,aear—aearance,assist—assistance;六:动词之后-al,作为arrive—arrival,survive—survival;七:动词之后ing,有太多的例子无法计数。
2023-06-28 11:01:061

大学生英语演讲稿【珍惜时间】

【 #英语资源# 导语】鲁迅先生说:“浪费自己的时间等于慢性自 杀,浪费别人的时间等于谋财害命。”这就说明了珍惜时间的重要性。 为大家准备了以下大学生英语演讲稿【珍惜时间】,希望对大家有帮助。 【篇一】大学生英语演讲稿【珍惜时间】   Hello, ladies and gentlemen! It is my honor to share my topic with you here. And my topic is Time Is Valuable.?? Time flies. The article cong cong of Zhu Ziqing also tells us time is rare. We all know that :Time is life, at home we have parents advisement, at school we have teachers advisement. But who treasures time as life?   Now let"s enjoy a story: One day a young man visited great educator Banjieming. When Banjieming opened the door, to the young man"s great surprise.: his house was very dirty. “I"m sorry, It"s too dirty. Wait a minute please. Banjieming and closed the door.   One minute later, Banjieming opened the door again and said: come in please . This time what the young man saw was a clean and clear sitting room.   “OK, You may go now. Banjieming said , “But I , I havn"t remit to you”. The young man asked. “Isn"t it enough? Looking at the room, “ Banjieming said. “You have been here for one minute.” “One minute? One minute, Oh I know. You tell me a truth: We can do many things in a minute.” The young man left with satisfaction.   The story is short but meaningful. Just like the story says:   one minute isn"t long. But our life is made of such minutes. In fact only treasure time , will you succeed, only treasure time, will you realize your ideal. Only treasure time will you achieve what you want.   We should make good use of time to study hard or to do something meaningful for yourself. So, we should plan the time to study and relax,especially at home.Because we have more free time at home,so that we can use that time to do a lot of things.   However,how can we plan the time? There are different ways for different people.For example, somebody like to study in the morning, and relax in the afternoon.On the contrary, somebody like to relax in the morning, and study in the afternoon.Somebody even think the best time to study is in the evening.Different ways for different people.But all the ways have one thing in common.   That is the need for practical action. If you want to change a difficult situation, if you want to change yourself, if you want to make good use of time to study, you must put into action.Or not, your plan will be not meaningful.   So dear fiends, please treasure every minutes of your life. Only like this will you have an excellent future. Thank you very much. 【篇二】大学生英语演讲稿【珍惜时间】   My brother-in-law opened the bottom drawer of my sisters bureau and lifted out a tissue-wrapped package. this, he said, is not a slip. this is lingerie. he discarded the tissue and handed me the slip.   It was exquisite, silk, handmade and trimmed with a cobweb of lace. the price tag with an astronomical figure on it was still attached.   Jan bought this the first time we went to new york, at least 8 or 9 years ago. she never wore it. she was saving it for a special occasion.   Well, i guess this is the occasion.   He took the slip from me and put it on the bed, with the other clothes we were taking to the mortician. his hands lingered on the soft material for a moment, then he slammed the drawer shut and turned to me, dont ever save anything for a special occasion. every day you re alive is a special occasion.   I remembered those words through the funeral and the days that followed when i helped him and my niece attend to all the sad chores that follow an unexpected death. i thought about them on the plane returning to california from the midwestern town where my sisters family lives. i thought about all the things that she hadnt seen or heard or done. i thought about the things that she had done without realizing that they were special.   Im still thinking about his words, and theyve changed the weeds in the garden. im spending more time with my family and friends and less time in committee meetings. whenever possible, life should be a pattern of experience to savour, not endure. im trying to recognize these moment now and cherish them.   Im not saving anything; we use our good china and crystal for every special. event such as losing a pound, getting the sink unstopped, the first camellia blossom… i wear my good blazer to the market if i feel like it. my theory is if i look prosperous, i can shell out $28. 49 for one small bag of groceries without wincing. im not saving my good perfume for special parties; clerks in hardware stores and tellers in banks have noses that function as well as my party going friends.   Someday and one of these days are losing their grip on my vocabulary. if its worth seeing or hearing or doing, i want to see and hear and do it now. im not sure what my sister wouldve done had she know that she wouldnt be here for the tomorrow we all take for granted.   I think she would have called family members and a few close friends. she might have called a few former friends to apologize, and mend fences for past squabbles. i like to think she would have gone out for a chinese dinner, her favorite food. im guessing. ill never know.   Its those little things left undone that would make me angry if i knew that my hours were limited. angry because i put off seeing good friends whom i was going to get in touch with someday. angry because i hadnt written certain letters that i intended to write one of these days. angry and sorry that i didnt tell my husband and daughter often enough how much i truly love them. 【篇三】大学生英语演讲稿【珍惜时间】   Good morning, everybody!   In this world, there is one thing that is very fair to everybody, whether you are a male or female, young or old, rich or poor. Does anybody know what it is called?   Right. It is time. The topic I am going to present to you today is called “ Treasure Every Minute”.   To realize the value of ONE YEAR, ask a student who failed a grade.   To realize the value of ONE MONTH, ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby.   To realize the value of ONE WEEK, ask the editor of a weekly newspaper.   To realize the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lovers who are waiting to meet.   To realize the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who missed the train.   To realize the value of ONE SECOND, ask a person who just avoided an accident.   To realize the value of ONE MILLISECOND, ask the person who won a silver medal in the Olympics.   Treasure every moment that you have! And treasure it more because you shared it with someone special, special enough to spend your time with.   And remember that time waits for no one. Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That"s why it"s called the present!! The clock is running. Make the most of today.
2023-06-28 11:01:241

动名词怎么变成现在分词?

1、词形不变,词性变化。例如:work、study、water、plant等可以用作动词,也可用作名词。2、有些动词加在词尾-er或-or然后它就变成了一种表现“某种人”名词。3、在动词末尾加上-ing成为名词(这个方法和把动词变成现在分词一样)。例如: meet—meeting, build—building,wait—waiting,wash—washing,swim—swimming,shop—shopping,begin—beginning等。扩展资料:动名词的构词法:一:动词之后or或er成为相应的人,作为conduct—conductor ,cook—cooker,drive—driver , edit—editor;二:动词之后ment,作为achieve—achievement, adjust—adjustment , advertise—advisement ,agree—agreement;三:动词之后tion,作为adapt—adaptation,affect—affection,attract—attraction;四:动词之后sion,作为admit –-admission,conclude—conclusion,decide—decision;五:动词之后-ance/-ence,作为allow—allowance,aear—aearance,assist—assistance;六:动词之后-al,作为arrive—arrival,survive—survival;七:动词之后ing,有太多的例子无法计数。
2023-06-28 11:01:301

由于他们日夜努力训练,他们应该赢得这场比赛

1.They"ve____charged too much for____these vegetables.(charge) 买这些蔬菜,他们向我索价太高了 2.They____bargained for___________the price of the car yeaterday.(bargain) 昨天他们就这辆车的价格进行讨价还价 3.They_______advertised in_________the newspaper,offering a job working in the office.(advisement) 他们在报纸上发了个广告,提供一份在办公室的工作 4.Since they tried hard to train day and night,they_______deserve to win_______________the game.(deserve) 由于他们日夜努力训练,他们应该赢得这场比赛 5.The company here is______larger than any other company________________in his hometown.(than) 这里的这家公司比他家乡的任何一家公司都大 6.He is______warm-hearted and_______he is always ready to help those in trouble.(so) 他很热心,总是乐于帮助那些在困境中的人 7.On seeing a piece of rubbish on the ground,she____would pick it up______________and put it into the dustbin.(pick) 一看到地上有垃圾,她就会拾起并放入垃圾箱 8.Have you_______ever heard of______________a story about him?(hear) 你曾听说过关于他的故事吗 【公益慈善翻译团】真诚为您解答!
2023-06-28 11:01:481

哪位高手帮忙翻译成英语~~不要机器翻译哦~~谢谢了~50分1!!!!

In the early 80 century, people had the sports media relations and advertising as "in need of sports publicity, publicity needs of sports." This is a very straight-forward analysis of the advertising media and the relationship between sports, namely: to refer to the media, leveraging the development of sport; Sports Stage, leveraging the promotion of media; complement each other, sports a win-win situation with the media. This saying put the connections between sports and advisement in a direct way, that is to say: Based on the promotion by media, sports develops itself well;Sports generates materials and news for media, accelerating the growth of media. Sports and media grows based on a win-win baise with complemetary advantages.
2023-06-28 11:02:573

effect impact和influence的区别

influence影响,“感化”.侧重于内在的,潜移默化的影响使一个人的行为或思想发生改变.effect“招致,引起”,主要是指“作用”,常用来指产生的“直接后果".(effect一般指积极的影响,affect一般则指消极的影响)impact指有冲击性的,震撼的影响.语气强烈.1.The book give the reader far influence.这本书对读者产生了长远影响.2.Her advisement has no influence on her.她的劝告对她毫无影响.The direct effect is obvious.直接的效果是明显.The noise effect on my work.噪声影响了我工作.1.It"s difficult to assess the impact of the President"s speech.总统讲话的巨大影响很难估计.2.It has a crisp visual impact.它是一个干脆利落的视觉冲击.望采纳
2023-06-28 11:03:051

effect impact和influence的区别

influence影响,“感化”.侧重于内在的,潜移默化的影响使一个人的行为或思想发生改变.effect“招致,引起”,主要是指“作用”,常用来指产生的“直接后果".(effect一般指积极的影响,affect一般则指消极的影响)impact指有冲击性的,震撼的影响.语气强烈.1.The book give the reader far influence.这本书对读者产生了长远影响.2.Her advisement has no influence on her.她的劝告对她毫无影响.The direct effect is obvious.直接的效果是明显.The noise effect on my work.噪声影响了我工作.1.It"s difficult to assess the impact of the President"s speech.总统讲话的巨大影响很难估计.2.It has a crisp visual impact.它是一个干脆利落的视觉冲击.
2023-06-28 11:03:291

Modern Business Math

一些经济系课程的名称找到下面这些,希望对大家有所帮助Courses for Economics Major Major Required CoursesCourse Title DSCI 205 BUSINESS STATISTICS (4) Prereq: MATH 157 or equivalent. Statistical methods used in business research, analysis and decision making; preparation and presentation of data, frequency distributions, measures of central tendency and dispersion, statistical inference, regression and correlation. Instructors & Schedule ECON 206 INTRODUCTION TO MICROECONOMICS (4) An overview of the modern market economy as a system for dealing with the problem of scarcity. Operation and decision-making of economic units; supply, demand and resource allocation; analysis of various market and industry structures; shortages, controls, social costs and benefits; international trade; comparative systems. Instructors & Schedule ECON 207 INTRODUCTION TO MACROECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 206 or 446. An overview of the modern market economy as a system for dealing with the problem of scarcity. The analysis of relationships among such variables as national income, employment, inflation and the quantity of money. The roles of government expenditure, taxation and monetary policy; international finance; economic development. Instructors & Schedule ECON 208 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC MODELING (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207; MATH 114 or equivalent; MATH 124 or 157 recommended. Introduction to the use of algebra and differential calculus in the formulation and comparative statics of simple micro and macroeconomic models. Economics 208 is designed for majors. Non-majors must obtain permission of the instructor before registering. Instructors & Schedule ECON 303 THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. Development of economic thought from the Greek philosophers to the present. Emphasis on the micro, macro and critical traditions in economics following Adam Smith. Instructors & Schedule ECON 306 INTERMEDIATE MICROECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 206; ECON 208 or MATH 157 or equivalent. An analytical approach to the consumer, the firm and markets. The theory of pricing under conditions of perfect and imperfect market structures; the theory of factor markets. Instructors & Schedule ECON 307 INTERMEDIATE MACROECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 207; ECON 208 or MATH 157 or equivalent. Examination of the factors that determine the level of income, employment, output and prices in an economic system. Review and analysis of recent U.S. economic policy and performance. Instructors & Schedule ECON 375 INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMETRICS (4) Prereq: ECON 206, 207, 208; MATH 341 or DSCI 205. Use of statistical methods to estimate and test economic models. Theory and application of multiple regression techniques, with emphasis on the problems arising in the analysis of economic data. Instructors & Schedule Elective CoursesCourse Title CSCI 101 PERSONAL COMPUTERS (3) Study of personal computers. Microcomputer organization; hardware options; software options; relationship among hardware, operating system and application software; hands-on experience with standard packages, such as word processing and spreadsheets; windowing environments. Laboratory. Instructors & Schedule ECON 301 ECONOMICS ISSUES (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. Applies the tools and concepts learned in introductory micro and macro economics to a variety of contemporary issues. Emphasizes verbal and written communication skills through active participation in classroom activities. Enrollment priority given to economics majors. (Communications focus course.) Instructors & Schedule ECON 310 PUBLIC FINANCE (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. The efficiency, equity and stabilization impacts of public expenditure and revenue programs; emphasis on problems and institutions at the national level. Instructors & Schedule ECON 311 MONEY AND BANKING (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. The nature and functions of money and the role of depository institutions and central banks in affecting the supply of money and credit in the U.S. Considers the changing U.S.financial environment and the influence of monetary policy on interest rates, prices and the overall level of economic activity. Instructors & Schedule ECON 317 EUROPEAN ECONOMIC HISTORY (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. Examines the development and industrialization process in Europe, emphasizing the main topic of what caused the industrialization process in each country. Countries to be studied include England, France, Germany and Russia. Instructors & Schedule ECON 325 LABOR MARKET ECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 206. Economics of the labor market, including labor force participation, racial and sexual discrimination, the role of unions, collective bargaining, investments in human capital, and the structure of compensation. Instructors & Schedule ECON 343 POPULATION, ENVIRONMENT, AND WORLD AGRICULTURE (4) Prereq: ECON 206. Utilizes economic principles to understand the interactions among population growth, food demand, agricultural development, and natural resource utilization, degradation, and conservation. Instructors & Schedule ECON 364 TOPICS IN CANADIAN ECONOMIC HISTORY (2) Prereq: ECON 206. Selected issues in the development of the Canadian economy from the 17th century to the present. Examines the importance of resources, agriculture and transportation in the economic growth of Canada. Instructors & Schedule ECON 365 THE CANADIAN ECONOMY (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. Examination of 20th-century Canadian economic policy. Topics focus on current economic issues in Canada. Instructors & Schedule ECON 380 URBAN ECONOMICS (4) Prereq: Econ 206. Economic forces behind urban development, with emphasis on location decisions of households and firms. Economic analysis of urban problems including land use, transportation, housing and urban public finance. Instructors & Schedule ECON 381 AMERICAN ECONOMIC HISTORY (4) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. American economic development from 17th century to present. Emphasis on resource endowment, social and economic conditions and institutions, growth and development processes, and the role of government. Instructors & Schedule ECON 383 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 206. Explores the economic basis of environmental issues and policies. An examination of property rights, externalities and the common-property basis of environmental problems. Alternative policies are analyzed, involving such issues as air and water pollution, solid-waste disposal, hazardous substances, wilderness preservation and the protection of endangered species. Instructors & Schedule ECON 384 ENERGY ECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 206. The role of energy in the economy and key aspects of energy supply and demand. Topics include the interrelationships among energy use, economic growth, and the environment; conservation; solar and 摇nconventional?energy sources; world oil markets; regulation of gas and electric utilities; and U.S. energy policy. Instructors & Schedule ECON 385 COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS (4) Prereq: ECON 206 or 207. A comparative analysis of the major world economic systems, including a critical appraisal of underlying philosophies, economic theories, structures, and performance. Includes case studies of specific economies, and the study of reform and transformation of economic systems, especially capitalism and socialism. Instructors & Schedule ECON 388 ECONOMICS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (2) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. The E.U. is the most advanced case study in multi-national economic integration of our time. Topics covered include the theory of economic integration, institutions of the E.U., various policy and agenda issues of the 1990s, and a look at E.U. economic relations with the U.S. and world economies. Instructors & Schedule ECON 389 ECONOMIES OF THE PACIFIC RIM (2) Prereq: ECON 206 and 207. The Pacific Rim treated as a distinct economic region. Topics include economic development patterns, interdependence, and economic achievements and problems. Specific emphasis on trade, development and policy relations involving the U.S., Japan and the so-called newly industrialized countries. Instructors & Schedule ECON 390 INTERNSHIP IN ECONOMICS (2-10) Prereq: Declared major in economics department and eligibility outlined in departmental internship policy statement. Repeatable to a maximum of 10 credits. Instructors & Schedule ECON 405 MARXIAN POLITICAL ECONOMY (4) Prereq: ECON 206, 207; and any upper-division economics course. The fundamentals of Marxian economic theory and its modern variants. Application of the tools of radical economic analysis in examining economic trends and social issues. Instructors & Schedule ECON 406 TOPICS IN MICROECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 306; ECON 208 or equivalent; DSCI 205 or MATH 341 recommended. Application of quantitative and theoretical tools in key areas of microeconomics, with emphasis on quantitative models of the consumer, cost and production analysis of the firm, and market analysis. Special topics may include choice under uncertainty, capital markets, game theory, general equilibrium theory, and the economics of information. Instructors & Schedule ECON 407 TOPICS IN MACROECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 307; ECON 208 or equivalent; DSCI 205 or MATH 341 recommended. Examination of current issues in macroeconomic theory and policy. Emphasis on recent U.S. experience, with particular attention given to inflation, unemployment, growth and the balance of payments. Includes extensive reading in current professional journals. Instructors & Schedule ECON 431 ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE AND GENDER (4) Prereq: ECON 306. Reviews the now extensive literature on the economics of marriage, divorce, children, intra-household transfers, female labor force participation, and sexual discrimination in the labor and other markets. Instructors & Schedule ECON 442 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION AND PUBLIC POLICY (4) Prereq: ECON 306 or 309. A study of firms and the markets in which they operate. Considerable emphasis placed on strategic interaction among firms. Topics include mergers, predatory pricing, advertising, patents, vertical relationships and antitrust. Instructors & Schedule ECON 446 ECONOMICS FOR THE TEACHER (3) Prereq: teaching experience or current or expected enrollment in teacher education program. Presentation of basic microeconomic concepts including the operation and decision-making of households and businesses in a market economy. Special consideration is given to the development of classroom teaching strategies involving the use of games, simulations and audiovisual aids. Instructors & Schedule ECON 447 METHODS FOR TEACHING ABOUT THE NATIONAL ECONOMY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS (3) Prereq: ECON 206 or 446, plus teaching experience or current or expected enrollment in a teacher education program. Forces affecting the overall levels of output, employment and prices in the U.S. economy. The economic effects of government policies involving taxes, spending and the money supply. Special consideration is given to the development of classroom teaching strategies involving the use of games, simulations and audiovisual aids. Instructors & Schedule ECON 462 INTERNATIONAL TRADE (4) Prereq: ECON 306 or 309. The theory of international trade. Alternative approaches for explaining the pattern and terms of trade. An examination of the gains from trade and commercial policy. Included are issues of protectionism, economic integration and strategic trade policy. Instructors & Schedule ECON 463 INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (4) Prereq: ECON 311; Econ 307 strongly recommended. Balance of payments, adjustment mechanisms, international monetary system and international interdependence. Topics include determinants of exchange rate policy, the relationship between domestic monetary and exchange rate policies, and international policy coordination. Instructors & Schedule ECON 470 ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS AND FORECASTING (4) Prereq: ECON 306 or 307; ECON 375 or MATH 342. Theory and techniques of forecasting economic trends at the macro, micro and regional levels. Application of regression and time-series methods using PC econometric/forecasting software. Instructors & Schedule ECON 475 ECONOMETRICS (4) Prereq: ECON 306 or 307; ECON 375 or MATH 342. Further topics in econometrics. Coverage may include systems of simultaneous equations, discrete-choice models, time series analysis, panel data, flexible functional forms, and nonparametric methods. Instructors & Schedule ECON 483 RESOURCE ECONOMICS (4) Prereq: ECON 306 or 309. Principles of efficient resource allocation over time, distributional equity and cost/benefit analysis. Examines minerals and other exhaustible resources; forests, fisheries and other renewable resources; and public goods such as water and wilderness. Instructors & Schedule ECON 491 ISSUES IN POLITICAL ECONOMY (4) Prereq: senior status in the economics/political science combined major, or an economics major and political science minor, or permission of instructor. Discussion and analysis of selected issues of significant economic and political content. Also offered as PLSC 491. Instructors & Schedule ECON 493 SENIOR SEMINAR: ECONOMICS, THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES (4) Prereq: senior status in economics/environmental studies combined major. Discussion and analysis of selected issues in the economics of the environment and natural resources. Also offered as ENVR 493. Instructors & Schedule MIS 220 INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS (2) Prereq: ACCT 240 or
2023-06-28 11:03:381