Arthur Hailey 英文背景介绍！~急求！！！！！

formulaic subjunctive 这个我没有找到该怎么译成汉语好，formulaic是 公式的 的意思，subjunctive是虚拟语气的意思。不过formulaic subjunctive指的是用动词原形做谓语，动词不和主语保持一致来表示虚拟，这是一种古老的英语的虚拟语气的表示方法。例如God be with you. 而不是God is with you.又如God save the Queen.而不是God saves the Queen.madative subjunctive应该是Mandative subjunctive，具体也不知道该怎么译成汉语。这种虚拟语气是指在表示建议，命令，要求等动词的后面的从句要用should+动词原形来表示虚拟（should可省略），例如I suggest [that he leave].

identity ：who you are or what your name isculture：the customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or groupassumption：something you consider likely to be true even though no one has told you directly or even though you have no proofstereotype：a very firm and simple idea about what a particular type of person or thing is likegeneralization：a statement that is true in most situationsgoal：sth. you hope to achievetask：the work you have to do

essay structure

寒风捎带着雪花，在原野上疾走，轻轻传递着冬的讯息。雪花静静地落满大地，也把一片片纯洁之心袒露给冬季寒风捎带着雪花，在原野上疾走，轻轻传递着冬的讯息。雪花静静地落满大地，也把一片片纯洁之心袒露给冬季

我可以给你个方向，如body language之类的不同，展开写到手势，如我们常做的ok这个手势，在不同的国家有不同的含义，在日本是钱，在中国是好的，可以 在葡萄牙是一个色情的手势等 你自己展开些吧

合唱”是一部电影，你以前见过许多次。可爱的，好的，完全可以预料，克里斯多夫多福的特征首次提供什么广告的承诺：一个音乐家放弃名利采取工作作为主管在学校努力的情况下，当他教孩子们如何唱，他们放松并开始深深地爱着他。喜欢d"etang，学校的名字用铁拳的严厉rachin（弗朗索瓦贝尔兰德），翻译成“谷底，“但是圆脸克莱门特（与热拉尔）一直保持着良好的欢呼。他的外表泄露了一个温暖的智慧——显然他知道他是在什么样的电影，一点艺术一定会驯服野兽的十几岁，所以他各种各样的男孩们的声音来组建一个合唱团。所有必要的类型是目前在教室：可爱的小小孩，无耻的小偷和hormone-addled暴徒，当然令人惊讶的优秀老师的宠物（让-巴蒂斯特莫里耶），从他的成人角度讲这个故事。在开幕式现场，我们得知，他结束了在纽约市作为一个“伟大的指挥家在世界”——只是为了确保每个人都知道了这个故事有个快乐结局。原谅我如果我听起来愤世嫉俗。”合唱“讲述技巧和魅力，如果你喜欢听金十几岁的女高音，你一定会喜欢的音乐。如果你心情振奋所有通常的感人的方法——“荷兰先生的作品，”“死亡诗社，”比利埃利奥特“分数和类似的电影来铭记——“合唱”不会让你失望。令人失望的，然而，是多福没有选择清新的主题为他的第一部电影，令人失望，也，从所有的独特和创新的电影出来的法国去年，这个公式和明显的电影被选中代表国家参加奥斯卡颁奖

守护者联盟 Rise of the GuardiansNo Christmas is complete without a Christmas movie. As the number of possible new Christmas themed stories dwindles, connections grow more tenuous. This year we have a film with no direct link to the winter festivities, but we do get Alec Baldwin as a muscular Father Christmas (with "naughty" and "nice" tattooed on his arms), one of several heroes charged with protecting the children of the world.The set-up is formulaic, to say the least. This group of heroes is called into action when the world is threatened by the Bogeyman (Jude Law), a standard snivelling, effete villain who wants everyone to live in fear and darkness because, well, that"s what he does. Unable to fight him alone, the team - which also includes the Tooth Fairy, the Sandman and the Easter Bunny (the only one who doesn"t share his name with a horror movie villain) - must recruit a new ally. The mysterious Man in the Moon, whose Thunderbird 5 potential sadly goes unrecognised, tells them this should be the nimble trickster Jack Frost. But Jack doesn"t see himself as a hero. He"s just a lonely boy who struggles to believe in himself because nobody else believes in him. Can he rise to the challenge?This is a film whose plot contains more holes than any of its heroes" warrens or magic portals, but it"s far from the worst such festive fantasy fare, and after a weak start it picks up the pace. Thee"s some dazzling animation work, even it does tend to repeat its best tricks too often, and young children will love the bright, magical worlds it carries us through. Where films like this often struggle to get the balance right when it comes to scaring younger viewers this is, if anything, a bit too light on the fear factor, given its theme, but at least it means parents won"t have to sit up at night talking it over. It"s stronger when it comes to the subject of loneliness, with Chris Pine bringing depth to a thinly written Jack, though he really sounds too old for the part.Balancing out the sugar in which the whole thing is smothered is a vein of irreverent humour. Hugh Jackman"s Easter Bunny is by far the most entertaining of Jack"s allies. Quite why he"s Australian is never explained, but the boomerangs are a nice touch and the Crocodile Dundee jokes smoothly integrated into the whole. There"s also very dark humour surrounding the incidental cruelty with which Father Christmas" tiny pointy-hatted minions are treated, being frozen, electrocuted or knocked off things in passing.Copy pictureThere is absoluely nothing in this film that is not predictable, even for young viewers, and they too may become tired of the story glossing over its intrinsic weaknesses - if our heroes depend on children believing in them why don"t they let themselves be seen more often? Still, the film"s prettiness and energy mostly suffice to carry it through the rough patches. As Christmas entertainment goes, you could do a lot worse.中：守护者联盟的守护者的崛起没有圣诞节是不完整的圣诞电影。由于可能出现的新的圣诞主题故事的数量不断减少，连接变得更加脆弱。今年，我们有没有直接的联系到了冬季节日电影，但我们得到亚历克·鲍德温作为肌肉圣诞老人（与"淘气"和"好"纹在他的怀里） ，几个英雄之一，负责保护孩子们世界。该设置是公式化的，至少可以这样说。这组英雄被称为行动当世界受到威胁的可怕之处（裘德·洛） ，一个标准的哭哭啼啼，筋疲力尽的小人谁希望每个人都生活在恐惧和黑暗，因为，那是他做什么。无法单独对付他，球队 - 其中还包括牙仙，睡魔和复活节兔子（谁不与恐怖电影恶棍分享他的名字只有一个） - 必须招募新的盟友。神秘人在月球，其雷鸟5潜在黯然得不到承认，告诉他们这应该是灵活的骗子杰克弗罗斯特。但是杰克并没有看到自己是一个英雄。他只是一个孤独的男孩谁的斗争，相信自己，因为没有人相信他。他能迎接挑战？这是一个电影的情节包含了比任何英雄“养兔场或魔法门的多个孔，但它远离最坏这样喜庆的幻想车费，和疲软的开端后，拿起步伐。你的一些令人眼花缭乱的动画作品，即使它往往要重复它的最好的技巧过于频繁，幼儿会喜欢明亮，神奇的世界它承载我们渡过难关。哪里像这样的电影往往很难取得平衡，当谈到吓唬年轻观众，这是，如果有的话，有点太亮的恐惧因素，给出它的主题，但至少它意味着父母就不必坐起来晚上商量过。这是强大的，当涉及到孤独的主题，与克里斯·派恩将深入到薄书面杰克，但他听起来真有点太老了一部分。平衡在这整个事情被压下了糖是无礼的幽默静脉。休·杰克曼的复活节兔子是迄今为止杰克的盟友最有趣的。挺他为什么澳大利亚是从来没有解释，但回力镖是一个很好的接触和鳄鱼邓迪笑话顺利融入整体。还有很黑色幽默周围的偶然残酷与圣诞老人"的小尖盔奴才对待，被冻结，触电或弄掉的东西一带而过。有没有在这个电影是不可预测的，即使是年轻观众absoluely什么，他们也可能会很疲劳的故事掩饰其内在的弱点 - 如果我们的英雄取决于孩子相信他们为什么不自己让自己被看作更多的时候？不过，影片的可爱和能源大多足以通过粗糙补丁携带它。随着圣诞节的娱乐的话，你可以做很多事情更糟。亲～请采纳哦

International Second Language Proficiency 国际第二语言能力评定考试 跟雅思啥的差不多 一般不是很难ISLPR考试成绩等级划分 0 ZERO PROFICIENCY 无任何基础 Unable to communicate in the language. 无法用英语进行交流 0+ FORMULAIC PROFICIENCY 机械运用语言 Able to perform in a very limited capacity within the most immediate, predictable areas of need, using essentially formulaic language. 能在非常有限的领域、日常生活中机械式的使用习惯用语 1- MINIMUM ‘CREATIVE" PROFICIENCY 具备创新潜能的语言水平 Able to satisfy immediate, predictable needs, using predominantly formulaic language. 能使用典型语句，满足即时需要1 BASIC TRANSACTIONAL PROFICIENCY 基本日常语言交流水平 Able to satisfy basic everyday transactional needs. 能基本满足日常生活中语言交流的需要 1+ TRANSACTIONAL PROFICIENCY 顺利完成日常语言交流 Able to satisfy everyday transactional needs and limited social needs. 能在正常的日常生活及有限的社会生活中使用语言 2 BASIC SOCIAL PROFICIENCY 基础社交能力水平 Able to satisfy basic social needs, and routine needs pertinent to everyday commerce and to linguistically undemanding ‘vocational" fields. 能在基本的社会交流，每天的日常事务及相关的职业领域中简单的使用英语2+ SOCIAL PROFICIENCY 社交能力水平3 BASIC ‘VOCATIONAL" PROFICIENCY 职业语言基础水平 Able to perform effectively in most informal and formal situations pertinent to social and community life and everyday commerce and recreation, and in situations which are not linguistically demanding in own ‘vocational" fields. 能在大部分社交、日常生活及娱乐相关的正式及非正式场合，对语言没有苛刻要求的相关职业领域流利的使用英语 3+ BASIC ‘VOCATIONAL" PROFICIENCY PLUS 职业语言提高水平4 ‘VOCATIONAL" PROFICIENCY 熟练运用职业语言 Able to perform very effectively in almost all situations pertinent to social and community life and everyday commerce and recreation, and generally in almost all situations pertinent to own ‘vocational" fields. 基本能在所有的社会、社交生活、日常生活、娱乐中及与工作相关的大部分职业领域非常流利的使用英语4+ ADVANCED ‘VOCATIONAL" PROFICIENCY 熟练运用高级职业语言 5 NATIVE-LIKE PROFICIENCY 精通外语 Proficiency equivalent to that of a native speaker of the same sociocultural variety. 相当于以英语为母语的并且受过教育的人的英语水平2好像是相当于雅思5分~忘了~好像是。这个考试具有一定的权威性，但是没有英联邦的雅思权威性大。

Darren Aronofsky"s Black Swan is an examination of obsession. Obsession in striving for beauty, acceptance, and most of all perfection. It explores the dichotomy involved in both loving and hating yourself.Though the themes in this movie may be formulaic and familiar, the arena in which it takes place, as well as the circumstances of each of these characters is what makes the film unique enough to stand on its own feet. Leroy, the dance instructor, announces to his company in the beginning that he wants to open with "Swan Lake", which as he acknowledges has been done to death - but not like this.The portrayal of the dancing world with all of its gossip and back biting was very realistic as was the competitive edge and deep fear of failure that was always present. The overbearing mother who was a master manipulator and control freak added another level of dread and creepiness to the atmosphere. I immediately felt uneasy every time she was in the scene.As Nina (Natalie Portman) begins to lose her mind it becomes more difficult for the viewer to tell what is real and what isn"t. This is the point at which the film starts blurring the lines between psychological thriller and horror. Aronofsky knows how to put focus on the cringe worthy moments and make them even more disturbing than normal. The movie can make one feel uncomfortable at times, grossed out, and tense. The whole audience moved and gasped as one or flinched and turned their head away from the screen multiple times throughout the movie, showing just how powerful the Black Swan can be.Lily was played perfectly by Mila Kunis. Though she"s no stranger to the temptress role her seductive eyes and sly smile steal the show when she"s on camera. You can see exactly why Nina would be intimidated by her. While some of the symbols and metaphors were a bit heavy-handed and obvious like the giant black swan tattoo on Lily or the constant use of mirrors that reminded me of Donald from Adaptation, overall the devices used were well timed and effective

　　摘 要：本文在指出前人分类弊端的前提下，从教学实际出发， 对词块系统进行重新分类。确立了基于教学的词块分类的框架体系:形式词块体系和功能词块体系。两大分类体系相辅相成，缺一不可，便于应用于教学实践。 　　关键词：词块 分类 形式 功能 　　 　　前言 　　 　　近年来，词块研究在英语学习中的作用越来越受到人们的重视。词块是介于语句和词汇之间的一种特殊语言现象。它通常作为一个整体储存在记忆中，使用时直接提取，无需根据语法规则生成和分析。第二语言词汇习得表明，语言中存在大量重现率很高的词汇短语，学习者从语言材料和语言交际中收集词块，并加以分析解构，得到可再次应用于实际交流的语言单位以及语言规则，并在此基础上创造新句以使语言交流形式更加丰富，交流过程更加顺利。（Lewis1993；Nattinger & DeCarrico1992）这为外语教学和外语教学法研究打下了一个新的视角。 　　 　　一、词块及其分类 　　 　　目前对词块尚未有明确的定义，不同的学者对其冠以不同的名称，使用了不同的术语，如词汇短语（lexical phrases）、词汇组块（lexical chunks）、词汇化句干（lexicalized sentence stems）、预制复合结构（ready made complex units）、程式语（formulaic speech）、预制语言表达（prefabricated language expressions）等等。 　　由于对词块定义和名称的表述不一，给词块的分类也造成了一定的困难。为了探明学习策略的分类，学者们做了大量的工作。上个世纪70年代就有学者尝试对学习策略进行了分类，但是这样的分类缺乏第二语言习得理论或认知理论的支持，显得比较粗糙。进入80年代，学者们从不同角度对词块进行了分类，使得分类更加细化和科学，并且日渐成熟。 　　一种是Becker(1975)提出的分类法。他从结构和功能的角度，将本族语成人使用的预制语块分为六类:1聚合词(poly words)：指固定的多词组合。2限制性短语(phrasal constraints)：指由固定词语构成的短语框架。3元语篇(meta-message)：指用来替代某一语篇的短语。4句子构造型结构(sentence builders)：即句型。5情景话语(situational utterances)：指在特定社交情景中具有一定语用功能的短句。6原文片段(verbatim texts)：指直接从原文指用来替代某一语篇的短语。 　　Pawley&Synder（1983）划分出四类词块:1 多词词汇（polywords）。2 惯用表达式（institutionalized expressions）:主要指说话者可以用来整体存储的语言构块，包括谚语、警句、交际套语等形式。3 短语限制语（phrasal constraints）：通常是一些可以填空的不太长的语块。4 句型框架（sentence builders）：为表达某个概念提供一个句子框架，并且框架内容许一定的变化。 　　Nattinger and Decarrico(1992)直接将多词现象和语言教学联系起来，从结构和功能角度将其分成四类：1)多词词汇(polywords)：传统上，这些词汇被归纳为词组，而现在作为语篇衔接的形式，它们不仅在理解上而且在书写时都作为像单词一样的整体形式来看待。2)惯用表达式(institutionalized expressions)：主要指说话者可以用来整体存储的语言块，包括谚语、警句、交际套语等形式。3)短语限制语(phrasal constraints)：通常是可以填空的不太长的语块。4)句型框架(sentence builders)：为表达某个概念提供一个句子框架，并且框架允许一定的变化。 　　另一个学者Lewis（1997）将词汇组块分成四类:1 多词词（poly-words），他们是学习者需熟记的基本词汇;2 高频搭配组合（high frequency collocations），它们是自然言语中频繁出现的词汇组合。操本族语者本能地知道哪些词可经常搭配在一块使用而哪些却不行。了解这些搭配是准确、自然的英语表达的基础。3.惯用语(institutionalized utterances)，指某一语言社团中长期使用而形成的固定表达形式。惯用语往往是符合语法规则并具有明确的语用意义的完整句子。4.句子框架(sentence frames)，它们通常是一种带有空位的结构性短语。 　　Howarth(1998)从功能出发，将预制语块分为以下四种：1）功能性表达语（functional expressions）。指扮演某种话语角色的词串。2）合成单元（composite units）。指保持一定语法功能的短语。3）词汇搭配（lexical collocations）。指由两个开放性单词组成的短语。4） 语法搭配（grammatical collocations）。指由一个开放性单词与一个封闭性单词构成的短语。 　　 　　二、现有分类框架体系中存在的问题 　　 　　1.分类标准问题 　　词块是介于词与句子之间的多词现象，是形式和功能的聚合体。(Nattinger and Decarrico1992)。具有相同类结构的短语并不都是词块，以If I were――（If I were you/the king/the president，etc.）和if I were the one that she really want to为例，前者是词块结构，后者则是常规句法规则生成的表达式。如图所示： 　　 　　以上详细的分类都体现了词块形式上的整体性和语义上的约定性的特点，它融合了语法、语义和语境的优势。但所有这些分类或按形式分类，或按功能分类，都没有彻底把功能和结构分开，而且在强调某种标准的同时，忽视了其另外一个重要的标准。 　　2.词块与搭配的关系问题 　　搭配是语言学领域里重要的研究内容。在搭配之父Firth的学派体系里，搭配是词语的结伴，即一些词项会习惯性地和另一些具有相同语义特征的词项结伴使用，如“night”的意义之一与“dark”结伴。根据上述分类，词块包含搭配，搭配是词块的一个分支。受上述分类的影响，国内许多语言学家都将搭配纳入词块的研究范围。例如，濮建忠指出，词块既包含类联接也包含搭配，两者只是抽象程度的不同。学习者在使用英语常用词时，在类联接和搭配上所表现的与本族语者质和量上的区别反映的正是他们所使用的词块在质和量上的区别。（濮建忠2003）而Nattinger J．R．和De CarricoJ．S．在区分词块、搭配和句法的基础上指出：词块是那些具有语用功能的搭配。卫乃兴也认为：“词块实质上是一些高度惯例化的搭配，长度不等，结构繁简不同，是预先装配好的词组。而语言使用的过程就是将这些搭配缝制成话语的过程。”（卫乃兴2003） 　　问题是语块与搭配之间的关系到底如何？彼此是相互包容还是相互排斥？笔者认为不能简单将搭配看作词块的分支，或将词块看作搭配的分支。并不是所有的搭配都是词块，只有那些具有语用功能的搭配才是词块；也并不是所有的词块都是搭配，词块还包括多词词语，句子框架等其它部分。如下图所示： 　　 　　 　　三、基于教学的词块分类的框架体系 　　 　　根据对词块定义和实质的探讨，如果某个词汇序列经常以同现的形式频繁出现，在结构上有相对稳定的形式，在语用功能和意义上也有比较特定的范围，最终就会被当作约定俗成的词块来使用。词块有较固定的语法结构限制、稳定的搭配意义和特定的语用环境。对词块的研究将有助于提高学习效率、保证学习效果。那么如何才能使得我们对词块的研究成果更适合应用于教学呢?笔者认为应该从教学出发，对第二语言学习策略系统进行重新分类。借鉴上述分类，确立了基于教学的形式与功能相辅相成的分类体系。 　　如下表： 　　 　　 　　参考文献： 　　[1]Becker， J. The phrasal lexicon [A]. In R. Shank &B.L Nash-Webber (eds.).Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing [C]. Cambridge， MA: Bolt Beranek & Newman， 1975. 　　[2]Howarth， P. Phraseology and second language proficiency [J] Applied Linguistics， 1998，19 (1): 24-44. 　　[3]Lewis M. The Lexical Approach: the State of ELT and the Way Forward [M]. Hove，England: LTP，1993. 　　[4]Lewis M. Pedagogical Implications of the Lexical Approach [A]. Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition；Cambridge： Cambridge University Press. 1997. 　　[5]Nattinger J. & Decarrico J. Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching [M]. Oxford University Press， 1992. 　　[6]Nattinger J．R．，De Carrico J．S． Lexical Phrases and Language Teaching[M]．上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000. 　　[7]Pawley，A.&F.Syder.‘Two puzzles for linguistic theory: native like selection and native like fluency" in J.Richards& R.Schmidt eds. Language and Communication C.Lon don:Longman，1983. 　　[8]濮建忠.英语词汇教学中的类联接、搭配及词块[J].外语教学与研究(外国语文双月刊)， 2003.11. 　　[9]卫乃兴.搭配研究50年：概念的演变与方法的发展[J].解放军外国语学院学报，2003.02. 　　[10]张建琴.中国高、中、初级英语学习词汇短语使用的对比研究[J].外语界，2004.01.

This is a collection of chinese proverbs (谚语 ) and idioms (成语 ), given in and sorted by their pinyin transcription. Chinese proverbs and four and more character idioms are developed from the formulaic or social dialect/saying/expression (歇后语) and historical story in Chinese.Some proverbs are literary, that is, from a written source. (See the historical written language or the more modern written language.) Others originated among families, street vendors and other commoners -- all walks of life.

- -I "m X man

我告诉你怎么找，你到google里输入the difference bettwen chinese and western country 点击搜索，里面有好多，很容易就找到你满意的了，或者把改成America/Canada.....都行

杨牧杨牧（1940年9月6日-2020年3月13日），本名为王靖献，出生于台湾省花莲市，当代诗人。彼时台湾尚处于日本管制下，童年时代的杨牧也只认识台语、日语和部分阿美语。1946年，六岁的杨牧成为进入花莲市国民明义学校，开始学习国语，并接触了《血滴子》等汉语作品。高中时期，以“叶珊”为笔名，向诗歌杂志投稿。1966年获得美国爱荷华大学硕士学位，1970年获得美国加州大学伯克利分校比较文学博士学位。1972年，将笔名从“叶珊”改为“杨牧”，由此也标志着他诗歌风格的转变。1984年，杨牧出版散文《交流道》。2012年，杨牧将诗歌授权给《中国新诗百年大典》，此后杨牧的诗集开始逐渐出版。2014年广西师范大学出版社出版杨牧早年回忆录《奇来前书》。2020年3月13日下午，台湾诗人杨牧在台北市国泰医院去世，享年80岁。中文名：王靖献别名：杨牧（笔名）国籍：中国民族：汉族出生地：台湾省花莲市出生日期：1940年9月6日逝世日期：2020年3月13日职业：诗人毕业院校：美国加州大学伯克利分校（博士），美国爱荷华大学（硕士）主要成就：2007年花踪世界华文文学奖2013年美国纽曼华语文学奖代表作品：《完整地寓言》《交流道》《有人问我公理和正义的问题》人物经历1946年，六岁的杨牧就读莲花市明义国民学校，为台湾光复后第一届国民学生，开始学习国语，在此之前仅读台湾方言、日语及少阿美语。1951年开始接触《血滴子》、《卧虎藏龙》等通俗小说。1952年小学毕业，就读花莲中学初级部，同届同学有王祯和，并开始阅读《水浒传》、《西游记》。1955年初中毕业，就读花莲中学高级部，开始从事翻译小说，同时参与刊物编辑。此时以「叶珊」为笔名，在《现代诗》、《蓝星诗刊》、《创世纪》、《野风》等诗刊投稿。1959年四月《创世纪》改版，首次列名为编辑委员。同年九月进入东海大学就读历史系，后来因兴趣不合，转读外文系。此时的杨牧，阅读了大量英国浪漫主义诗人的作品，如华兹华斯、拜伦、雪莱、济慈等等。1964年自东海大学外文系毕业。随后，赴美国爱荷华大学参加保罗·安格尔（PaulEngle）及其妻聂华苓创办的「国际写作计画」诗创作班，并艺术硕士学位。杨牧在爱荷华的前后期同学有余光中、叶维廉、白先勇、王文兴等日后引领台湾文坛的作家。爱荷华求学期间，杨牧对爱尔兰诗人叶慈有著比浪漫诗人更多的关注。叶慈中年之后浪漫精神的提升、对神人开系的探讨及现实社会的批判，影响了杨牧日后文风的改变。接着杨牧进入美国加州大学伯克利分校比较文学系、1970年获博士。此时越战正如火如荼的展开，伯克利大学而是60年代反战运动的领导者，抗议美国政府介入越战。这使得杨牧感受到美国身为高度文明国家，却同时也投入血腥战争的矛盾。1972年后更改笔名为「杨牧」。在改换笔名之后，其作品风格亦为之一变；在原有浪漫抒情之外，多了一份冷静与含蓄，并且开始有了关心现实问题的作品。由忧郁沉静舒一己之怀，转而介入及批判社会。杨牧曾说：「变不是一件容易的事，然而不变即是死亡，变是一种痛苦的经验，但痛苦也是生命的真实。」这是杨牧开始关注社会人世的关键。1984年之《交流道》即随笔式地纪录对当时社会现象的观察及批判。在一九七七年《中国当代十大诗人选集》中，编者引介杨牧的文字，尤其代表了文学界对诗人的普遍认知：“杨牧是位‘无上的美"的服膺者，他的诗耽于‘美"的溢出－－古典的惊悸，自然的律动，以及常使我们兴起对古代宁静纯朴生活的眷恋”。2020年3月13日下午，台湾诗人杨牧在台北市国泰医院去世，享年80岁。个人生活杨牧的祖父以前在台湾桃园种菜，以后迁到花莲。他父亲在花莲开一间印刷厂，家中有六个兄妹，有一个弟弟画画，两个弟弟念数学，一个妹妹念文学。主要作品《水之湄》（台北：蓝星诗社，1960）《花季》（台北：蓝星诗社，1963）《灯船》（台北：文星书店，1966）《非渡集》（台北：仙人掌出版社，1969）；再版（台北：晨钟出版社，1972）《传说》（台北：志文出版社，1971）（以上为叶珊时期所著之诗集）《瓶中稿》（台北：志文，1975）《北斗行》（台北：洪范书店，1978）《杨牧诗集Ⅰ》（台北：洪范，1978）《禁忌的游戏》（台北：洪范，1980）《海岸七叠》（台北：洪范，1980）《有人》（台北：洪范，1986）《完整的寓言》（台北：洪范，1991）《杨牧诗集Ⅱ》（台北：洪范，1995）《时光命题》（台北：洪范，1997）《涉事》（台北：洪范，2001）SusanneHornfeck、汪珏译，中、德文对照，《和棋》（PattbeimGo，台北：洪范，2002）《介壳虫》（台北：洪范，2006）《杨牧诗集Ⅲ》（台北：洪范，2010）马悦然译，中文、瑞典文对照，《绿骑：杨牧诗选》（Dengroneriddaren，台北：洪范，2011）《吴凤》（台北：洪范，1979）《叶珊散文集》（台北：文星，1966）；再版（台北：洪范，1977）《杨牧自选集》（台北：黎明文化，1975）《年轮》（台北：四季出版社，1976）；再版（台北：洪范，1982）《柏克莱精神》（台北：洪范，1977）《搜索者》（台北：洪范，1982）《交流道》（台北：洪范，1985）《飞过火山》（台北：洪范，1987）《山风海雨》（台北：洪范，1987）《一首诗的完成》（台北：洪范，1989）《方向归零》（台北：洪范，1991）《疑神》（台北：洪范，1993）《星图》（台北：洪范，1995）《亭午之鹰》（台北：洪范，1996）《下一次假如你去旧金山》（台北：洪范，1996）《昔我往矣》（台北：洪范，1997）《奇莱前书》（台北：洪范，2003）《人文踪迹》（台北：洪范，2005）《掠影急流》（台北：洪范，2005）《奇莱後书》（台北：洪范，2009）《TheBellandtheDrum──ShihChingasFormulaicPoetryinanOralTradition》（California：UniversityofCaliforniaPress，1973），译名《钟鼓集──毛诗成语创作考》《传统的与现代的》（台北：志文出版社，1974）；再版（台北：洪范，1979）《文学知识》（台北：洪范，1979）《文学的源流》（台北：洪范，1984）《陆机文赋校释》（台北：洪范，1985）《隐喻与实现》（台北：洪范，2001）《失去的乐土》（台北：洪范，2002）《叶慈诗选》（台北：洪范，1997）《英诗汉译集》（台北：洪范，2007）获奖记录人物评价台湾小说家、东华大学华文文学系教授吴明益：杨牧经常在湖畔、绿荫下上课、带学生读诗、赏诗，是东华大学开放校风的象征。当代诗人陈黎：“整体来讲，杨牧的诗歌立足于中国（加上西方）的抒情传统，在看似古典的、委婉典约的风格中，蕴含极大的张力、爆发力仅从文学创作的艺术性成绩来讲，我想杨牧老师或许可以称作台湾第一人。”

如果不知道收信人是谁的情况下应该使用Yours faithfully，意思是“你忠实的”，美国英语是Faithfully yours或Faithfully。如果知道收信人是谁，就用 Yours sincerely。 美国英语是Yours truly 或 Sincerely yours或Sincerely，都是“谨启”的意思。扩展资料‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"的区别对很多中国人而言，这两个信件结尾（valediction）或奉承话收尾（complimentary closing）似乎没有什么区别，是可以随意互换使用的套话（formulaic phrase），其实不然。它往往需要配合信头称呼（salutation）。英文信件的结尾方式有几种，以下加以简要介绍。旧式结尾方式（old formal valediction）：一般包括yours字样，它是your servant的简写。老式结尾比较长（voluminous），例如：I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,O.G.可以简写为：Your obt. svt.O.G.或进一步简写为：YOSO.G.现代常见结尾方式：在英国，这种老式结尾已经被‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"所取代。它们是更老的（archaic）表达‘I am, yours sincerely"与‘I am, yours faithfully"的简写。如果信件开头提及收信人（recepient）的名字，并且写信人（sender/writer）一定程度上认识收信人，那么使用‘Yours sincerely"；如果不知道对方姓名【例如用‘Dear Mr/Madam"开头】，那么需要使用‘Yours faithfully"。如果知道收信人的名字，但没有见面或没有说过话，有些人还是喜欢用比较疏远的（distant）的‘Yours faithfully"，但多数人会使用‘Yours sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"只在非正式或社会往来信件（social correspondence）中使用，并不常见。在美国，社会交往信件通常用‘Yours sincerely"来结尾，而商务信件（business correspondence）中对写信人不知道姓名的人还是使用‘Yours faithfully"。同时，‘Yours sincerely"还常常被写作‘Sincerely yours"或‘Sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"也是常见结尾。其它结尾方式：‘Yours, etc."与‘Yours &c."见于历史上的书信与美国法律信件（legal correspondence）中。简奥斯汀（Jane Austen）书中的某些信件也是用‘Yours, etc."来结束。在商务信件中，‘Kind regards"，特别是‘Best regards"越来越常见，主要是电子邮件（email）中的半正式（semi-formal）结束语。非正式情况下，它们也可缩写为‘KR"或‘BR"。‘Kindest regards"语气更正式一些，而‘Kindest regards, I remain"则非常正式。如果对方是非常有身份的（dignified）的人【例如国家元首（head of state）】那么可以用老式结尾，例如：I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your Excellency"s most huble and obedient servant.还有其它一些非正式结束语，如‘Best wishes"、‘All my best"或‘Best"。对家人和特别密切的人，可以用‘Your friend"、‘Your loving son"或‘Your Richard"【爱人之间】之类的表达方式。

Born in Luton, Bedfordshire, England, Hailey served in the Royal Air Force from the start of World War II in 1939 until 1947, when he went to live in Canada. After working at a number of jobs and writing part-time, he became a full-time writer in 1956, encouraged by the success of the CBC television drama, Flight into Danger (in print as Runway Zero Eight). Following the success of Hotel in 1965, he moved to California; in 1969, he moved to the Bahamas to avoid Canadian and U.S. income taxes, which were claiming 90% of his income.Each of his novels has a different industrial or commercial setting and includes, in addition to dramatic human conflict, carefully researched information about the way that particular environments and systems function and how these affect society and its inhabitants.Critics often dismissed Hailey"s success as the result of a formulaic style in which he centered a crisis on an ordinary character, then inflated the suspense by hopping among multiple related plotlines. However, he was so popular with readers that his books were guaranteed to become best-sellers.He would spend about one year researching a subject, followed by six months reviewing his notes and, finally, about 18 months writing the book. That aggressive research — tracking rebel guerrillas in the Peruvian jungle at age 67 for The Evening News (1990), or reading 27 books on the hotel industry for Hotel - gave his novels a realism that appealed to readers, even as some critics complained that he used it to mask a lack of literary talent.Many of his books have reached #1 on the New York Times bestseller list and more than 170 million copies have been sold worldwide in 40 languages. Many have been made into movies and Hotel was made into a long-running television series. Airport became a blockbuster movie with stunning visual effects.A Canadian citizen whose children live in Canada and California, Hailey made his home in Lyford Cay, an exclusive residential resort on New Providence Island in the Bahamas with his second wife Sheila (who wrote "I Married a Best-Seller" in 1978). Hailey"s grandchildren include Paul Hailey, Emma Hailey, Charlotte Hailey and Brooke Hailey, who are students in Northern California; Ryan Hailey, a talented young bass player and vocalist in a San Francisco band [1]; and Chris Hailey, who is completing an audio engineering degree in Seattle, Washington.Hailey died in 2004. BibliographyRunway Zero-Eight (1958) - in-flight medical emergency, caused by food poisoning; spoofed in the movie Airplane!. This story started as the CBC TV movie Flight into Danger, then became the 1957 Paramount Pictures movie Zero Hour!, and was finally published as the novel Runway Zero-Eight (ISBN 0-440-17546-1). The Final Diagnosis (1959) - hospital politics as seen from the pathology department In High Places (1960) - Cold War Era politics in North America Hotel (1965) - hotels Airport (1968) - airport politics Wheels (1971) - automobile industry The Moneychangers (1975) - banks Overload (1979) - power crisis in California Strong Medicine (1984) - pharmaceutical industry The Evening News (1990) - newscasters Detective (1997) - investigation politics

　　【【【【【口头诗学 】】】】】】】　　其实，在没有文字可资使用的环境下，如文字发明以前的远古时期，甚或在今天仍然处于“无文字社会”的地方，诗歌大都是口头传唱的。这种诗歌，我们就叫它作口头诗歌（oral poetry）；关于这种诗歌的理论，也就叫做口头诗学（oral poetics）。　　“口头诗学”在西方已有长足的发展。作为一种研究视角，也是一种方法论系统，从其产生之日起，就与“口头传统”（oral tradition）研究，有着千丝万缕的联系。也就是说，口头诗歌与其他民间口头文类或口头表演样式，有着极为密切的关系。实际上，在口语交际还占据着信息传递基本渠道的地区，在许多“地方性知识”（local knowledge）体系中，诗歌的概念和分类，与我们所熟悉的分类系统就有相当的差别。比如，诗歌韵律的功用，有时更多地出于韵文体便于学习和记忆的特点，而并不总是出于音韵美感的考虑。这类例子不胜枚举。　　具有深意的是，对古典诗学法则的质疑，始于对口头诗歌之独特属性的强调，而且首先发动自“古典学”（classic studies）内部。20世纪上半叶，西方学术界就年深月久的“荷马问题”重新做出解答的尝试，引发了对口头诗歌法则的思考。欧美的文学研究家、人类学家、民俗学家等，都参与到口头传统研究的阵营当中，并逐步发展起整套的理论体系来。我们国内已经有所介绍的，有“口头程式理论”（又作“帕里—洛德理论”Oral Formulaic Theory, or Parry-Lord Theory），“民族志诗学”（Ethnopoetics），以及对“口头性”（orality）问题的研究等。　　“口头程式理论”把表演语词中的“程式”（formula）作为主要研究对象，进而发现程式的表达是口头诗歌的核心特征。程式的形态，在不同诗歌传统中有不同的界定。但是有一个基本的特性，就是它必须是被反复使用的片语。这些片语的作用，不是为了重复，而是为了构造诗行。换句话说，它是在传统中形成的、具有固定涵义（往往还具有特定的韵律格式）的现成表达式。这些表达式是代代相传的，一位合格的歌手需要学习和储备大量这种片语。程式的出现频度，在实践中往往成为判定诗歌是否具有口头起源的指数。欧洲早期诗歌手稿的判定（如荷马史诗和法国的《罗兰之歌》），在很大程度上就使用了这种手段。程式的涵义，也比我们所想象的要复杂得多。在字面的涵义背后，还有“传统性指涉”（traditional referentiality）。当荷马形容某位优雅的女性用“肥胖的手”做什么事情的时候，我们往往认为荷马“不恰当”地使用了这个片语。其实，在古希腊史诗传统中，“肥胖的手”意味着“英勇地”。这种传统性的指涉，是不容易通过阅读文本就能明白的，尤其不容易通过词典上的释义就能弄明白的。这就等于说，口头诗歌的阐释，更多地依赖于该诗歌传统所植根的那个文化土壤。而不能仅仅依据对文本本身的分析。这种情况，在我们国内许多民族的诗歌传统中，都可以观察到。以蒙古史诗而论，我们会发现其中有很多让“读者”感到突兀的表述。而这些表述，对于有经验的“听众”而言，则根本不是问题。也就是说，那些史诗的受众，那些置身传统中的信息接收者，当然知道怎样理解这些片语背后的传统性指涉。　　口头诗歌的特点当然不会仅仅体现在语词层面上。随着研究的深入，人们发现口头诗歌的诗法特点，还体现在这样一些地方：一个是“声音范型”（sound pattern）的引导作用很强。句首韵是蒙古诗歌的主要特征，歌手在表演当中，会受到句首韵韵式的引导。他在表演中的口误，很多都和这种引导作用有关。民间歌手在即兴创作时，这种特点体现得更为充分；第二个是平行式（parallelism）的大量使用。在汉语传统中，排比、对偶等手法，是民间歌手特别喜爱的手段，这当然也是一类平行式；第三个是句式的高度“俭省”(thrift)。有学者经统计发现，荷马当属人类历史上伟大的口头诗人之一，他所娴熟运用的新句式，在数量上其实比较有限，从另外一个方面说，就是但凡他有现成的表达方法，他就绝不试图寻找所谓“新颖”的表达句式；第四个是表述的“冗余”(redundance)。也就是说不避重复，不嫌冗赘。对于书面阅读而言，这很难接受；但对于聆听而言，就不是什么不能忍受的折磨，恰恰相反，这还是长处：在时间线中顺序排列的语词，只有通过这种反复出现，才能够在听众心目中建立起各个单元之间的紧密关联。　　再进一步说，口语思维与书写思维有很大的差别。（文字社会与非文字社会）文盲和非文盲对事物的认识和分类，有很大的差别。文盲的概念世界， 更多地与他们自身的经历和实践有关系，而不是来自于推理。文盲的思维和表述特点，大略而言，可以归结为：添加而非递进，聚合而非分析，冗赘或“复言”，保守和传统化，贴近人文生活世界，对抗的格调，设身处地和参与，动态平衡性，情境化而非抽象等等（关于这个问题的精彩讨论，见Walter Ong的专著Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New York: Methuen, 1982，节译见《基于口传的思维和表述特点》，载《民族文学研究》2000年增刊）。有了对这种出自口传的思维和表述特点的深入分析，再去理解口头诗歌的若干属性时，就会容易一些。　　口头诗学还在许多地方，发现了原本没有引起人们注意的、但确实是意味深长的问题。譬如，在表述单元的设定上，就有明显的不同。以西方诗歌为例，文人作品中较多地出现“跨行连续”（enjambement）的现象，而在口头诗歌中，歌手更多地使用“诗行”作为一个表述单元，或者按照蒙古史诗歌手的说法，一个诗行较多地与“一口话”相重叠。这个诗行，不是文人概念世界中的那个整齐排列的印刷字符串，而是在表演中，与韵律、音乐、步格等紧密结合着的单元。　　这就又牵涉到表演的问题。表演中的韵文文本，多数时候也会按照格律的要求，形成相对严整的韵律节拍。那些诗行，至少“听上去”相当规整。可是文字化了的文本，看上去就很不整齐了。在表演的场境中，歌手往往靠拉长元音的音调，从而在韵律上找齐。或者换句话说，那些个“看上去”很不整齐的诗句，在“听上去”却未必不整齐。字词数量和节拍之间，有一定的缓冲弹性。　　从创作环节上看，大型口头诗歌的“创编”，通常都是在表演现场即兴完成的。每次表演的文本，都是一个与以往表演的相同叙事有直接关系的新文本。因而，它既是传统限定中叙事的一次次传演（a song），又是充满了新因素的“这一首歌”(the song)。每一次表演的文本，都和其他表演过的文本所或潜在的文本形成“互文”（intertexts）。　　口头诗人的创作、传播、接受过程，是同一的，这就为口头诗歌，带来了另外一些新的特质。譬如，口头诗歌的创作过程，有听众的直接介入，有现场听众的反应所带来的影响。听众的情绪和对表演的反应等，都会作用于歌手的表演，从而影响到叙事的长度、细节修饰的繁简程度、语词的夸张程度等等，甚至会影响到故事的结构。听众的构成成分，也会影响到故事主人公的身份定位。比如，在为不同族群的听众讲述故事时，塞尔维亚—克罗地亚叙事诗的表演者会调整故事的主人公和故事的结构，以迎合不同的族群。　　晚近的研究表明，在口头诗歌和书面（文人）诗歌之间，也并不总是横亘着不可逾越的鸿沟。在不少社会中，都可以观察到不同类型的歌手，他们置身于传统之中，又受到当代教育的某些影响，受到书面文化的某些影响，从而在叙事当中多少运用了书面文学的某些规则，其作品也多少具有书面文学的某些特质。总之，与其说口头诗歌和文人诗歌之间是两极对立的关系，倒毋宁说它们之间是从一端到另外一端的谱系关系，其间有大量的中间过渡类型。　　随着口头诗学研究的深入，晚近的学术发展出现了新的态势。传统的、长久被奉为典律的评判文学价值的尺度，遭到了质疑——那些总结自书面文学的诗歌美学法则，拿来说明口头文学，是否合用？究竟是谁，运用了怎样的权力（authority），出于怎样的原因，决定着哪一类的诗歌才能进入人类文学宝库的作品名录？为什么在这个名录中，几乎看不到那些同样伟大的口头艺术作品呢？　　【【【【田螺姑娘】】】】　　宁波民间传说人物。原出《搜神后记》：晋安帝时，侯官人谢端，少丧父母，　　无有亲属，为邻人所养。至年十七八，恭谨自守，不履非法。始出居，未有妻，邻人共愍念之，规为娶妇，未得。端夜卧早起，躬耕力作，不舍昼夜。后于邑下得一大螺，如三升壶。以为异物，险以归，贮瓮中。畜之十数日。端每早至野还，见其户中有饭饮汤火，如有人为者。端谓邻人为之惠也。数日如此，便往谢邻人。邻人曰：“吾初不为是，何见谢也？” 端又以邻人不喻其意，然数尔如此，后更实问，邻人笑曰：“卿已自取妇，密著室中炊爨，而言吾为之炊耶？” 端默然心疑，不知其故。后以鸡鸣出去，平早潜归，于篱外窃窥其家中，见一少女，从瓮中出，至灶下燃火。端便入门，径至瓮所视螺，但见女。乃到灶下问之曰：“新妇从何所来，而相为炊？”女大惶惑，欲还瓮中，不能得去，答曰： “我天汉中白水素女也。天帝哀卿少孤，恭慎自守，故使我权为守舍炊烹。十年之中，使卿居富得妇，自当还去。而卿无故窃相窥掩，吾形已见，不宜复留，当相委去。，虽然，尔后自当少差。勤于田作，渔采治生。留此壳去，以贮米谷，常不可乏。 ”端请留，终不肯。时天忽风雨，翕然而去。端为立神座，时节祭祀。居常饶足，不致大富耳。于是乡人以女妻之。后仕至令长云。今道中素女祠是也。　　[编辑本段]【传说一】　　从前，有个孤苦伶仃的青年农民，靠给地主种田为生，每天日出耕作，日落回家，辛勤劳动。一天，他在田里捡到一只特别大的田螺，心里很惊奇，也很高兴，把它带回家，放在水缸里，精心用水养着。　　有一天，那个农民照例早上去地里劳动，回家却见到灶上有香喷喷的米饭，橱房里有美味可口的鱼肉蔬菜，茶壶里有烧开的热水，第二天回来又是这样。两天，三天……天天如此，那个农民决定要把事情弄清楚，第二天鸡叫头遍，他像以往一样，扛着锄头下田去劳动，天一亮他就匆匆赶回家，想看一看是哪一位好心人。他大老远就看到自家屋顶的烟囱已炊烟袅袅，他加快脚步，要亲眼看一下究竟是谁在烧火煮饭。可是当他蹑手蹑脚，贴近门缝往里看时，家里毫无动静，走进门，只见桌上饭菜飘香，灶中火仍在烧着，水在锅里沸腾，还没来得及舀起，只是热心的烧饭人不见了。　　一天又过去。那个农民又起了个大早，鸡叫下地，天没亮就往家里赶。家里的炊烟还未升起，谢端悄悄靠近篱笆墙，躲在暗处，全神贯注地看着自己屋里的一切。不一会儿，他终于看到一个年轻美丽的姑娘从水缸里缓缓走出，身上的衣裳并没有因水而有稍微的湿润。这姑娘移步到了灶前，就开始烧火做菜煮饭。　　年轻人看得真真切切，连忙飞快地跑进门，走到水缸边，一看，自己捡回的大田螺只剩下个空壳。他惊奇地拿着空壳看了又看，然后走到灶前，向正在烧火煮饭的年轻姑娘说道：“请问这位姑娘，您从什么地方来?为什么要帮我烧饭?”姑娘没想到他会在这个时候出现，大吃一惊，又听他盘问自己的来历，便不知如何是好。年轻姑娘想回到水缸中，却被挡住了去路。青年农民一再追问，年轻姑娘没有办法，只得把实情告诉了他，她就是田螺姑娘。　　青年非常喜欢田螺姑娘，后来他们就结了婚。　　蚂蝗精非常喜欢田螺姑娘，看到田螺姑娘和农民这么好，很妒忌，决定抢走田螺姑娘。于是假扮算命先生从她瞎眼婆婆那里骗去田螺壳，有了田螺壳田螺姑娘就被蚂蝗精收到他的洞内出不来了，农民和他们伙伴为救田螺姑娘去蚂蝗精的洞中却被蚂蝗精打败，后来他们想了个办法用盐撒在蚂蝗精身上，蚂蝗精最怕就是盐了，终于痛苦的死去。　　田螺姑娘和农民过着幸福的日子，一年后生了一个胖小子，转眼5、6岁在河边玩水嬉戏，后被同伴的小朋友骂是田螺精的孩子，“垛，垛，垛，哪阿母田螺壳，叮，叮，叮，哪阿母田螺精。”，他儿子听了人家的话，把他母亲的壳藏起来了，田螺姑娘就再也变不回田螺了。　　[编辑本段]【传说二】　　晋朝时，侯官县有个名叫谢端的孤儿，很小父母就去世了，好心的邻居收养了他。谢端忠厚老实，勤劳节俭，到了十七八岁的时候，不想再给邻居添麻烦，就自己在山坡边搭建了一间小屋子，独立生活了。因为家中一贫如洗，所以他一直没有娶妻子。邻居们很关心他，帮他说了几次媒，都没有成功。　　谢端也没有因此而失望，仍然每天日出耕作，日落回家，辛勤劳动。一天，他在田里捡到一只特别大的田螺，心里很惊奇，也很高兴，把它带回家，放在水缸里，精心用水养着。　　一天，谢端照例早上去地里劳动，回家却见到灶上有香喷喷的米饭，橱子里有美味可口的鱼肉蔬菜，茶壶里有烧开的热水，他想，一定是哪个好心的邻居帮他烧火煮饭。　　没想到，第二天回来又是这样。两天，三天……天天如此，谢端心里觉得过意不去，就到邻居家去道谢。他走了许多家，邻居们都说不是他们做的，何必道谢呢?谢端心想，这一定是邻居好心肠，硬是一再致谢。邻居们笑着说：“你一定是自己娶了个妻子，把她藏在家里，为你烧火煮饭。”谢端听了心头很纳闷，想不出个头绪来，于是想探个究竟。　　第二天鸡叫头遍，谢端像以往一样，扛着锄头下田去劳动，天一亮他就匆匆赶回家，想看一看是哪一位好心人。他大老远就看到自家屋顶的烟囱已炊烟袅袅，他加快脚步，要亲眼看一下究竟是谁在烧火煮饭。可是当他蹑手蹑脚，贴近门缝往里看时，家里毫无动静，走进门，只见桌上饭菜飘香，灶中火仍在烧着，水在锅里沸腾，还没来得及舀起，只是热心的烧饭人不见了。　　一天又过去。谢端又起了个大早，鸡叫下地，天没亮就往家里赶。家里的炊烟还未升起，谢端悄悄靠近篱笆墙，躲在暗处，全神贯注地看着自己屋里的一切。不一会儿，他终于看到一个年轻美丽的姑娘从水缸里缓缓走出，身上的衣裳并没有因水而有稍微的湿润。这姑娘移步到了灶前，就开始烧火做菜煮饭。　　谢端看得真真切切，连忙飞快地跑进门，走到水缸边，一看，自己捡回的大田螺只剩下个空壳。他惊奇地拿着空壳看了又看，然后走到灶前，向正在烧火煮饭的年轻姑娘说道：“请问这位姑娘，您从什么地方来?为什么要帮我烧饭?”姑娘没想到谢端会在这个时候出现，大吃一惊，又听他盘问自己的来历，便不知如何是好。年轻姑娘想回到水缸中，却被谢端挡住了去路。谢端一再追问，年轻姑娘没有办法，只得把实情告诉了他。原来，这位姑娘是天上的水素女。天帝知道谢端从小父母双亡，孤苦伶仃，很同情他，又见他克勤克俭，安分守己，所以派神女下凡帮助他。水素女又说道：“天帝派我下凡，专门为你烧火煮饭，料理家务，想让你在十年内富裕起来，成家立业，娶个好妻子，那时我再回到天上去复命。可是现在我的使命还没完成，却被你知道了天机，我的身份已经暴露，就算你保证不讲出去，也难免会被别人知道，我不能再呆在这里了，我必须回到天庭去。”谢端听完神女的一番话，感谢万分，心里很后悔，再三盛情挽留水素女。水素女主意已决，临走前，水素女对谢端说：“我走以后，你的日子会艰苦一些，但你只要干好农活，多打鱼，多砍柴，生活会一天一天好起来。我把田螺壳留给你，你可以用它贮藏粮食，能使米生息不尽，壳里的稻谷都不会用完。”正说话时，只见屋外狂风大作，接着下起了大雨，在雨水空蒙之中，水素女讲完最后一句话飘然离去。　　感激神女的恩德，特地为她造一座神像，逢年过节都去烧香拜谢。而他自己依靠勤劳的双手和神女的帮助，日子一天比一天红火起来，几年之后，他娶了妻子，并向仕途发展，中举当上县令。　　谢端为了感谢水素女，立了庙，就是今天的素女祠。　　[编辑本段]【传说三】　　一个阳光明媚的早晨，原野上有些微风。快乐的孩子们在小溪中嬉戏，他们把打捞上来的田螺放在草丛中，又追逐一群游鱼。离开了水的小田螺干渴难耐，它努力地朝岸边的方向挪去，太遥远了，正午的阳光灸烤着大地，一阵阵的灼热令它昏死过去……一双大手托起了它，在宽大的掌心中睁开微弱的眼睛，他正怜爱地凝视着它，徐徐放入水中，然后离去。　　这是个锄归的路人。　　获得生命的小田螺心怀感激，但它只是一只田螺而已，它不懂得表达但懂得铭记。因那一刻深情的凝视，从此，它不再是一只简单的田螺，它听见了自己的心，那里有一个深刻的愿望。　　于是，历经千辛万苦的田螺来到了神灵的面前，它祈求，愿用所有的来生换取与恩人相守相望的缘分，尽管他们的相遇是在遥远的未来。神答应了。　　水中的岁月并不安宁，大雨冲刷，干涸龟裂。小田螺一次次迁徙。它保存了一个完整的生命，静待日月，静待真情。　　盈盈一水间，脉脉不得语。　　缤纷的花朵点亮了原野，依旧是一个无比炎热的午后，他踏着阳光树影而来，掬一捧清冽的溪水送入口中，他终于看见水里的田螺。他把它带回去，放在水缸里。　　所有的期待，春暖花开。　　当他发现这个美丽善良的姑娘原来是一只田螺时无比惊讶，她羞涩地倾诉着自己的爱恋，眼里闪着幸福的泪花。这对于田螺姑娘来说太不容易了，一万年方修得人形，再有一万年才修得七情六欲，终于可以站在所爱的人面前，流下第一滴眼泪。　　这是几千年来从村庄里流传下来的玫瑰色的神话，是幻想的花朵，它带领心灵飞越密密匝匝的凡俗。其实，每个人都有自己最初的等待，在花开花落时，我们的一生便因等待而美好。　　如果，那是一份纤尘不染的真情。　　【【【【【【原始文化 】】】】】　　原始文化　　primitive culture　　早期人类学者的词典中，原始文化指无书面语言、相对孤立、人口少、社会组织和技术比较简单以及一般说来社会文化变革进展缓慢的民族的文化。这类文化的历史和神话凭藉口头世代相传，这项任务很可能由受过特殊训练的某个人或某一群人担任。「原始」一词在20世纪日益被用来与人类社会及其组织和产品相联系，并被人们认为是殖民精神的残馀，由此产生了人类学。曾有人认为「原始的」一词，连同其近义语野蛮、文字史前期、城镇史前期等均意味著∶与「高级的」文化相比，这种原始状态的文化处於文化发展前期。当代的人类学者则认为这种假设过於简单化，而不愿采纳。此外，早期的作家们常常使用这类词来暗示这些民族在智力方面和道德方面都处於低级状态。某些学者采用「无阅读和写作能力的」一词以避免否定评价的涵义。然而，由于一种文化在论述另一种文化时所表现的固有的局限性，所有这类用词是否恰当，均尚无定论。评价一部人类学词汇是否客观，其尺度应当如何，至今仍争论不休。

这个嘛,你还找得到人教般的高中英语书吗,好象是高二的课本(不好意思,记不清了,我也大一了),介绍文化的一篇课文,那篇课文讲得比较详细.

类似于中国的“谨启、敬上”

I. Cultural differences on politeness between western and Chinese can be found in many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting,compliments, apologies, thanks, etc. In the following, we will look at some cultural different between China and western. 1.Greeting and Parting When people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other . The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So formulaic expressions are often used, but such formulaic expressions often causes conflict because of the great cultural differences between Chinese and native English speakers. In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Good morning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn"t it? ”How is everything going?” Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” Where have you been?”etc. Westerners treat them as real question. While in Chinese, we always say “你吃了吗？”“你上哪里去？”“你干什么去？”to show our consideration. Parting may be divided into two steps. Before the final prating, there is usual a leave-taking. Western and Chinese cultures have diverse ways to deal with leave-takings. Firstly, in English society, during the closing phase of an encounter, from ”I” perspective, reasons for terminating the encounter are presented in mitigatory comments. Typical comments are associated with expressions of apology, such as “I” am afraid I must be off, I have to relieve the baby-sitter” etc. Western people believe that to be willing to visit and converse with someone is to have respect for him.; to terminate the visiting is not of one"s own free will, but because of some other arrangements, therefore they always try to make their leaving sound reluctant by finding some reasons and apologize for it to make the leaving acceptable for both parties. English speakers often signal several times before leaving. “Well, it"s been nice to see you again. I do enjoy our talk and the lovely dinner, but I must be going soon”. Thank you very much for asking me over. I hope we"ll be able to get together again before long…” Consolidation in a wider range of common acquaintances also occurs, in expressions such as “Say hello to Jack for me” or “Remember me to John”. In Chinese society, during the closing phase of and encounter, usually, from a “you ”perspective, reasons for ending the encounter are set forth in mitigatory expressions. Such expressions include“你挺忙的，我就不多打扰了。”“你一定累了，早点休息吧，我 要告辞了。”, etc. With these words, they may stand up from their seats. Chinese leave-taking is very short and quick. Western people think it so abrupt that they have not prepare for it. While moving to the door, Chinese employ expressions of apology like“对不起没，打扰了。”“对不起，占用你不少时间。”It should be noted that these expressions employed by Chinese guests to show concern for their hosts can only be appropriate for business visits in the English environment2..AddressingBoth western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names---a surname and a given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name. And people like add“小”before their family name. Such as“小王”、“小郑”、“小李”、“小徐”and so on.. While westerners names are written and spoken with the given name first and the family name last. So John Smith"s family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr."), married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women as "Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be addressed using the abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty are addressed as "Professor" (abbreviated as "Prof.").In an informal situation,westerners will introduce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introduced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed using their title and last name (e.g., "Professor Smith"). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to err on the side of formality. It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should always address adults in the formal fashion, using their title and last name. Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms of addressing can serve as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society. In calling their superiors or elders, the Chinese are accustomed to the nonreciprocal or asymmetrical addressing, in other words. They use “title +surname” to address their superior or elders rather than call them surnames, while the superior or elders call the addressers their names. The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being addressed, otherwise, the addresser may be considered as ill mannered, ill educated or rude. But in English speaking countries, people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical addressing. Although they are different in age and status, they can call the other directly, namely, their names, even first names except when they call the doctors, not arousing offence between them, but demonstrating the sense of intimacy and the conception of” Everyone is created equal”. Chinese people feel unnatural addressing a westerner by his given name, feeling that it indicates too close a relationship, and westerners, on the other hand, may feel that if a Chinese insists on using his surname, it indicates an unwillingness to be friendly and maintains a gap between them. So the use of forms like” Miss Mary” or “Mr. Smith ” may be a Chinese forms of compromise. With Miss Mary, the use of the given name indicates friendliness, but the addition of the title indicates the respect they feel they ought to show. And with Smith, the lack of a title indicates friendliness, but the use of the surname prevents if sounding too intimate. However, both addressing used by the Chinese sound very strange and uncomfortable to the westerner. 3.Compliments and ResponseTo compliment is to praise the addressee"s virtues, ability, behavior, appearance, clothing, personality and belongs. Appropriate compliments can serve as effective supplementary means in inter-personal communication. Western and Chinese culture are at polar opposites about compliment. An western hostess, if she is complimented for her cooking skill, is likely to say,” Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.” Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will instead apologize for giving you “Nothing”. They will say“随便作几个菜，不好吃。”If translate this into English“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty. Perhaps the foreigner will think why you invite me to you family and have the untasty food. You aren"t respect me. The English-speaking people are more active to praise others and to be praise than Chinese people. For example, the Americans are “straight forwardness”, the Chinese take pride in “modesty”. That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an Americans table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer and the Americans hosts take ”no ” to mean “no ”, whether it is the first, second or third time. Still bigger differences exist in people"s attitude towards compliments, i.e., in the response to compliments. Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments . So many westerners simply feel puzzled or even upset when their Chinese friends refused their compliments. The Chinese people are not intending to be modest with the sacrifice of friendship in so doing, but it is rather due to the traditional Chinese philosophy, that of modesty. The Chinese people regard modesty as

"Night at the Museum" is not an awful film. It"s targeted mainly at children, and from my experience the kids seem to love it. In that sense, I guess it"s a success. On the other hand, it didn"t grab me like some of its predecessors. For instance, it"s certainly no "Jumanji" or "Jurassic Park." in fact, it"s kind of a toned down, worse mixture of these two films."Night at the Museum" is the story of Larry Daley, a divorced father who is down on his luck. When Larry is offered a job as the night watchman at a museum, he takes it immediately. Of course, the first night he"s there, the exhibits suddenly come to life and Larry realizes that it"s not the job he thought it was. My favorite part of the film is when everything suddenly comes to life, but the novelty wears off quickly. Perhaps it would have been better if the exhibits slowly came to life. For instance, instead of walking down the hall in the midst of howling Indians and Huns, Larry could have been walking down the hall when he suddenly sees a hand pop out from one of the exhibits. This could have built suspense and allowed us to savor the effect. Instead, everything is sprung upon us at once.The film doesn"t really have a core plot, but is flooded with smaller sub-plots. Unfortunately, we"ve seen them all before. For instance, we get the typical father-son divorce situation, in which the dad really wants to impress his son and ex-wife, but is out-shined by the ex-wife"s bumbling and successful boyfriend. Yawn. Other sub-plots involve a possible cliché romance with the dull and dorky Rebecca, a "war" between mini-cowboys and mini-Romans, the search for an eventually missing gold tablet, the unrequited love of Robin Williams as Teddy Roosevelt, and a mischievous monkey"s practical jokes. These are all sub-plots from other films, and some are only very slightly modified. Ben Stiller is fine as Larry Daley, but he is not given enough funny lines and over-the-top dialogues. Robin Williams is his usual dried-up self, and he doesn"t really add anything to the film. I liked the small roles by Dick Van Dyke, Mickey Rooney, and Bill Cobbs, though.Overall, "Night at the museum" is a very average film that tries to disguise itself with a well-known cast and snazzy effects. Still, kids will like it and it"s certainly not awful for anyone.

http://www.zhaojiaoan.com/soft/list.asp?classid=141新目标英语七年级上册全册教案[七年英语教案]新目标英语七年级上册教案全集七年级英语上全册学案及典型例题七年级英语上册全册要点讲解与练习新目标英语七年级上册优课展评教案及反思Unit1Myname"sGina.Unit2Isthisyourpencil?Unit3Thisismysister.Unit4Where"smybackpack?Unit5Doyouhaveasoccerball?Unit6Do...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-24 12:14:06 外研版七年级英语下全册备课资料[七年英语教案]英语(新标准)2学生用书(初中起点)Module1SchoolLifeModule2OntheTelephoneModule3MyEverydayLifeModule4ComeandPlaywithUs!Mdoule5ActivitiesModule6TheClothesWeWearRevision(I)Module7LostandFoundModule8W...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-21 11:24:05 牛津英语7A全册教案[七年英语教案]牛津英语7A全套教案StarterUnit1Gettingtoknowyou逐渐认识你一Greetings问候★重点词汇Hello喂nice令人愉快的meet遇见goodbye再见this这thank谢谢★语法聚焦1．一般现在时的用法；2．系动词am,is的用法；3．副词too的用法。课文英汉对照LookandsayHello,I"mBen．你好，我是本。...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-03-30 15:20:05 新目标初中英语七年级下全英教案[七年英语教案]《新目标初中英语》qixiacejiaoanUnit1Whereisyourpenpalfrom?TeachingGoal:Topic:Countries,nationalities,andlanguagesGeneralaims:A.TalkaboutwherepeoplearefromB.Talkaboutnationality,nationandlan...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-02-24 08:44:12 牛津英语教案7B全册[七年英语教案]ModuleOneFoodanddrinksUnit1Asurprisebirthdayparty1/5I.Languagefocus:1.Using‘goingto"todescribeeventsthatwilloccurquitesoon2.Usingmodalstomakeapoliterequest3.Usingformulaicexpressio...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-06-19 16:21:38 新目标《Where"s your pen pal from?》全英文教案[七年英语教案]新目标七下Unit1Where"syourpenpalfrom?全英文教案Period1:(SectionA1a—2d)一、Teachingaims:1.Learnthecountriesandcities.2.Learnhowtoaskandanswerwherethepeoplelive.二、Teachingpoints:1.Vocabularies:t...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-05-28 15:58:27 《Friends from other countries》教案[七年英语教案]牛津7AModule4RelationshipsUnit3FriendsfromothercountriesTeachingPlanFirstPeriodLanguageTargets:1.Usingpropernounstorefertopeople2.Usingprepositionstoindicateplace3.Usingnumeralstosho...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-05-04 12:28:35 冀教版七下英语Unit 4全单元教案(全英文版)[七年英语教案]初一(七年级)冀教版(book2)unit4全单元教案Lesson25Good-bye,BeijingTeachingcontent:1.masterywords:begin,never,every2.adialogueaboutleavingBeijing3.It"stimeforsb.todosth.4.Whatabout…?Teachinggoals:...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-05-04 12:26:42 冀教版七下英语教案 Where did you go?[七年英语教案]教案标题Wheredidyougo?教案所属学科英语适用年级七年级对应教材冀教版初中英语第二册覆盖范围第七单元51课所需时间45分钟概述本单元主要谈论的话题是体育与健康。是冀教版七年级第二册的内容，我选取另外其中第51课的内容进行了课堂实录。本节课的教学目标让学生通过游戏、讨论达到用用语描述过去的所见所闻。教学过程是用探究、体验、参与的方式让学生掌握语法“一...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-24 12:20:23 外研七下Module 1 School Life全模块教案[七年英语教案]Module1Unitone1．教材分析：本单元以Schoollife为话题，经过一篇交流学生所写的文章的学习后，使学生了解英国校园生活的一些基本情况及中英两国校园生活的不同之处；学习并能运用表示校园设施的一些基本词汇（wordpower）；在初中初步了解定语从句的基础上进一步学习定语从句的基本概念及关系代词‘which,that,,who,whom,who...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-24 11:57:45 NSE 7B教案 Module 1[七年英语教案]NSE7BModule1Peopleandplaces一．教材内容分析本模块以旅游为话题，运用现在进行时态介绍世界各地的时差,并且让学生了解在不同的时间,不同的国家人们做些什么事情.是学生感兴趣的话题.教学中应结合学生实际情况，灵活调整教学内容（或增加，或删除，或前后调整），合理设置课时。适当进行拓展，以丰富学生知识，拓展学生视野.二．学情分析本单元是7下的...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-24 11:54:26 外研七下Module 1 Unit 1教案 外研[七年英语教案]教学内容Module1Peopleandplaces上课时间课题Unit1We"rehavingagreattime重点1.Tolearnandmastersomewordsandphrases.2.Toreviewandusethepresentcontinuoustense.课型难点Tousethepresentcontinuoustense.Torec...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-24 11:39:14 外研七下Module 1 Unit 2教学设计[七年英语教案]Module1PeopleandPlacesUnit2They"regoingtotheopera.(外研社初一下册)一．课型：readingandwriting二．教材分析：本节课是一节阅读课，本单元是整个模块教学的第二单元。从话题上讲，本单元以世界不同地方人们的生活为话题，课文教学通过阅读材料使学生了解不同时区的时间差，以及不同地方人们在同一时间的活动。...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-24 11:38:04 外研版七下Module 1 Unit 2教案[七年英语教案]Module1PeopleandplacesUnit2They"regoingtotheopera.ⅠTeachingmodelReadingandwritingⅡTeachingmethodBottom-upapproachⅢTeachingaimsKeyvocabulary:car,puton,atthemoment,thing,leave,work,a...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-23 15:35:53 外研版七下Module 2 Unit 3教案[七年英语教案]Module2SpringFestivalUnit3Languageinuse班级：初一(7)班教材处理：本课时是对整个模块学习的总结，归纳，通过完成模块任务来熟练掌握使用现在进行时态，并要求学生能够区别与使用一般现在时态与现在时态来描述春节。在进行教材处理时，将前面练习作为一个热身活动来带动模块任务的开展。模块任务在设计时，利用一系列的口头问答使学生对现在...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-23 14:00:26 外研版英语七年级下教案 Module 2[七年英语教案]外研版新标准(NSE)七年级下MODULE2SpringFestival教案一、教材分析1、主题SpringFestival2、题材内容本模块话题是“节日”。要求学生掌握描述节日的表达方式，同时加强学生对中外节日的理解与认识。通过使用现在进行时，对该话题展开听、说、读、写的语言实践活动。使学生加深能够谈论或写出对该节日的介绍，并了解英语国家中重要的节假日及其...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-23 13:54:23 外研七下Module 5 Unit3教案[七年英语教案]Unit3Module5Lifeinthefuture本单元教学内容分析:本单元主要话题是“谈未来”，内容主要设计人类对今后生活环境的想象，猜测和思考。本单元所涉及的要点是：（1）回顾历史，认识现在，展望未来，激发学生的想象力（2）学习使用有关预测和猜测的表达方式。（3）学习过去分词作定语和状语的用法。（3）运用所学英语写出具有丰富想象力的短文.The1st...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-23 13:49:47 外研版英语七下Module 4 Unit 3教案[七年英语教案]外研新标准初一必修2AteachingplanforUnit3，Module4AteachingplanforUnit3，Module4一、Teachingmaterials:Unit3Languageinuse(Module4Lifeinthefuture)二、Targetsforthisperiod:Thestudentscanuse“will”toex...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-23 13:45:16 外研版英语七下教案 Module3-Module4[七年英语教案]Module3PlansUnit1Whatareyougoingtodoattheweekend?（一）【教学目标】：1功能：计划、打算、意图的表达与询问。2语法：begoingto的意义和用法。3语音：含有begoingto的句子的读音及L系列辅音组合的发音。4任务：(1)begoingto句型介绍自己对一周学习或其他活动的计划安排。(2)词汇：1plan...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:2008-04-23 13:42:05 外研版英语七下Module 7 Unit 1教案[七年英语教案]AteachingplanforUnit1，Module7一、Teachingmaterials:Unit1Tonyhasthelongestjourney.(Module7Planes,boats,andtrains)二、Targetsforthisperiod:Tounderstandconversationswithsuperlativeadjecti...软件大小: 未知运行环境:Win9X/2000/XP/2003/授权方式: 免费版推荐级别:http://www.zhaojiaoan.com/soft/show.asp?id=6250新目标英语七年级上册优课展评教案及反思10篇[英语教学反思]http://www.zhaojiaoan.com/soft/show.asp?id=6176七年级新目标英语教学反思 上册Unit 10[英语教学反思]七年级英语上Unit10教学反思-听力教学《新目标英语》设计了大量的听说材料，而现在这些听力材料正成为学生学过程中的一个难点。那么，我们如何改变现状呢？1、首先进行大量的听说训练。“听”是对输入信息的“加工”，“说”是表达，是“输出”，没有输入就没有输出。在听懂的基础上说，在说的同时增强听的能力，使两者有机结合，相互促进。听说训练包括听音答问、听后复述、听后...http://www.zhaojiaoan.com/soft/show.asp?id=6173新目标英语七上教学反思 Unit9[英语教学反思]七年级英语上Unit9教学反思——阅读教学现在我们流行这样一种说法：一节课老师最多讲15分钟，剩下的要么是开展活动，要么就是让学生自学。《新目标英语》中每单元至少有两篇阅读材料，我们现在一般都采用阅读教学法，通过发现问题、分析问题、解决问题来获得知识，强调自学与合作学习。那么在课堂教学中教师到底要不要讲？究竟应该怎讲？叶圣陶先生曾说过：讲当然是必要的，问题可...

最省事的法子，在线翻译下，了解大意：沈从文（1902至1988年）是近代中国最重要的小说家之一 文学。生产性和通用性，从沉从文曾在诗歌，短篇小说，中篇小说，小说，散文以至许多流派，并产生了大量的工作，如接触军旅生活，农村乡亲，苗族人，家庭生活的各种课题，城市居民和知识分子。他的代表作包括边城，长河，萧萧，随机写生，湘行散记，从文自传，和许多短篇小说集。沉是最著名的湘西农村，田园化的真实写照，他的想象力与当地风味，原住民的习俗，美丽如画的风景，非凡的生活方式，节日公约，语言规范，最重要的是，它的丰富多彩和质朴拥有神圣的数字质量"" ""（王1992年，第256页），男子气概和道德上的纯洁性。他的著作也展示了农村的深刻抒情诗意感性的质量和高度的中文文学创作珍惜。他经常被视为寻根或本机在中国文学的鼻祖土壤。 批评家往往集中在西湖南他的著作，即他的农村的著作，仿佛他们是最有代表性。但是，沉从文写了关于城市的主题几乎一样，实际上他的城市小说约占其全部作品，这是非常独特的作家在现代中国的一半。诚然，他的城市小说并不像想像和他的乡村小说的诗意，而不是描绘城市的迷人景象和他心爱的湘西异国情调。相对于他的农村的著作，他的城市小说也缺乏对农村工作的他拥有一种气氛，并在其身体上和心理上的扭曲和城市化的世界充满了代表平庸和公式化的精神上无能男子和妇女。然而，这是反对派之间的农村和城市，通知他的理解和代表都城市和农村。他对农村田园风光和乡亲代表对他的道德理想主义。沉讴歌生命和人道之间的对比的城市世界的其他代表的农村人的和谐关系的健康和他的乌托邦式的优雅的方式湘西， 损坏和腐朽。去年他一再强调，他基本上是一个 国家的人，正是从农村的角度，他观察和评估城市社会和人民的。然而讽刺的是，正是现代文化/生存状况集中体现在"" ""下降的城市，它使

翻译学论文开题报告 　　开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。 　　 1、选题意义和背景 　　The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life. 　　Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people"s consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China"s accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China"s huge market. 　　Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important. 　　Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process. 　　Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior. 　　 2、论文综述/研究基础 　　1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West. 　　Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin"s (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text. 　　Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text. 　　In Candace Seguinot"s (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design. 　　Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation. 　　Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas. 　　This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets. 　　2 Advertising Translation Studies in China. 　　Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers" attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies. 　　As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color. 　　In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers" attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions. 　　Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。 　　Equivalence theory is based on Nida"s equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context. ;

formula的读音是：英["f__mj_l_]。formula的读音是：英["f__mj_l_]。formula的详尽释义是n.(名词)处方，配方，药方方案，方法方程式（按发动机大小等对赛车的分级）惯用语句，套话，惯用词语【化】分子式【数】公式，计算式配方奶（母乳的替代品）准则惯例，常规。formula【近义词】rule。一、详尽释义点此查看formula的详细内容n.(名词)处方，配方，药方方案，方法方程式（按发动机大小等对赛车的分级）惯用语句，套话，惯用词语【化】分子式【数】公式，计算式配方奶（母乳的替代品）准则惯例，常规二、双解释义n.(名词)[C]准则,原则rule;principle[C]公式,方程式agenerallaw,fact,etc.expressedshortlybymeansofagroupofsigns,numbers,etc.[C]配方alistofthesubstancesusedinmakingsthincludingadescriptionofhowtheyaretobemixed三、网络解释1.formula的意思1.配方：第四章、在企业e化(e-Business)的趋势下,ERP已成为一个企业必备的资讯基础架构,也是企业提升竞争优势的根本工具第八章、在某些产业中,料表则被称为配方(Formula)、处方(Recipe)或成份表(Ingredients)2.formula的反义词2.分子式：聚丙烯酰胺和它的衍生物可以...[摘要]碱式氯化铝(BAC)碱式氯化铝(BAC)是一种无机高分子的高价聚合电解质混凝剂,可视为介于三氯化铝和氢氧化铝之间的一种...[摘要]聚合硫酸铁聚合硫酸铁聚合硫酸铁基本资料(BASICINFORMATION)分子式(FORMULA):[FE2(OH)N(SO4)3-0.5N]M,四、例句Theyareworkingontheperfectionoftheirnewpaintformula.他们正在努力研制尽善尽美的新颜料配方。Whatistheformulaforwater?水的分子式是什么？Withinthebraces,youcanincludeanyformula.在大括号内,可以包含任何公式。It"stheformulaforconvertinggallonsintoliters.这是加仑与升的换算公式。Thereisnosureformulaforsuccess.成功并无一定之规.Hisoutwardlyrelaxedmannerhidesasharpmindandakeenwilltowin,somethinghedidalotofonthenurseryslopesofFormulaBMW.他轻松自若的举止下隐藏着敏锐的心思和渴望胜利的决心，这在他参加宝马方程式的培养期里就已经有所体现。五、词汇搭配用作名词(n.)动词+～deduceaformula推导公式deviseaformula算出一种公式makeupaformula制订方案prepareaformula配方形容词+～acceptableformula可接受的方法mathematicalformula数学公式molecularformula分子式structuralformula结构式～+介词formulaformakingsoap制造肥皂的配方formulaforthedrink饮料的配方六、经典引文Allartistosomedegreesymbolicandrecognitiondependsoncertainlongacceptedformulae.出自：K.ClarkTheformulaforabestsellernowincludesaminimumof"outspoken"descriptionsofsexualactivities.出自：D.MacdonaldTheexecutionerdidnotgothroughtheusualformulaofaskingfor,andreceivingtheforgivenessofhisvictim.出自：C.V.Wedgwood七、词源解说☆17世纪30年代进入英语，直接源自拉丁语的formula，意为形式。formula的相关近义词rule、wayformula的相关临近词formulate、formidable、formular、formulae、formulant、formulaic、formulary、formulable、formulator、formularise、formulabar、formulaset点此查看更多关于formula的详细信息

languageproficiency网络语言熟练度; 语言水平; 语言能力; 语言应用能力; 外语水平EffectsofFrequencyandLanguageProficiencyontheHolisticRepresentationandAccessofFormulaicSequences频率和语言水平对公式化语言整体加工的作用

专辑名称：电影《放牛班的春天》原声大碟专辑类型：soundtrack发行时间：2005-01-04专辑语言：法语专辑介绍：（转自amazon.com）Amazon.comAlready a box office sensation with a million-selling soundtrack in its native France, writer/director Christopher Barratier"s tale of a post-war music teacher"s lasting impact on his young charges rode its formulaic Hollywood roots all the way to Academy Award and Golden Globe nominations as Best Foreign Language Film, as well as an Oscar nod for Best Song ("Look To Your Path [Vois Sur Ton Chemin]," a collaboration between the director and film composer Bruno Coulais). Taking his inspiration from the boy"s chorus at the center of the film"s drama, Coulais has concocted a masterful, classically rooted score that showcases the crystalline, youthful harmonies of Les Petits Chanteurs de Saint-Marc Choir. The composer bridges the baroque and modern eras in a collection of mostly Latin choruses and chants, a skillful, often haunting fusion that also netted Coulais" compelling score BAFTA and Cesar Awards in Britain and his native France, respectively. -- Jerry McCulley Album DescriptionThe Chorus (Les Choristes), written and directed by Christophe Barratier, is already a French cinema phenomenon. The modestly budgeted film about a music teacher in a post-war France who wins over the troubled students at a boarding school arrived in French theatres last summer with little advance hype. Defying industry expectations, this affecting tale proceeded to break box-office records. The soundtrack to The Chorus (Les Choristes) features performers by the Lyon-based Petits Chanteurs de Saint Marc and several haunting solo turns by 13 year-old boy soprano Jean-Baptiste Maunier, who also portrays the youthful protagonist of the film.本专辑已加入mp3共享计划专辑曲目：Les ChoristesIn MemoriamL"Arrivee a L"Ecole PepinotVois sur ton Chemin Les PartitionsCaresse sur L"Ocean Lueur d"EteCerf-Volant Sous la PluieCompere Guilleri La DesillusionLa Nuit L"Incendie L"Evocation Les Avions en Papier Action Reaction Seuls Morhange In Memoriam A Cappella 下载地址：http://lib.verycd.com/2005/02/14/0000039021.html

1. 英语谚语作文 没有钱买不到的东西. It all depends on how it is used. If we make honest and sensible use of money, it can be a stepping-stone to happiness l Although money cannot buy happiness。这取决于怎样使用金钱，如果我们诚信明智地使用金钱，它将是幸福的基石，对金钱的追求驱使许多人去骗去偷， it can make happiness possible if it is employed sensibly. 金钱能买来幸福吗，导致社会的腐化堕落。尽管金钱买不到幸福。 所以，金钱并不一定就意味着幸福，同样缺钱往往引起巨大的忧伤？ 金钱能买来幸福吗？不同的人有不同的回答。有的人认为能，有的人则持相反的意见， it is equally true that lack of money causes great distress. It is a mon view that "money is the root of all evil." The pursuit of money drives many people to cheat and steal. In some places there is nothing that cannot be bought with money, resulting in corrupt societies where everybody is miserable。 诚然一个人如果有足够的钱可以买到他想要的所有物品，过上舒适稳定的生活。然而。在某些地方，但它可以使幸福成为可能.So, money does not necessarily mean happiness, and live a life of fort and security. HoweverCan Money Buy Happiness?Can money buy happiness? Different people have different opinions. Some think yes, while others hold the opposite.It is true that with enough money one can buy all the things one wants。人们常常认为“金钱是万恶之源” 2. 写一篇关于谚语的英语作文200左右 纯手打，好累，点赞 英语：Chinese culture broad and profound, now I will introduce the folk proverbs! Proverbs are popular, and artistic statement is relatively stable, the most classic proverb is: ants,heavy rain will e, this short sentence, but there are many mysteries, the weatherwas very interesting, of course, proverbs in addition to the weather, but also to learn,experience and so on, saying。 There is a sense of rhyme, usually accumulateproverbs, not only let you learn knowledge, but also let you harvest the happiness! 意思： 中国文化博大精深，现在我就给大家介绍一下民间的谚语吧！谚语是民间广为流传，并较为定型的艺术语句，最经典的谚语就是：蚂蚁搬家 ，大雨要来到，这简短的一句话，却蕴藏着许多天气的奥秘，非常有趣，当然了，谚语除了有天气之类的，还有关于学习，经验。。等等，谚语存在押韵感，平时多积累谚语，不仅让你学会了知识，还让你收获了快乐！ 3. 英语谚语30条和一个作文 A man without money is no man at all. 一分钱难倒英雄汉。 A merry heart goes all the way. 心旷神怡，事事顺利。 A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘，差之千里。 A mother"s love never changes. 母爱永恒。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 A new broom sweeps clean. 新官上任三把火。 An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. 以眼还眼，以牙还牙。 An hour in the morning is worth o in the evening. 一日之计在于晨。 An old dog cannot learn new tricks. 老狗学不出新把戏。 An ounce of luck is better than a pound of wisdom. 聪明才智，不如运气。 An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. 预防为主，治疗为辅。 A rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。 As a man sows, so he shall reap. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 A snow year, a rich year. 瑞雪兆丰年。 A sound mind in a sound body. 健全的精神寓于健康的身体。 A still tongue makes a wise head. 寡言者智。 A stitch in time saves nine. 小洞不补，大洞吃苦。 A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe. 身正不怕影子斜。 A wise head makes a close mouth. 真人不露相，露相非真人。 A word spoken is past recalling. 一言既出，驷马难追。 A year"s plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 Bad news has wings. 好事不出门，坏事传千里。 Barking dogs seldom bite. 吠犬不咬人。 Beauty lies in the love"s eyes. 情人眼里出西施。 Be swift to hear, slow to speak. 听宜敏捷，言宜缓行。 Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 Better to ask the way than go astray. 问路总比迷路好。 Beeen friends all is mon. 朋友之间不分彼此。 Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚，人以群分。 Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。 Blood will have blood. 血债血偿。 Books and friends should be few but good. 读书如交友，应求少而精。 Business is business. 公事公办。 Business is the salt of life. 事业是人生的第一需要。 By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。 Cannot see the wood for the trees. 一叶障目，不见泰山。 Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 Caution is the parent of safety. 小心驶得万年船。 Cheats never prosper. 骗人发不了财。 Children are what the mothers are. 耳濡目染，身教言传。 Choose an author as you choose a friend. 择书如择友。 Come what may, heaven won"t fall. 做你的吧，天塌不下来。 Complacency is the enemy of study. 学习的敌人是自己的满足。 Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 Constant dripping wears away a stone. 水滴石穿，绳锯木断。 Content is better than riches. 知足者常乐。 Count one"s chickens before they are hatched. 蛋未孵先数雏。 Courtesy on one side only lasts not long. 来而不往非礼也。 Creep before you walk. 循序渐进。 Cry for the moon. 海底捞月。 Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手。 Do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。 Do as you would be done by. 己所不欲，勿施于人。 Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 Do it now. 机不可失，时不再来。 Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 Don"t claim to know what you don"t know. 不要不懂装懂。 Don"t have too many irons in the fire. 不要揽事过多。 Don"t make a mountain out of a molehill. 不要小题大做。 Don"t put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 Don"t put the cart before the horse. 不要本末倒置。 Don"t trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 Don"t try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs. 不要班门弄斧。 Do well and have well. 善有善报。 Each bird love to hear himself sing. 孤芳自赏。 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。 Easy e, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 Empty vessels make the greatest sound. 实磨无声空磨响，满瓶不动半瓶摇。 Envy has no holidays. 忌妒之人无宁日。 Even Homer sometimes nods. 智者千虑，必有一失。 Even reckoning makes long friends. 亲兄弟，明算账。 Every advantage has its disadvantage. 有利必有弊。 Everybody"s business is nobody"s business. 人人负责，等于没人负责。 Every day is not Sunday. 好景不常在。 Every dog has his day. 谁都有得意的时候。 Every door may be shut, but death"s door. 人生在世，唯死难逃。 Every heart has its own sorrow. 各人有各人的苦。 4. 英语谚语作文 Can Money Buy Happiness?Can money buy happiness? Different people have different opinions. Some think yes, while others hold the opposite.It is true that with enough money one can buy all the things one wants, and live a life of fort and security. However, it is equally true that lack of money causes great distress. It is a mon view that "money is the root of all evil." The pursuit of money drives many people to cheat and steal. In some places there is nothing that cannot be bought with money, resulting in corrupt societies where everybody is miserable.So, money does not necessarily mean happiness. It all depends on how it is used. If we make honest and sensible use of money, it can be a stepping-stone to happiness l Although money cannot buy happiness, it can make happiness possible if it is employed sensibly. 金钱能买来幸福吗？ 金钱能买来幸福吗？不同的人有不同的回答。 有的人认为能，有的人则持相反的意见。 诚然一个人如果有足够的钱可以买到他想要的所有物品，过上舒适稳定的生活。 然而，同样缺钱往往引起巨大的忧伤。人们常常认为“金钱是万恶之源”，对金钱的追求驱使许多人去骗去偷。 在某些地方，没有钱买不到的东西，导致社会的腐化堕落。 所以，金钱并不一定就意味着幸福。 这取决于怎样使用金钱，如果我们诚信明智地使用金钱，它将是幸福的基石。尽管金钱买不到幸福，但它可以使幸福成为可能。 5. 求英语谚语 1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. 2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing.3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不眠之夜 white night 6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one"s best 8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord. 9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul 10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 12.大开眼界 open one"s eyes; broaden one"s horizon; be an eye-opener 13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace 14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 15.功夫不负有心人 Everything es to him who waits. 16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more 17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide. 18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth. 19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn. 20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones 21.金无足赤人无完人 Gold can"t be pure and man can"t be perfect. 22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home. 23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth 24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence 25.君子之交淡如水 the friendship beeen gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge beeen keeps friendship green 26.老生常谈陈词滥调 cut and dried, cliché 27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity. 28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope. 29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success 30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth 31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened 32.没有规矩不成方圆 Nothing can be acplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one"s dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most. 34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the oute with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes. 35.弄巧成拙 be too *** art by half; Cunning ouits itself 36.拿手好戏 masterpiece 37.赔了夫人又折兵 throw good money after bad 38.抛砖引玉 a modest spur to induce others to e forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale 39.破釜沉舟 cut off all means of retreat;burn one"s own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end40.抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities 41.巧妇难为无米之炊 If you have no hand you can"t make a fist. One can"t make bricks without straw.42.千里之行始于足下 a thousand-li journey begins with the first step--the highest eminence is to be gained step by step 43.前事不忘后事之师 Past experience, if not fotten, is a guide for the future. 44.前人栽树后人乘凉 One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.One sows and another reaps. 45.前怕狼后怕虎 fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind hesitate in doing something 46.强龙难压地头蛇 Even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - Powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies. 47.强强联手 win-win co-operation 48.瑞雪兆丰年 A timely snow promises a good harvest. 49.人之初性本善 Man"s nature at birth is good. 50.人逢喜事精神爽 Joy puts heart into a man. 51.人海战术 huge-crowd strategy 52.世上无难事只要肯攀登 Where there is a will, there is a way. 53.世外桃源 a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world; 54.死而后已 until my heart stops beating 55.岁岁平安 Peace all year round. 56.上有天堂下有苏杭 Just as there is paradise in heaven, ther are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth 57.塞翁失马焉知非福 Misfortune may be an actual blessing. 58.三十而立 A man should be independent at the age of thirty.At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself. 59.升级换代 updating and upgrading (of products)60.四十不惑 Life begins at forty. 61.谁言寸草心报得三春晖 Such kindness of warm sun, can"t be repaid by grass. 62.水涨船高 When the river rises, the boat floats high. 63.时不我待Time and tide wait for no man. 64.杀鸡用牛刀break a butterfly on the wheel 65.实事求是seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts 66.说曹操，曹操到Talk of the devil and he es. 67.实话实说speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is 68.实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. 69.山不在高，有仙则名"No matter how high the mountain is, its nam。 6. 找一些英语谚语,要积极向上的,适合写作文的 1.熟能生巧 Practice makes perfect;2.事实胜于雄辩Actions speak louder than words;3.逆境出人才Adversity makes a man wise, not rich;4.吃一堑长一智A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit;5.患难见真情A friend in need is a friend indeed.6.良好的开端是成功的一半A good beginnin敞孩搬绞植悸邦溪鲍娄g is half done;7.凡事总是由难而易All things are difficult before they are easy.8.不耻下问才能有学问A man bees learned by asking questions;9.一心不能二用A man cannot spin and reel at the same time;10.一日之计在于晨 An hour in the morning is worth o in the evening;11.少壮不努力老大徒伤悲A young idler, an old beggar;12.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇Care and diligence bring luck;13.自信是走向成功的第一步 Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success;14.有个好习惯事事皆不难Custom makes all things easy;15.凡事不可半途而废Do nothing by halves;16.自己的命运自己掌握Every man is the architect of his own fortune;17.欲速则不达Fool"s haste is no speed;18.天才不过是勤奋而已Genius is nothing but labor and diligence;19.抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst;20.世上无难事只怕有心人Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.另外，写作文尽量用些定语从句之类的，加分。 7. 英语谚语30条和一个作文 Anbsp;mannbsp;withoutnbsp;moneynbsp;isnbsp;nonbsp;mannbsp;atnbsp;all.nbsp；一分钱难倒英雄汉。 nbsp;Anbsp;merrynbsp;heartnbsp;goesnbsp;allnbsp;thenbsp;way.nbsp；心旷神怡，事事顺利。nbsp;Anbsp;missnbsp;isnbsp;asnbsp;goodnbsp;asnbsp;anbsp;mile.nbsp；失之毫厘，差之千里。 nbsp;Anbsp;mother"snbsp;lovenbsp;nevernbsp;changes.nbsp；母爱永恒。nbsp;Annbsp;applenbsp;anbsp;daynbsp;keepsnbsp;thenbsp;doctornbsp;away.nbsp；一天一苹果，不用请医生。 nbsp;Anbsp;newnbsp;broomnbsp;sweepsnbsp;clean.nbsp；新官上任三把火。nbsp;Annbsp;eyenbsp;fornbsp;annbsp;eyenbsp;andnbsp;anbsp;toothnbsp;fornbsp;anbsp;tooth.nbsp；以眼还眼，以牙还牙。 nbsp;Annbsp;hournbsp;innbsp;thenbsp;morningnbsp;isnbsp;worthnbsp;onbsp;innbsp;thenbsp;evening.nbsp；一日之计在于晨。nbsp;Annbsp;oldnbsp;dognbsp;cannotnbsp;learnnbsp;newnbsp;tricks.nbsp；老狗学不出新把戏。 nbsp;Annbsp;ouncenbsp;ofnbsp;lucknbsp;isnbsp;betternbsp;thannbsp;anbsp;poundnbsp;ofnbsp;wisdom.nbsp；聪明才智，不如运气。nbsp;Annbsp;ouncenbsp;ofnbsp;preventionnbsp;isnbsp;worthnbsp;anbsp;poundnbsp;ofnbsp;cure.nbsp；预防为主，治疗为辅。 nbsp;Anbsp;rollingnbsp;stonenbsp;gathersnbsp;nonbsp;moss.nbsp；滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。nbsp;Asnbsp;anbsp;mannbsp;sows,nbsp;sonbsp;henbsp;shallnbsp;reap.nbsp；种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 nbsp;Anbsp;singlenbsp;flowernbsp;doesnbsp;notnbsp;makenbsp;anbsp;spring.nbsp；一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。nbsp;Anbsp;snownbsp;year,nbsp;anbsp;richnbsp;year.nbsp；瑞雪兆丰年。 nbsp;Anbsp;soundnbsp;mindnbsp;innbsp;anbsp;soundnbsp;body.nbsp；健全的精神寓于健康的身体。nbsp;Anbsp;stillnbsp;tonguenbsp;makesnbsp;anbsp;wisenbsp;head.nbsp；寡言者智。 nbsp;Anbsp;stitchnbsp;innbsp;timenbsp;savesnbsp;nine.nbsp；小洞不补，大洞吃苦。nbsp;Anbsp;straightnbsp;footnbsp;isnbsp;notnbsp;afraidnbsp;ofnbsp;anbsp;crookedn

如果不知道收信人是谁的情况下应该使用Yours faithfully，意思是“你忠实的”，美国英语是Faithfully yours或Faithfully。如果知道收信人是谁，就用 Yours sincerely。 美国英语是Yours truly 或 Sincerely yours或Sincerely，都是“谨启”的意思。扩展资料‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"的区别对很多中国人而言，这两个信件结尾（valediction）或奉承话收尾（complimentary closing）似乎没有什么区别，是可以随意互换使用的套话（formulaic phrase），其实不然。它往往需要配合信头称呼（salutation）。英文信件的结尾方式有几种，以下加以简要介绍。旧式结尾方式（old formal valediction）：一般包括yours字样，它是your servant的简写。老式结尾比较长（voluminous），例如：I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,O.G.可以简写为：Your obt. svt.O.G.或进一步简写为：YOSO.G.现代常见结尾方式：在英国，这种老式结尾已经被‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"所取代。它们是更老的（archaic）表达‘I am, yours sincerely"与‘I am, yours faithfully"的简写。如果信件开头提及收信人（recepient）的名字，并且写信人（sender/writer）一定程度上认识收信人，那么使用‘Yours sincerely"；如果不知道对方姓名【例如用‘Dear Mr/Madam"开头】，那么需要使用‘Yours faithfully"。如果知道收信人的名字，但没有见面或没有说过话，有些人还是喜欢用比较疏远的（distant）的‘Yours faithfully"，但多数人会使用‘Yours sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"只在非正式或社会往来信件（social correspondence）中使用，并不常见。在美国，社会交往信件通常用‘Yours sincerely"来结尾，而商务信件（business correspondence）中对写信人不知道姓名的人还是使用‘Yours faithfully"。同时，‘Yours sincerely"还常常被写作‘Sincerely yours"或‘Sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"也是常见结尾。其它结尾方式：‘Yours, etc."与‘Yours &c."见于历史上的书信与美国法律信件（legal correspondence）中。简奥斯汀（Jane Austen）书中的某些信件也是用‘Yours, etc."来结束。在商务信件中，‘Kind regards"，特别是‘Best regards"越来越常见，主要是电子邮件（email）中的半正式（semi-formal）结束语。非正式情况下，它们也可缩写为‘KR"或‘BR"。‘Kindest regards"语气更正式一些，而‘Kindest regards, I remain"则非常正式。如果对方是非常有身份的（dignified）的人【例如国家元首（head of state）】那么可以用老式结尾，例如：I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your Excellency"s most huble and obedient servant.还有其它一些非正式结束语，如‘Best wishes"、‘All my best"或‘Best"。对家人和特别密切的人，可以用‘Your friend"、‘Your loving son"或‘Your Richard"【爱人之间】之类的表达方式。

termpape就是“学期报告”示例：Termpaper for the Course of TranslationComputer Translation of Homonymy and Polysemy In this paper, I want to discuss computer translation from the perspective of its treatment to homonymy and polysemy. The term homonymy is used when one form has two or more unrelated meanings. Examples of homonyms are the pair bank (of a river)—bank (financial institution). The term polysemy refers to a word with related meanings. For instance, the word “head” can be used to describe the object on the top of the body, that on top of a glass of beer, or the chief of a department of a company. First, I will explain the importance of the treatment to homonymy and polysemy in translation from Sociosemiotic theories. The study of meaning plays an essential role in the school of Sociosemiotics. Meaning is defined from the angle of the relationship between the sign and something out it, in other words, the attribute of the sign or the symbol. Moreover, the relationship is classified into that between signs and entities, between signs and users, and between signs themselves, giving rise to three kinds of meanings: referential meaning, pragmatic meaning and intralingual meaning. Referential meaning serves as the foundation of translation. Without correct identification of referential meaning, translation will either be built on sand or turn into the castle in the air. The school of Sociosemiotics attaches great importance to the realization of meaning potentials. The correct reference is a must for this process of realization. Almost every noun has its referential meaning, but as a special group of nouns, homonymy and polysemy pose special difficulty in finding out their referential meanings. As explained at the beginning, homonymy and polysemy both have a number of meanings, related or unrelated. Therefore in translation, the translator is faced with the immediate problem of identifying the correct reference within the context. In other words, he has to carry out the job of disambiguation. This is the same in computer translation. Sadly, important as the problem may be, it seems to be overlooked. The testing guideline for machine translation, detailed enough to include a classification of the plural forms of nouns, excludes the test of polysemy and homonymy. It is of great importance for us to examine how computers deal with this problem, no matter how difficult it may prove to be. In order to have a clear idea of the difficulty of computer in handling this problem, we need to first look into the process of how human beings resolve this problem. Human beings can clear away this kind of ambiguity by resorting to his cognitive abilities. Theoretically, the process of disambiguation goes through the following three steps. I will take “bank” as an example to illustrate how the hearer can clarify the ambiguity due to its feature of homonymy. Suppose two friends run into each other near a river. One says, “the bank is beautiful.” How does the hearer interpret the reference of “bank”? First, he resorts to the physical surrounding and the reference of riverbank immediately comes to mind. In this way, the ambiguity is removed. Suppose two friends are in a dormitory chatting. One says, “the bank is beautiful.” How can the hearer interpret this word without any hint from physical surrounding? In this case, he has to trace this word back to his working memory, and then it occurs to his that they met each other on the riverbank the day before. Therefore, he realizes that the speaker must be referring to the place they met. Working memory is the second step if no reference can be drawn from physical surroundings. Suppose, two friends meet on street and one says, “I am on my way to the bank. They sent me the wrong bill again!” In this context, the hearer can no longer rely on the physical surrounding or working memory for disambiguation. Therefore, he has to employ his “knowledge of the world” for clarification, which will tell him that a riverbank can never send someone a bill. In this way, he can figure out that the speaker is talking about the financial institute. The above is an illustration put forward by Sperber and Wilson as an example of cognitive capabilities of human beings. From this example, we can see that one resorts to his physical surroundings, working memory and knowledge of the word to clarify the ambiguity caused by homonymy. Therefore, it seems that computer has to be equipped with the same abilities in order to perform the job. Let"s examine the translation of one famous software “东方快车” in China. Generally speaking, the translation software can to some extent distinguish different references of a word and pick out the correct one based upon the context. The following translation is done by “东方快车2003”. 1. The bird has interesting bills. 鸟有有趣的帐单。 2. The bill was passed. 法案被通过。 3. I was sent the wrong bill by the company. 我被公司送错误的法案。 4. I received my bill yesterday. 昨天我收到帐单。 Here the homonymy “bill” is translated within different context. Though the sentences are short, they have provided enough clues for disambiguation. Most people won"t have much difficulty in pointing out the right referential meaning of the word in these sentences. However, as we can see, computers are incapable of clear identification. The first translation does not make any sense, which may be attributed to the incomplete collection of referential meanings of “bill”. Here the word means the jaws of a bird together with their horny covering. Probably this meaning is excluded from the dictionary. The translation of the third sentence is also problematic. Most people will interpret the bill as a kind of account, rather than legal bill. This mistranslation should be attributed to a different reason, since the referential meaning of account is included in the dictionary, as illustrated in the translation of the fourth sentence. Apparently here the computer fails to identify the correct referential meaning. Let"s try another word “head”. The following translation is performed by the same software. 1. Use your head and think! 使用你的头并且想！ 2. Two heads are better than one. 2个头是更好与比一个。 3. Heads, I win. 头，我赢。 4. He is at the head of class. 他在班的头。 5. He is the head of school. 他是学校的头。 6. He is the head of the English Department. 他是英语的部门的领导。 This group of sentences contains a number of mistranslations as well. Like the word “bill”, the referential meanings of “head” are not complete, evidenced by the translation of the third sentence. The first two sentences are not translated very well, because “head” in both these two sentences refers to something intellectual instead of something physical. What is more interesting is the last two sentences, in which the word should be interpreted as “chief of an organization” both. However, with almost the same structure, the word is translated differently. From this comparison, it is clear that there is still great randomness in choosing the correct referential meaning. This kind of arbitrary choice can be further proved by the following example. I was sent the bill. 我被送帐单。 I was sent the wrong bill. 我被送错误的法案。 It is ridiculous to change the translation of “bill” simply because an adjective is added. More than that, this adjective makes it more explicit that the bill here refers to account instead of legal bill. Randomness in choice of referential meaning asserts itself clearly. The reason for this kind of mistranslation is self—evident. Computers are not endowed with cognitive capabilities, at least at present, to identify the correct referential meaning, by means of physical surrounding, working memory or knowledge of the world. What computers can rely on is from sheer input. Therefore, the question facing computer translation is how to make the full use of input. To give the question a tentative answer, I propose a solution from the theory of Relevance. As the latest theory in Pragmatics, the theory of Relevance starts from the field of conversation analysis and has been playing an increasingly important role in various linguistic areas. Its application has even been extended beyond literary works to fields like advertisement. There are two major ideas that can be borrowed from the theory to computer translation. One is the principle of economy and the other is the viewpoint of reconstruction. The theory of Relevance holds the belief that hearers of a conversation always try to make the least effort to comprehend as much as possible, which is called the principle of economy. This principle is very enlightening in the design of translation software. For instance, when people see the word “bill” in their daily life, most people will associate it with all kind of accounts they receive every day. Therefore, when they encounter the word in natural conversation, they always presuppose the referential meaning of word to be accounts, rather than a kind of legal document, unless something else in this context changes their mind, like the phrase “Bill of Rights”. As long as the presuppositional meaning does not deter comprehension, the hearer won"t bother to make any effort to change it. In the same way, every word or phrase should be given a “default meaning” in computer translation. It is particularly important for homonymy and polysemy, since they contain two or even more referential meanings. If every homonymy and polysemy can be given a default meaning, as long as the default meaning does not hinder the translation of the rest of the sentence, there is no need to try another referential meaning. The process is the same as how human beings understand conversations according the theory of Relevance. In this way, more resources can be saved to analyze and translate other parts of the sentence. Inevitably another question follows: human beings can set “default meaning” of a word by his life experience, how can computer do so? In order to solve this problem, we need to resort to corpus technology. In Corpus Linguistics, it has become a widely—accepted practice to describe a word from the resources in a certain corpus. The same can be applied to the classification of the referential meaning of homonymy and polysemy. The default meaning should be the referential meaning with the highest frequency, based upon the calculation of the relevant items collected in the corpus. The other viewpoint from the theory of Relevance that can shed some light on computer translation is the reconstruction theory. It is a natural step when one"s presuppositional meaning cannot fit in the context any more. He has to come up with a new referential meaning and reconstruct the context. The question facing computer translation is how can the computer know the default meaning of a homonymy or polysemy does not fit into the linguistic context. A number of approaches can be tried, and I choose the approach from collocation, in particular prepositional collocation to illustrate the process. If a homonymy or polysemy is within a prepositional phrase, the preposition associated with the noun can help the computer to decide on the correct referential meaning. Take “bank” as an example. If the computer locates the preposition “in” near the noun, chances are that here the word “bank” here refers to the financial institute. However, if the preposition is “on”, in most cases the word means the bank of the river. Of course, it is only an elementary judgment. One cannot count on the preposition to make out the definite meaning. Sentences like the following one may pose considerable difficulty to the computer. I will give a talk on the bank in China. Normally, syntactic analysis of translation software will treat “on the bank in China” as one prepositional phrase, instead of the modifier of the noun “talk”. However, no matter which referential meaning one chooses to interpret this sentence, the following translation done by the software makes little sense. 在银行上在中国我将给一次谈话。 The link between the preposition and the noun still needs statistical verification from corpus. Here I can only give a brief explanation to demonstrate that to some extent corpus linguistics is a viable and valuable approach to solve this problem. Though 12.21% of all words in Brown Corpus are propositions, (in LOB Corpus the corresponding figure is 12.34%) about 90% of all prepositional use is made up of only 14 most frequent prepositions. Therefore, the question left unsolved in how to enumerate the possible nouns following the prepositions. Of course, it is a fantasy to list all the possible nouns that can go after a particular preposition. Nevertheless, it is possible to exhaust all the homonymy and polysemy in common use. More importantly, if we specify the preceding prepositions before a homonymy or polysemy, the likelihood of mistranslation can be reduced to a great extent. Numerous examples can be found among the homonymy. If prepositions can be taken into account in computer translation, the following mistranslations done by “东方快车2003”can be avoided. At the point of: 在意义的 To the point of 到意义的 In the point of: 在意义的 Obviously, the respective prepositions and the noun “point” are translated separately and then added together. If computer can take into consideration other hints like the articles in translating prepositional phrases with homonymy or polysemy, chances are that mistranslation can be further removed. For instance, both the prepositional phrases “at the heart of” and “at heart” are listed as frequent occurring collocations in LOB Corpus. Needless

Stories 在英语中的发音是 /u02c8stu0254u02d0riz/，它的中文翻译是"故事"。如果您需要在英文中使用这个词，以下是一些常见的用法：1. "She told me a scary story."（她给我讲了一个可怕的故事。）2. "I like reading stories to my children before they go to bed."（我喜欢在孩子们睡觉前给他们读故事。）3. "His life story is very inspirational."（他的人生经历非常鼓舞人心。）4. "The movie is based on a true story."（这部电影是根据真实故事改编的。）5. "I heard stories about the old castle being haunted."（我听说旧城堡有鬼的传说故事。）总之，"stories" 是一个非常常见的英语词汇，可以在多种语境下使用。

如果不知道收信人是谁的情况下应该使用Yours faithfully，意思是“你忠实的”，美国英语是Faithfully yours或Faithfully。如果知道收信人是谁，就用 Yours sincerely。 美国英语是Yours truly 或 Sincerely yours或Sincerely，都是“谨启”的意思。扩展资料‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"的区别对很多中国人而言，这两个信件结尾（valediction）或奉承话收尾（complimentary closing）似乎没有什么区别，是可以随意互换使用的套话（formulaic phrase），其实不然。它往往需要配合信头称呼（salutation）。英文信件的结尾方式有几种，以下加以简要介绍。旧式结尾方式（old formal valediction）：一般包括yours字样，它是your servant的简写。老式结尾比较长（voluminous），例如：I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,O.G.可以简写为：Your obt. svt.O.G.或进一步简写为：YOSO.G.现代常见结尾方式：在英国，这种老式结尾已经被‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"所取代。它们是更老的（archaic）表达‘I am, yours sincerely"与‘I am, yours faithfully"的简写。如果信件开头提及收信人（recepient）的名字，并且写信人（sender/writer）一定程度上认识收信人，那么使用‘Yours sincerely"；如果不知道对方姓名【例如用‘Dear Mr/Madam"开头】，那么需要使用‘Yours faithfully"。如果知道收信人的名字，但没有见面或没有说过话，有些人还是喜欢用比较疏远的（distant）的‘Yours faithfully"，但多数人会使用‘Yours sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"只在非正式或社会往来信件（social correspondence）中使用，并不常见。在美国，社会交往信件通常用‘Yours sincerely"来结尾，而商务信件（business correspondence）中对写信人不知道姓名的人还是使用‘Yours faithfully"。同时，‘Yours sincerely"还常常被写作‘Sincerely yours"或‘Sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"也是常见结尾。其它结尾方式：‘Yours, etc."与‘Yours &c."见于历史上的书信与美国法律信件（legal correspondence）中。简奥斯汀（Jane Austen）书中的某些信件也是用‘Yours, etc."来结束。在商务信件中，‘Kind regards"，特别是‘Best regards"越来越常见，主要是电子邮件（email）中的半正式（semi-formal）结束语。非正式情况下，它们也可缩写为‘KR"或‘BR"。‘Kindest regards"语气更正式一些，而‘Kindest regards, I remain"则非常正式。如果对方是非常有身份的（dignified）的人【例如国家元首（head of state）】那么可以用老式结尾，例如：I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your Excellency"s most huble and obedient servant.还有其它一些非正式结束语，如‘Best wishes"、‘All my best"或‘Best"。对家人和特别密切的人，可以用‘Your friend"、‘Your loving son"或‘Your Richard"【爱人之间】之类的表达方式。

I. Cultural differences on politeness between western and Chinese can be found in many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting,compliments, apologies, thanks, etc. In the following, we will look at some cultural different between China and western. 1.Greeting and Parting When people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other . The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So formulaic expressions are often used, but such formulaic expressions often causes conflict because of the great cultural differences between Chinese and native English speakers. In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Good morning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn"t it? ”How is everything going?” Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” Where have you been?”etc. Westerners treat them as real question. While in Chinese, we always say “你吃了吗？”“你上哪里去？”“你干什么去？”to show our consideration. Parting may be divided into two steps. Before the final prating, there is usual a leave-taking. Western and Chinese cultures have diverse ways to deal with leave-takings. Firstly, in English society, during the closing phase of an encounter, from ”I” perspective, reasons for terminating the encounter are presented in mitigatory comments. Typical comments are associated with expressions of apology, such as “I” am afraid I must be off, I have to relieve the baby-sitter” etc. Western people believe that to be willing to visit and converse with someone is to have respect for him.; to terminate the visiting is not of one"s own free will, but because of some other arrangements, therefore they always try to make their leaving sound reluctant by finding some reasons and apologize for it to make the leaving acceptable for both parties. English speakers often signal several times before leaving. “Well, it"s been nice to see you again. I do enjoy our talk and the lovely dinner, but I must be going soon”. Thank you very much for asking me over. I hope we"ll be able to get together again before long…” Consolidation in a wider range of common acquaintances also occurs, in expressions such as “Say hello to Jack for me” or “Remember me to John”. In Chinese society, during the closing phase of and encounter, usually, from a “you ”perspective, reasons for ending the encounter are set forth in mitigatory expressions. Such expressions include“你挺忙的，我就不多打扰了。”“你一定累了，早点休息吧，我 要告辞了。”, etc. With these words, they may stand up from their seats. Chinese leave-taking is very short and quick. Western people think it so abrupt that they have not prepare for it. While moving to the door, Chinese employ expressions of apology like“对不起没，打扰了。”“对不起，占用你不少时间。”It should be noted that these expressions employed by Chinese guests to show concern for their hosts can only be appropriate for business visits in the English environment2..AddressingBoth western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names---a surname and a given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name. And people like add“小”before their family name. Such as“小王”、“小郑”、“小李”、“小徐”and so on.. While westerners names are written and spoken with the given name first and the family name last. So John Smith"s family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr."), married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women as "Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be addressed using the abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty are addressed as "Professor" (abbreviated as "Prof.").In an informal situation,westerners will introduce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introduced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressed using their title and last name (e.g., "Professor Smith"). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to err on the side of formality. It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should always address adults in the formal fashion, using their title and last name. Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms of addressing can serve as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society. In calling their superiors or elders, the Chinese are accustomed to the nonreciprocal or asymmetrical addressing, in other words. They use “title +surname” to address their superior or elders rather than call them surnames, while the superior or elders call the addressers their names. The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being addressed, otherwise, the addresser may be considered as ill mannered, ill educated or rude. But in English speaking countries, people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical addressing. Although they are different in age and status, they can call the other directly, namely, their names, even first names except when they call the doctors, not arousing offence between them, but demonstrating the sense of intimacy and the conception of” Everyone is created equal”. Chinese people feel unnatural addressing a westerner by his given name, feeling that it indicates too close a relationship, and westerners, on the other hand, may feel that if a Chinese insists on using his surname, it indicates an unwillingness to be friendly and maintains a gap between them. So the use of forms like” Miss Mary” or “Mr. Smith ” may be a Chinese forms of compromise. With Miss Mary, the use of the given name indicates friendliness, but the addition of the title indicates the respect they feel they ought to show. And with Smith, the lack of a title indicates friendliness, but the use of the surname prevents if sounding too intimate. However, both addressing used by the Chinese sound very strange and uncomfortable to the westerner. 3.Compliments and ResponseTo compliment is to praise the addressee"s virtues, ability, behavior, appearance, clothing, personality and belongs. Appropriate compliments can serve as effective supplementary means in inter-personal communication. Western and Chinese culture are at polar opposites about compliment. An western hostess, if she is complimented for her cooking skill, is likely to say,” Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.” Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will instead apologize for giving you “Nothing”. They will say“随便作几个菜，不好吃。”If translate this into English“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty. Perhaps the foreigner will think why you invite me to you family and have the untasty food. You aren"t respect me. The English-speaking people are more active to praise others and to be praise than Chinese people. For example, the Americans are “straight forwardness”, the Chinese take pride in “modesty”. That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an Americans table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer and the Americans hosts take ”no ” to mean “no ”, whether it is the first, second or third time. Still bigger differences exist in people"s attitude towards compliments, i.e., in the response to compliments. Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments . So many westerners simply feel puzzled or even upset when their Chinese friends refused their compliments. The Chinese people are not intending to be modest with the sacrifice of friendship in so doing, but it is rather due to the traditional Chinese philosophy, that of modesty. The Chinese people regard modesty as a most valuable virtue, so they seldom agree to the compliment on their own.

别的地方摘的，你可以摘抄一些Cultural differences on politeness between western and Chinese can be found in many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting,compliments, apologies, thanks, etc. In the following, we will look at some cultural different between China and western. 1.Greeting and PartingWhen people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other. The purpose of greeting is to establish or maintain social contact. So formulaic expressions are often used, but such formulaic expressions often causes conflict because of the great cultural differences between Chinese and native English speakers. In English, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other “Good morning/evening/afternoon. “Fine day, isn"t it? ”How is everything going?” Have you eaten yet?” What are you going to do?” Where have you been?”etc. Westerners treat them as real question. While in Chinese, we always say “你吃了吗？”“你上哪里去？”“你干什么去？”to show our consideration. Parting may be divided into two steps. Before the final prating, there is usual a leave-taking. Western and Chinese cultures have diverse ways to deal with leave-takings. Firstly, in English society, during the closing phase of an encounter, from ”I” perspective, reasons for terminating the encounter are presented in mitigatory comments. Typical comments are associated with expressions of apology,such as “I” am afraid I must be off, I have to relieve the baby-sitter” etc.Western people believe that to be willing to visit and converse with someone is to have respect for him.; to terminate the visiting is not of one"s own free will, but because of some other arrangements, therefore they always try to make their leaving sound reluctant by finding some reasons and apologize for it to make the leaving acceptable for both parties. English speakers often signal several times before leaving. “Well, it"s been nice to see you again. I do enjoy our talk and the lovely dinner, but I must be going soon”. Thank you very much for asking me over. I hope we"ll be able to get together again before long…” Consolidation in a wider range of common acquaintances also occurs, in expressions such as “Say hello to Jack for me” or “Remember me to John”. In Chinese society, during the closing phase of and encounter, usually, from a “you ”perspective, reasons for ending the encounter are set forth in mitigatory expressions. Such expressions include“你挺忙的，我就不多打扰了。”“你一定累了，早点休息吧，我要告辞了。”, etc. With these words, they may stand up from their seats. Chinese leave-taking is very short and quick. Western people think it so abrupt that they have not prepare for it. While moving to the door, Chinese employ expressions of apology like“对不起没，打扰了。”“对不起，占用你不少时间。”It should be noted that these expressions employed by Chinese guests to show concern for their hosts can only be appropriate for business visits in the English environment2..AddressingBoth western and Chinese people have two kinds of personal names---a surname anda given name. But the order and the use of these names in the two languages are somewhat different. In Chinese, the surname comes first and then the given name. And people like add“小”before their family name. Such as“小王”、“小郑”、“小李”、“小徐”and so on.. While westerners names are written and spoken with the given name first and the family name last. So John Smith"s family name is Smith, not John. In a formal setting, address men as "Mister" (abbreviated as "Mr."), married women as "Misses" (abbreviated as "Mrs."), and unmarried women as "Miss" (abbreviated as "Ms."). These days many women prefer to be addressed usingthe abbreviations "Ms." or "M.", pronounced "miz". If the person has an M.D. or Ph.D., they will often be addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated as "Dr."). Faculty are addressed as "Professor" (abbreviated as "Prof.").In an informal situation,westerners will introduce each other by first name, without titles, and occasionally by just the last name. If you are introduced to somebody by first name, you can address him or her by first name the next time you meet. The only exception would be for someone who holds an important position, such as the university president or provost. Unless they tell you otherwise, faculty should be addressedusing their title and last name (e.g., "Professor Smith"). When in doubt, use the formal manner of address, since it is better to err on the side of formality.It is also appropriate to ask how they prefer to be addressed. Children should always address adults in the formal fashion, using their title and last name. Another difference is about the form of addressing. From the viewpoint of sociolinguistics, forms of addressing can serve as an indication of the relationship of power and solidarity in the society. In calling their superiors or elders, the Chinese are accustomed to the nonreciprocal or asymmetrical addressing, in other words. They use “title +surname” to address their superior or elders rather than call them surnames, while the superior or elders call the addressers their names. The Chinese tend to abide by the polite principle of depreciating oneself and respecting others to show appropriate respects towards the persons being addressed, otherwise, the addresser may be considered as ill mannered, ill educated or rude. But in English speaking countries, people have a tendency to follow the reciprocal or symmetrical addressing. Although they are different in age and status, they can call the other directly, namely, their names, even first names except when they call the doctors, not arousing offence between them, but demonstrating the sense of intimacy and the conception of” Everyone is created equal”. Chinese people feel unnatural addressing a westerner by his given name, feeling that it indicates too close a relationship, and westerners, on the other hand,may feel that if a Chinese insists on using his surname, it indicates an unwillingness to be friendly and maintains a gap between them. So the use of forms like” Miss Mary” or “Mr. Smith ” may be a Chinese forms of compromise. With Miss Mary, the use of the given name indicates friendliness, but the addition of the title indicates the respect they feel they ought to show. And with Smith, the lack of a title indicates friendliness, but the use of the surname prevents if sounding too intimate. However, both addressing used by the Chinese sound very strange and uncomfortable to the westerner. 3.Compliments and ResponseTo compliment is to praise the addressee"s virtues, ability, behavior, appearance, clothing, personality and belongs. Appropriate compliments can serve as effective supplementary means in inter-personal communication. Western and Chinese culture are at polar opposites about compliment. An western hostess, if she is complimented for her cooking skill, is likely to say,” Oh, I am so glad that you liked it. I cook it especially for you.” Not so is a Chinese hostess, who will instead apologize for giving you “Nothing”. They will say“随便作几个菜，不好吃。”If translate this into English“I just made some dishes casually and they are not very tasty. Perhaps the foreigner will think why you invite me to you family and have the untasty food. You aren"t respect me. The English-speaking people are more active to praise others and to be praise than Chinese people. For example, the Americans are “straight forwardness”, the Chinese take pride in “modesty”. That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an Americans table, for Chinese politeness calls for three refusals before one accepts an offer and the Americans hosts take ”no ” to mean “no ”, whether it is the first, second or third time. Still bigger differences exist in people"s attitude towards compliments, i.e., in the response to compliments. Chinese are tend to efface themselves in words or refuse it, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments . So many westerners simply feel puzzled or even upset when their Chinese friends refused their compliments. The Chinese people are not intending to be modest with the sacrifice of friendship in so doing, but it is ratherdue to the traditional Chinese philosophy, that of modesty. The Chinese people regard modesty as a most valuable virtue, so they seldom agree to the compliment on their own.

" To Whom It May Concern"- what does it mean? what purpose of this phrase?　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi,　　It"s a formulaic way of starting a letter or notice. It means "this communication is intended for anyone that it has importance for."　　If you are writing to a person whose name you know, but instead you begin in this way, it sounds very rude and very aggressive.　　eg To whom it may concern: If the rent arrears are not paid in full immediately, I will change the locks.　　eg To whom it may concern: The undersigned will not be responsible for any debts incurred in his wife"s name. Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　"To whom it may concern" should only be used when writing a letter and the identity of the person reading it is not yet known. A classic example is a reference when you leave a job that you can present to a prospective employer.　　Many phrases are picked up and used in the wrong context because people do not quite understand them. It is usually harmless and amuses lawyers no end. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi Forbes,　　I"d be reluctant to just say to English learners that it"s for writing a letter to someone whose identity you don"t know. With a definition that simple, I"d prefer to say that you should write "Dear Sir or Madam". Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　You are quite right. You should use "Dear Sir or Madam" when writing to a specific person whose identity you do not know, for example the occupier of a particular property. You will use it in a letter you are likely to post.　　Dear Sir or Madam,　　We write to inform you that tree felling will be carried out in Acacia Avenue and Laurel Close on the 25th March.　　"To whom it may concern" should be used when you do not know into whose hands the letter will come. You will use it in a letter that you are likely to give to someone who will show it to someone else.　　To whom it may concern　　Freda Smith worked for us as a secretary for two years. She is an excellent typist and very reliable. We do not hesitate to recommend her. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　It is normally used to introduce somebody to whoever requires certain credentials to be considered. Therefore, it means here I am even though we haven"t seen each other.　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　This is really very simple:　　Use Dear Sir/Madam when you know （or can assume） the position of the person you are writing to but not their name or gender. Use To whom it may concern when you don"t even know their position. If you use To whom it may concern end with Yours faithfully. Endi　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi, I disagree. A few special cases were described earlier in which "To whom it may concern" could be used. Other than those, my advice to English learners is to never use this phrase. I don"t remember the last time that I used it myself. In addition, I never see letters here in N. America with "Yours faithfully". Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi I would like to know, we can use this phrase or not "to whom this may concern" instead of "to whom it may concern" if using it, that wrong or not? thank you in advance Honi　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　I have never seen the phrase "to whom this may concern". Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi Honi, Welcome to the Forum. I"d just like to repeat for you this note that I wrote in an earlier post in this thread. A few special cases were described earlier in which "To whom it may concern" could be used. Other than those, my advice to English learners is to never use this phrase. I don"t remember the last time that I used it myself. Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　I would like to thank you for explanations on this phrase. Personally, I hate it. I work as an interpreter and I always have difficulties to deal with this phrase. Part of the problem is in the fact that I can hardly find anything similar in my language and greater part of the problem is in the fact that I work in the company where official working language is English but people who work in the company are rarely English native speakers and tend too much to use phrases they do not understand properly. Thus, I often come to the situations to either completely drop this phrase or change it as best fits the context. Aronika28　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi, Your instincts are right. Good luck, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Strangely enough I used the phrase only recently. It was in a letter signed by a parent to allow their child to travel with me. In that case it is entirely correct because it is not known who is going to read the letter. I concede that the phrase is completely unnecessary, but then so is "Dear Sir". It is just a matter of form. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Lots of languages have phrases that can be translated literally, but have no equivalent. A French sign would say: Il est formellement inderdit de fumer = It is formally forbidden to smoke, but an English sign would just say No smoking. As an aside, I loved the sign I saw in Tunisia: Don"t come inside. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　This is the phrase used at the beginning of a letter when you do not know the person who should recieve the letter. We often use "Dear Sir or Madam" in this situation too, which is a bit more polite and personal. "To whom it may concern" is very impersonal and means the letter is addressed "to who ever may be interested" in the information in the letter. Is that clear?　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi, However, if I may repeat my earlier comment, I think that most people would need to write such a beginning to a letter quite rarely. Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　The only time I have ever used it was in an open reference for an employee leaving without a specific job to go to. In this case, it is impossible to address the letter to anyone. It is best not used in most circumstances. Feebs11　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　While I hate this phrase myself, I"ve frequently seen it being used when addressing an organisation of some sort, where you aren"t actually addressing an individual （and therefore logically shouldn"t use "Dear Sir or Madam,"）. The person who actually reads the letter is usually a person who is paid to handle requests like yours - this could be when filing a formal complaint to the local telephone company or trying to retrieve some information from a government Jenda

magic gourd".The story of Wang Baodiao to the magic gourd. Since then he doesn"t do, always let the gourd for him to do, the examination makes the magic gourd for him. But the gourd is sue Mingfeng answers and name copy to Wang Bao"s paper, the result was the teacher scolded. Wang Bao think what treasure calabash gourd become what, but always a king, is very angry, the gourd into the river. Finally, Wang Baoping"s own strength to win the swimming race. Treasure calabash feel useless, left Wang bao.The film tells us that by cheating to win, not down, their own strength to

" To Whom It May Concern"- what does it mean? what purpose of this phrase?　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi,　　It"s a formulaic way of starting a letter or notice. It means "this communication is intended for anyone that it has importance for."　　If you are writing to a person whose name you know, but instead you begin in this way, it sounds very rude and very aggressive.　　eg To whom it may concern: If the rent arrears are not paid in full immediately, I will change the locks.　　eg To whom it may concern: The undersigned will not be responsible for any debts incurred in his wife"s name. Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　"To whom it may concern" should only be used when writing a letter and the identity of the person reading it is not yet known. A classic example is a reference when you leave a job that you can present to a prospective employer.　　Many phrases are picked up and used in the wrong context because people do not quite understand them. It is usually harmless and amuses lawyers no end. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi Forbes,　　I"d be reluctant to just say to English learners that it"s for writing a letter to someone whose identity you don"t know. With a definition that simple, I"d prefer to say that you should write "Dear Sir or Madam". Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　You are quite right. You should use "Dear Sir or Madam" when writing to a specific person whose identity you do not know, for example the occupier of a particular property. You will use it in a letter you are likely to post.　　Dear Sir or Madam,　　We write to inform you that tree felling will be carried out in Acacia Avenue and Laurel Close on the 25th March.　　"To whom it may concern" should be used when you do not know into whose hands the letter will come. You will use it in a letter that you are likely to give to someone who will show it to someone else.　　To whom it may concern　　Freda Smith worked for us as a secretary for two years. She is an excellent typist and very reliable. We do not hesitate to recommend her. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　It is normally used to introduce somebody to whoever requires certain credentials to be considered. Therefore, it means here I am even though we haven"t seen each other.　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　This is really very simple:　　Use Dear Sir/Madam when you know （or can assume） the position of the person you are writing to but not their name or gender. Use To whom it may concern when you don"t even know their position. If you use To whom it may concern end with Yours faithfully. Endi　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi, I disagree. A few special cases were described earlier in which "To whom it may concern" could be used. Other than those, my advice to English learners is to never use this phrase. I don"t remember the last time that I used it myself. In addition, I never see letters here in N. America with "Yours faithfully". Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi I would like to know, we can use this phrase or not "to whom this may concern" instead of "to whom it may concern" if using it, that wrong or not? thank you in advance Honi　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　I have never seen the phrase "to whom this may concern". Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi Honi, Welcome to the Forum. I"d just like to repeat for you this note that I wrote in an earlier post in this thread. A few special cases were described earlier in which "To whom it may concern" could be used. Other than those, my advice to English learners is to never use this phrase. I don"t remember the last time that I used it myself. Best wishes, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　I would like to thank you for explanations on this phrase. Personally, I hate it. I work as an interpreter and I always have difficulties to deal with this phrase. Part of the problem is in the fact that I can hardly find anything similar in my language and greater part of the problem is in the fact that I work in the company where official working language is English but people who work in the company are rarely English native speakers and tend too much to use phrases they do not understand properly. Thus, I often come to the situations to either completely drop this phrase or change it as best fits the context. Aronika28　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi, Your instincts are right. Good luck, Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Strangely enough I used the phrase only recently. It was in a letter signed by a parent to allow their child to travel with me. In that case it is entirely correct because it is not known who is going to read the letter. I concede that the phrase is completely unnecessary, but then so is "Dear Sir". It is just a matter of form. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Lots of languages have phrases that can be translated literally, but have no equivalent. A French sign would say: Il est formellement inderdit de fumer = It is formally forbidden to smoke, but an English sign would just say No smoking. As an aside, I loved the sign I saw in Tunisia: Don"t come inside. Forbes　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　This is the phrase used at the beginning of a letter when you do not know the person who should recieve the letter. We often use "Dear Sir or Madam" in this situation too, which is a bit more polite and personal. "To whom it may concern" is very impersonal and means the letter is addressed "to who ever may be interested" in the information in the letter. Is that clear?　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　Hi, However, if I may repeat my earlier comment, I think that most people would need to write such a beginning to a letter quite rarely. Clive　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　The only time I have ever used it was in an open reference for an employee leaving without a specific job to go to. In this case, it is impossible to address the letter to anyone. It is best not used in most circumstances. Feebs11　　-------------------------------------------------------------------------------　　While I hate this phrase myself, I"ve frequently seen it being used when addressing an organisation of some sort, where you aren"t actually addressing an individual （and therefore logically shouldn"t use "Dear Sir or Madam,"）. The person who actually reads the letter is usually a person who is paid to handle requests like yours - this could be when filing a formal complaint to the local telephone company or trying to retrieve some information from a government Jenda

G-Force, the family adventure by producer Jerry Bruckheimer (Pirates of the Caribbean), isn"t a bad movie by any count and works as a fun kids movie. But a tired and formulaic plot means the movie is no "must-watch" by any means and caters mostly to the little ones. The story follows a specially trained team of secret agent guinea pigs that work for the US government. Their mission is to stop an evil billionaire (Bill Nighty) who manufactures home appliances from taking over the world through a microchip he has planted in them.To begin with the positives, the animation is top-notch. The guinea pigs look very photo-realistic and after a few minutes you forget they"re CGI. There is an inherent cuteness factor to them, and just like last year"s Alvin and the Chipmunks, the filmmakers know that this will be the biggest draw for kids and their parents. There are plenty of jokes to keep a smile on your face (although the toilet humor gets old after a while).But that brings me to the story. How many times have you heard this: "Evil genius wants to take over the world and only the unlikeliest of heroes can save the world."? Too many to count, I imagine. And G-Force fits right into that category. The plot is tired and doesn"t attempt to bring anything new to the table. There are subplots strangely similar to last year"s Bolt, and the finale has an uncanny resemblance to Transformers. Aside from being predictable from the very start, the biggest problem here comes out in the final reels – the villain"s motivations are laughably ridiculous. As if it wasn"t hard enough to stomach the improbability in an evil billionaire"s plan to take over the world by installing timed microchips in every home appliance he manufactures, the final act tries to implement a twist so ridiculous and far-fetched that one wonders what was going on in their mind when coming up with it. Sure, kids will chew it up, but adults are sure to gasp at the screen at the stupidity of it all. Still, lessons are learned and there"s a bit of emotional quotient towards the end that makes partially saves it.Another problem is the action scenes. There are too many of them, and most of them are uninvolving. The movie opens with a 10 minute long covert operation that gets tiring a quarter of the way through. And every other ten minutes or so comes another chase or mission that only serves as eye-candy and gets monotonous and unfocused, especially in the finale. The special effects are great, but what"s the need for exploding cars and buildings in a kid"s movie?The voice acting is impressive. Sam Rockwell, Penelope Cruz, and Nicolas Cage do a great job bringing their characters to life. Bill Nighty plays a stock villain with no character development or motivation, and it comes across badly. Zach Galifianakis impresses as the leader of the team, but Will Arnett is wasted in a small and too serious of a role for a comedian of his caliber.So is G-Force recommended? Mostly if you have kids or are between 3-13 years old. It"s not a bad movie by a stretch (it"s much better than last year"s Beverly Hill Chihuahua) and you will not get bored in the theaters, but it"s a shame that the movie could have been so much more. They had an interesting bunch of characters on screen, but unfortunately they settled on making cookie-cutter Hollywood fare than something truly unique.如对于我的解答有问题，欢迎继续追问～如果满意，请点击“采纳为满意答案”，谢谢：）

　　在困倦的下午，听听恬静的曲子，是件非常enjoyable的事情。音乐，人类的灵魂，只有懂得音乐的人才懂得生活。下面，我帮你整理了，希望你喜欢! 　　篇1 　　What is your favorite kind of music? Do you like jazz, popular music, classical music, folk songs, blues, and so on? In high school I took one course called music appreciation which I greatly enjoyed. This was not to learn how to play a specific instrument but to learn how to read and listen to music as an art form. We read the stories about the lives of many posers and the history of the musical instruments themselves. Sometimes we listened to tapes at the language laboratory, or concerts. Music is sometimes called a universal language. A poser who cannot speak a single word of our language can make us feel joy and pride, exaltation and despair, peace and mystery through his music. 　　篇2 　　Music is mankind"s friends, music is inseparable from creative inspiration. Some people will be inspired by that very mysterious, inspired by the phenomenon known as "God doctrine." Some people put aside creative inspiration, but rigid rules mechanically copy music, like the depiction of the map as depicted by melody or harmony, music formulaic, and some inspiration that will be used in the creation of music is simple emotional creation, these ideas are Is wrong. We can be inspired by the idea of music plug in the wings, and we want to go to the place. So what inspired the music played in the creation of what kind of role it ? poser Nie Er in the creation of China"s "Volunteer Marche," the strong spirit of patrioti *** he has in mind a clarion call for the inspiration. Inspiration in the music creation in the status of other creative techniques can not substitute for, if not inspiration, then create the music is dull, so the music is the theoretical formula spelled. To make the music to create a more attractive, more valuable inspiration is essential. Then to study how to cultivate music-inspired, first of all we must study what is the inspiration. 　　Previously heard people say: creation is inspired by. The so-called inspiration of the moment is a sentiment through the art of its performance by, everyone has feelings, everyone has the source of creativity, it is only some people will be digging Out, some people are not! 　　篇3 　　I like music ,I think maybe most people like it as much as I do . I believe other people would have the same feeling to music. For me, music can always make me feel happy and relaxed. Sometimes when I feel very depressed, or suffer setbacks, music can do it"s magic play which helps me through unpleasant mood. Music makes me feel quiet and peaceful, furthermore,it has the power to revive my spirit. So I can hardly image if there"s no music in the world, our world might be how boring and colourless. 　　There are so many different styles of music, such as pop, classical , rock, heavy metal and so on. Maybe everyone has the different taste and likes the different style. Even though, music gives us the different effect in different conditions. But there is one thing can be ensured for us, that is music can help us to release the pressure when we feel nervous or overload pressures on our shoulder. And they can depurate our Psyche and heart. When we feel happy, we can listen to some music which makes us to be happier, if you feel sad and frustrated, you can choose the music which gives you the power and makes you refresh. If you are a introverted man ,you can listen to the music which makes you to be more outgoing. 　　Above all, I"ve stated so many effects of the different music, we have so many beautiful melodies in the world which could make our lives to be more and more pleasant. So I think we should thank the people who create these music, They use rhythm to express various feelings and things as we use article and language to express our thinking, so nice! They create the great music, while music makes our world to be more beautiful and even better. So I love music forever!

9。表示数量 9. Denotes quantity 1)It has increased(decreased)from。。。to。。。 1)It has increased(decreased)from。。。 To. 2)The population in this city has now increased (decreased)to 800，000。 3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15% pared with that of January。 例如： For example: With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people"s ine spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased。 再如： Again, From the graph listed above，itcan be seen that student use of puters has increased from an average of less than o hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000。 注：“From the graph listed above，it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起，便可较好地写出2002年6月CET -4、6短文写作的第一段。 Note: from the graph listed above, it can be seen that. The first paragraph of CET-4 and CET-6 in June 2002 can be written well by bining sentence pattern 9 with sentence pattern 12. 10。表示看法 10. Expressing views 1)People have(take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth。 2)People have different opinions on this problem。 3)People take different views of(on)the question。 4)Some people believe that。。。Others argue that。。。 4)Some people believe that。。。 Others argue that。。。 例如： For example: People have different attitudes towards failure。Some believe that failure leads to success。Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor。However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers。 People have different attitudes towards failure。 Some believe that failure leads to success。 Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor。 However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers。 11。表示结论 11. Conclusion 1)In short，it can be said that 。。。 2)It may be briefly summed up as follows。 3)From what has been mentioned above，we can e to the conclusion that 。。。 例如： For example: From what has been mentioned above，we can e to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved。 注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。 Note: Example 1 can be used in the conclusion sentence of any paragraph; example 3 can be used in the first sentence of the conclusion paragraph. 12。套语 12. Formulaic language 1)It"s well known to us that 。。。 2)As is known to us，。。。 3)This is a topic that is being widely talked about。 4)From the graph(table，chart)listed above，it can be seen that 。。。 5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way。? 5)As aproverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way。 ? 例如： For example: As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus。 The reason for this is obvious。Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower?。As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus。Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate。 The reason for this is obvious。 Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower?。 As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus。 Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate。

我同意 dreamhxt 的说法, 但再补充一点。stereotype 常是一种 与对象的出身有关的 模式化的看法。譬如说回教徒多是恐怖分子，或是犹太人都要小孩学医，或是犹太人都爱赚钱，等等。

如果不知道收信人是谁的情况下应该使用Yours faithfully，意思是“你忠实的”，美国英语是Faithfully yours或Faithfully。如果知道收信人是谁，就用 Yours sincerely。 美国英语是Yours truly 或 Sincerely yours或Sincerely，都是“谨启”的意思。扩展资料‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"的区别对很多中国人而言，这两个信件结尾（valediction）或奉承话收尾（complimentary closing）似乎没有什么区别，是可以随意互换使用的套话（formulaic phrase），其实不然。它往往需要配合信头称呼（salutation）。英文信件的结尾方式有几种，以下加以简要介绍。旧式结尾方式（old formal valediction）：一般包括yours字样，它是your servant的简写。老式结尾比较长（voluminous），例如：I beg to remain, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant,O.G.可以简写为：Your obt. svt.O.G.或进一步简写为：YOSO.G.现代常见结尾方式：在英国，这种老式结尾已经被‘Yours sincerely"与‘Yours faithfully"所取代。它们是更老的（archaic）表达‘I am, yours sincerely"与‘I am, yours faithfully"的简写。如果信件开头提及收信人（recepient）的名字，并且写信人（sender/writer）一定程度上认识收信人，那么使用‘Yours sincerely"；如果不知道对方姓名【例如用‘Dear Mr/Madam"开头】，那么需要使用‘Yours faithfully"。如果知道收信人的名字，但没有见面或没有说过话，有些人还是喜欢用比较疏远的（distant）的‘Yours faithfully"，但多数人会使用‘Yours sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"只在非正式或社会往来信件（social correspondence）中使用，并不常见。在美国，社会交往信件通常用‘Yours sincerely"来结尾，而商务信件（business correspondence）中对写信人不知道姓名的人还是使用‘Yours faithfully"。同时，‘Yours sincerely"还常常被写作‘Sincerely yours"或‘Sincerely"。‘Yours truly"或‘Very truly yours"也是常见结尾。其它结尾方式：‘Yours, etc."与‘Yours &c."见于历史上的书信与美国法律信件（legal correspondence）中。简奥斯汀（Jane Austen）书中的某些信件也是用‘Yours, etc."来结束。在商务信件中，‘Kind regards"，特别是‘Best regards"越来越常见，主要是电子邮件（email）中的半正式（semi-formal）结束语。非正式情况下，它们也可缩写为‘KR"或‘BR"。‘Kindest regards"语气更正式一些，而‘Kindest regards, I remain"则非常正式。如果对方是非常有身份的（dignified）的人【例如国家元首（head of state）】那么可以用老式结尾，例如：I have the honour to remain, Sir, Your Excellency"s most huble and obedient servant.还有其它一些非正式结束语，如‘Best wishes"、‘All my best"或‘Best"。对家人和特别密切的人，可以用‘Your friend"、‘Your loving son"或‘Your Richard"【爱人之间】之类的表达方式。

我们考察“娱乐文化”这一指称。这一范畴能否表现出新的探讨思路？显然，这一范畴是以功能来界定概括当代审美文化的。审美文化的美学功能包括补偿、净化、认识、教育、社会组织（交际或凝聚）以及娱乐等诸多功能。而当代审美文化却呈现出置其它功能于边缘独钟情于娱乐的特点。所谓娱乐，即“悦耳悦目”的感官享受层次。这个时代形形色色的艺术，纷纷投身于制造娱乐效果的潮流中，包括经典与古典艺术也不顾矜持，粉墨登场。如全国热播电视节目《百家讲坛》，学者作秀，以现代厚黑学重新演绎《三国》，将《红楼梦》“新考据”为曹雪芹的私秘生活，等等。甚至传统的娱乐业与非娱乐业的界限也越来越难划分，教育节目可以娱乐化、社会新闻可以娱乐化、甚至天气预报也可以娱乐化，借用美国学者尼尔·波兹曼的经典表述，这是一个“娱乐至死”、“除了娱乐业没有其他行业”的时代。西方娱乐项目非常多，较高雅的娱乐有听音乐会、逛博物馆、看歌剧表演，美国有举世闻名的 大都会艺术博物馆和 大都会歌剧院 。较热门的娱乐有去 拉斯维加斯 赌钱和观看歌舞表演，或者观看各类篮球赛、棒球赛、橄榄球赛等，尤其是高水平的 NBA 比赛，游客如果正好赶上有比赛，一定要去现场体会一下热烈的气氛噢。至于一般的酒吧、夜总会、咖啡馆.

因不能重复回答同一问题，这里提供一个之前回答的链接，如下：http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/1989991989279040107供参考。

Hi everyone, today I am going to introduce a movie for you, it"s Wolf Warriors Ⅱ(战狼2). I will use ten sentences to make you understand why it"s so popular in China.Sentences are as belows:1. Once a wolf warrior, always a wolf warrior. 一朝为战狼，终生是战狼！Leng feng（Wu jing）used this sentence for answering the question “You are not a soldier anymore. What are you fighting when fightingfor?”（你已经不是军人了，为什么这么拼？）2. Your hands are for saving lives, not taking lives.你是双手是用来救人的，不是杀人的 。3. God chooses to stand on our side. 上帝选择站在我们这一边。4. Blood for blood. 血债血偿！5. That"s the fucking history.那**是以前。 6. You can never underestimate some great nations!有些伟大的民族，你永远不能低估。7. Citizens of the People"s Republic of China: When you encounter danger overseas, do not give up! Please remember, a strong motherland always backs you up! 中华人民共和国公民：当你在海外遭遇危险，不要放弃！请记住，在你身后，有一个强大的祖国！ 8. There"s no such thing as a peaceful world. We feel like so because someone take on the burdens.哪有什么岁月静好，不过是有人替我们负重前行！9. This is not a peaceful world. It"s just we live in a peaceful country.这个世界并不和平，我们只是生活在一个和平的国家。 10. If a man hasn"t discovered something that he will die for. He isn"t fit to live. 人无挚爱，便是苟活。From this movie, we can know that our country is becoming more and more stronger, as a Chinese, we feel very proud, and we must believe whenever where you are, our country will come and pick up you, they will never abandon you.Ok, now you understand why all Chinese like this movie. That"s all, thank you!注：中文是供你自己参考的。

morrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should li

The advantages and disadvantages of having a mobile phoneIn today"s society, most of us have a mobile phone that brings both advantages and disadvantages. Here are some influences by having a mobile phone.We use it to connect to others at any time. We use it to chat, do business, ask for help and get information at any time and anywhere, too. Besides, it makes our leisure time more modernized and convenient, such as navigation, notepad, calculator, player, calendar and alarm clock. Such functions bear witness to the progress of human beings. Furthermore, we can shopping online and verify our identities by using mobile phones. Sometimes we even don"t need going to the bank! So convenient, isn"t it? What"s more, it benefits our students. Some software is good for study, for instance, some English websites and software about BBC and VOA. They can also listen to some English music by it. When they get stressed, they can also play some little computer games to relax themselves.However, every advantage has its disadvantage, there are also some bad influences. Some students are easily addicted to it. Therefore, they do poorly in study. What"s worse, it does harm to everyone"s vision, even health. It brings cell phone radiation, which does badly to human bodies. Meanwhile, it makes us more indifferent. We greet others by forwarding text messages. It"s really very formulaic. It"s of great difference from writing letters, which express our emotions more. In short, we should weigh pros and cons carefully and make rational use of mobile phones.

如果不知道收信人是谁的情况下应该使用Yoursfaithfully，意思是“你忠实的”，美国英语是Faithfullyyours或Faithfully。如果知道收信人是谁，就用Yourssincerely。美国英语是Yourstruly或Sincerelyyours或Sincerely，都是“谨启”的意思。

新托福口语评分标准分为以下四个方面：1. 口语流利度：评估考生表达英语的流利度和连接性，以及紧密程度。流利度指的是说话的速度和自然度，连接性指的是如何让不同的话题或想法联系起来。2. 口语清晰度：表现了考生的发音、语法错误和清晰度。发音准确性、语法正确性、以及思路清晰度与清晰度是口语清晰度的重要方面。3. 口语内容和用法：考生的内容是否充分、是否清晰、紧密程度以及用法是否符合英语的标准。4. 口语表现力：表现了考生的表达技巧，是否懂得使用少量的词汇和结构来传达复杂思想，以及表达力、口头手段和非表述等方面的情境表现能力。以上四个方面分别评分，评分标准主要为口语流利程度（0-30分）、口语清晰程度（0-30分）、口语内容和用法（0-30分）以及口语表现能力（0-30分）。总分为120分，每个方面占25%分数。评分标准用于评估考生的英语口语能力和应对实际情境的技巧。

美国是一个十分重视写作水平并善用写作技能的国家。其众多高等院校的招生考察方式就是一个很好的例证。我们的PS、专业小论文等等学术申请材料不都是通过写作的形式展现我们自己吗？的确，写作对于大学的学习--特别是学术精神和学术能力的培养--都非常重要。可以说，写作是一个人综合能力最真、最好、最全面的体现，它能够最大程度地反应学生的真实水平。 一位名叫Kaplan的美国语言学家说过一句话：“语言即思维”（在此，我们可以暂时将语言等同于写作，因为写作无非就是语言的一种written的形式）。我们中国学生在基础教育阶段大都听过这样一句话“语言是思维的载体”。Caution! This is fairly wrong! 语言（或曰写作）并非思维的载体，它就是思维本身。一个人的逻辑结构，思想形态，思考深度、全面性、对表达内容的组织，以及、价值观、文笔等等等等，都会在一篇文章中体现出来。“文如其人”讲的正是这个道理，古今中外，概莫能外。而“文字”，这类物理性的东西才是思维的载体。 如前所述，写作是对整个研究和学习过程的表述和总结，是最强大的学术工具之一。因此，作为学术素质评估考试（Scholastic Assessment Test）的SAT如果将写作测试摒弃在外似乎就太不合乎逻辑了。加之近些年来，美国本土高中生的写作能力退化这一现象又时有耳闻。曾经盛行一时的所谓高级写作法“Formulaic Writing”也因其严重弊端--言之无物，也可成文--而被教育界质疑并抛弃。一种新的、强大的、真实的写作能力测试工具呼之欲出。就是在这样的理论认识和现实背景下，SAT写作（Essay）应运而生了。 我们知道，一场完整的SAT考试分为10个Section，总分2400。写作（ESSAY）部分为最先进行的Section1，在总分中占有240的分值。但是，稍对SAT考试有所了解的人都明白：写作部分得分的重要性要远远高于它在总分中占到的分数比例！这是因为，国外的教授以及招生委员会工作人员在拿到一名申请者的SAT成绩时，对于不同的Section考查的侧重点会不同。在中国学生提交的SAT成绩中，对方最先考查的是我们的阅读成绩。阅读能力是进入美国大学进行学术活动的基础。我在北京新东方课堂上见到的学生有可能从不回答问题，让同组的当地学生在presentation中永远充当speaker的角色；可能在头几个月的适应期中听不懂教授说的大部分话，只能用录音机将其授课内容录下，课后一遍一遍反复重听；甚至，因压力过重或难度太大偶尔拒交作业。但是，我要求他们进入一所院校开始学习，就绝对逃不开一项最为基本的工作--阅读。阅读的能力是任何学术活动最为基础性的要求。之后，对方会紧接着考查我们的写作成绩。写作部分的重要性我们可以引用Washington Post 的一位专栏作家受邀参加collegeboard 的作文研讨会时的话来概括：“The test will also provide college admissions officers with an authenticated sample of a student"s writing to compare with the meticulously prepared essay that is part of most college applications.” authenticate这个词指的是用来鉴别画作、文物和珠宝的真伪性，meticulously原意为小心翼翼，此处指的是精心准备的。我们的申请材料做得再精美，再充分，都抵不过SAT的Essay成绩在对方教授眼中的“真实性”高。因为美国人始终认为：在规定命题下、在时间压力下、在没有太多机会修饰润色的状态下完成的文章才是最真实可信的。在这一点上，申请材料中PS的就与我们的SAT写作成绩相距甚远！可见，SAT写作才是真正用来展示我们思维能力和学术写作水平的“终极试金石”！ 此外，写作分数的重要性有着与总分不同的意义。笔者曾经培训过的一名学生，此人为加拿大护照持有人。他的SAT总分为2140，可以说这个分数在北美地区的学生里面已经很有竞争力了。但是他还要继续复考，据他自己解释，这样的成绩依然无法使他进入心仪的学校。当我正处在迷惑中时，他主动为我做出了解答--他的作文部分只有7分。See what I mean? 由此，作文成绩与总分的关系以及它对于申请的重要性可见一斑！ Last but not least，一场完整的SAT考试通常要进行4到5个小时，而写作部分又被排在了第一个。它的作答情况、成功与否与其它Section的进行不无关系。考生是带着轻松的心态来迎接余下的考试还是带着焦躁懊悔的心态面对继续的煎熬，我相信，结果一定会是大不相同的！