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什么词语的意思是感叹佩服??

2023-06-29 07:57:05
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里论外几
Dream
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For other uses, see Dream (disambiguation).
"Dreams" and "Dreaming" redirect here. For other uses, see Dreams (disambiguation) and Dreaming (disambiguation).

A dream is a hallucinatory experience involving a sequence of images, sounds, ideas, emotions, or other sensations usually during sleep, especially REM sleep.

The events of dreams are often impossible, or unlikely to occur, in physical reality: they are also outside the control of the dreamer. The exception to this is known as lucid dreaming, in which dreamers realize that they are dreaming, and are sometimes capable of changing their dream environment and controlling various aspects of the dream. The dream environment is often much more realistic in a lucid dream, and the senses heightened.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Neurology of dreams
o 1.1 Stages of sleep
o 1.2 Discovery of REM
o 1.3 Continual-activation theory
o 1.4 Dreams and memory
+ 1.4.1 Hippocampus and memory
o 1.5 Functions of dreams
* 2 Cultural history
* 3 Dream content
o 3.1 Emotions
o 3.2 Gender differences
o 3.3 Sexual content
o 3.4 Recurring dreams
o 3.5 Common themes
o 3.6 Disease-Associated Differences
* 4 Dream interpretation
* 5 Other associated phenomena
o 5.1 Lucid dreaming
o 5.2 Dreams of absent-minded transgression
o 5.3 Dreaming as a skeptical argument
o 5.4 Recalling dreams
o 5.5 Déjà vu
o 5.6 Dream incorporation
* 6 See also
* 7 References
o 7.1 Cited
o 7.2 General
* 8 Literature
o 8.1 Classical texts
o 8.2 Cultural and literary history of the dream
o 8.3 Psychology and psychotherapy
o 8.4 Lucid dreaming
o 8.5 Dreams and esotericism
* 9 External links

[edit] Neurology of dreams

There is no universally agreed biological definition of dreaming. Dreaming can sometimes seem so realistic lucid dreamers often do not know if they are indeed dreaming. General observation shows that dreams are strongly associated with Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, during which an electroencephalogram shows brain activity to be most like wakefulness. Participant-remembered dreams during non-REM sleep are normally more mundane in comparison.[1] During a typical lifespan, a human spends a total of about six years dreaming[2] (which is about 2 hours each night[3]). It is unknown where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple portions of the brain are involved, or the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind.

[edit] Stages of sleep

When the body decides that it is time to sleep, neurons near the eyes begin to send signals throughout the body. Dr. Hobson explains that these neurons are located in such close proximity to neurons that control eyelid muscles that the eyelids begin to grow heavy.[4] Glands begin to secrete a hormone that helps induce sleep and neurons send signals to the spinal cord which cause the body to relax.

During sleep the body passes through four different stages each differing in length and degree of sleep. REM (rapid-eye-movement) sleep is when the majority of dreams takes place. Dreams tend to last for the entire REM cycle ranging from about ten to twenty-five minutes. Dreams usually occur during these regular sleep cycles, but they may also occur at other times, such as when one falls asleep or begins to awaken.[5] The other three stages are called NREM (non-rapid-eye-movement) sleep. These four stages repeat throughout sleep but in different lengths of time. Infants have about twice as much REM sleep as adults.[6]

[edit] Discovery of REM
EEG showing brainwaves during REM sleep
EEG showing brainwaves during REM sleep

In 1953 Eugene Aserinsky discovered REM sleep while working in the lab of his PhD advisor. Aserinsky noticed that the sleepers" eyes fluttered beneath their closed eyelids, later using a polygraph machine to record their brain waves during these periods. In one session he awakened a subject who was crying out during REM and confirmed his suspicion that dreaming was occurring.[7] In 1953 Aserinsky and his advisor published the ground-breaking study in Science.[8]

In 1976 J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarly proposed a new theory that changed dream research, challenging the previously held Freudian view of dreams as subconscious wishes to be interpreted. The activation synthesis theory asserts that the sensory experiences are fabricated by the cortex as a means of interpreting chaotic signals from the pons. They propose that in REM sleep, the ascending cholinergic PGO (ponto-geniculo-occipital) waves stimulate higher midbrain and forebrain cortical structures, producing rapid eye movements. The activated forebrain then synthesizes the dream out of this internally generated information. They assume that the same structures that induce REM sleep also generate sensory information.

Hobson and McCarly"s 1976 research suggested that the signals interpreted as dreams originated in the brain stem during REM sleep. However, research by Mark Solms suggests that dreams are generated in the forebrain, and that REM sleep and dreaming are not directly related.[9] While working in the neurosurgery department at hospitals in Johannesburg and London, Solms had access to patients with various brain injuries. He began to question patients about their dreams and confirmed that patients with damage to the parietal lobe stopped dreaming; this finding was in line with Hobson"s 1977 theory. However, Solms did not encounter cases of loss of dreaming with patients having brain stem damage. This observation forced him to question Hobson"s prevailing theory which marked the brain stem as the source of the signals interpreted as dreams. Solms viewed the idea of dreaming as a function of many complex brain structures as validating Freudian dream theory, an idea that drew criticism from Hobson.[10]

[edit] Continual-activation theory

Combining Hobson"s activation synthesis hypothesis with Solms"s findings, the continual-activation theory of dreaming presented by Jie Zhang proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis; at the same time, dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. Zhang hypothesizes that the function of sleep is to process, encode and transfer the data from the temporary memory to the long-term memory, though there is not much evidence backing up this so-called "consolidation." NREM sleep processes the conscious-related memory (declarative memory), and REM sleep processes the unconscious related memory (procedural memory).

Zhang assumes that during REM sleep, the unconscious part of a brain is busy processing the procedural memory; meanwhile, the level of activation in the conscious part of the brain will descend to a very low level as the inputs from the sensory are basically disconnected. This will trigger the "continual-activation" mechanism to generate a data stream from the memory stores to flow through the conscious part of the brain. Zhang suggests that this pulse-like brain activation is the inducer of each dream. He proposes that, with the involvement of the brain associative thinking system, dreaming is, thereafter, self-maintained with the dreamer"s own thinking until the next pulse of memory insertion. This explains why dreams have both characteristics of continuity (within a dream) and sudden changes (between two dreams).[11][12]

[edit] Dreams and memory

Eugen Tarnow suggests that dreams are ever-present excitations of long-term memory, even during waking life. The strangeness of dreams is due to the format of long-term memory, reminiscent of Penfield & Rasmussen"s findings that electrical excitations of the cortex give rise to experiences similar to dreams. During waking life an executive function interprets long term memory consistent with reality checking. Tarnow"s theory is a reworking of Freud"s theory of dreams in which Freud"s unconscious is replaced with the long-term memory system and Freud"s “Dream Work” describes the structure of long-term memory.[13]
Location of hippocampus
Location of hippocampus

[edit] Hippocampus and memory

A 2001 study showed evidence that illogical locations, characters, and dream flow may help the brain strengthen the linking and consolidation of semantic memories. These conditions may occur because, during REM sleep, the flow of information between the hippocampus and neocortex is reduced.[14] Increasing levels of the stress hormone Cortisol late in sleep (often during REM sleep) cause this decreased communication. One stage of memory consolidation is the linking of distant but related memories. Payne and Nadel hypothesize that these memories are then consolidated into a smooth narrative, similar to a process that happens when memories are created under stress.[15]

[edit] Functions of dreams

There are many hypotheses about the function of dreams. Freud proposed that one function of dreams is to protect our sleep. He believed that it was the purpose of dreams to hold one"s attention so as not to awaken from any outside stimuli.[16] During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep.[17] The mind will, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying. Dreams may also allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock.[18] Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences. [16] Dreams also let the mind express things that would normally be suppressed in the waking world, thus keeping itself in harmony. Dreams may also offer a view at how future events might proceed; this is similar to running future events through the mind, for instance: a work presentation, a job interview, or a first date.

Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness.[19] Ferenczi[20] proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright. There have also been analogies made with the cleaning-up operations of computers when they are off-line. Dreams may remove parasitic nodes and other "junk" from the mind during sleep. [21] [22] Dreams may also create new ideas through the generation of random thought mutations. Some of these may be rejected by the mind as useless, while others may be seen as valuable and retained. Blechner[23] calls this the theory of "Oneiric Darwinism." Dreams may also regulate mood. [24] Hartmann [25] says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life.

[edit] Cultural history
Jacob"s dream of a ladder of angels
Jacob"s dream of a ladder of angels

Dreams have a long history both as a subject of conjecture and as a source of inspiration. Throughout their history, people have sought meaning in dreams or divination through dreams. They have been described physiologically as a response to neural processes during sleep, psychologically as reflections of the subconscious, and spiritually as messages from God or predictions of the future. Many cultures practiced dream incubation, with the intention of cultivating dreams that were prophetic or contained messages from the divine.

[edit] Dream content

From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than 50,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966 Hall and Van De Castle published The content analysis of dreams in which they outlined a coding system to study 1,000 dream reports from college students.[26] It was found that people all over the world dream of mostly the same things. Hall"s complete dream reports became publicly available in the mid-1990s by Hall"s protégé William Domhoff allowing further different annylisis.

[edit] Emotions

The most common emotion experienced in dreams is anxiety. Negative emotions are more common than positive feelings.[26] Some ethnic groups like the Yir Yoront showed an abnormally high percentage of dreams of an aggressive nature. The U.S. ranks the highest amongst industrialized nations for aggression in dreams with 50 percent of U.S. males reporting aggression in dreams, compared to 32 percent for Dutch men.[26]

[edit] Gender differences

It is believed that in men"s dreams an average of 70 percent of the characters are other men, while a female"s dreams contain an equal number of men and women.[27] Men generally had more aggressive feelings in their dreams than women, and children"s dreams did not have very much aggression until they reached teen age. These findings parallel much of the current research on gender and gender role comparisons in aggressive behavior. Rather than showing a complementary or compensatory aggressive style, this study supports the view that there is a continuity between our conscious and unconscious styles and personalities.

[edit] Sexual content

The Hall data analysis shows that sexual dreams show up no more than 10 percent of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid teens[26]. Another study showed that 8% of men"s and women"s dreams have sexual content[28].

[edit] Recurring dreams

While the content of
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心悦诚服

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五体投地

我不懂运营

心服口服

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耐色瑞尔的耐色瑞尔的终章---卡尔萨斯的时代

阴霾之年(The Shadowed Age)阴霾之年的到来,仿佛预示着将要降临在耐色瑞尔人身上的厄运。因为那时,毁灭的阴影早已潜伏在帝国的四周,正悄无声息地向这片美丽的土地,探出它的魔爪。从3163年,卡尔萨斯(Karsus,没有不知道这个名字的吧)出生开始,这个时代接连发生了一系列大事:费林魔葵(phaerimm)的到来、奥洛斯丁(Olostin)的降世,还有更为强大的魔法的诞生。卡尔萨斯之化身(Karsus"savatar),一个空前绝后的魔法,施展的一刻,则最终宣告了整个时代的落幕。耐色瑞尔诞生了无数伟大的奥术师,他们很多人的寿命甚至超过养育自己的文明,成百上千年之多。成为巫妖,是做到这一点的普遍方式。耐色瑞尔最强者的宝座,虽不是绝对的,但多数都为大奥师们所占。然而,这些人中凡是在耐色瑞尔毁灭后幸存下来的,都无法与卡尔萨斯(Karsus)相提并论。卡尔萨斯(Karsus)两岁的时候,年幼的卡尔萨斯就施展了他的第一个法术。虽不过是一个戏法(cantra),却足以显示他惊人的天赋。年轻的卡尔萨斯发现,他掌握魔法毫不费力,几乎是一学即会、一触即通,好像从来就熟知它们似的。这立刻引起了当地密丝瑞尔的牧师的兴趣,他们开始训练这个年轻人。后来,更试图吸收他进入魔法女神的教会。可是,卡尔萨斯本人,却不为所动。他拒绝将信仰献给任何一位多神系统里的神明,那样毫无益处,他认为。因为,卡尔萨斯也坚信自己终有一天会成为一位神。理所当然,这种脾性决定了他实在是大奥师的上佳人选---所有的大奥师无一不是这样,只信奉自我。年仅22岁,卡尔萨斯便成为一名大奥师。他是有史以来最年轻的。当时,正值伊奥勒姆完成他最伟大的法术---延命大法(Ioulaum"slongevity)---的时刻。获得了如此尊位,卡尔萨斯便可以拥有一颗“密瑟拉之核”,以及一块合适的飞地。一座浮空城即将拔地而起,而大奥师则将全权支配自己的新领地。几个月以后,城市完工了。卡尔萨斯却发现没人愿意到这儿来,以致四处廖无人烟,一派冷落萧条的景象。这主要是由于他太年轻,显得如此缺乏经验,实在难以博取民众的信任。可是危机成为了大奥师展示才能的舞台。既然单靠强大的魔力还不足以吸引人们,他想,那么也许一座雄奇瑰丽,设计精巧的城市可以。于是,卡尔萨斯雇用了许多能工巧匠,在他的城市里创造出一座座巧夺天工的建筑物。它们似乎完全不遵循任何物理的法则,甚至摆脱了重力的限制。它们犹如梦中的景象,如此不可思议,震撼人心。消息终于传到了很多一流的奥术师学院和魔法大学里。人们被那绝无仅有的奇妙之作散发的迷人魅力吸引着,怀着对它们的无限向往,涌入卡尔萨斯的浮空城。很快,那里繁荣了起来。怀着对丰功伟业的憧憬,卡尔萨斯说服塞汶顿的议会,把尚存的耐色之卷暂时送到他的城堡里来。他准备仔细研究这个宝物,甚至想找出每一页卷轴之间是否暗藏着联系,以便能寻回失落的部分。可是,命运对耐色瑞尔实在太不公平,剩下的卷轴竟也被抢走了(尽管由超过一百名武士和奥术师保卫着),就在送往卡尔萨斯领地的途中。大搜捕立即开始于3195年,但直到七年后结束时仍然一无所获,反而使殉职者的记录薄上又增添了125个名字。至此,耐色瑞尔连一张卷轴也没有了。至于它们的下落,完全是个谜。即使对帝国最伟大的奥术师和占卜家来说,也没什么不同。夏多(Shadow)夏多是卡尔萨斯魔法学院的学生。他曾公开了自己对诸位面的一项研究,结果饱受抨击。事情还不只如此。夏多的事业还招来了当局的厌憎,他们放逐了他,并且在很多城市里宣布禁止一切对半位面(demiplane)和亚位面(qusiplane)的研究。但是,卡尔萨斯私自留下了夏多,并让他继续他的研究;他感到,夏多做的是一件十分重要的事。夏多又邀请了其他一些“地下”研究者参与进来,一切资金都由卡尔萨斯负担。十一年后,在大奥师的授意下,夏多再次公开了他的研究成果:阴影半位面(Demiplane ofShadow)。亦被命名为“夏多斯:可感性无形物质聚合体”(Shdows: The Palpable Cohesion of FormlessCorporeality)。全国的奥术师猛然意识到这个发现有多么重要。他们认为阴影半位面是一块极具开发价值的领域---可以提供无穷无尽的阴影仆役(shadow servant),同时也是夏多阴影法力(Shadow"sshadow-magic)的源泉。当局立即宣布解除以往的禁令,并公开鼓励人们探索类似的半位面。不幸的是,他们也发现了“禁锢半位面”(Demiplane of Imprisonment),几个奥术师最终消失在混沌般的禁锢结界里。当然,这个消息是被严密封锁着的。奥洛斯丁(Olostin)耐色瑞尔的历史上,影响最大的并非都是大奥师和那些重要的研究者。其他很多人也以他们的行为在编年史上留下了深重的一笔。奥洛斯丁就是这么一个人。奥洛斯丁,一个际遇不佳的人。他觉得属于自己机会总是被无端地夺走,便开始愤怒地抨击社会。他憎恨国人,但对那些饱受欺凌的非人类生物---一直与人类、精灵发生冲突的类地精种族,却有着少许真实的同情。他内心的仇恨日益深重,终于有一天,耐色瑞尔人驱逐了他。奥洛斯丁只好一个人,漫无目的地游走在耐色瑞尔荒凉的原野上。在他流浪的时候,奥洛斯丁偶遇一只邪恶的怪兽。它就像一个血肉构成的大圆锥,连着四支胳膊---没有腿。这就是费林魔葵。奥洛斯丁确信他的小命堪忧了,不过还是准备完成这场徒劳的反抗。但他发现那怪兽仅仅是希望和他沟通。费林魔葵对他说,某种来自地表的力量正在不断使它们的幼崽死亡,成年的老弱病残也过早的衰弱下去;它想知道到底是谁在地面上滥用魔法。奥洛斯丁平静下来,他把所知道的耐色瑞尔文明的一切都告诉了这怪物,包括他们的铺张挥霍、奢靡颓废。费林魔葵耐心地听完他的叙述以后,交给这个忤逆者一件强大的魔法宝物。它还指示出一座堡垒的处所,让他使用那里来对抗“邪恶”的耐色瑞尔人。做完这些事,费林魔葵便返回了它的家园。从此,奥洛斯丁再没见过那怪异的朋友,但他始终感到它就近在咫尺,并且一直在帮助他完成大业。奥洛斯丁正是靠着他的“丰功伟业”留名青史的。他和他的党羽们,成为了耐色瑞尔历史上最冷酷凶残的杀戮者。3348年,他成功地攻占了联众城(the city of Unity),随即开始了长达33年的恐怖统治。就是在这里,他首次得到了“恐惧男爵”(theBaron ofDread)的外号。死在“男爵”一伙屠刀下的生灵多达28000个---人类、精灵、兽人、地精、矮人、半身人和侏儒;他对他们都“一视同仁”、“不偏不倚”。此外,奥洛斯丁还聚敛了一笔庞大的财富。最后,他丧生在一个超过34级的无名奥术师的手里。后者只用了一个诺纳尔火球术(Noanar"sfireball),便将“男爵”一伙化为灰烬。他的要塞顿成废墟,所有东西都被捣毁殆尽。但是,奥洛斯丁那锥形的伙伴赠予的魔法宝物,却怎么也找不到了。费林魔葵(The Phaerimm)在研究了得自奥洛斯丁的情报和各种削弱人类国家的途径之后,3398年,费林魔葵—奥洛斯丁的锥形朋友所属的族群---开始以它们的“吸魔术”(magic drainspell)横行于地表世界。这效果永恒的吸魔术同样也可以吸收生命精华,任何进入它球形作用域内的生灵,都将被慢慢地榨成一具干尸。费林魔葵在耐色瑞尔帝国境内到处释放这种强大的法术。幸好,吸魔术的效果显而易见。那色瑞尔各大浮空城的四周,土地日益沙化。但是一开始,这种情况没有引起大奥师们的重视。他们仅仅把浮空城移到别处就算了事。当他们察觉到这些“土地的瘟疫”似乎也在跟着城市跑的时候,大奥师们才真正感到事情不妙。不过随着这些城市移来移去,他们倒真是“带领”着费林魔葵完成了一场沙化运动。结果就是形成了日后名为“安纳洛克”(Anauroch)的大沙漠。瘟疫肆虐着,奥术师们却迟迟拿不出对付费林魔葵的好办法。有时,某些强大的大奥师会去创造威力更为惊人的魔法,不过在这个时候他们往往会遭遇,费林魔葵,这种一心只想毁灭人类的生物,发动的一场场突袭。费林魔葵很少留下活口,并且通过他们的魔力,阻隔了绝大多数预言感应魔法。这几乎切断了人们的联系,他们甚至连某个大奥师是否还活着都难以判断。当然,这也使有关战争进展的消息,得不到及时的传播。吸魔术的双重威力导致了浮空城里准魔法物品的失效。而且,凡不是在魔法恒定术的环境下永恒地注入某件物品里的魔法,其力量都会在此影响下趋于无效,甚至是反面。伊奥勒姆延命大法,就是另外一种会频繁失效,同时还会导致施法者迅速减寿的魔法。不过,至少一般的魔法还是可以用的。重魔力(Heavy Magic)卡尔萨斯发现,费林魔葵的吸魔术正在弱化他对自身施展的长生不老术。他知道,如果不能解决罪魁祸首,那就只能选择另一种存活的方式。于是他变成了巫妖,并开始研究“重魔力”(heavymagic)。但是,这个集物理、化学和魔法于一体的新事物极不稳定。如果在他成功之前没有致使耐色瑞尔乃至整个托瑞尔灭亡的话,卡尔萨斯认为,那么相比那些被吸走的魔力而言,重魔力就将带来魔法的力量在表现形式上的升华。摧毁那些可恶的地下生物,这是他研究重魔力的最主要目的。因为耐色瑞尔的可利用魔法能源的持续衰弱,应该完全归咎于这些家伙。重魔力,不同于任何无形的魔法,是一种有形的、可感知的实体。它有着球状的外观,蜜糖般的纯净的色泽,碰触任何物体它都不会粘上哪怕一点点杂质。反而,它还能从任何接触它的物体中自动游离出来。用一只手,或者步行穿越重魔力的感觉,就像穿过一片不深的水域一般轻巧。重魔力可以被附以其他的魔法,这是卡尔萨斯的发现。他也确定,可以将它们“涂画”在任何物体的表面上(比如一面墙、一扇门或者一部机械装置),并让这些表面也获得同样的魔法效果。他还发现,可以轻易地将一小部分附上了解除魔法(dispelmagic)的重魔力塞进锁孔里。那将使侦测陷阱术(detect trap)和开锁的魔法装置统统失效。制造重魔力的能力,与奥术师的等级成正比。每一个施法等级,对应一立方英尺的重魔力(重达一磅)。所以,当卡尔萨斯施展重魔法时,他一下子获得了41立方英尺的重魔力。接着,他将一个瓦赫姆吸魔术(Volhm"s drainspell)加入这厚重的胶状半流体物质当中,而后者则将法术的威力提升到了最大限度,作用半径竟高达2500英尺。不料随后,这个重魔法首先就开始削弱密瑟拉之核的魔力输出。极效的吸魔术把魔力统统吸走,却又送回密瑟拉之核里。浮空城被缓慢地剥离了魔法动力源。可想而知,浮空城变得摇摇欲坠。所有的灯光都闪烁不定,准魔法物品的力量也随着魔力的波动时有时无。卡尔萨斯不顾一切地,用魔法抬起这块重魔力,接着施展了一个托勒戴恩飓风术(Tolodine"s gust of wind),把它远远地扔出了城市。可是,那些东西却重重地落进了参天森林(HighForest),杀死了一位住在那儿的奥术师,乌尔格瑞斯。这个背离了耐色瑞尔的人,在被吸干了生命力后,变成了巫妖。首次失败以后,卡尔萨斯又花了几年时间完善这项研究,试图让它能够发挥积极的效果。他最喜欢做的一件事,就是给一大堆重魔力附上各种魔法,这样就可以把它们“涂”在任何他想到的地方。他就曾经把托斯库德洛空间幻象术(Toscudlo"s hallucinatoryterrain)“涂”遍整座屋子的墙垣和穹顶,制造出种种如梦如幻的景象。另外,他还能够使法庭里的受审席随时提醒众人---某个站在上面的人正在撒谎。当重魔法的用途正得到其他的开发时,一群来自下层位面的恶魔渗透了联众城。该城位于遥远之角森林的北边。恶魔们打算在此盘踞,直到取代卡尔萨斯的位置。它们好象就要成功了,但终究没有。卡尔萨斯和他忠实的参谋与朋友们,用了三年时间,最后用附有奥贝隆离散术(Oberon"sdismissal)和阿卡沙崩解术(Aksa"s disintegrate)的重魔力,把这帮怪物打地魂飞魄散。3505年前后,大奥师们忧心忡忡,为着在魔法上发生的种种奇怪反应(费林魔葵的法术引起的)。他们很多人离开这个国家,逃往西方和北方的各地。其中一位奥术师西行至艾尔拉斯卡的遗址,以这个古国的名字,建立起一个新的人类国家。他通过自己的魔力使整座城市平地而起。虽然城市尚未完工,奥术师便撒手西归,但他的奉献确实泽被后人。留下来的人继续寻找着费林魔葵的弱点。这时,耐色瑞尔人有了一个神秘的外援,它们是一个叫做撒伦精怪(Sharn)的种族。于是,费林魔葵突然面临着两面作战的困境。当撒伦精怪遭遇费林魔葵时,它们的相互攻击的法术碰撞在一起,就开始改变附近的地貌,导致连绵的山脉化作起伏的丘陵,沙漠的幅员日渐辽阔。陨落(The Fall)3520年前后,伟大的大奥师伊奥勒姆失踪了。他的朋友们,包括卡尔萨斯,都相信他是因为严重依赖魔法的力量维持生命,才不得不离开耐色瑞尔(他已是近三千岁高龄)。伊奥勒姆的下落,最终成为一个谜。民众获知了伊奥勒姆的失踪,顿时耐色瑞尔陷入一片恐慌。大奥师们始终担心不已,因为形势已经到了哗变的边缘。卡尔萨斯感到,一副无比沉重的担子压在肩头,那是耐色瑞尔的前途。该是勉力一搏,重振国家于危亡中的时刻了,他觉得。于是经过多年钻研,他创造出一种魔法,然后把它用在了自己的身上。这个法术,就是“卡尔萨斯之化身”,绝无仅有的一个十二级法术。它能够暂时将一位神的力量盗走。卡尔萨斯选择了魔法女神密丝瑞尔,作为他的目标。终于,他施展了这个法术,却绝没有想到这将会永久地改变魔法运行的方式。广博的学识,往往反而压倒理性的智慧,卡尔萨斯也不例外。他感觉到,神圣的力量从四面八方,争先恐后地涌入,汹涌着,狂野地激荡着。顿时,他的脑中充满了不可思议的知识。然而一霎那间,卡尔萨斯意识到他做了一件多么可怕的事情。他从一个神那里偷来了自己根本不该偷走的力量。密丝瑞尔的职责,需要她常常运用自己的神力来调控和修复魔法网(the weave ofmagic)---因为魔法网总是处在威胁之中,耐色瑞尔人对魔法的滥用和费林魔葵的吸魔术都经常使它受损。而当她失去了使原初魔法(指天然纯净的,未加处理的魔法能量)网维持稳定的能力,魔法能量顿时泛滥成灾。它们汹涌澎湃,无序地大起大落着,使得一切魔法的威力陡然倍增---尽管只持续了不长的时间。为了保护魔法网,密丝瑞尔抢在局势发展得不可收拾之前,牺牲了自己。只有如此,才能切断她和卡尔萨斯之间的联系,同时封闭魔法网。这也导致全世界所有的魔法暂时消失。糟糕的是,失去了魔法动力的支撑,耐色瑞尔的浮空城纷纷坠落,而卡尔萨斯也迅速被死亡吞没。他臃肿的身体化作一尊石像,从浮空城摇摇欲坠的高台上跌倒下来,垂直地落向大地。他的身体沉坠在席席的风中,石化的双眼,却依旧闪耀着神明般全知全能的智慧光芒,隐隐约约地见证着一座座浮空城粉身碎骨的结局,和那里一切生命的凋零。他的心碎了---贪求诸神的力量,使他亲手开启了毁灭的大门,将他的家园、他的亲人、他的好友、还有他的人民,统统葬送在灾难的深渊里。很快密丝瑞尔转世重生了,新的魔法女神名为密斯拉(Mystra),她用了一个美丽的农家女的身体---虽然那个姑娘只会一些最基本的戏法,却天生就是一块当大奥师的料。此后,她的第一件事就是重建魔法网的秩序。这一回,她加入了一些限制性的规则,自此10级以上的法术再也不能被使用。到密斯拉完成了新魔法网的时候,她也只拯救了三座耐色瑞尔浮空城,其它的无一幸免。这三座城市是,安纳利尔(Anauria)、阿斯伦(Asram)与哈隆丹斯(Hlondath)。他们原来都位于极高的空域,才幸存到魔法网恢复之时。它们平安地降落在地面,居民们都在惊魂未定中,跌跌撞撞地从城里走出来。魔法女神的牧师们,都被神明告知了卡尔萨斯的事情。有的是在梦中,有的则是通过祈祷时发生的幻像。密斯拉这样做的目的,是想告诫人们,防止今后再发生如此的惨剧。然而,卡尔萨斯依然被尊为有史以来,唯一一个靠着魔法达到神之境界的凡人,即便那只是昙花一现。短短数月内,因为害怕费林魔葵的威胁,众神的惩罚和兽人的袭击,幸存的居民们离开了城市。约三分之一的人口迁往北方。剩下的在旧帝国南部建起了耐色瑞尔帝国的“阴魂”---或者说得好听点,叫做幸存者之国---包括安纳利尔、阿斯伦与哈隆丹斯三座城邦。北迁的人里,有一些曲解了密斯拉的“梦中启示”,他们按照自己的理解,在已是一尊血红石像的卡尔萨斯的遗体附近,建立起一座小城。他们把这前代的大奥师当作死去的神祗,供奉着他的遗体。他们还把城市命名为“卡尔瑟”(Karse),以示对“神”的尊敬。然而,他们对卡尔萨斯的崇敬,激怒了一位邻居。后世的人普遍认为巫妖乌尔格瑞斯是在3533年毁灭了这座城市,作为对卡尔萨斯的报复。但另一位贤者认为,乌尔格瑞斯也正企图毁灭位于阿斯克角(Ascalhorn)的,残存的耐色瑞尔。它正一点一点,非常耐心地上演着复仇的剧目,并随着时间的流逝变得更加邪恶。乌尔格瑞斯打开了一扇通往巴托九层地狱(Baator)的秘门,他们从那里找到了援军。在长达数世纪的漫长的过程中,巴兹恶魔(Baatezu)一个接一个地潜入阿斯克角。一开始,它们装成侍从和仆人,进入了当地人的生活。但很快,它们就开始扮演参谋和策划者的角色,来往于强大的奥术师之间,煽动着内斗、误解和恐慌。近千年之后,阿斯克角终于变成了地狱门要塞(Hellgate Keep)。
2023-06-29 03:09:141

莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖的理由是什么

一、天马行空——莫言小说艺术评点 “创作者要有天马行空的狂气和雄风。无论在创作思想上,还是在艺术风格上,都必须有点邪劲儿。” ——莫言:《天马行空》 二、“一个文学家的天才和灵气, 集中表现在他的想象能力上。” 三、“把风马牛不相及的若干事物联系在 一起,熔成一炉,烩为一锅,揉成一团, 剪不断,撕不烂,扯着尾巴头动弹。” 莫言在小说结构上就是这样地随心所欲,他决不做“单纯”,“集中”之类的奴隶,而是哪儿有“味”就往那儿写。因此也就避免了单调和呆板。反而还常常在环顾左右时能妙趣横生,在闲情逸致中有神来之笔,在艺术上最容易全军覆没之处铤而走险出奇制胜。 四 “高尔基说过,一切思想、事实的外衣就是语 言。因此,我采撷各种丝线来编织她。” 读莫言的小说,你可以从任何一页的任何一行读起,它首先征服你的,并不是故事和人物,而是那语言本身。那一个个字都像是在叫着喊着,笑着跳着,活鲜鲜水灵灵地来拉你,拽你,不知不觉你就跟着它们扑进了那一片语言的情彩斑斓的波浪,心旷神怡地遨游起来。怎么说呢?它们传神写意而飘逸玲珑,气势灌注而潇洒蓬松,灵动活泼而变化无穷。总之,企图用几句话来概括莫言小说语言特色是困难的,但我们不妨分析一下他究竟采用了一些什么“丝线”来编织他的小说的“外衣”。 现代通感的运用。 曾给诗人带来抒情的广阔天空的艺术通感,在这里同样大显身手。它随笔所至,来去如风,通过比喻、夸张等,使各种信息都呈现出一种放射性传导,其速度、深度、广度和密度都不可限量,让人觉得在张开每一个毛孔,接受着天地万物间的一切色彩、线条、音响和气息。同时,又使种种最难以言传的复杂细微的感受得到了最形象生动的表达。下面是《金发婴儿》里的几个例句——听觉变嗅觉:“她的叫声很响,具有一股臭豆腐的魅力。” 嗅觉变视觉:“槐花的闷香像海水一样弥漫着……风吹来,把香气吹成 带状 。” 视、听觉互变:“醒来听到太阳正 嘎吱吱地响 着,像一条老牛车在爬着上坡路。”
2023-06-29 03:09:288

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的作品是什么,颁奖词是什么?

2023-06-29 03:10:0210

跪求2005年诺贝尔文学奖得主Pinter在领奖时候的发言稿,英文原文和中文翻译本,谢谢!

英国当代剧作家哈洛德.品特2005年诺贝尔文学奖获奖演讲(中英对照)Art, Truth & Politics 艺术、真理以及政治Harold Pinter – Nobel LectureIn 1958 I wrote the following:"There are no hard distinctions between what is real and what is unreal, nor between what is true and what is false. A thing is not necessarily either true or false; it can be both true and false."1958年,我这样写道:“在现实和幻境、真实与假象之间没有明显的界限。一件事情不一定是真的,但也未必是假的;它可能既是真的,也是假的。”I believe that these assertions still make sense and do still apply to the exploration of reality through art. So as a writer I stand by them but as a citizen I cannot. As a citizen I must ask: What is true? What is false?我觉得,这些观点还是有点意思的,尤其适用于艺术对现实的探索。因此,作为一个作家,我支持上述观点。但作为一个普通公民,我必须要问清楚:什么是真?什么是假?Truth in drama is forever elusive. You never quite find it but the search for it is compulsive. The search is clearly what drives the endeavour. The search is your task. More often than not you stumble upon the truth in the dark, colliding with it or just glimpsing an image or a shape which seems to correspond to the truth, often without realising that you have done so. But the real truth is that there never is any such thing as one truth to be found in dramatic art. There are many. These truths challenge each other, recoil from each other, reflect each other, ignore each other, tease each other, are blind to each other. Sometimes you feel you have the truth of a moment in your hand, then it slips through your fingers and is lost.戏剧中的真相永远是超幻的,从没真正被找到过,但对真相的探索却是不由自主的。探索就是你之所以孜孜不倦的动力,是你的任务。很多时候,你可能在黑暗中与真相邂逅、碰撞,或者可能偶尔看到一个似乎与真相相连的形象或形体,但自己却没认识到。然而,真正的真相是,在戏剧艺术里,根本没有寻找真相这么一回事。因为真相太多了。这些真相互相挑战着,妥协着。它们相互映衬,但又彼此忽略;互相揶揄,目中无人。有时候,你会觉得,真相已经被你所掌握,但转瞬间它就会从你的指间滑落,不知去向。I have often been asked how my plays come about. I cannot say. Nor can I ever sum up my plays, except to say that this is what happened. That is what they said. That is what they did.我经常被问及戏剧是怎么来的?我回答不了。发生了,也就产生了,这就是我对自己作品的解释----那就是他们所说所做的,除此之外,我无力作任何总结性的言论。Most of the plays are engendered by a line, a word or an image. The given word is often shortly followed by the image. I shall give two examples of two lines which came right out of the blue into my head, followed by an image, followed by me.我的大多数剧作源自一句话、一个词或者一个形象。语言产生了,相应的形象也就出现了。在这里,我想举两个例子来解释一下,有两句话是如何出乎意料般地在我的脑子里形成的。随之而来的是,它们的形象和我自己想法。The plays are The Homecoming and Old Times. The first line of The Homecoming is "What have you done with the scissors?" The first line of Old Times is "Dark."这两部戏是《回家》和《旧时光》。《回家》的第一句话是,“你用这把剪刀做了什么?”而《旧时光》的开场白是,“黑。”In each case I had no further information.在这两句话出现之前,我对这两部戏都没有更多的想法。In the first case someone was obviously looking for a pair of scissors and was demanding their whereabouts of someone else he suspected had probably stolen them. But I somehow knew that the person addressed didn"t give a damn about the scissors or about the questioner either, for that matter.在第一个例子中,很显然,有人在找一把剪刀,正问另一个人那剪刀的下落。而那个被问的人可能被怀疑偷了它。但阴差阳错,我就知道那被问的人不会为了这个而咒那把剪刀,也不会责骂那个发问的人。"Dark" I took to be a description of someone"s hair, the hair of a woman, and was the answer to a question. In each case I found myself compelled to pursue the matter. This happened visually, a very slow fade, through shadow into light.“黑”是我用来描述某人的头发的——一个女人的头发,同时也是一个问题的答案。在这两个例子中,我发觉我是被迫使着去发展事态。这个过程是看得到的——慢慢地,由暗到明。I always start a play by calling the characters A, B and C.一般来说,在设定角色A、B、C之后,我就开始着手写戏了。In the play that became The Homecoming I saw a man enter a stark room and ask his question of a younger man sitting on an ugly sofa reading a racing paper. I somehow suspected that A was a father and that B was his son, but I had no proof. This was however confirmed a short time later when B (later to become Lenny) says to A (later to become Max), "Dad, do you mind if I change the subject? I want to ask you something. The dinner we had before, what was the name of it? What do you call it? Why don"t you buy a dog? You"re a dog cook. Honest. You think you"re cooking for a lot of dogs." So since B calls A "Dad" it seemed to me reasonable to assume that they were father and son. A was also clearly the cook and his cooking did not seem to be held in high regard. Did this mean that there was no mother? I didn"t know. But, as I told myself at the time, our beginnings never know our ends.在写《回家》的过程中,我看到一个男人走进一间空荡的房间,向一个正在研究赌马经的年轻人发问。那年轻人坐的那把沙发很难看。不知怎么,我觉得A应该是父亲,B是儿子,但没法证实。当然,这马上就被确认了。因为B(后来就成为了莱尼)对A(后来的迈克斯)说:“爸爸,我们换个话题好不好?我要问你一些事情。我们刚吃的晚饭叫什么?你怎么叫的?你为什么不去买只狗?你是一个煮狗食的。真的。你以为你是在煮东西喂一群狗吗?”这样,因为B叫A“爸爸”,所以我也就顺理成章地设定他们是父子关系。A很显然也就是那个煮饭的人。他的烹饪似乎并不被看好。这是不是意味着没有母亲呢?我不知道。但在那时,我对自己说,我们的开端从来不认识我们的结局。"Dark." A large window. Evening sky. A man, A (later to become Deeley), and a woman, B (later to become Kate), sitting with drinks. "Fat or thin?" the man asks. Who are they talking about? But I then see, standing at the window, a woman, C (later to become Anna), in another condition of light, her back to them, her hair dark.“黑。”一扇巨大的窗户。夜空。一个男人(后来的迪雷)和一个女人(后来的凯特),正坐着喝东西。“胖或瘦?”那男人问道。他们在谈论谁?但我后来看到,在那窗边,在另一种光线条件下,站着一个女人C(后来的安娜)。她背对着他们。她的头发很黑。It"s a strange moment, the moment of creating characters who up to that moment have had no existence. What follows is fitful, uncertain, even hallucinatory, although sometimes it can be an unstoppable avalanche. The author"s position is an odd one. In a sense he is not welcomed by the characters. The characters resist him, they are not easy to live with, they are impossible to define. You certainly can"t dictate to them. To a certain extent you play a never-ending game with them, cat and mouse, blind man"s buff, hide and seek. But finally you find that you have people of flesh and blood on your hands, people with will and an individual sensibility of their own, made out of component parts you are unable to change, manipulate or distort.这真的是奇怪的瞬间——在此之前,那些被创造出来的角色根本就不存在。然后,它就变得断断续续、犹犹豫豫,甚至幻梦一般。当然,有时候它可能会象火山爆发般地不可抑制。期间,作者的位置是尴尬的。那些角色们抵制他。他们并不好对付,也很难定位。你肯定不能对他们颐指气使。在一定程度上,你是在和他们玩一场永无尽头的游戏——猫和老鼠式地捉迷藏游戏。但最终你发现有血有肉的人物出现了。他们有七情六欲。你根本无力去改变、操纵或扭曲构成他们的组件。So language in art remains a highly ambiguous transaction, a quicksand, a trampoline, a frozen pool which might give way under you, the author, at any time.所以,语言艺术其实仍然处于一个极其模糊的转化过程之中。作为一个作者,你在创作过程中的任何时候都可能碰到这样的问题:它们有的象流沙般那样不可琢磨,有的象弹簧那样难以掌控,有的象冰封的水池那样令人束手无策。But as I have said, the search for the truth can never stop. It cannot be adjourned, it cannot be postponed. It has to be faced, right there, on the spot.然而,正如我刚才所说的,对真理的探究是从来不会停止的。它不可以被暂停,也不可以被推迟。我们必须要面对它。它就在那里,在现场。
2023-06-29 03:10:321

莫言是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国人,颁奖时都说了什么?

得了诺奖,还来蹭什么画面?是不是说,那个奖没什么排面?
2023-06-29 03:10:4013

英语翻译成中文: who with hallucinatory realism merges fo

就是你刚要翻译的那段英文呀
2023-06-29 03:11:215

莫言是凭借哪部作品获得诺贝尔文学奖的?

莫言获诺贝尔奖的作品是《蛙》。2011年凭借小说《蛙》获得茅盾文学奖。2012年获得诺贝尔文学奖。获奖理由是:通过幻觉现实主义将民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起。《蛙》是中国作家莫言创作于21世纪初期的一部长篇小说,由四封长信和一部九幕话剧组成,是第八届茅盾文学奖获奖作品。这部小说以中华人民共和国近60年波澜起伏的农村生育史为背景,真实地反映了计划生育国策在高密东北乡艰难推行的过程;通过讲述从事妇产科工作50多年的乡村女医生万心的人生经历,在形象描述国家为了控制人口剧烈增长而实施计划生育国策所走过的艰巨复杂的历史进程的同时,成功塑造了一个生动鲜明、感人至深的农村妇科医生形象;并结合计划生育过程中的复杂现象,剖析了以小说叙述人蝌蚪为代表的知识分子卑微、尴尬、纠结、矛盾的精神世界。小说秉承了作者乡土文学的一贯风格,结构新颖,节奏鲜明,笔触细腻,文字朴实,富有张力。
2023-06-29 03:11:374

莫言的诺贝尔文学奖作品是哪个啊

是《红高粱》,《蛙》是获得茅盾文学奖的作品
2023-06-29 03:12:3415

莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖的作品是什么?

莫言凭借长篇小说《蛙》获得诺贝尔文学奖。北京时间2012年10月11日晚上7点,瑞典皇家科学院宣布,将2012年诺贝尔文学奖授予中国作家莫言。莫言因此成为首位获得诺贝尔文学奖的大陆本土作家。《蛙》以“蛙”为题,从青蛙到女娲,女娲造人是多子多福的象征,认为蛙是高密东北乡的图腾。在现实中,蛙是壮族的图腾,象征人类强盛的繁殖力和生命力,这也是剧本中蝌蚪关于精子精彩对话的内蕴。计划生育是传媒宣传小说的一种策略,作品根本不是仅仅写计划生育的,我觉得它有更宏大的意图,它写到的是孕育生命。这里面有几个层次的孕育生命,莫言找到一个非常巧妙的切入点,即妇科医生姑姑这个人物形象,而不是孕妇、孕妇的丈夫、孩子的角度,从妇科医生对生命的客观、冷静的角度出发,描述若干个主体对生命的态度,包括孕育者、职业接生人对生命的态度,但更宏大的意图在于时代、社会对生命的态度。依据人道主义观点,每个生命都是独一无二的,但恰恰在中国这个独一无二受到了质疑,把时代历史对生命的态度最终指向一个民族对生命的认识。莫言(1955年2月17日- ),原名管谟业,生于山东高密县,中国当代著名作家。香港公开大学荣誉文学博士,青岛科技大学客座教授。他自1980年代中以一系列乡土作品崛起,充满着“怀乡”以及“怨乡”的复杂情感,被归类为“寻根文学”作家。其作品深受魔幻现实主义影响,写的是一出出发生在山东高密东北乡的“传奇”。莫言在他的小说中构造独特的主观感觉世界,天马行空般的叙述,陌生化的处理,塑造神秘超验的对象世界,带有明显的“先锋”色彩。2011年8月,莫言创作的长篇小说《蛙》获第八届茅盾文学奖。
2023-06-29 03:13:3912

莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖的代表作是什么?

是《红高粱》《檀香刑》
2023-06-29 03:14:1914

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的作品是什么,颁奖词是什么?

莫言获得诺贝尔奖不是因为具体的哪一部作品,而是对他的所有文学作品的总结。他的颁奖词是:莫言“将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起”。(TheNobelPrizeinLiterature2012wasawardedtoMoYan"whowithhallucinatoryrealismmergesfolktales,historyandthecontemporary"。)
2023-06-29 03:15:231

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的作品是?

诺贝尔不是给作品颁奖,是给文学作者颁奖。和国内的茅盾文学奖不一样是给作品颁奖。
2023-06-29 03:15:324

氯胺酮在临床上的滥用

氯胺酮滥用已有近30年的历史。1971年Siegel首先报告了美国旧金山和洛杉矶市的氯胺酮滥用病例;此后,粉剂、片剂氯胺酮陆续出现在街头毒品黑市中。溶液氯胺酮的街头黑市名称有Ket,Kit,Kat,Ketalar,Ketaject, Ketavet,K ,Kay, Jet, Super K, Super Acid,1980 Acid, Vitamine K;粉、片剂氯胺酮的名称有Green,Purple,Mauve,Special LA Coke,Super C等。滥用者为了使用方便,常将溶液氯胺酮蒸制成粉末,鼻吸或卷入香烟中吸用,通常是同海洛因、大麻等毒品合并使用,可起到两种毒品相互作用产生的“协同”效应。Dalgarno等的调查表明,氯胺酮鼻腔内用药的常用剂量每次约1.2 g,作用持续时间约1 min。研究表明,氯胺酮等NMDA受体拮抗剂具有强化效应,动物实验可产生自身给药和辨别效应。对滥用者采用视觉类比量表(VAS)测量的结果表明,氯胺酮的欣快效应类似于可卡因、大麻和酒精。氯胺酮产生滥用的基础是“分离性幻觉”(dissociative hallucinatory)作用。氯胺酮可产生类PCP样的效用,但持续时间较PCP短(PCP是最早用于临床的一个分离麻醉药,由于在其产生麻醉作用的同时,病人伴有严重精神行为异常,故临床早已停用)。 早期的研究表明,无论是病人,还是健康受试者,在服用氯胺酮后都会出现“去人格化”(deperso_ nalization)、“去真实感”(derealization)、人体形象(body imagery)改变、梦境、幻觉以及恶心、呕吐。有些梦境或幻觉是“愉悦性”的,有些则是不愉快的痛苦梦境。Rumpt及其同事发现氯胺酮幻觉的主观感受包括“乌托邦”(utopia)式的空想、“不现实”或“神秘的”等共18种主观感受。据分析,这18种感受中有6种属“愉悦感受”,8种属“不愉悦感受”,4种属“中性感受”。这些感受包括近期记忆的梦境,“流动的感情”,感觉驾驶着交通工具在太空飞翔,看到五光十色的几何图形,感到自己被施以魔法,身体溶化等。 Stafford则将氯胺酮的作用概括为“正性”和“负性”反应两类。氯胺酮的“正性反应”包括浮漂感和分离感(floating sensation and dissociation,占87%);刺激感(stimulation,占83%);幻境(hallucinations,占78%); [医 .学.教 .育 网 搜.集整.理]增加认知感或精神联系(increased cognitive or mental associations,占74%);欣快感(euphoria,占26%)。“负性反应”包括运动失调(ataxia,占100%);讲话含糊不清(slurring of speech,占70%);头昏(dizziness,占61%);精神错乱(mental confusion,占35%);过度兴奋(hyper-excitability,占26%);不愉快感觉(unpleasant imagery,占26%);视物模糊不清(blurring of vision,占17%);负性幻觉(negative hallucinations,占17%);社交能力下降(decreased sociability,占17%);焦虑(anxiety,13%);恶心(nausea,占13%);失眠(insomnia,占13%);性欲下降(decreased sexual motivation,占9%)。 综上所述,氯胺酮的梦幻作用是导致滥用的基本因素。这种梦幻作用因滥用者个体精神状况和滥用场景而异,其中既有“正性”的,亦有“负性”的。总的讲,氯胺酮滥用者经历的“负性”作用较“正性”作用多。长期使用氯胺酮的效应类似于其它致幻剂如LSD。有研究表明,氯胺酮可造成记忆缺失、认知功能损害和精神病。这种毒副作用的严重程度常取决于氯胺酮用量。动物实验表明,氯胺酮等NMDA受体拮抗剂对神经细胞具有广泛的损害作用,给鼠投以氯胺酮后可使鼠脑神经细胞产生渐进性坏死,另有研究表明,NDMA受体拮抗剂在阿片耐受和阿片依赖中具有一定作用。氯胺酮、PCP和MK801等非竞争性NMDA受体拮抗剂在低剂量时即可抑制鼠阿片耐受和身体依赖性的形成;而某些阿片戒断症状同样可被非竞争性NMDA受体拮抗剂所抑制。但这种抑制作用具有种属差异,如只能抑制齿科动物,而不能抑制松鼠猴的阿片戒断反应。 近年来,随着兴奋剂(包括可卡因、甲基苯丙胺、MDMA等)、γ-羟基丁丙酯(gamma-hydroxybutyrate,GHB)和氯胺酮等与特殊的“社交”和“性环境”(sexual environments)相关的“舞会药”在欧美国家的流行,“娱乐性使用”(recreational use)氯胺酮的问题日益严重,其滥用有愈演愈烈之势。氯胺酮滥用主要是在一些通宵跳舞的娱乐场所,如狂欢舞会(The Raves)中,光顾这些场所的主要是一些青少年亚文化群体。1999年以来,氯胺酮已经流入日本、泰国和香港地区。根据目前掌握的信息,除香港将氯胺酮作为一类药品管制外,其它国家作为处方药物(prescription drug)在临床上应用,并无特别管制。
2023-06-29 03:16:141

获得诺贝尔文学奖的日本作家

除了川端康成、大江健三郎,还有石黑一雄!2017年获得诺贝尔文学奖的,你们居然遗漏了。
2023-06-29 03:16:224

莫言获诺贝尔文学奖的作品是那部?

获得诺贝尔文学奖不是只因为一部作品哦,而是他的所有代表作一起选。2012年10月11日,北京时间19点,2012年诺贝尔文学奖揭晓,中国作家莫言获奖。诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。 他的代表作品:《红高粱》《檀香刑》《丰乳肥臀》《酒国》《生死疲劳》、《蛙》
2023-06-29 03:17:484

莫言为什么会获得诺贝尔文学奖?

这个问题很难回答,仁者见仁,智者见智吧。
2023-06-29 03:17:5711

莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖作品?

诺贝尔文学奖不是单单的看一部作品,而是综合一切来评价的。具体原因如下:诺贝尔委员会给莫言的颁奖词为:The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary", 翻译为中文是他的代表作品:《红高粱》,《檀香刑》,《丰乳肥臀》,《酒国》,《生死疲劳》,《蛙》。《蛙》为中国当代作家莫言重要作品,出版于2009年,《蛙》 以新中国近60年波澜起伏的农村生育史为背景,讲述了从事妇产科工作50多年的乡村女医生姑姑的人生经历,也反映出中国计划生育的艰难历程,该书秉承了作者乡土文学的一贯风格,以细腻的笔触、朴实的文字落脚于中国社会的一隅。人物介绍莫言,本名管谟业,1955年2月17日生于山东省高密县河涯乡平安庄(现为高密市东北乡文化发展区大栏平安村),中国当代作家,中共党员,现为北京师范大学教授,国际写作中心主任,2012年10月,成为首位中国籍诺贝尔文学奖获得者 。1966年,辍学回乡放牧牛羊。1973年8月,作为农民合同工到高密县第五棉油厂工作 。1976年2月,参军,曾任战士、班长、教员、干事等职 。1978年,开始进行文学创作。1981年,发表处女作短篇小说《春夜雨霏霏》,展露文学天赋。1984年9月,考入原解放军艺术学院文学系 。1985年,发表成名作中篇小说《透明的红萝卜》。1986年,发表中篇小说《红高粱》,在文坛引起轰动 。1987年,《红高粱》被张艺谋改编为同名电影,莫言担任编剧 。1988年,《红高粱》获得西柏林国际电影节金熊奖;同年发表长篇小说《天堂蒜薹之歌》。
2023-06-29 03:19:001

莫言得奖的是哪一部书?

生死疲劳
2023-06-29 03:19:164

莫言获诺贝尔文学奖的作品具体是哪一部啊?

2023-06-29 03:19:255

莫言获诺贝尔文学奖的是什么作品

凭借作品《蛙》此次问鼎诺贝尔文学奖。诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:莫言“将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起”。(The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。) 其实诺贝尔文学奖不知单单的看一部作品,而是综合一切来评价的。小说《蛙》将书信、元小说叙事和话剧融合为一体,塑造了一个乡村女医生的形象,以对生命强烈的人道关怀,贴近生活的史诗般叙述,反映中华人民共和国成立后近60年波澜起伏的农村生育史,描述国家为了控制人口剧烈增长、实施计划生育国策所走过的艰巨而复杂的路程。
2023-06-29 03:19:391

关于莫言的事迹英语介绍

Guan Moye (born 17 February 1955), better known by the pen name Mo Yan (/mou028a ju025bn/, Chinese: 莫言; pinyin: Mò Yán), is a Chinese novelist and short story writer. Donald Morrison of U.S. news magazine TIME referred to him as "one of the most famous, oft-banned and widely pirated of all Chinese writers", and Jim Leach called him the Chinese answer to Franz Kafka or Joseph Heller.He is best known to Western readers for his 1987 novel Red Sorghum Clan, of which the Red Sorghum and Sorghum Wine volumes were later adapted for the film Red Sorghum. In 2012, Mo was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work as a writer "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary".
2023-06-29 03:19:461

写给莫言的颁奖词

楼上的太有才了。。。
2023-06-29 03:19:542

英语话题作文

  在学习、工作、生活中,大家对作文都不陌生吧,作文是一种言语活动,具有高度的综合性和创造性。作文的注意事项有许多,你确定会写吗?下面是我为大家收集的英语话题作文9篇,欢迎阅读与收藏。 英语话题作文 篇1   针对学生辍学问题,你班的学生展开了讨论,有人辍学因为家里太穷而读不起书,有人因为辍学是因为父母不重视,认为读书无用,请你根据自己的观点写一篇文章。   Now in the country areas, there are many children out of school. I think one of the reasons is that their families are too poor to afford their school. As a result, they have to stay at home to make money to keep their families. Another reason is that many parents think it useless for the girls to study and they would not like them to go to school. A third reason is that some children are not interested in their lessons, and would not like to go to school.   In my opinion all the children including the girls should have the chance to receive education. All the people should pay attention to the education of the children who will play a very important part in the future of our country. 英语话题作文 篇2   My View on Helping Others in Need   In modern society we are often sorry to see that people are reluctant to help others out, not to mention helping a stranger; offering a helping hand seems to be out of accord with the times.   Then what"s wrong with our society? Some people may say that facing skyrocketinghousing prices, expensive medical expenditure and soaring commodity prices, they have no choice but to struggle to make a living, and thus it would be impossible to spare a hand to help others because it may bring them into trouble. Therefore, standing by indifferently is their only choice.   However, is it necessary to be selfish in order to survive, or in order to ensure that people do not take advantage of you? In my opinion, helping others brings a strong sense of accomplishment. What"s more, the evaluation criteria for judging one individual"s success should be modified so that offering a helping hand to people in need is encouraged and welcomed in our society all the time. 英语话题作文 篇3   Nowadays,the Chinese writer Mo Yan was famous for getting the 20xx Nobel Prize in literature,and the hot effect of Mo Yan coming rapidly,it seem that you are not a Chinese if you don"t know Mo Yan. So,How do you find of Mo Yan?In my eyes,he is different,modesty and graceful,but not arrogantly.   The name Mo Yan is a pseudonym for Guan Moye. He is the son of famers who left school during the Culture Revolution to work,first in agriculture and later in a factory. According to his Nobel biography,we can get that his success wasn"t a chance event, it"s the result of his grate accumulation and diligent. Mo"s work mainly reflect the relationship of human being. Like his most recent published work—“Wa”,it illuminates the consequence of china imposition of a single-child policy.to be honest,I must say that Mo is a great thinker,in his writing,Mo draws on his youthful experiences and on setting in the province of his birth.also,Mo must be a superman with strongly heart,as we know that his book named sexual content and depicting a class struggle contrary to the Chinese Communist party line,but Mo still go on creating,and then he won the Mao Dun Literature Prize—one of China"s most prestigious literature prize.   Mo also is a low-key and frugal man,he refused the house which was given by Chen Guangbiao without one dollar. In addiction,when he was   asked the question“are you happy?”by CCTV reporter,he answered “I don"t know”,he just wish that his effect can run away. The government of his birth province suggest to plant a large number of red sorghum to remember Mo for his work“Red Sorghum”,Mo Yan said:“it"s useless and unnecessary.” As the Swedish Academy praised his work which“with hallucinatory realism merge folk tales,history and the contemporary.”Mo has already melt this spirit in his daily life.   This is Mo Yan who has gotten the Nobel prise and he was the author we are pride of. 英语话题作文 篇4   this afternoon on my way home i saw lots of people standing:at the gate of the primary school. i didn"tknow what they are doing there at first. then a group ofpupils came out of the school. those people outside the gate went close to the pupils and called out names like "lingling", "fangfang", "xiaohua", etc. then i knew they had come to meet their children.   these children and other children like them are so happy that they are all like "little emperors"   it"s not good at all. children will be the builders of our-country in the future. there are so many things for them to learn. later many things will be done by them. this means that they shouldn"t be "little emperors"   on the contrary, they should depend on themselves. and they sh0uid do everything they can do without the help of their parents!   our country"s future will be held in the hands of today"s children, and, they will be its masters. so they should learn their parents" good habits and get rid of their own 15ad ones. their parents can"t look after them forever.   下午,在回家的`路上,我发现一个小学门口站着许多人。起初,我不知道他们在那里干什么。接着,一群小学生从学校出来了。门口的那些人走近这些学生,并喊叫名字,如“玲玲”、“芳芳”、“小华”等等。我明白了,原来是家长来接孩子的。   像他们这样的小孩被宠得像“小皇帝”一样。做“小皇帝”一点也不好。儿童是祖国未来的建设者,对他们来说,有很多东西需要学习,以后有很多事情由他们去做。这就意味着他们不应该做“小皇帝”。   相反,他们应该依靠自己。在没有父母帮助的情况下,他们应该做一些力所能及的事。   我们祖国的未来将掌握在当今儿童手中,他们将是国家的主.人。所以孩子们应学习父母的良好习惯,去掉自己的不良习惯。须知,父母是不能永远照顾自己的。 英语话题作文 篇5   The best way of relaxing yourself   traveling is moer and more popular in the modern world.it helps us open our eyes and learn knowledge differden places.so i thing traveling is helpful for us.   when we are free during the holiday ,we can go to some beautiful places to relax ourselves .w hile we are in different pleaces ,we will have a wonderful feeling in all we see,there we can eat all kinds of delicious food,visit many places of interest or something else.   on the other hand ,traveling will help us learn lots of local cultures ,people"s lives there ,sometimes you can make some new friends,it also can make your life colorful.to us students mwe can relax ourselves from the busy studying life,we can use these experiences in our studying.   so if you have time ,traveling is the best way to relax yourself the more places you travel,the mare you will learn. 英语话题作文 篇6   Nowadays, quite a few college students lack conciousness of being grateful。 They turn to take such things for granted, as parents supporting them, teachers helping them, and waiters serving them。 They are even mean to say "Thank you" to others。 This phenomenon has caused great attention from the whole society。   The following reasons can account for the lack of gratefulness conciousness。 First of all, unsound family education plays an important role。 Many parents turn to pay too much attention to children"s academic performance, but ignore their value orientation。 Moreover, schools don"t input enough time and money in moral education。 Besides, nowadays, college students get so much love that they are insenstive to others" care and help。   Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is high time to take effective measures to strengthen college students conciousness of being grateful。 First, parents should improve self—quality and influence children by their own behaviors。 Second, our society and schools must increase input in moral education, and try to build the atmosphere of being grateful。 Finally, we college students should learn to express our gratefulness to people around us, just beginning from the simple "Thank you"。 英语话题作文 篇7   My Childhood   I"d like to tell you something about my childhood. When I was six years old, I was a lovely girl!   One day, my father saw some fish in the river, so he asked me, “Why can fish only live in water?” I thought about it, then I gave him the answer, “Because there are some cats on the bank.” My father laughed when he heard that. Then he said, “You are smart!” I was happy to hear that.   Maybe you will say, “It"s a funny answer.” Now, I think, it is very interesting. And now I am smart. My parents love me very much. I am so happy to have that childhood.   我的童年   我想告诉你一些关于我的童年。当我六岁的时候,我是一个可爱的女孩!   一天,爸爸在河里看见了一些鱼,他问我:“为什么鱼只能活在水里?“我想了一下,我就给了他答案,”银行里有一些猫,“我爸爸听到那个时候就笑了。”。然后他说:“你是聪明的!“我很高兴听到这个。   也许你会说,“这是一个有趣的答案。”现在,我想,它是非常有趣的。现在我很聪明。我的父母非常爱我。我很高兴能有这样的童年。 英语话题作文 篇8   用英语介绍你的一日三餐:   Hello, everyone! I don"t like sports, but I like eating very much. I eat a lot food every day. For breakfast, I like milk, eggs and bread a lot . For lunch, I like French fries, chicken, hamburgers and apples. For dinnerr, I like fruits, vegetables and rice.   嗨,大家好!我不喜欢运动,但我很喜欢吃。我每天吃很多食物。早餐,我非常喜欢牛奶,鸡蛋和面包。午餐,我喜欢薯条,鸡肉,汉堡包和苹果。对于晚餐,我喜欢水果,蔬菜和米饭。   以My Day为题写一篇英语短文:   I get up early at six every day. After doing some morning exercises, I read English for twenty minutes. At seven I have breakfast. After breakfast I take my schoolbag and go to school. Our class begins at eight, and we have four classes in the morning. After lunch at 12 o"clock, I take a short rest in the classroom. We have three more classes in the afternoon. After school at five , I go back home. I often help my mother do some housework. Sometimes I watch TV. After dinner, I begin to do my homework. Then I take a shower. I go to bed at nine thirty.   我每天早上六点起床。做了早操后,我读英语20分钟。七点吃早餐。早饭后,我带上我的书包去上学。我们的课在八点开始,早上我们上4节课。12点吃完午饭后,我在教室里稍微休息一下。下午,我们还有3节课。5点放学后,我回家。我经常帮我的妈妈做一些家务。有时候我看电视。晚饭后,我开始做我的作业。然后我淋浴。我九点半上床睡觉。 英语话题作文 篇9   Afrer a whole day's hard studing, I fell very tierd and want to go out to play football for fan. But my teachers always say that it takes too much time and can make us away from studing.So they usually don't let us play football. While teachers reject it, we still want to have a play. I think the playing after school can be a redressal and make our bodies healthier. At the same time, temperate exercise won't tamper with our studies. According to that, I think playing football after school have more advantages than disadvantages.
2023-06-29 03:20:091

跪求:关于安东尼奥 高迪的英文简介。

  Antoni Plàcid Guillem Gaudí i Cornet (25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Catalan architect who worked during the Modernisme (Art Nouveau) period but became famous for his unique and highly individualistic designs regarded as beyond the scope of Modernisme. He is sometimes referred to, in English, by the Spanish translation of his name, Antonio Gaudí.  Childhood  Antoni Gaudí was born in the province of Tarragona in southern Catalonia on 25 June 1852. While there is some dispute as to his birthplace – official documents state that he was born in the town of Reus, whereas others claim he was born in Riudoms, a small village 3 miles (5 km) from Reus,– it is certain that he was baptized in Reus a day after his birth. The artist"s parents, Francesc Gaudí Serra and Antònia Cornet Bertran, both came from families of coppersmiths.During his youth, Gaudí suffered many times from the rheumatic fevers that were common at the time. This illness caused him to spend much time in isolation, and it also allowed him to spend lots of time alone with nature.It was this exposure to nature at an early age which is thought to have inspired him to incorporate natural shapes and themes into his later work.  Early career  1878–1879: Lampposts for the Pla?a Reial at Barcelona  1878: Showcase for glove manufacturer Comella. Via this work, used at the World"s Fair in Paris, Eusebi Güell came to know the architect.[10]  1878–1882: Several designs for the Obrera Mataronense at Mataró. Only a very small part of these plans was built, but it shows Gaudí"s first use of parabolic arches, here in a wooden structure  1883–1885: Casa Vicens  1883–1885: Villa "El Capricho" at Comillas (Cantabria)  1884: Finca Güell: Entrance pavilion and stables for the palace at Pedralbes (first completed building for Eusebi Güell);  1885–1889: Palau Güell  1884–1891: Completion of the crypt of the Sagrada Família (the crypt had been started by the architect Francisco del Villar in 1882, who had to abandon the project in 1883)  1887–1893: Episcopal Palace at Astorga  1892–1893: Casa de los Botines at León  Later years  Gaudí was a devout Catholic, to the point that in his later years he abandoned secular work and devoted his life to Catholicism and his Sagrada Família. He designed it to have 18 towers, 12 for the 12 apostles, 4 for the 4 evangelists, one for Mary and one for Jesus. One of his closest family members – his niece Rosa Egea – died in 1912, only to be followed by a "faithful collaborator", Francesc Berenguer Mestres, two years later. After these tragedies, Barcelona fell on hard times economically. The construction of La Sagrada Família slowed; the construction of La Colonia Güell ceased altogether. Four years later in 1918, Eusebi Güell, his patron, died.  Perhaps it was because of this unfortunate sequence of events that Gaudí changed. He became reluctant to talk with reporters or have his picture taken and solely concentrated on his masterpiece, La Sagrada Família.He spent the last few years of his life living in the crypt of the "Sagrada Familia".  On 7 June 1926 Gaudí was hit by a tram. Because of his ragged attire and empty pockets, many cab drivers refused to pick him up for fear that he would be unable to pay the fare. He was eventually taken to a paupers" hospital in Barcelona. Nobody recognized the injured artist until his friends found him the next day. When they tried to move him into a nicer hospital, Gaudí refused, reportedly saying "I belong here among the poor." He died three days later on 10 June 1926, at age 73, with half of Barcelona mourning his death. He was buried in the midst of La Sagrada Família.  Although Gaudí was constantly changing his mind and recreating his blueprints, the only existing copy of his last recorded blueprints was destroyed by the anarchists in 1938 during the Spanish Civil War. This has made it very difficult for his workers to complete the church in the fashion Gaudí most likely would have wished. It is for this that Gaudí is known to many as "God"s Architect". La Sagrada Família is now being completed, but differences between his work and the new additions can be seen.  As of 2007, completion of the Sagrada Familía is planned for 2026, which would be the 100th anniversary of Gaudí"s death. It is currently at the center of a row over the proposed route of a high-speed rail tunnel that would pass near the church, approximately thirty meters below. Supporters of the tunnel point to many successful tunneling projects under city centers. Detractors cite a metro tunnel in Barcelona"s Carmel district that collapsed and destroyed an entire city block on February 1, 2005. The route passes near some of Gaudí"s other works, Casa Batlló and Casa Milà, although deep underground.  Artistic style  Gaudí"s first works were designed in the style of gothic architecture and traditional Catalan architectural modes, but he soon developed his own distinct sculptural style. French architect Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, who promoted an evolved form of gothic architecture, proved a major influence on Gaudí. The student went on to contrive highly original designs – irregular and fantastically intricate. Some of his greatest works, most notably La Sagrada Família, have an almost hallucinatory power.  He once said on the subject of gothic architecture:  Gothic art is imperfect, it means to solve; it is the style of the compass, the formula of industrial repetition. Its stability is based on the permanent propping of abutments: it is a defective body that holds with support… gothic works produce maximum emotion when they are mutilated, covered with ivy and illuminated by the moon.  The same expressive power of Gaudí"s monumental works exists in his oddly graceful chairs and tables. Gaudí"s architecture is a total integration of materials, processes and poetics. His approach to furniture design exceeded structural expression and continued with the overall architectural idea.
2023-06-29 03:20:271

英语流利说 7-2-1 Never ever give up

It is the fifth time, I stand on this shore, the Cuban shore,looking out at the distant horizion, believing , again that I am going to make it, All the way across that vast dangerous wilderness of an ocean. Not only have I tried at the four time , but the greatest swimmers in the world have been trying since 1950, and it"s still never been done. The team is proud of our four attempts. It is an expedition of some 30 people. Bonnie, is my best friend and head of handler. Who somehow summons will that last drops of will within me when I think it was gone after many many hours and days out there. The shark experts are the best of the world - large predators below. The box jellyfish the deadlist venom in all of the ocean , is in these waters, And I have come close to dying from them on a previously attempt. The condition themselves, beside the sheer distance of over hundred miles in the open ocean. The currents and whirling eddies and Gulf Stream itself, the most of unpredictable, of all over the planet earth. And By the way, It is amusing to me that it journalists and people, you know, before these four attempts often ask me. Well, are you going to go without any boats , without any people or anything. And I"m think , what are they imagining? That I will just sort of doing some celestial navigation. and you know carry a bowie knife in my mouth and I"ll hunt fish and skin them alive and you know eat them and maybe drag a desalinization plant behind me for fresh water. Yes , I have a team. And The team is experts, and the team is courageous, and brimmging with the innovision and scientific discovery. as is true with any major expendtion on the planent. Bonnie is able to push her wheneve she feels like quitting. And we have been on a journey. And you know the debate has raged, hasn"t it, since the Greeks, or isn"t it what"s all about? Isn"t life, about the journey, not really about the destination. And here we have been on this journey, and truth is, it"s been thrilling. We haven"t reach on that other shore, and still, our sence of pride and commitment, unwavering commitment. When I turn to 60, the dream was still alive from having tried this in my 20s , and dreamed it and imaged it. The most famous body of water on the earth today, I imaging, cube to Florida. And it was deep. It was deep in my soul. And when I turn to 60, it wasn"t so much about the athletic accomplishment, It wasn"t the ego of "I want to be the first". Thats that always here and some undeniable. But it was , it was deeper. it was how much life is there left. let"s face it we were all on the one-way street aren"t we. and what we are gonna do. What we are gonna do , as we go forward and have no regards to looking back. And all this past years I am trainning, I had that Teddy Roosevelt quota to paraphrase it , and floating around in my brain and it says "you go ahead. You go ahead and sit back your comfortale chair, you will be the critique,you will be the observer. While they brave one gets in the ring and engages. and gets bloody , and gets dirty, and fails over and over and over again,But yet it isn"t afraid , and it is determined and lives life in a bold way." and so of coz , i want to made a cross. It is a goal and I should be so shallow to say this year, the destination was even sweater than the journey. But the journey itself , was worthwhile taking. And at this point, by this summar , everybody -- scientists, sports scientist, endurance experts, neurologists, my own team bonnie, says it is impossible. It just simply can be done and bonnie said to me But you have going to take a journey. I am going to see you through to the end of it, So I will be there. And now , we are there. And it was looking out, kind of a surreal moment before the first joke, standing in the rocks at Marina Hemingway. The cube flags is flying above, all my team out in their boats, and hungs up in the air, "We are here, we are here for you." Bonnie and I look at each other and say this year the mantra is -- I have been used it in trainning -- find a way. You have dream , and you have obstacles in front of you , as we all do . None of us ever get through this life, without heartache , without turmoil. And if you believe , and you have faith, and you can get knocked down and get back up again and you believe in perseverance as a great human quality, you find your way. And Bonnie grabbed my shoulder and she said "Let us find our way to florida". And we started, and for the next 53 hours, ho.. , it was intense, unforgetable life experience. The highs were high and they awe I am not a religious person, but I will tell you. to be in the azure blue of the Gulf Streams, as if, as youself breathing, you are looking down miles and miles and miles, To fell the majesty of the blue plant we lived on, It is awe-inspiring. I have playlist obout 85 song, and especially in the middele of the night, and that night, because we use no lights, Light to track jellyfish, light to track shark, light to track the batfish that attract sharks, so we go in the pitch black of the night, you never seen the black , this black. You can"t see the front of your hand , and the people on the boat, bonnie and my team on the boat. They just hear the slaping of the arms and they know where I am , because there is no visial at all. and i am out there kind of tripping out on my little playlist. I ve got a tight rapper cup so I don"t hear a thing.and I"ve got goggles, and I am turnning my head 50 times a minute and I am singing. Imaging there is no heaven, doo...doo...It easier if you try. And I could sing that song at thousands times in a row. Now there is a talent, unto itself. and each song I got done with "Ooh, you may say I"m a dreamer but I"m not the only one..." 222....Imaging ther is no heaven. And when I get through the end of the thousand of John Lennon"s Imagine, I have swum 9 hours and 45 minutes, exactly, And then there are the crisis. Of course there are. And the vomitting start , the seawater, you are not well you"re wearing a jellyfish mask for the ultimate protection. It is difficult to swimmimg , It is causing abrasion on the inside of the mouth, but the tentacles can not get you. And the hypothermia sets in, The water"s 85 degrees yet you losing weight and using calories. And you come over towards the side of the boats, not allowed to touch it, not allowed to get out. But Bonnie and her team hands me the nurition Ask me what I am doing and what how am I right? I am seeing the taj mohal over here. I am in a, you know , very different state.And I am thinking "waw, I never thought I"ve being running in the taj mohal out here". It is gorgeous. I means someone how long did it take them to built that, just you know. And then we kind of have a cardinal rule that I am never told really how far it is because we do not how far it is. What is going to happen to you . between this point and that point? What is going to that happend the weather and currents. God forbid, you"re stung, when you don"t think you could be stung in all this armor. And Bonnie made a decision ,coming into that the third morning, That I was suffering and I was hunging on by a thread. And she said "Come here", And I came close to the boat and she said,"Look, Look out there" And I saw light. Cause the days easier than the light, and I thought we were coming into the day, and I saw the stream of white light along the horizon. And I said "It is going to be morning soon". She said no, Those of the lights are key West. It was 15 more hours, which for the most swimmers would be a long time. You have no idea that how many 15 hours trainning swims that I had done. So here we go when I somehow without a decision Went into no counting of strokes and no singing and no quoting Stephen Hawking and no parameter of the Universe. I just went into thinking about this dream, and why and how and as I said when I turn 60, it wasn"t about the concreate you know, can you do it ? That"s the everyday machinations.That"s the discipline , It"s the preparation, and it is the pride in that. But I decide to think I was along about you know , the phrase usually reaching out the stars , and in my case , it is reaching for the horizion. And when you reach for the horizon, As I proven , you may not get there , But what what the tremendous, build of charactor and spirit that you lay down. What a fundation you lay down and reaching for those horizion. And now the shore is coming and there"s just little part of me that"s sad. the epic journey is going to be over. So many people come up to me now and say "what"s the next" We"ll love that. That little tracker that was on the computer? when are you going to do the next one ? we just can"t wait to follow the next one. you know , they were just for 53 hours I was there for years, And so that won"t be there another epic journey in the oceans, But the point is , and the point was that every day of our life is epic. And I will tell you , when I walked into that beach, staggered up onto that beach. And I had so many times in a very puffed up ago way rehearsed what I would say on the beach, When bonnie thought that the back of throat was swelling up, and she brought the medical team over to our boat to say that she"s really beginning to have trouble breathing. and another 12, 24 hours in the salte wate , the whole thing - and I just thought in my hallucinatory moment, that I heard the word tracheotomy. And Bonnie said to the doctor I am not worried about the braething. If she can"t talk when we gets to the shore , she"s going to be pissed off. But the truth is , all those orations that I had practiced just to get my self through some training swims as motivation. It wasn"t like that. It is a very real moment, with that crowd, with my team. We did it , I didn"t do it , we did it. And we will never forget it, I will always be part of us. And the three things I did, sort of blurt out when we got there, was first,Never , ever , give up. I live in it, What is the pharse from today from Socrates? To be is to do. So I do not stay up and say don"t never give up. I didn"t give up and there was the action behind the words. the second is you can chase your dreams at any age, you never too old. 64, That no one at any age, any gender, could ever do has done it. And thers is no doubt in my mind, that I am at the prime of my life today. And the third thing I said on that beach was "It looks like the most solitary endeavor in the world, and in many ways,of course, it is." And in other ways, and the most important ways, It is a team,and if you think i am a badass , you want to meet Bonnie. Bonnie , where are u? where are u? There is Bonnie stoll, My buddy. The Henry David Thorea quote goes, when you achieve your dream, It"s not so much what you get as who you have become in achieving them. And yeah I stand before you now, In the three months since that swims end I"ve sat down with Oprah, and I"ve been in the president Obama"s Oval Office. I ve been invited to speak in front of esteemed groups such as yourselfs. I"ve signed a wonderful major book contract. All that"s great and I don"t denigrate it. I"m proud of it all and the truth is I am walking around tall because I am that bold fearless person, and I will be, everyday, until it"s time for these days. to be done. Find a way!
2023-06-29 03:20:341

莫言获得2012年诺奖是为什么

一、原因:诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。致辞说:“莫言将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史和当代社会融合在一起。”莫言的创作世界之中使人想起福克纳和马尔克斯的作品融合,同时又在中国传统文学和口头文学中寻找到一个出发点。二、简介:莫言,男,原名管谟业,1955年2月17日出生于山东高密,第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国籍作家。他从1981年开始发表作品《春夜雨霏霏》, 1984年因《透明的红萝卜》而一举成名。一系列乡土作品充满“怀乡”“怨乡”的复杂情感,被称为“寻根文学”作家。2011年莫言凭借小说《蛙》荣获茅盾文学奖。2012年获得诺贝尔文学奖,获奖理由是:通过幻觉现实主义将民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起。
2023-06-29 03:20:411

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的是哪几部作品

《蛙》
2023-06-29 03:20:568

中国获得诺贝尔文学奖的人以及作品

莫言,原名管谟业,1955年2月17日生,祖籍山东高密,第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国籍作家。他自1980年代以一系列乡土作品崛起,充满着“怀乡”的复杂情感,被归类为“寻根文学”作家。他的《红高粱》是80年代中国文坛的里程碑之作,已经被翻译成20多种文字在全世界发行。2011年莫言荣获茅盾文学奖。2012年莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖,获奖理由是:“通魔幻现实主义将民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起。”2013年10月30日,中国首家培养网络文学原创作者的公益性大学“网络文学大学”开学,莫言担任该校的名誉校长。
2023-06-29 03:21:303

莫言为什么得了诺贝尔文学奖?

一、原因:诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。致辞说:“莫言将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史和当代社会融合在一起。”莫言的创作世界之中使人想起福克纳和马尔克斯的作品融合,同时又在中国传统文学和口头文学中寻找到一个出发点。二、简介:莫言,男,原名管谟业,1955年2月17日出生于山东高密,第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国籍作家。他从1981年开始发表作品《春夜雨霏霏》, 1984年因《透明的红萝卜》而一举成名。一系列乡土作品充满“怀乡”“怨乡”的复杂情感,被称为“寻根文学”作家。2011年莫言凭借小说《蛙》荣获茅盾文学奖。2012年获得诺贝尔文学奖,获奖理由是:通过幻觉现实主义将民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起。
2023-06-29 03:22:251

诺贝尔文学奖莫言是怎样一个人物

一、原因:诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。致辞说:“莫言将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史和当代社会融合在一起。”莫言的创作世界之中使人想起福克纳和马尔克斯的作品融合,同时又在中国传统文学和口头文学中寻找到一个出发点。二、简介:莫言,男,原名管谟业,1955年2月17日出生于山东高密,第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国籍作家。他从1981年开始发表作品《春夜雨霏霏》, 1984年因《透明的红萝卜》而一举成名。一系列乡土作品充满“怀乡”“怨乡”的复杂情感,被称为“寻根文学”作家。2011年莫言凭借小说《蛙》荣获茅盾文学奖。2012年获得诺贝尔文学奖,获奖理由是:通过幻觉现实主义将民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起。
2023-06-29 03:22:371

请问莫言在获得诺贝尔文学奖时,颁奖者的颁奖词是什么?

诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales,history and the contemporary"(2012年诺贝尔文学奖得主为莫言,将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起).[
2023-06-29 03:22:491

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的作品是什么,颁奖词是什么?

莫言获得诺贝尔奖不是因为具体的哪一部作品,而是对他的所有文学作品的总结。他的颁奖词是:莫言“将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起”。(The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。)莫言(1955年2月17日-),原名管谟业,生于山东高密县,中国当代著名作家,是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国籍作家。他对山东高密的描写很有福克纳的约克纳帕塔法、马尔克斯的马贡多那种味道,而《红高粱》里有直接提到略萨的致敬段落。所以他写法上趋于魔幻(《红高粱》第五章),结构上华丽绝伦(《檀香刑》的凤头猪肚豹尾),而且对叙述艺术的探索很着迷,比如《四十一炮》和《天堂蒜薹之歌》。他的作品主要讲述了发生在上个世纪山东高密农村的故事,而且里面的人物特点很鲜明饱满,让人看了容易热血沸腾。但是在叙事方式上又是插叙倒叙等多种方式混合,看的人眼花缭乱。而且语言比较夸张,多种修辞并用,过多的长句可能让人不太适应。从阅读感受上来说,莫言的长处在于感官层面近乎病态地细致雕琢。他写东西可以把人的感受通过想象放大十倍,描写汪洋恣肆。写吃、写酒、写色彩、写血腥,颇见功力,文字都在狂欢,看起来非常过瘾。莫言所描写的普通人在雄壮的自然下的热血情怀让他当之无愧的能获得诺贝尔文学奖。
2023-06-29 03:22:591

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的作品是什么,颁奖词是什么?

《生死疲劳》诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:莫言“将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起”。
2023-06-29 03:23:272

如何评价莫言的获奖作品《蛙》?

凭借作品《蛙》此次问鼎诺贝尔文学奖。诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:莫言“将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起”。(TheNobelPrizeinLiterature2012wasawardedtoMoYan"whowithhallucinatoryrealismmergesfolktales,historyandthecontemporary"。)其实诺贝尔文学奖不知单单的看一部作品,而是综合一切来评价的。莫言的作品我一共读了五部:红高粱家族、生死疲劳、天堂蒜薹之歌、丰乳肥臀、蛙。据莫言说获诺贝尔奖时候,译成瑞典语言的著作当时只有三部:红高粱家族、生死疲劳、天堂蒜薹之歌。至于后来舆论都说是凭着“蛙”获诺贝尔奖,我认为纯属某些目的才这么说。从语言、结构等等文学技巧而言,莫言的作品不是最好的。但他的这些作品里有别人没有写出来的东西,就是一个真正的人在如此变革不断的社会中其心灵的挣扎,没有任何的遮丑,但却是展现了人性的美。他写得非常真实,而且确实具有某个外国媒体说的“具有普世价值”。我认为,普世价值,是他获奖的原因。这四个字,很少有作品担得起。
2023-06-29 03:24:001

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的作品是什么,颁奖词是什么

  1、获奖作品  很多人误以为莫言是凭借《蛙》获得2012年诺贝尔文学奖,其实莫言获得的是终身成就奖,表彰的是莫言的终身成就。  2、颁奖词  莫言“将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起”。(The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。)  3、人物简介  莫言,原名管谟业,1955年2月17日生,祖籍山东高密,是第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的中国籍作家。他自1980年代以一系列乡土作品崛起,充满着“怀乡”以及“怨乡”的复杂情感,被归类为“寻根文学”作家。  2000年,莫言的《红高粱》入选《亚洲周刊》评选的“20世纪中文小说100强”。2005年《檀香刑》全票入围茅盾文学奖初选。  2011年莫言荣获茅盾文学奖。2012年莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖。12月6日,莫言获颁授澳门大学荣誉文学博士学位。  2013年10月30日,中国首家培养网络文学原创作者的公益性大学“网络文学大学”开学,莫言担任该校的名誉校长。
2023-06-29 03:24:071

莫言获得2012年诺贝尔文学奖得作品是什么?

不是一部作品就能问鼎诺奖的啊,他写的《红高粱》就给西方很大的关注,后来写的作品都很适合西方的口味!和历史和现实贴的很近
2023-06-29 03:24:1811

“魔幻现实主义”用英文怎么说

魔幻现实主义英文有以下几种译法:1、Magic Realism2、Hallucinatory realism3、magical realism4、Magic-realism例句:"One hundred years of loneliness" is the most outstanding masterpiece of magic realism.《百年孤独》是魔幻现实主义最杰出的代表作。
2023-06-29 03:25:283

精神病综合征的病症分类

临床表现:以在无明显的意识障碍的情况下出现大量持久的幻觉为其主要特点。幻听和幻视较多见,但也可伴有其他幻觉,主要是言语性幻听。言语性幻觉常伴发与其关联的妄想以及恐惧或焦虑的情绪反应。幻觉妄想综合征 hallucinatory-paranoid syndrome)临床表现:以幻觉为主,多为幻听、幻嗅等。在幻觉的基础上产生妄想,如被害妄想,影响妄想等。妄想一般无系统化倾向。主要特征在于幻觉和妄想密切结合,而相互依丛,互相影响。精神自动症综合征 (psychic automatism syndrome)临床表现:包括感知觉、思维、情感、意志等多种精神病理现象。临床特点是在意识清晰状态下产生的一组症状。其中包括假性幻觉、强制性思维、被控制感、被揭露感,以及系统性的被害妄想、影响妄想等相互联系的综合征。疑病综合征 (hypochondriac syndrome)临床表现:患者对自身状态过分关注,相信患了某些实际并不存在的疾病,并对微不足道的一些症状和体征过分夸张而终日焦虑紧张。Cotard综合征 (Cotard"s syndrome)临床表现:患者感到自己已不复存在,或是一个没有五脏六腑的空虚躯壳,并认为其他的人,甚至整个世界包括房子、树木都不存在了。Othello综合征 (Othello"s syndrome)临床表现:以怀疑配偶不贞的嫉妒妄想为核心症状。患者个性固执、多疑,好发于30~40岁,患者以许多似是而非的证据证明其配偶另有新欢,但往往说不出具体的对象,为此反复侦察、盘问、跟踪、拷打、症状可持续数年,可能产生攻击行为,甚至杀死配偶。其他方面的精神活动基本正常。遗忘综合征 (amnestic syndrome):又名柯萨可夫综合征或遗忘—虚构综合征。临床表现:临床特点是记忆能力障碍,时间定向力障碍,虚构症和顺行性或逆行性遗忘症。患者开始时是对其发病后的事件,或刚做过的事情不能回忆。遗忘综合征常可和记忆错误结合在一起,患者常以错构症或虚构症的方式去填补既往经历中记忆脱失的空白部分。 (catatonic syndrome)有一种精神病学疾病称为“精神病综合征”临床表现:最突出的症状是患者全身肌紧张力增高,包括紧张性木僵和紧张性兴奋两种状态。前者常有违拗症、刻板言语及刻板动作、模仿言语及模仿动作、蜡样屈曲等症状。紧张性木僵状态可持续数日或数年,可无任何原因地转入兴奋状态。兴奋状态持续较短暂,往往是突然爆发的兴奋激动和暴烈行为,然后进入木僵状态或缓解。紧张综合征多发生于意识清晰状态,少数在梦样意识障碍背景上产生,此时出现对周围环境的感知障碍及大量幻想性形象,意识清醒后对幻想性形象的内容仍能回忆。 Capgras综合征 (Capgras"s syndrome):又称双重错觉综合征、易人综合征、替身错觉、双重人身症、冒充者综合征。临床表现:指患者认为其亲友已被假扮者顶替,两者极端相似,但还是坚持认为他们是不同的,是有细微差别的(亦有人认为二者躯体不同)。是辨认不足,是对亲人正身的妄想性否认。被顶替的对象多涉及配偶、子女、而不涉及上一代人。近年来,认为替身同原来的人面貌并不一定一致,替换对象也不一定是亲人,可以是周围的熟人,甚至是家里的动物。女性多见。神经衰弱综合征 (neurasthenic syndrome)临床表现:临床表现主要有头昏、头痛、失眠、健忘、注意力不易集中、焦虑、紧张、烦躁、疲乏,工作效率降低,怕声、耳鸣,全身不适和精神萎靡等。可伴有植物神经及性机能障碍。
2023-06-29 03:25:371

莫言得诺贝尔文学奖作品是什么?

你坐在我对面看起来那么端庄我想我应该也很善良我打了个哈欠也就没能压抑住我的欲望这时候我看见街上的阳光很明亮刚好这时候你没有什么主张刚好这时候你还正喜欢幻想刚好这时候我还有一点主张我想找个人一起幻想我说我爱你 你就满足了你搂着我 我就很安详你说这城市很脏 我觉得你挺有思想你说我们的爱情不朽我看着你 就信了我躺在我们的床上床单很白我看见我们的城市 城市很脏我想着我们的爱情它不朽 它上面的灰尘一定会很厚我明天早晨打算离开即使你已经扒光了我的衣裳你早晨起来死在这床上即使街上的人还很坚强.我明天早晨打算离开即使你已经扒光了我的衣裳你早晨起来死在这床上即使街上的人还很坚强我明天早晨打算离开即使你已经扒光了我的衣裳你早晨起来死在这床上即使街上的人还很坚强离开离开离开离开你 离开 离开
2023-06-29 03:25:556

莫言获得诺贝尔奖的作品是

莫言获诺贝尔文学奖获奖作品:《生死疲劳》莫言问鼎诺贝尔文学奖 2012年10月11日,北京时间19点,2012年诺贝尔文学奖揭晓,中国作家莫言获奖。 诺贝尔委员会给其的颁奖词为:The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 was awarded to Mo Yan "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"。 ‘将魔幻现实主义与民间故事、历史与当代社会融合在一起“附:莫言的优秀代表作品 : 《檀香刑》 《生死疲劳》 《丰乳肥臀》 《红高粱家族》 《透明的红萝卜》 《战友重逢》 《蛙》 《藏宝图》 《四十一炮》 《天堂蒜薹之歌》 《拇指铐》 《白狗秋千架》 《酒国》 《白棉花》 《红树林》 《月光斩》 《老枪·宝刀》 《会唱歌的墙》 《司令的女人》 《良心作证》 《锁孔里的房间》 《什么气味最美好》 《莫言心声系列丛书》 《传奇莫言》 《莫言散文》 《莫言中篇小说选》 《莫言王尧对话录》 《莫言精选集》 《莫言作品精选》
2023-06-29 03:26:281

莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖的作品是什么

《蛙》
2023-06-29 03:26:366