currency exchange rate中文翻译

欧元美元日元英镑瑞郎加元澳元 这是主要操作品种

外汇汇率（Foreign Exchange Rate），是一个国家的货币折算成另一个国家货币的比率，或者说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。因此，汇率有时也称汇价，在实际外汇交易业务中又称外汇行市（Foreign Exchange Quotation）。影响因素：（一）长期因素1．国际收支状况国际收支，严格地说，是指一国对外经济活动中所发生的收入和支出。当一国的国际收入大于支出时，即为国际收支顺差；反之则为逆差。一国的国际收支状况会直接影响到该国的外汇市场供求，进而影响汇率变动。一般而言，如果一国国际收支顺差，在外汇市场上会表现为外汇供大于求，外汇汇率下跌，本币汇率上升；如果是逆差的话，则是外汇供不应求，外汇汇率上升，本币汇率下跌。不过，国际收支对汇率的影响要在较长的时间内才能发挥作用，短期的、临时的、小规模的国际收支差额对汇率的影响，容易被其他一些因素所抵消。2．相对的通货膨胀率货币对外价值的基础是对内价值。如果货币的对内价值降低，其对外价值，即汇率也必然随之下降。一国货币的对内价值的变化通常用通货膨胀率来度量。通货膨胀、物价上涨，意味着单位货币的购买力降低，代表的价值量减少了。在纸币流通下，各国存在不同币值变化情况，因此不但要考察本国的通货膨胀率，也要考察他国的通货膨胀率，即比较相对的通货膨胀率。一般来说，相对通货膨胀率持续越高的国家，表示该国货币的对内价值下降得越快，其本币汇率也将随之下跌，外汇汇率会上升。3．宏观经济状况一国的宏观经济状况除了通货膨胀之外，还包括经济增长、财政收支、国民收入、投资环境、经济开放程度等诸多方面的。若一国的宏观经济状况良好，经济稳定，该国货币的汇率就趋稳；反之，则会出现较大幅度的波动。因此，创造一个良好的宏观经济环境是维持汇率稳定的一个重要前提。（二）短期因素1．相对利率水平利率是借贷资金的价格。利率作为使用资金的成本或是放弃资金使用的收益，也会影响到汇率水平。一般而言，资金总是从利率低的地方流向利率高的地方。当一国的利率水平高于他国时，他国的资金就会流入该国；否则，当该国利率水平低于他国的时候，该国的资金就会流出。而资金的大量流入流出，会直接影响到一国的外汇供求，特别是短期外汇的供求，从而引起汇率变动。当然，分析利率因素的时候不能只考察名义利率，而是要结合通货膨胀考察相对的实际利率水平。利率对长期汇率的影响十分有限，更大程度上是作为政策工具对短期汇率产生重大影响。2．政府的短期干预政府为了实现一定的经济目标，常常会采用种种措施干预外汇市场和外汇汇率，有时甚至操纵汇率的波动。政府为了避免汇率的变动对国内经济造成不利的影响，需要通过中央银行在外汇市场上买卖外汇，使汇率的变动有利于本国经济的运行。这种干预的目的有三种：一是在汇率变动过于剧烈的时候使它趋于缓和，二是使汇率稳定在某个水平上，三是使汇率上浮或是下降到某个水平。3．心理预期心理预期有时会对汇率产生重大的影响。心理预期是多方面的，既包括对利率变动、汇率走势、通货膨胀、国际收支等经济方面的，也包括对政治局势、国际关系、社会稳定等政治的和社会方面的预期。而对这些方面的不同预期，会直接改变人们的经济行为，比如投资和储蓄的方向，进而影响到汇率。由于心理预期的变化快、影响大，常常会引起短期汇率波动。有时，心理预期甚至会成为市场上影响汇率的最主要因素—fx678汇率频道。

应该是 exchange rate 吧

汇通网、财经日历、fx168等

计入损益

开 无法格式？

huh? what do you want to be translated?

我觉得应该按收款月份的中间汇率记账。

问题一：银行卡大额汇兑业务是什么意思 大额汇兑业务，小额汇兑业务是指人民银行的汇兑接入业务，一般用于跨行转账，大额是实时逐笔清算，但是系统有开放时段，不是任何时候都能使用，一般在工作日的8点到下午5点才能通过大额系统发送业务。小额系统是打包清算，但是任何时候都能发送业务请求。 问题二：建行大额汇兑要预约吗？ 需要提前一天预约的。 问题三：在网银上什么是大额支付和小额在支付？收费有区别吗？ 1.大额的需要是到柜台签约用户才可以，小额的只要自行开通网银就可以付款了，为的是账户安全。 2.网银转账付款的收费，大额小额都是一样的，就是有个绩高限额，比如手续费达到50元，就不再收了，汇再多都是50元手续费。 3.网银消费 购物，不收手续费。 问题四：我们公司有大额购汇倾向，但是现在外汇管制严，想走跨境人民币委托汇兑，请问流程怎么走？ 外汇管制（Foreign Exchange Control） 是指一国 *** 为平衡国际收支和维持本国货币汇率而对外汇进出实行的限制性措施。在中国又称外汇管理。一国 *** 通过法令对国际结算和外汇买卖进行限制的一种限制进口的国际贸易政策。外汇管制分为数量管制和成本管制。前者是指国家外汇管理机构对外汇买卖的数量直接进行限制和分配，通过控制外汇总量达到限制出口的目的；后者是指，国家外汇管理机构对外汇买卖实行复汇率制，利用外汇买卖成本的差异，调节进口商品结构。 　　在实施外汇管制的国家，对进出口贸易所发生的外汇收入的管理制度，是外汇管理的主要内容之一，其中包括出口贸易外汇管制、 进口贸易外汇管制、 徵收进口外汇税，限制对外支付使用的外币，要求进口商获得一定数额的出口信贷，提高或降低开出信用证押金、采用进口配额制， 以及采用进口存款制。 当企业在实施外汇管制的国家经营业务又或投资时，汇率波动是一种近乎不可控制的因素。理由很简单，无论是到该国家购买产品或服务，又或到该国进行投资，企业必须首先购买其贸易对手的国家的货币，举例来说，出口商会以产品或服务换回本国货币或美元。如贸易对手是没有外汇管制的国家和地区，那交易双方可以通过外汇市场兑换各自所需的货币。现时外汇市场是一个全球性的电子网络，美国、英国和日本处理了全球一半以上的交易量，而馀下的由香港、新加坡、瑞士、德国、法国和澳洲处理。在外汇管制的国家和地区里，进出口必须经指定的机构或要先取得许可证，而外汇必须在一定时间内按官方汇率结售给指定银行或按比例留成。由於脱离市场机制，货币流通不足，企业根本无法利用境外的外汇市场即时兑换货币，减轻汇率波动的影响。 　　政治导向的汇率风险: 　　在实施外汇管制的国家或地区，一般采用固定的官方汇率。表面上看来，这些国家和地区的的汇率相对稳定。事实并非如此，这些国家在国内往往面对庞大的通胀压力在国际层面上，这些国家又经常被其他没有外汇管制的国家和地区指责操控汇率、贸易不平衡，甚至冠以倾销或输出通胀等罪名。为了舒缓这些来自国内外的经济和政治压力，倾向於采用各种行政手段，突然改变汇率，甚至改变汇率机制。企业在实施外汇管制的国家经营业务又或投资时，面对政治导向的汇率风险是远高於贸易双方均来自没有外汇管制的国家和地区。 　　汇率风险 　　如果汇率是一国货币相对於另一国货币的价格， 那汇率风险便是一国货币相对於另一国货币的汇率波动。在评估汇率风险时，我们必须把即期汇率（Spot Exchange Rate）和远期汇率（Forward Exchange Rate）作出区分。远期汇率往往因某些原因与即期汇率有所差距，从而产生汇率风险。Shapiro（1999） 认为外汇风险有两类，即会计风险和经济风险。朱军生（2000） 把外汇风险分成三类，即交易风险、经营风险和换算风险。Brian Coyle（2000） 亦大致相同，他把外汇风险分成交易、经济和换算风险三类。事实上，我们认为这三类的风险的性质是完全不同的，交易风险是现时或即将发生风险，是会即时影响公司财政状况的风险，经营风险是未来的风险，而换算风险是账面风险。对於实施外汇管制的地区，一些企业即使明白外汇对自身构成一定程度的风险，但往往因为在当地缺乏外汇金融衍生产品的供应而不能作出相应的避险措施。就中石油（股份编号HK. 0857）在2006年3月21日所发出的年报中 ，人民币的汇率可对该公司的账面、应收款和应付款造成不确定性，但公司并未利用金融衍生产品作出任何避险的措施。 　　换算风险 　　在交易、经济和换算风险三类中，多数......>> 问题五：汇兑损益是什么 亦称汇兑差额。企业在发生外币交易、兑换业务和期末账户调整及外币报表换算时，由于采用不同货币，或同一货币不同比价的汇率核算时产生的、按记账本位币折算的差额。简单地讲，汇兑损益是在各种外币业务的会计处理过程中，因采用不同的汇率而产生的会计记账本位币金额的差异。 　　 企业经营期间正常发生的汇兑损益，根据产生的业务，一般，可划分为四种： 1、“交易外币汇兑损益”　　在发生以外币计价的交易业务时，因收回或偿付债权、债务而产生的汇兑损益，称为“交易外币汇兑损益”； 2、兑换外币汇兑损益”　　在发生外币与记账本位币，或一种外币与另一种外币进行兑换时产生的汇兑损益，称为“兑换外币汇兑损益”； 3、“调整外币汇兑损益”　　 产生汇兑损益的因素在现行汇率制下，会计期末将所有外币性债权、债务和外币性货币资金账户，按期末社会公认的汇率进行调整而产生的汇兑损益，称为“调整外币汇兑损益”； 4、“换算外币汇兑损益”　　会计期末为了合并会计报表或为了重新修正会计记录和重编会计报表，而把外币计量单位的金额转化为记账本位币计量单位的金额，在此过程中产生的汇兑损益，称为 “换算外币汇兑损益”。 　　企业除了上述四种正常经营期间内发生的一般外币业务汇兑损益以外，还有非正常经营期间发生的汇兑损益和经营期间特殊外币业务发生的汇兑益。包括企业开办期间收到外币性投资而产生的资本折算差额的汇兑损益；企业筹建期间由于外币收付业务产生的汇兑损益；企业清算期间由于企业各项资产及外币性长短期债权、债务的调整和结算处理而产生的汇兑损益；企业经营期间发生的特殊外币业务，如外币性长期投资、外币性长期负债、外币性的风险规避措施等经济业务也都会产生汇兑损益。 　　 一般认为，只要汇率发生变动，就应在期末确认其汇兑损益实现，而不管其实实际的业务是否已经发生。也有人认为，本期汇兑损益的确认，应以实现为准，即以实际的外币买入卖出已经发生，外币性的债权、债务在本期已经结算，以此作为确认汇兑损益的依据，未实现的汇兑损益要递延到以后会计期间，即当实际业务发生或已经结算完成后，才能作为已实现汇兑损益，计入该期的损益表。 1、汇率对汇兑损益的影响　　 汇率是两种不同货币之间的比价和交换比例，也是一国的货币单位用另一国货币单位表示的价格。记账汇率是记录外币业务发生时所用的汇率。汇兑损益产生于汇率的变化。记账汇率的种类及记账汇率所属时间的不同。都会对汇兑损益产生影响。财政部94财会字第05号文件《关于外汇管理体制改革后企业外币业务会计处理的规定》中认定记账汇率是市场汇价。关于市场汇价这一提法，可以将其理解为任何一家金融机构外币买卖的价格，且金融机构买入或卖出的现汇和现钞也存在差价。因此应将外币金额折合人民币的汇率确定为现汇买入价与卖出价的平均数，即中间价。为此，国家外汇管理局94汇资函字第144号文件《关于对汇率并轨后合资双方汇率折算问题的意见》中明确规定中国银行公布的现汇买入卖出中间价作为外汇唯一的折合和记账标准。 　　我国现行会计制度规定，记账汇率可以是外币业务发生当日的汇率，也可以是当月1日的汇率。记账汇率一经选用，在登记入账时不得随意变更。具体应用时，对于取得以外币结算的资产、负债及相关的收入和费用，可以采用外币业务发生时当日的汇率或当月1日的汇率记账。对于以外币投入的资本：1、合同或章程有约定汇率的，就按约定的汇率入账。2、合同或章程未约定汇率的，如果注册货币与记账本币一致的，可采用当日汇率记账；如果注册 　　货币与记账本币不一致，应当按第一期第一次收到出资额时的汇率记账。对于投入的以......>> 问题六：通过网银转账，款项被退回并显示客户发起汇兑业务是怎么回事 您好，若您是通过我行网银转账，百度平台无法核实相关信息，请您致电95555转人工为您进一步核实，谢谢。 如仍有一卡通疑问，欢迎登录“在线客服”咨询：forum.cmbchina/...ncmu=0 ，感谢您对招商银行的关注与支持！ 问题七：电汇和信汇有什么区别？各是什么意思？ 电汇：全称为电子汇兑，是通过人民银行的大额支付系统或者中转银行进行适时交易的一种汇款方式！可以跨行跨区域进行汇兑！时间较短！一般为1-3天！ 信汇：客户将款项委托给银行，由银行通过邮寄方式将款项汇入到客户指定的收款人的当地银行转入收款人手中。这种汇款方式很慢，现在客户要求办理的较少。 问题八：洗钱是什么意思呢？ 洗钱是指犯罪分子通过一系列金融帐户转移非法资金，以便掩盖资金的来源、拥有者的身份，或是使用资金的最终目的。需要“清洗”的非法钱财一般都可能与恐怖主义、毒品交易或是集团犯罪有关。 “洗钱”一词的原意就是把脏污的硬币清洗干净。反洗钱法草案所讲的“洗钱”是指采用转换、转让、转移、获取、占有、使用等方式隐瞒和掩饰犯罪所得及其收益的来源和性质，以使犯罪所得表面合法化的行为。洗钱由英文“money laundering(money-washing)”一词直译而来，其形象的语言表述记载着洗钱一词的发端：20世纪初美国芝加哥以阿里u30fb卡彭等为首的有组织犯罪团伙的一名财务总监购置了一台自动洗衣机，为顾客洗衣物，而后采取鱼目混珠的办法，将洗衣物所得与犯罪所得混杂在一起向税务机关申报，使非法收入和资产披上合法的外衣。 商务印书馆《英汉证券投资词典》解释：洗钱 launder。动。将非法资金放入合法经营过程或银行账户内，以掩盖其原始来源，使之合法化。 现代意义上的洗钱是指将毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪、走私犯罪或者其他犯罪的违法所得及其产生的收益，通过金融机构以各种手段掩饰、隐瞒资金的来源和性质，使其在形式上合法化的行为。 洗钱行为一般具有方式多样、过程复杂、对象特定及国际化等特征： 第一，洗钱方式的多样性。为了逃避监管和追查，洗钱犯罪分子往往通过不同的方式和渠道对犯罪所得进行处理。长期的洗钱活动发展出了多种多样的洗钱工具，例如，利用金融机构提供的金融服务，利用空壳公司，伪造商业票据等。经济方式的创新也使洗钱方式不断翻新，更为隐蔽，如网上交易。专业的洗钱组织更是越来越熟练地对各种洗钱手段和方式加以组合运用。 第二，洗钱过程的复杂性。要实现洗钱的目的，主要方式之一就是改变犯罪所得的原有形式，消除可能成为证据的痕迹，为犯罪所得及其收益设置伪装，使其与合法收益融为一体。这就迫使洗钱者采取复杂的手法，经过种种中间形态，采取多种运作方式来洗钱。 第三，洗钱对象的特定性。洗钱对象是资金和财产，这些资金和财产无一例外地与犯罪活动紧密相联，例如，来源于毒品、走私、诈骗、贪污贿赂、偷税逃税等犯罪。一般来说，只有非法所得才有清洗的必要。 第四，洗钱活动的国际性。随着经济、科技的飞速发展，世界上人员往来、商品运送、资金流动、信息传播、服务的提供日益国际化，导致了犯罪活动的国际化。在追逐非法经济利益的跨国犯罪活动中，犯罪所得的转移成为一个关键问题，直接导致洗钱活动日益具有跨境、跨国的性质。 洗钱罪的主体是金融机构或个人，有五种行为： （一）提供资金账户的； （二）协助将财产转换为现金或者金融票据的； （三）通过转账或者其他结算方式协助资金转移的； （四）协助将资金汇往境外的； （五）以其他方法掩饰、隐瞒犯罪的违法所得及其收益的来源和性质的。” 目前洗钱的主要手段 1.古董买卖――― 你买了40只明代的花瓶，每个5000美元。你把它们都拿出来拍卖，把这些藏品分别存放在12家拍卖行内，最好分布在12个不同的城市。当一只花瓶被拿出来拍卖时，你或是把它卖给出价最高的人，或是派你最亲近的叔叔去拍卖行把它买回来。 人们买你的每件东西一般都是用支票付款，所以，当你的叔叔为买其中的一个花瓶付给拍卖行5500美元现金时（即5000美元的拍卖价加上向买主收取的10％的手续费），他们会给你一张4500美元的支票，即拍卖价减去向卖主收取的10％的手续费。 这些费用作为洗钱的开支完全可以被一笔勾销。幸运的是，你还可以把这个花瓶再......>> 问题九：根据汇兑来账凭证怎么做记账凭证 5分 对应到财务费用。是指财务软件中的序号的话,是系统自动生成.如果是结算方式的序号,就应该填交易序号。 会计科目看你是用现金呢还是银行存款来进行兑换的，贷：现金（或者是银行）。 现金或者银行的对应科目就要看你是什么业务的了，假如你是以人民币兑换外币支付海运费的，那么应该是：借：主营业务成本-XXXX 贷：银行存款（现金）。

　　即期汇率：The spot exchange rate is the quotation between two currencies for immediate delivery.　　远期汇率：　The forward rate is the foreign exchange trading agreement between both parties, the contract sometime in the future used in the actual delivery of foreign exchange rate.　　即期汇率: 即是交易双方达成外汇买卖协议后，在两个工作日以内办理交割的汇率。这一汇率一般就是现时外汇市场的汇率水平。即期汇率是由当场交货时货币的供求关系情况决定的。一般在外汇市场上挂牌的汇率，除特别标明远期汇率以外，一般指即期汇率。　　远期汇率是指一个远期市场交易的汇率，与即期汇率相对。外币买卖双方成交后，并不能马上交割，而是约定在以后一定期限内进行交割时所采用的约定汇率。远期外汇是以即期汇率为基础加减升贴水来计算的。直接标价法下，远期汇率低，其差价称为贴水( Discount )；远期汇率高，其差价称为升水( Premium )。间接标价法下则相反。即期汇率与远期汇率两者相等称为平价（At par）。

1、保证金2、持仓过夜3、过夜利息4、强制平仓5、基准货币6、报价货币7、盘整

【The Foreign Exchange Market】 It introduces the real-world institutions of currency trading. Much of the study of exchange rates is like a trip to another planet. It is a strange land, far removed from the economics of an ordinary household. It also happens that competition prevails in most international financial markets despite a folklore full of tales about how wealthy speculators manage to corner those markets. Monopoly（垄断/专利） and oligopoly（卖方市场） are evident in much of the direct investment activity as well as in the cartels. Ordinary demand and supply curves would not do justice to the facts in those areas. Foreign exchange is the act of trading different nation`s moneys.The moneys take the same forms as money within a country. An exchange rate is the price of one nation s money in terms of another nation s money. The spot exchange rate is the price for "immediate" exchange. The forward exchange rate is the price set now for an exchange that will take place sometimes in the future. The foreign exchange market is not a single gathering place where traders shout buy and sell orders at each other. Rather, banks and the traders who work at banks are at the center of the foreign exchange market. These banks and their traders use computers and telephones to conduct foreign exchange trades with their customers and with each other. The trading done with customers is called the retail part of the market. Some of this is trading with individuals in small amounts. Most of the retail part of the market involves nonfinancial companies, financial institutions, and other organizations that undertake large trades as the customers of the banks that actively deal in the market. The trading done between the banks active in the market is called the interbank part of the market. Yet the number of people employed as foreign exchange traders in banks in this industry is several thousand for the world as a whole. -- Using the Foreign Exchange Market: Spot foreign exchange serves a clearing function, permitting payments to be made between entities who want to hold or use different currencies. The exchange rate is determined by supply and demand, within any constraints imposed by the governmental choice of an exchange-rate system or regime. In the customer or retail part of the spot foreign exchange market, individuals, businesses, and other organizations can acquire foreign moneys to make payments, or they can sell foreign moneys that they have received in payments. The spot foreign exchange market thus provides clearing services that permit payments to flow between individuals, businesses, and other organizations that prefer to use different moneys. These payments are for all of the types of items included in the balance-of-payments accounts, including payments for exports and imports of goods and services and payments for purchases and sales of foreign assets. As with most payments that are purely domestic, demand deposits are used in this foreign exchange trade and in completing the international payment for the airplane. The British firm uses the pounds in its demand deposit account to acquire the dollars needed. The U.S. producer uses its demand deposit in its correspondent bank in New York for two purposes: (1) as the dollars that it sells to its customer in the foreign transaction and (2) as the same dollars that are then transferred to the U.S. producer as payment. -- Interbank Foreign Exchange Trading: Most interbank trading occurs through electronic brokering systems, with only a small remaining role for voice brokers who function by telephone. The use of brokers provides anonymity to the traders until an exchange rate is agreed on for a trade. A small amount of interbank trading involves traders at different banks in direct contact to negotiate the exchange rate and to book the transaction. A little less than 40 percent of foreign exchange trading is trading among the banks themselves in the interbank part of the foreign exchange market. What`s being traded is still the same - demand deposits denominated in different currencies. But each deal is between one foreign exchange trader and another trader, not an "outside" customer. Interbank trading allows a bank to readjust its own position quickly and at low cost when it separately conducts a large trade with a customer. For instance, if Citigroup may be unwilling to continue holding the yen. Citigroup then can sell the yen to another bank to speculate on exchange-rate movements in the near future. Such speculative positions are usually held only for a short time, typically being closed out by the end of the day. To understand what makes the exchange-rate value of a country"s currency rise and fall, you should proceed through the same steps used to analyze any competitive market. First, portray the interaction of demand and supply as determinants of the equilibrium price and quantity, and then explore what forces lie behind the demand and supply curves. U.S. exports of goods and services create a supply of foreign currency and a demand for U.S. dollars to the extent that foreign buyers have their own currencies to offer and U.S. exporters prefer to end up holding U.S. dollars and not some other currency. Importing goods and services correspondingly tends to cause the home currency to be sold in order to buy foreign currency. U.S. imports goods and services create a demand for foreign currency and a supply of U.S. dollars to offer and foreign exporters prefer to end up holding their own currencies. U.S. capital outflows create a demand for foreign currency and a supply of U.S. dollars to the extent that the investors begin with dollars and a desire to invest in foreign financial assets that must be paid for in foreign currencies. U.S. capital inflows create a supply of foreign currency and a demand for dollars to the extent that investors begin with foreign currency and desire to invest in U.S. financial assets that must be paid for in $. -- Floating Exchange Rates The simplest system is the floating exchange-rate system without intervention by governments or central bankers. The spot price of foreign currency is market-driven, determined by the interaction of private demand and supply for that currency. The market clears itself through the price mechanism. To see the likelihood of the downward slope, imagine that exchange rate has just shifted from a larger number to a less one. The demand curve for foreign exchange can be shifted to the right or raised by either of the following changes related to balance of payments. (A shift of U.S. demand toward the goods and services of other countries; A rise in U.S. willingness to lend money to or invest in other countries. ) If the demand curve shifts to the right, then the market equilibrium exchange-rate value of the pound rises. -- Fixed Exchange Rates Officials strive to keep the exchange rate virtually fixed or pegged even if the rate they choose differs from the current equilibrium rate. Their usual procedure is to declare a narrow "band" of exchange rates within which the rate is allowed to vary. Under the floating-rate system a fall in the market price of a currency is called a depreciation of that currency; a rise is an appreciation. We refer to a discrete official reduction of otherwise fixed par value of a currency as a devaluation; revaluation is the antonym describing a discrete raising of the official par. Devaluation and revaluations are the main ways of changing exchange rates in a nearly fixed-rate system, a system where the rate is usually, but not always, fixed. -- Current Arrangements Here is an overview, without getting into everything now. First, most major currencies, including the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen, the British pound, the Swiss franc, the Canadian dollar, the Australian dollar, and the Swedish krona, have floating exchange rates relative to each other. Second, the governments of a large number of other countries sat they have floating exchange rates, though many use some amount of official exchange market intervention to "manage" the float. Third, some countries/regions have fixed exchange rates between their currencies and the U.S. dollar. The urban includes HONG KONG and Saudi Arabia. Fourth, some countries, including Denmark, Bulgaria, and former French colonies in Africa, fix the exchange-rate value of their currencies to the euro. Yet we have also noted that trading occurs in different locations around the world. For instance, for a period of time each day, trading is occurring in both New York and London as well as in other money centers in Europe. Arbitrage, the process of buying and selling to make a nearly riskless pure profit, ensures that rates in different locations are essentially the same, and that rates and cross-rates are related and consistent among themselves. Although it is more subtle, there is also an opportunity to make a riskless profit by arbitraging through the three rates-a process called triangular arbitrage. To see this, start with some number of dollars, say 150 buys 300 francs (100/0.50). Use these francs to buy pounds at the cross-rate, and you have 100 pounds (300/3). Convert these pounds back into dollars and you end up with 10 profit for each $150 you started with. This profit occurs almost instantly and with essentially no risk if you establish all three spot trades at the same time.

汇率波动_百度翻译汇率波动 [词典] [经] exchange fluctuations; foreign exchange fluctuation; [例句]通过二者的共性和特性的分析，发现汇率波动与房地产价格波动是有一定关联性的。We discover they have a relationship between the exchange rate fluctuation and the fluctuating price of real estate.进行更多翻译

First Advantage首优咨询First Move Advantage 优势 ; 先动优势first mover advantage 先行者优势 ; 先动优势 ; 先发优势 ; 先行优势First more advantage 以便获得先动优势 ; 以便得到先动上风相关例句：1.The first advantage matters for only a very few shows, most of them slick American dramas. 这第一个优势仅关系极少数节目，大多是魅力非凡的美剧。2.The first advantage I want to present is that to develop international tourism will enhance the economicdevelopment. 我想列出的第一点好处发展旅游业将会促进经济的发展。3.Only in this way can we grasp the "first advantage" and master the independent pricing right of the RMB foreign exchange rate to manage the foreign exchange rate risk more effectively. 只有这样，才能掌握“先发优势”，取得人民币汇率的自主定价权，更好的管理目前的人民币汇率风险。

现金流量表（非金融类） CASH FLOW STATEMENT(Travel enterprise) 会外年通03表 编制单位：Name of enterprise: 单位：元 项 目 ITEMS 行次 金额 一、经营活动产生的现金流量： CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES 1 销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金 Cash received from sale of goods or rendering of services 2 收到的税费返还 Refund of tax and levies 3 收到的其他与经营活动有关的现金 Other cash received relating to operating activities 4 现金流入小计 Sub-total of cash inflows 5 购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金 Cash paid for goods and services 6 支付给职工以及为职工支付的现金 Cash paid to and on behalf of employees 7 支付的各项税费 Payments of all types of taxes 8 支付的其他与经营活动有关的现金 Other cash paid relating to operating activities 9 现金流出小计 Sub-total of cash outflows 10 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 Net cash flows from operating activities 11 二、投资活动产生的现金流量： CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES 12 收回投资所收到的现金 Cash received from disposal of investments 13 取得投资收益所收到的现金 Cash received from returns on investments 14 处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产所收回的现金净额 NetCashReceivedFromDisposalOfFixedAssets,IntangibleAssets&OtherLong-termAssets 15 收到的其他与投资活动有关的现金 Other cash received relating to investing activities 16 现金流入小计 Sub-total of cash inflows 17 购建固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产所支付的现金 Cash paid to acquire fixed assets,intangible assets & other long-term assets 18 投资所支付的现金 Cash paid to acquire investments 19 支付的其他与投资活动有关的现金 Other cash payments relating to investing activities 20 现金流出小计 Sub-total of cash outflows 21 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 Net cash flows from investing activities 22 三、筹资活动产生的现金流量： CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES 23 吸收投资所收到的现金 Cash received from capital contribution 24 借款所收到的现金 Cash received from borrowings 25 收到的其他与筹资活动有关的现金 Other cash received relating to financing activities 26 现金流入小计 Sub-total of cash inflows 27 偿还债务所支付的现金 Cash repayments of amounts borrowed 28 分配股利、利润和偿付利息所支付的现金 Cash payments for interest expenses and distribution of dividends or profit 29 支付的其他与筹资活动有关的现金 Other cash payments relating to financing activites 30 现金流出小计 Sub-total of cash outflows 31 筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 Net cash flows from financing activities 32 四、汇率变动对现金的影响 EFFECT OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH 33 五、现金及现金等价物净增加额 NET INCREASE/(DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 34 （续表） 现金流量表（非金融类） CASH FLOW STATEMENT(Travel enterprise) 会外年通03表 编制单位：Name of enterprise: 单位：元 补充资料 35 1.将净利润调节为经营活动现金流量： Reconciliation of net profit/(loss)to cash flows from oprating activities 36 净利润 Net profit 37 加：*少数股东权益 Add:Minority interest 38 减：未确认的投资损失 Less:Uncertained investment loss 39 加：计提的资产损失准备 Add:Provision for asset impairment 40 固定资产折旧 Depreciation of fixed assets 41 无形资产摊销 Amortisation of intangible assets 42 长期待摊费用摊销 Amortisation of long-term prepaid expenses 43 待摊费用减少(减：增加) Decrease in prepaid expenses(deduct:increase) 44 预提费用增加(减：减少) Increase in prepaid expenses(deduct:decrease) 45 处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产的损失(减：收益) LossesOnDisposalOfFixedAssetsIntangibleAssetsAndOtherLong-termAssets"DeductGains 46 固定资产报废损失 Losses on disposal of fixed assets 47 财务费用 Financial expenses 48 投资损失(减：收益) Losses arising from investments(deduct:gains) 49 递延税款贷项(减：借项) Deferred tax credit(deduct: debit) 50 存货的减少(减：增加) Decrease in inventories(deduct:increase) 51 经营性应收项目的减少(减：增加) Decrease in operating receivables(deduct:increase) 52 经营性应付项目的增加(减：减少) Increare in operating payables(deduct:decrease) 53 其他 Others 54 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 Net cash flows from operating activities 55 2.不涉及现金收支的投资和筹资活动： Investing and financing activities that do not involve cash receipts and payment 56 债务转为资本 Conversion of debt into captical 57 一年内到期的可转换公司债券 ReclassificationOfConvertibleBondsExpiringWithinOneYearAsCurrentLiability 58 融资租入固定资产 Fixed assets acquired under finance leases 59 其他 Other 60 61 62 3.现金及现金等价物净增加情况： Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 63 现金的期末余额 Cash at end of year 64 减：现金的期初余额 Less: Cash at beginning of year 65 加：现金等价物的期末余额 Plus:Cash equivalents at end of year 66 减：现金等价物的期初余额 Less:Cash equivalents at beginning of year 67 现金及现金等价物净增加额 Net increase/(decrease) incash and cash equivalents 68

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怎么又问一遍？银行英语口语 银行英语口语－新开帐户 What kind of account did you have in your mind? 你想开哪种帐户? Do you like to open a current account? 你想开一个活期存款帐户吗? A deposit or current account? 定期还是活期? Please tell me how you would like to deposit your money. 请告诉我你想存何种户头? There"s a service charge for the checking account but no charge for the savings. 支票户头要收服务费，现金户头不收。 Our minimum deposit for a savings account is 100 dollars. 我们储蓄存款的最低存款额是100美圆。 Five yuan is the minimum original deposit. 最低起存款额是5元。 You can open a savings account at any time with an initial deposit of 50 dollars. 你可随时以50美圆的起存额开立储蓄帐户。 Even one yuan is all right. 甚至一元也可以起存。 Here is your pasbook. Please bring it back when you deposit or withdraw money any time you like. Keep it well and inform us whenever you lose it. 这是你的存折，存取款时请带来。保管好存折，遗失请告诉我们。 I should like to open a current account. 我想开一个活期存款帐户。 I need a checking account so that I can pay my bill. 我需开个支票帐户，这样就能付帐。 We"d like to know how we open a checking-savings account. 我们想知道如何开一个支票储蓄帐户。 I have a checking account here. 我在这里有一个支票存款帐户。 I think I"d like a deposit account. 我想要开个定期存款帐户。 Can I open a current account here? 我能否在这儿开个活期存款帐户？ I want to open a deposit account with you. 我要开个储蓄帐户。 I"d like to open a deposit account with you. 我想在你们这儿开个定期存款帐户。 Could you tell me the difference between a savings account and a checking account? 请告诉我储蓄存款与支票存款的区别好吗？ Please tell me the procedure for opening a savings account. 请告诉我开个储蓄帐户需要什么手续。 Will 100 yuan be enough for a minimum deposit? 100元作最低存款额够吗？ I"d like to know whether a 200 yuan deposit will be enough for opening a checking account. 我想知道开一个支票帐户200元存款是否够。 Could you tell me how to operate this account? 请告诉我如何经管这个帐户好吗？ Is there any minimum for the first deposit? 第一次储蓄有最低限额吗？ How much does each account cost? 每个帐户要花多少钱？ Useful Phrases current deposit, current account 活期存款 fixed deposit, fixed account 定期存款 fixed deposit by installments 零存整取 joint account 联名存款帐户 to open an account 开户头 银行英语口语－存款 How much do you want to deposit with us? 你想在我们这存多少？ How much do you wish to pay into your account? 你希望在你的户头上存多少？ How much money do you plan to keep in your account on a regular basis? 你计划在你的户头上定期存放多少钱？ How much cash do you plan to deposit in your account? 你有多少钱要存入呢？ I think you may deposit your money with the bank, or leave it here for temporary safe-keeping. 我认为你可把钱存入银行，或留在银行暂保管起来。 Would you please fill in the depositing form, giving the sum of money you"re to deposit as well as your name, address and professional unit? 请填张存款单，写明要存的数额以及你的姓名，地址和工作的单位，好吗？ I want to deposit 300 yuan in my account. 我想在我的户头上存300元。 I want to deposit these cheques in my account. 我想把这些支票存在我的户头上。 I"d like to pay 200 yuan into my deposit account. 我想在在我的定期存款户头上存200元。 I want to deposit my paycheck. 我想存入我的工资支票。 I"d like to know whether I can cash a cheque here. 我想知道我能否在这兑换支票。 Will you please cash this traveler"s cheque? 请兑现这张旅行支票好吗？ I"d like to cash this money order. 我想兑现这张汇款单。 I want to cash the balance of a traveler"s letter of credit. 我要把旅行信用证的结余兑现。 Will you please tell me whether you charge for cheques? 请告诉我兑换支票收手续费吗？ Could you tell me how much the checks cost? 请告诉我这些支票要花多少钱？ What if I overdraw? 如果透支了怎么办？ Please sign your name on the bottom line if you want to cash the check. 如果想兑支票，请在底线上签名。 Please write your account number on the back of the check. 请在支票背面写上你的帐号。 We honored the check as the overdraft was only 5 yuan. 我们承兑这张支票的透支额只有5元。 Please endorse the cheque. 请背签这张支票。 The traveler"s checks cost 1.5% of the total amount of purchase. 旅行支票手续费是购买总额的1.5%。 Here"s the cheque book. When you send a cheque by post be careful to cross it, but if you wish to cash a cheque yourself, you must leave it "open". 这是一本支票簿，你邮寄支票时，注意要在支票上打叉线。但是如果你本人想开张兑现支票，就不可打叉线。 Each cheque you write will cost 2 dollars. 你每开一张支票将花2美圆。 Useful Words and Phrases account number 帐目编号 depositor 存户 pay-in slip 存款单 a deposit form 存款单 a banding machine 自动存取机 to deposit 存款 deposit receipt 存款收据 private deposits 私人存款 certificate of deposit 存单 deposit book, passbook 存折 credit card 信用卡 principal 本金 overdraft, overdraw 透支 to counter sign 双签 to endorse 背书 endorser 背书人 to cash 兑现 to honor a cheque 兑付 to dishonor a cheque 拒付 to suspend payment 止付 cheque,check 支票 cheque book 支票本 order cheque 记名支票 bearer cheque 不记名支票 crossed cheque 横线支票 blank cheque 空白支票 rubber cheque 空头支票 cheque stub, counterfoil 票根 cash cheque 现金支票 traveler"s cheque 旅行支票 cheque for transfer 转帐支票 outstanding cheque 未付支票 canceled cheque 已付支票 forged cheque 伪支票 Bandar"s note 庄票，银票 银行英语口语－取款、结余 I"d like to know if I can draw on my account for payment of things I buy in Tianjin. 我想知道一下我是否能提取存款来支付天津购物的费用。 I want to withdraw 200 dollars from my deposit account. 我要从我的定期存款中支取200美圆。 I want to close my account with you. 我想结束在你们这儿的帐户。 I"d like to draw 100 yuan against this letter of credit. 我想从这份信用证上提款100元。 May I draw money against the letter of credit here? 我可以在这儿用这份信用证取钱吗？ Could you tell me my balance? 能否把存款结余金额告诉我？ Please let me know my balance. 请告诉我结余金额。 I think you can draw on this account by cheque in payment of goods. 我以为你可用支票提款支付购物费用。 Your balance at the bank is 300 yuan. 你在本行的结余是300元。 Your deposit is exhausted. 你的存款支净了。 Your letter of credit is used up. 你的信用证用完了。 Please tell me how you wish to draw your money. 请告诉我你希望怎样支款。 Fill our a withdrawal form, please. 请填写取款单。 The letter of credit is exhausted. 信用证上的款子已提清。 The letter at Counter 6 will pay you against your number slip. 六号柜台的出纳员将根据你的号码牌付给你钱。 Useful Words and Phrases to close an account, to clear an account 结清 to draw money 取款 drawing-out slip 取款单 the number slip 号码牌 a withdrawal form 取款单 to fill in the receipt in duplicate 一式两份填这张收据 teller, cashier 出纳员 银行英语口语－兑换货币 Please tell me how much you want to change. 请告诉我你要换多少。 How much of the remittance do you want to convert into Japanese yen? 你要把多少汇款换成日圆？ What kind of currency do you want? 要哪种货币？ What"s it you wish to change? 你有什么要换的？ What kind of currency do you want to change? 要换哪种货币？ In what denominations? 要什么面值的？ Please tell me what note you want. 请告诉我要什么钞票。 Will seven tens be all right? 7张10元的可以吗？ Is it in traveler"s cheques? 换旅行支票吗？ I"d like to know how I shall give it to you. 我想知道如何付钱给你。 How would you like it? 你要什么面额的？ Would you kindly sign the exchange form, giving your name and address? 请在兑换单上签字，写出你的姓名和地址，好吗？ Can you change me some money, please? 能否请你给我兑换一些钱？ Here it is, some French francs, Swiss francs, American dollars and a few Dutch guilders. 这些就是：一些法国法郎，瑞士法郎，美圆和一些荷兰盾。 Would you please give me seven five-pound notes, four pound notes and four ten-shilling notes, and the rest in small change. 请你给我7张5镑纸币，4张1镑纸币，4张10先令纸币，剩下的要零票。 Would you mind giving me the six pence in coppers? 劳驾给我6便士的铜币。 I"d like to know if you could change this money back into U.S. dollars for me. 我想知道能否把这笔兑回成美圆。 Could you change these French francs for me? 能给我兑换这些法国法郎吗？ Can you give me 100 dollars in Swiss francs? 能否给我100美圆的瑞士法郎？ I"d like to convert the full amount of the remittance into U.S. dollars. 我想把全部汇款换成美圆。 I"d like some coins for this note. 我想把这张纸币换成硬币。 I"d like to break this 50 dollar note. 我想把这张50美圆纸币换开。 Five twenties and ten singles, please. 请给我5张20元和10张一元的。 I need 300 dollars in 100-dollar cheques. 我要300美圆票面为100美圆的支票。 I hope you"ll give me ten traveler"s cheques of 100 dollars each. 我希望给我10张面额为100美圆的旅行支票。 In fives, please. 请给我5元票面的。 Could you give me some small notes? 给我一些小票好吗？ Useful Words and Phrases currency, money 货币 money changing 兑换货币 an exchange form 兑换单 bank note 钞票 note of large denomination 大票 note of small denomination 小票 small change 零钱 subsidiary money 辅币 nickel piece 镍币 plastic currency notes 塑料钞票 convertible money 可兑换（黄金）纸币 银行英语口语－储蓄存款利息 What"s the interest rate for the savings account? 储蓄存款的利率是多少？ Do you pay interest on this account? 这种存款付给利息吗？ Please tell me what the annual interest rate is. 请告诉我年利率是多少。 Interest is paid at the rate of 1% per annum at present. 目前每年的利率是1%。 It allows you to earn a little interest on your money. 这可使你从存款中获得一点利息。 The account carries interest of 4%. 该存款有4%的利息。 The interest is added to your account every year. 每年的利息都加到你的存款中。 The interest rate for the savings account is 4%. 储蓄存款的利率是4%。 It varies from time to time. At present it is 6%. （年息）每个时期都不同，现在是六厘。 Useful Words and Phrases interest rate 利率 simple interest 单利 compound interest 复利 legal interest 法定利息 prime rate 优待利率 payable interest 应付利息 lending rate 贷款利率 usury 高利贷 the subsidy rate for value-preserved savings 保值储蓄补贴率 银行英语口语－外汇率 Tell me the current rate for RMB, please. 请告诉我人民币的现价。 What"s your selling rate for RMB yuan in notes today? 你们今天人民币现钞的售价是多少？ What"s the dollar going for today? 美圆今天的售价是多少？ Our buying rate for notes is 523 yuan for 100 dollars. 我们100美圆的现钞买入价是523元。 It"s 200 French francs at today"s selling rate. 今天的卖出价是200法国法郎。 The buying rate of U.S. dollar notes is 460 yuan per hundred dollars. 美圆现钞买入价是100美圆付460元。 Useful Phrases buying rate 买进价格 selling rate 卖出价格 And how much will it be in Japanese currency? 换成日本币是多少？ How much would I get for 300 Japanese yen? 300日圆可兑换多少钱？ I"d like to know the exchange rate for German marks. 我想知道德国马克的兑换率。 What rate are you giving? 你们提供的兑换率是多少？ What"s the exchange rate today? 今天的兑换率是多少？ Please tell me what you would give me for my U.S. dollars. 请告诉我这些美圆可以兑换多少钱。 Please tell me the current rate for sterling. 请告诉我英国货币的现行兑换率。 If you"ll wait a moment, I"ll find out the rates of exchange. 请等一会儿，我查一下兑换率。 Please wait a moment. I"ll find out the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and RMB. 请等一会儿，我查一下美圆对人民币的兑换率。 It"s 470 yuan for 100 dollars. 100美圆可兑470元。 The exchange rate today is 200 yen to the pound. 今天的兑换率是一英镑可兑200日圆。 The rate for traveler"s cheques is 300 yuan against 100 dollars. 旅行支票的兑换率是100美圆兑300元。 These dollars are worth 1,000 yuan. 这些美圆可换1000元。 Useful Phrases exchange table, conversion table 汇兑换算表 foreign exchange 外汇 exchange rate 外汇率 conversion rate 折合率 foreign exchange restriction 外汇限额 foreign exchange quotations 外汇行情 to check the rate for sb. 查牌价

刚刚跟大家分享了进口红酒报关的一些流程，先将进口红酒前需要准备的工作及细节问题跟大家再次分享，希望能够给贸易商提供到帮助：在中国，红酒、葡萄酒等进口酒的进口程序和市场管理规定较为复杂，一般建议最好委托在中国的已有进口酒类经营资格和已有进出口经营权的企业代办或合作。 In China, imported red wine, wine procedures and market management regulations are relatively complex, generally recommend commission/entrusted or cooperation with the enterprise which has the qualification/ right of import and export.一、酒的进口程序：One, Wine import procedures:成本核算：Cost accounting:进口瓶装酒现行税率： The current tax rate of imported bottled wine:关税： 14% （ 关税：CIF ×14%）；Duties: 14% (tariff: CIF x 14%);增值税：17% （增殖税：（CIF＋关税额）×17%）；VAT: 17% (Proliferous tax: (CIF + tariff forehead) x 17%);消费税：10% （消费税：[（CIF ＋关税额）/ （1～ 10%）]× 10%）。Consumption tax: 10% (consumption tax: [(CIF + tariff forehead) / (1 ~ 10%)] x 10%).所征收的税项，以人民币交纳。Levied taxes paid CNY.其它进口费用：Other charges:进口货物总成本应为：下述六项总和。Total cost of imported goods should be: the total sum of following six items.一、人民币货价成本=外汇货价X当天外汇兑人民币换率First, CNY price cost = foreign exchange x CNY exchange rate二、运费+保险费（根据不同国家、地区运输方式收取）Second, freight + insurance premium (according to different countries and regions transportation charge)三、关税、增值税（根据海关及国家税务税率规定收取）Three, tariffs, value added tax (according to customs and state tax rate)四、办理进口批文及中文标签等费用（并非所有商品）Four, handle imported approval and Chinese label fees (not all goods)六、银行结算费用Six, bank settlement fee清关前资料准备：Clearance documents prepare:提交办理中文标签的资料：Submit Chinese label information:进口酒经营企业根据中国《食品标签通用标准》和有关规定准备下列申报文件后，到当地商品检验检疫局领取表格后申办：Imported wine business enterprise according to “China"s food label universal standards” and relevant regulations of the following documents, go to local commodity inspection and quarantine bureau , fill the application form:1、标签检验监管备案表（申请书）； 1, the record table of inspection and administration label (application);2、原外文标签样图片（前和后的标签资料）。2, the original sample foreign labels (tags pictures);3、原外文标签翻译件（前和后的标签资料）；3, foreign labels translation (the front and back tag);4、中文商标设计样张（前和后的标签资料）；4, Chinese trademark design (the front and back tag);5、酒的原产地证明；5, the certificate of origin;6、中国经销商营业执照、电话号码；6, China company business license, telephone number;7、外国生产商公司名称；7, foreign manufacturers company name;8、酒的样品（一般各3瓶，有时按需要会多抽几瓶）；8, wine samples (general each three bottles, sometimes need more according the requirement);9、国家商检局办证部门需要的其他资料。9, other documents require by national commodity inspection bureau.以上资料齐备后，当货物报关完毕后，与当地商检局上报审核备案或者在到货前到商检局认定机构做中文标签预备案。Above information are ready for apply to customs, should have a report for record in local commodity inspection bureau or have a Chinese marking record in certifying body of commodity inspection bureau before arrival of the goods.关于酒的中文命名说明：the explaination of wine"s chinese name:葡萄酒的中文名称不得相同。而如果申报的中文名称已有重复的，需要另外起名。The wine"s chinese name can"t be the same. When the name declared is the same, Must change to another name建议：Proposal:进口酒的中文名称的确定 ：Chinese name for imported wine1、 以葡萄品种名或厂商名命名的，以该葡萄或厂商的中文名命名；1, The name can be the same as the variety of grape or manufacture name2. 以产地命名的，以其中文译名命名；2, The name can be the same as the Chinese name of original places3.以品牌命名的，为了中外文发音的对应，一般以音译汉字命名。3, The name can be the same as transliteration Chinese name of the brand in order to makes them pronunciation corresponding.办理中国国内进口酒经营牌照：Business licenses of imported wine:中国企业要从事进口葡萄酒业务除了一般经营性企业所必需的工商、税务等手续外，在注册的营业范围内还应包括酒类经营资格，即具备进口酒类经营许可证和卫生许可证。此外，还需要到相关部门办理下列手续：The Chinese companies which engaged in import wine business in addition to have industry and commerce, taxation procedure, also should have imported wine business licenses and hygiene license. In addition, still need go to relevant departments to transact following procedures:到当地外经贸主管部门领取《对外贸易经营者备案登记表》，经过备案登记后才具备对外贸易资格。对外贸易经营者应凭加盖备案登记印章《登记表》在30日内到当地海关、检验检疫、外汇、税务等部门办理开展对外贸易业务所需要的手续。如不具备以上条件的企业，建议可委托有相关进口酒经营资质的专业代理公司代办进口手续，可省去不少麻烦。If do not have the above conditions, the enterprise can authorize to qualified imported wine agency to transact import formalities

进口红酒成本核算以及报关流程细节 刚刚跟大家分享了进口红酒报关的一些流程，先将进口红酒前需要准备的工作及细节问题跟大家再次分享，希望能够给贸易商提供到帮助：在中国，红酒、葡萄酒等进口酒的进口程序和市场管理规定较为复杂，一般建议最好委托在中国的已有进口酒类经营资格和已有进出口经营权的企业代办或合作。 In China, imported red wine, wine procedures and market management regulations are relatively complex, generally recommend commission/entrusted or cooperation with the enterprise which has the qualification/ right of import and export.一、酒的进口程序：One, Wine import procedures:成本核算：Cost accounting:进口瓶装酒现行税率： The current tax rate of imported bottled wine:关税： 14% （ 关税：CIF ×14%）； Duties: 14% (tariff: CIF x 14%);增值税：17% （增殖税：（CIF＋关税额）×17%）； VAT: 17% (Proliferous tax: (CIF + tariff forehead) x 17%);消费税：10% （消费税：[（CIF ＋关税额）/ （1～ 10%）]× 10%）。 Consumption tax: 10% (consumption tax: [(CIF + tariff forehead) / (1 ~ 10%)] x 10%).所征收的税项，以人民币交纳。Levied taxes paid CNY.其它进口费用：Other charges:进口货物总成本应为：下述六项总和。Total cost of imported goods should be: the total sum of following six items.一、人民币货价成本=外汇货价X当天外汇兑人民币换率First, CNY price cost = foreign exchange x CNY exchange rate二、运费+保险费（根据不同国家、地区运输方式收取）Second, freight + insurance premium (according to different countries and regions transportation charge)三、关税、增值税（根据海关及国家税务税率规定收取）Three, tariffs, value added tax (according to customs and state tax rate)四、办理进口批文及中文标签等费用（并非所有商品）Four, handle imported approval and Chinese label fees (not all goods)六、银行结算费用Six, bank settlement fee清关前资料准备：Clearance documents prepare:提交办理中文标签的资料：Submit Chinese label information:进口酒经营企业根据中国《食品标签通用标准》和有关规定准备下列申报文件后，到当地商品检验检疫局领取表格后申办：Imported wine business enterprise according to “China"s food label universal standards” and relevant regulations of the following documents, go to local commodity inspection and quarantine bureau , fill the application form: 1、标签检验监管备案表（申请书）； 1, the record table of inspection and administration label (application);2、原外文标签样图片（前和后的标签资料）。2, the original sample foreign labels (tags pictures);3、原外文标签翻译件（前和后的标签资料）；3, foreign labels translation (the front and back tag);4、中文商标设计样张（前和后的标签资料）；4, Chinese trademark design (the front and back tag);5、酒的原产地证明；5, the certificate of origin;6、中国经销商营业执照、电话号码；6, China company business license, telephone number;7、外国生产商公司名称；7, foreign manufacturers company name;8、酒的样品（一般各3瓶，有时按需要会多抽几瓶）；8, wine samples (general each three bottles, sometimes need more according the requirement);9、国家商检局办证部门需要的其他资料。9, other documents require by national commodity inspection bureau.以上资料齐备后，当货物报关完毕后，与当地商检局上报审核备案或者在到货前到商检局认定机构做中文标签预备案。Above information are ready for apply to customs, should have a report for record in local commodity inspection bureau or have a Chinese marking record in certifying body of commodity inspection bureau before arrival of the goods.关于酒的中文命名说明：the explaination of wine"s chinese name:葡萄酒的中文名称不得相同。而如果申报的中文名称已有重复的，需要另外起名。The wine"s chinese name can"t be the same. When the name declared is the same, Must change to another name 建议：Proposal:进口酒的中文名称的确定 ：Chinese name for imported wine1、 以葡萄品种名或厂商名命名的，以该葡萄或厂商的中文名命名；1, The name can be the same as the variety of grape or manufacture name2. 以产地命名的，以其中文译名命名；2, The name can be the same as the Chinese name of original places3.以品牌命名的，为了中外文发音的对应，一般以音译汉字命名。3, The name can be the same as transliteration Chinese name of the brand in order to makes them pronunciation corresponding.办理中国国内进口酒经营牌照：Business licenses of imported wine:中国企业要从事进口葡萄酒业务除了一般经营性企业所必需的工商、税务等手续外，在注册的营业范围内还应包括酒类经营资格，即具备进口酒类经营许可证和卫生 许可证。此外，还需要到相关部门办理下列手续：The Chinese companies which engaged in import wine business in addition to have industry and commerce, taxation procedure, also should have imported wine business licenses and hygiene license. In addition, still need go to relevant departments to transact following procedures:到当地外经贸主管部门领取《对外贸易经营者备案登记表》，经过备案登记后才具备对外贸易资格。对外贸易经营者应凭加盖备案登记印章《登记表》在30日内到当地海关、检验检疫、外汇、税务等部门办理开展对外贸易业务所需要的手续。 如不具备以上条件的企业，建议可委托有相关进口酒经营资质的专业代理公司代办进口手续，可省去不少麻烦。If do not have the above conditions, the enterprise can authorize to qualified imported wine agency to transact import formalities进口葡萄酒到岸报关清关的程序：Customs clearance procedures of imported wine:进口酒类的程序比较烦琐。The procedure of imported wine is more troublesome.主要流程：货物到港->报检->报关->缴税->海关查货->放行->检验检疫局抽样或送样->检测样品及审 核中文标签->签发卫生证书(取得此卫生证书后方可在国内市场销售该批货物)。（*注意：某些经济特区或口岸要求货物到港后先完成商检及备案中文标 签后，然后才可报关）。(* note: some special economic zones or port require that goods needs to do commodity inspection and have Chinese label in record before apply to customs).进口单位应提供进口酒类输出国（地区）产地卫生证明。 进口酒类（不包括免税进口酒类）应根据我国《食品标签通用标准》和有关规定加贴中文标签。口岸进口食品卫生、质量监督检验机构对监督检验合格的加贴“进口 食品卫生监督检验标志”，签发卫生证书（正本、副本）。监督检验不合格的不准进口。 海关凭对外贸易经济主管部门签发的进口货物许可证（如需要）和口岸进口食品卫生监督检验机构签发的放行 通知单并征税后验放。 1， 代理合同、销售合同、发票、装箱单各一式三份。1, Agency contract, sales contract, invoices and packing list in triplicates each.2， 中文标签及原标签电子版，原标签翻译件。（或中文标签预备案证明书）；2, Chinese label and the electronic edition of original label, the translation file of original label (or the certificate of preparation file for Chinese label);3， 出口国官方卫生证（或者自由销售证明或者健康证）、产地证、厂家成分分析说明。出口国的承诺书，授权书等。3, The official health certificate of export country (or free sales certificate or health certificate), certificate of origin, structure of manufacturers, Letter of commitment and authorization of origin country etc.4， 熏蒸证、无木质包装声明；4, fumigation certificate, statement shows that there is no wood in packing;5， 海运/空运提单。5, bill of lading for sea/air transportation.6， 其他各口岸管理机构要求提供的单证。6, Documents required by other port management institutions.进口到岸手续是先报检后报关，然后再商检。假如商检关未过，货物是不准入关，要被退回。 When the goods arrive in the port, declaration inspection first, then apply to customs, commodity inspection at last. The goofs will be returned if the goods can"t pass commodity inspection.商检要在货物监管区对所申报货物进行核对：包装是否符合标准，中文注册商标是否完备。另外还要对货物文件进行审核，包括出口国出具的卫生免疫证、产地证、质量保证书等等。对于葡萄酒以“托”来打包包装的，如果是采用木托，还必须审核出口国出具的“熏蒸证明”。Commodity inspector need to check declared goods in surveillance zone as below: if packing meets the standards and Chinese registered trademark is complete. Additionally, review the documents of the goods, included health immune certificate, origin of certificate, quality certificate, etc issued by export country. If the packing material is made of wooden, still must review "fumigation certificate” issued exporter.商检要对货物进行抽检。一般是按货物总数的千分之一进行抽检。检验是否符合国家进口食品卫生标准，另外剩余的抽检样品备存。假如商检发现货物质量不符合国 内标准，货物是不准在国内市场进行销售，要被退回或进行销毁处理。Commodity Inspector need do spot-check and the quantity usually is a thousandth of the goods. Check the goods whether meets imported food sanitation standard, and keep the rest of the random samples. If the commodity inspector found the goods do not conform to the national standard, the goods won"t allow to sell in domestic market sales and will be returned or destroyed.商检还要对产品进行质量检测及中文标签审核等内容，包装质量是否符合标准，生产日期是否严格按照国内标准显示，营养成分或配料是否标注正确，中文标签是否 符合标准。另外还要对货物文件进行审核，包括出口国出具的卫生证、产地证、成分分析证明等，对于木质材料包装的，还必须审核出口国出具的“熏蒸证明”，假 如中文标签不合格，或中文标签内容与实物成分等内容不符也要被退回或进行销毁处理。在商检检验完毕后，进行海关申报纳税。程序和其他进口货物一样。要注意 的主要是海关审价人员对所申报进口葡萄酒到岸价的真实性的审查。这一点必须要有准备一些说服资料，以免海关不信任并且由海关定价（当然会比原申报价高很 多），造成成本增加。After commodity inspection, then can declare and paid to the customs. Procedures are the same as other imported goods. The price auditor will check the authenticity of CIF price of imported wine. So must prepare some persuasive materials avoid customs distrust and pricing it by themselves (of course it will be much higher than declaration price), and it will increase the costs.

国际贸易管理与实务1、学位课程：（1）微观经济学 （2）宏观经济学 （3）社会主义经济理论（4）货币银行学 （5）国际经济学 （6）财政学2、专业课程：（1）国际贸易实务　（2）跨国公司与国际化经营（3）国际直接投资　（4）国际金融与外汇市场（5）国际贸易惯例与规则　（6）国际金融管理（7）国际营销　（8）电子商务（9）国际结算（国际保理与福费廷等）（10）融资租赁（11）国际运输与保险　 （12）国际商法现代物流与供应链管理方向1、学位课程：（1）微观经济学 （2）宏观经济学 （3）社会主义经济理论（4）货币银行学 （5）国际经济学 （6）财政学2、专业课程：（1）物流管理 （2）采购管理 （3）仓储管理（4）管理信息系统 （5）物流系统设计与管理 （6）战略成本控制（7）国际金融管理 （8）供应链管理 （9）国际市场营销（10）特许经营 （11）国际风险与保险 （12）国际货物运输公约（13）供应链金融国际市场营销与品牌管理1、学位课程：（1）微观经济学 （2）宏观经济学 （3）社会主义经济理论（4）货币银行学 （5）国际经济学 （6）财政学2、专业课程：（1）涉外企业经营与管理 （2）跨国公司与国际化经营（3）消费者行为学(含奢侈品牌) （4）品牌管理(含奢侈品牌)（5）国际贸易惯例与规则 （6）特许经营（7）国际营销 （8）电子商务（9）国际企业财务管 （10）商务谈判（11）国际运输与保险 （12）商务英语国际商务管理1、学位课程：（1）微观经济学 （2）宏观经济学 （3）社会主义经济理论（4）货币银行学 （5）国际经济学 （6）财政学2、专业课程：（1）涉外企业经营与管理 （2）跨国公司与国际化经营（3）国际直接投资 （4）国际商务管理（5）国际贸易惯例与规则 （6）国际企业财务管理（双语）（7）国际营销 （8）商务谈判与冲突解决(双语)（9）电子商务(双语) （10）国际贸易(双语)（11）国际运输与保险(双语) （12）国际商法（13）商务英语 （14）英语（高级英语强化）国际化经营与管理1、学位课程：（1）社会主义经济理论 （2）微观经济学（3）宏观经济学 （4）国际经济学（5）财政学 （6）货币银行学2、专业课程：（1）国际投资 　 （2）电子商务（3）国际金融管理（国际财务管理　（4）商务谈判（5）国际贸易实务 　 （6）国际税收筹划（7）国际商法 （8）国际物流与供应链管理（9）国际市场营销 　 　（10）风险管理与保险（11）信用证与国际结算 　 （12）期货市场（13）特许经营进出口管理与战略在职研究生 第一模块：经济学基础理论Theory of Economics 第二模块：进出口理论与政策 Import-Export Theory and Policy 2 微观经济学 Microeconomics2 产业组织 Industrial Organization2 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics2 国际经济学 International Economics2 货币银行学 Money and Banking2 财政学 Public Finance2 社会主义经济理论 Theory of Socialist Economy 2 进出口贸易理论与政策Import-Export Trade Theory and policy2 进出口通关管理Customs Clearance Management 第三模块：进出口经营入门 The First Step of Import-Export Business 第四模块：外汇与国际贸易Foreign exchange and international trade 2 进出口业务流程概论Import-Export Business Process2 如何创建进出口公司How to establish imp&exp company 2 外汇市场与汇率Foreign exchange market and exchange rate2 进出口支付条件与出口融资Import-Export payment terms and Export finance 第五模块：贸易价格术语 Trade terms 第六模块：建立高效的进出口支持体系 Establish effective trade support system 2 进出口价格术语与报价Import-Export tradeterm and quotation 2 贸易方式选择 Choosing type of trading2 出口保险 Export insurance2 进出口物流管理Import-Export logistics management2 进出口营销Import-Export marketing2 电子商务与进出口贸易E-business and Import-Export trade 第七模块：新兴贸易模式 New trade mode 第八模块：法律与文化环境 Legal and cultural environment 2 垂直分工与外包Vertical specialization and outsourcing2 技术转让与知识产权保护Technology transfer and protection of intellectual property rights 2 进出口的法律环境The legal environment of Import-Export2 跨文化商务交流Intercultural business communication 葡萄酒进出口贸易在职研究生　　 位课 序号 课程名称 英文 学分 1 微观经济学 Microeconomics 4 2 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 4 3 社会主义经济理论 International Economics 3 4 货币银行学 Money and Banking 3 5 国际经济学 Public Finance 3 6 财政学 Theory of Socialist Economy 3 专业课 序号 课程名称 英文 学分 1 葡萄酒概述 Summary of the wine 3 2 葡萄酒的国际贸易实务 International Trade and practice in Wine industry 3 3 葡萄酒文化和历史 Wine culture and history 2 4 葡萄的土壤、种植和酿造 The soil of the vine, grapes planting and thewinemaking 2 5 葡萄酒行业的人力资源与营销管理 HR and Marketing Management in wine industry 3 6 葡萄酒窑设计与陈列 Wine cellar design and display 2 7 葡萄酒的收藏与投资 Wine collection and investment 2 8 葡萄酒的专业侍酒与品鉴 Professional wine service and tasting 2 9 葡萄酒行业法律法规 Laws and Regulations in wine industry 2 10 葡萄酒的进口政策 The policy for wine importing 2 选修课 1 葡萄酒分销渠道管理及市场营销实务 Wine distribution channel management and marketing practice 2 2 洋酒文化历史与鉴赏 Appreciation and the history of wine culture 2 3 职业经理人思维与决策能力训练 managers thinking and decision-making abilitytraining 1 4 商务谈判技巧 Business negotiation skills 1 体验课 国内葡萄产区考察、酒庄、酒窖参观体验，品酒沙龙 海外游学 欧洲葡萄酒之旅（10天）差旅食宿自理 奢侈品管理在职研究生课程全日制班 课程名称 英文 学分 学位课 微观经济学 Microeconomics 4 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 4 国际经济学 Public Finance 3 货币银行学 Money and Banking 3 财政学 Theory of Socialist Economy 3 社会主义经济理论 International Economics 3 专业必修课 奢侈品管理导论 Introduction to Luxury Management 3 奢侈品市场营销学 Marketing Management in Luxury 3 奢侈品品牌管理 Luxury Brands Management 3 奢侈品零售管理 Luxury retail management 2 奢侈品消费者行为学 Consumer Behavior in Luxury 2 奢侈品物流管理 Supply Chain Management in Luxury 2 奢侈品牌信息化管理 Management Information System in Luxury 2 奢侈品法律运营环境 Luxury Legal Environment 2 奢侈品运营模式与企业战略 Luxury operation mode and corporate strategy 2 奢侈品商务英语 Advanced Business English 2 专业选修课 橱窗陈列设计 Window display design 1 珠宝设计与鉴赏 Jewelry design and Appreciation 1 奢侈品网上零售 Luxury online retail 1 企业家讲座 Lecture 1 职业技能课&讲座 奢侈品事业技能培训课程 Luxury vocational skills training 　法国文化与实用口语 Basic French 　流动课堂（差旅费用自理） 国内 不同城市企业考察及体验 　国外 欧洲文化艺术之旅&葡萄酒文化之旅 　奢侈品管理在职研究生 课程名称 英文 学分 学位课 微观经济学 Microeconomics 4 宏观经济学 Macroeconomics 4 国际经济学 Public Finance 3 货币银行学 Money and Banking 3 财政学 Theory of Socialist Economy 3 社会主义经济理论 International Economics 3 专业必修课 奢侈品管理导论 Introduction to Luxury Management 3 奢侈品市场营销学 Marketing Management in Luxury 3 奢侈品品牌管理 Luxury Brands Management 3 奢侈品零售管理 Luxury retail management 2 奢侈品消费者行为学 Consumer Behavior in Luxury 2 奢侈品物流管理 Supply Chain Management in Luxury 2 奢侈品牌信息化管理 Management Information System in Luxury 2 奢侈品运营模式与企业战略 Luxury operation mode and corporate strategy 2 专业选修课 橱窗陈列设计 Window display design 1 珠宝设计与鉴赏 Jewelry design and Appreciation 1 奢侈品网上零售 Luxury online retail 1 职业经理人思维训练 Professional managers thinking training 1 企业家讲座 Lecture 1 职业技能课&讲座 奢侈品事业技能培训课程 Luxury vocational skills training 　法国文化与实用口语 Basic French 　流动课堂（差旅费用自理） 国内 不同城市企业考察及体验 　国外 欧洲文化艺术之旅&葡萄酒文化之旅

meiyou

现行的汇率

太长了，我先翻译最后一节4.认同。作为一个投资者，我考虑的是本人财富和投资回报（以本国的货币）。当我投资外汇金融资产， 我（尽可能的）买进 外汇 和资产 这两种。 部分回报来自资产本身的回报率， 举个例子 资产所得的收益 和 所得的利息率。 另外一部分回报来自于外汇的差价对率。在我持有外籍资产时 如果外汇涨了（相对本国货币）我投资的资产价值将会上升， 而我也从中得到额外的回报率。（当然，如果反之，我就会输掉一些，使得我的总回报降低）

刷分的我会举报，严重的永久封ID，谢谢合作From July 2005 the LRC, the total RMB appreciation of the dollar exchange rate has been over 7%. According to projections in the country"s foreign exchange reserves and trade surplus remains high in the backdrop, the future trend of the appreciation of the yuan will continue to change. Although the renminbi appreciation on imports is good news, but for the export-related enterprises, the invisible on the increase in the cost of production, export growth will be restricted. Solution: First Choice agents exports, the risk will be transferred to the foreign trade companies; Second, it will enhance value-added products, the implementation of a wide range of market structure, the export of products to be shifted from Russia to South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Dubai and some other economically developed countries and , because these countries and regions stronger consumption power, as long as the merits of good quality, a slight price increase will not mind the third is a clear agreement in the contract, in addition to deposit the money from remittances day subject to exchange rate, for example, began先付30% of the deposit, then the remaining 70% of the purchase price must remittance the same day in accordance with the exchange rate of renminbi as the standard to the settlement of the fourth is because most of China"s export processing trade, export, import of raw materials higher proportion of Therefore, although the appreciation of the renminbi makes the final product price competitiveness weakened, but can buy more raw materials and intermediate products, such appreciation of the renminbi on the export competitiveness of the impact is limited; five is to use the appreciation of the renminbi improve enterprise in foreign markets ability to invest, develop sales channels, expand overseas investment, not only to reduce the use of imported raw materials manufacturers a high percentage of the cost of production, promote Chinese enterprises will further accelerate the pace of internationalization.

其实你可以用谷歌来翻译的。很简单又实用

Yuan revaluation impact on foreign trade in an open economic conditions, exchange rate changes on a country"s economic development has a crucial importance. Since July 21, 2005 Since the People"s Bank announced that the RMB exchange rate reform, the RMB exchange rate against the U.S. dollar has been in a slow upward trend. This paper discusses the background and the appreciation of the RMB exchange rate changes and the relationship between export and import growth, combined with the economic status of China"s foreign trade and current economic trends, analyzing the future revaluation of the yuan"s foreign trade and economic impact of one. RMB appreciation of the background and the reasons for the appreciation of the RMB Background Since July 21, 2005 Since the People"s Bank announced that the RMB exchange rate reform, the RMB exchange rate against the U.S. dollar has been in a slow upward trend. January 4, 2006 to 8.0702 yuan central parity rate started the RMB exchange rate has gone up from a slow to the sprints, then to "buildup" process. Accordance with the December 29 exchange rate of 7.8087 U.S. Dollar terms, the renminbi has appreciated during the year 2615 basis points. The reasons for appreciation of the RMB revaluation pressure on RMB exchange rate because there is a complex international social, political and economic interests combines issues. Of international demands for yuan appreciation growing louder and louder, mainly based on lies in China"s trade surplus and huge foreign exchange reserves. Second, the RMB appreciation on China import and export trade impact analysis of currency appreciation on the import of high proportion of foreign currency debt in terms of large-scale industries are long-term positive, but the export-oriented businesses, companies with high foreign currency assets, a greater impact, especially in textiles, garments, agricultural products processing, low value-added, low-margin export sector a greater negative impact. (A) The yuan revaluation on China"s import and export trade beneficial effects of one. Is conducive to reducing the cost of imported goods. 2. Conducive to the promotion of trade structure optimization and upgrading. 3. Will help improve the national well-being (b) of the RMB appreciation on China"s import and export trade, the adverse effects of one. Undermine the international competitiveness of China"s exports is not conducive to China"s foreign trade export growth. 2. Renminbi appreciation will increase imports of foreign products, increased competition in the domestic market. 3. For China"s export industries and traditional industries can cause a serious impact.

扩散 让出 6 4 产物的是是魂牵梦萦地方在地方工业

The devaluation of the US dollar since 2002 has only narrowed the range of the appreciation of the RMB against other currencies, but not changed the basic feature of the RMB exchange rate as a floating rate subject to management. Hence, the calls for the appreciation of the RMB exchange rate are voices in the wilderness. 2002年开始的美元贬值，只是使人民币与其他货币相比降低了升值幅度，并没有像浮动利率被操纵一样改变其汇率的基本特性，因此，到处都能听到要求人民币升值的呼声。Stability Benefits Economy 效益经济稳定To maintain the stability of the RMB exchange rate evidently helps create a sound environment for China"s economic development. 保持人民币汇率稳定，很明显可以帮助中国建立一个健全的经济发展环境。For enterprises, maintaining the basic stability of the RMB exchange rate is conducive to their cost accounting and expanding their foreign trade.对企业来说，保持人民币汇率的基本稳定有利于他们的成本预算和扩大海外贸易。 For overseas investors, the practice can protect their investment interests. 对海外投资者来说，这样确实能保护他们的投资利益。More importantly, the stability of the RMB exchange rate is conducive to the operation of the central bank"s monetary policy, to overcoming the tendency of deflation, and promoting China"s economic development and financial stability. 更重要的是，人民币汇率稳定有利于中央银行货币政策的实施，有利于抑制通货膨胀，促进中国经济发展和财政稳定。The economies of China and many developed countries are highly supplementary. 中国的经济与许多发达国家高度互补。These countries mainly import primary and light industrial products from China, which is conducive to adjusting their industrial structures and upgrading their economic development levels. 这些国家主要从中国进口原材料和轻工业产品，这样有利于他们修整国内的工业结构，促及经济发展水平，Meanwhile, China"s low-cost labor and relatively cheap prices for export commodities help enhance the actual income level of the residents of importing countries, stimulate the growth of consumption in other fields and drive up economic growth. 同时，中国廉价的劳动力和相对低价的出口商品可以提高进口国家居民的实际收益水平，刺激其他领域的消费，提高经济增长。The appreciation of the RMB exchange rate would have wiped out these benefits. 人民币汇率增值会把这些利益都抹去。At present, the global economy has resumed growing after experiencing a brief and mild recession. 目前，全球经济刚刚从一个简短而温和的经济衰退中复苏过来。The prospects for revival, however, are unclear and unoptimistic, as uncertainties on the international financial market have increased. 然后，对复兴的探索却不是很明了，也不容乐观，就像对国际金融市场增加的不确定一样。To maintain the brisk momentum of China"s economic development and the stability of the RMB exchange rate will help promote the growth of regional and world economies and maintain international financial stability, thereby extending support to the world economy as it is managing to recover and to the fluctuating international financial market. 保持中国经济发展较快的势头和人民币汇率的稳定可以促进区域经济和全球经济的增长，保持国际金融的稳定，进而扩大对世界经济的支持，正如它设法恢复国际金融市场的波动。 In this sense, the stability of the RMB exchange rate will benefit both Chinese enterprises and the global economy. 在这种意义上来讲，人民币汇率的稳定使中国企业和全球经济受益。Completing the Exchange Rate System 完善汇率体制The current exchange rate system suits China"s present stage of economic development, the bearing capacity of enterprises and the regulation level of financial institutions. 目前的汇率体制与中国目前的经济发展阶段，企业的承载能力和金融机构的管理水平相适应。However, the incomplete exchange rate formation mechanism has drawn great concern from management authorities. 但是，不完善的汇率形成机制已经引起了管理当局的极大重视。Owing to the lack of an effective domestic and overseas foreign exchange market mechanism, the awareness of enterprises and residents against exchange rate risks is weak and their means for upgrading against risks on the market are insufficient.由于缺乏积极的国内和海外外汇交易市场机制，企业和人民应对汇率风险的意识十分薄弱，在市场上应对风险的方法也不足。

筒化结构Against currency A, Check currency B对比货币A，检查货币B。

Since the RMB exchange reform beginning on 21.Jul.2005,the exchange of RMB against USD keep appriciating.Our opinion is that the trend will keep going on in 2007,and RMB appreciation maybe faster.Mostly,there are 3 causes for this.First of all,Chinese surplus keep raising,foreign exchange reserve remain growing fast;second,the appreciation of RMB against USD is at a lower rate compared with that EUR and GBP against USD,this means that there is still great pressure on RMB appreciation,then going faster in the future;in the end,Democrat"s back to the power leave more pressure on RMB apprceation.In conclusion,RMB is still stressed greatly to appreciate in the future,and then appreciating faster.The appreciation rate is 2.493% in 2005,and up to 3.24% in 2006,so up to 3.7152% since the reform on 21.Jul.2005.So we anticipate that the appreciation rate of RMB will be around 4.5%,so the exchange of RMB against USD will be like 7.46:1 in the end of 2007

在金融市场上,汇率的表示有两种形式,一是直接标价,就是以单位外币折合多少本币表示,另一种是间接标价,就是以单位本币折合多少外币表示.世界上绝大多数国家采用直接标价法(包括中国),因此,没有特别说明就是指直接标价法.汇率两字可理解为价格,在直接标价法下(如中国),1美元=7.5人民币,变为1美元=8人民币时,这是汇率(价格)上升,很显然是人民币贬值,换句话说是人民币价格(汇率)下降.因此,在直接标价法下,外汇汇率上升,则为本币汇率下降;外汇汇率下降就是本币汇率上升.你说的这种情况是本币汇率上升（即本国货币汇率上升）,本币币值上升,外币贬值，在直接标价法下为汇率下降。

2000年美金对人民币的汇率：1美元＝8.2784元人民币，100美元＝827.84元人民币

因为汇率高的国家本身的货币有强大的购买力，如美国，英国等国家。所以本国产品相应的有价格竞争力。

出国旅游可以在各外汇银行把人民币兑换成外币。 1、各外汇银行：中国银行、工商银行、农业银行、建设银行、交通银行均是外汇经营银行; 2、汇率是每天变化(根据市场需求在不断变化之中，与股票一样)，同一银行在各地的汇率都是一样的，不同的银行汇率稍有差别; 3、兑换不需要手续费(因为手续费已包含在银行卖买外汇的差价中了); 4、境内个人购汇年度总额是5万美元等值的外币。 拓展资料： 货币外汇汇率，简称为FXRate，FXRate是英文的 “Foreign Exchange Rate”(外汇汇率)的缩写。是以本国货币来表示外国货币的价格，其高低最终由外汇市场决定。外汇买卖一般均集中在商业银行等金融机构。它们买卖外汇的目的是为了追求利润，方法是贱买贵卖，赚取买卖差价，其买进外汇时所依据的汇率为买入汇率，也称买入价;卖出外汇时所依据的汇率叫卖出汇率，也称卖出价。 新手可以了解了解几点建议： 1.交易的时候要设好止损 控制好仓位，这点很重要。汇价一般以5位数字表示，最后的一位数字变动1，为最小汇价变动，称为1点。 2.要选一个主流的平台(受FSA监管或者NFA监管，说明他们操作和资金流转上都是否的规范和认真，保障了我们的安全.英国FSA监管最严格。 基础知识是必要的。例如货币的英文名字黄金(XAUUSD) 美元(USD)欧元(EUR)日元(JPY)英镑(GBP)澳元(AUD)加元(CAD)新西兰元(NZD)瑞士法郎(CHF)，建议看看《外汇汇率ABC入门》《外汇汇率市场》《外汇汇率日本蜡烛图曲线》《超短线大师》《炒外汇A-Z》多看学习类书籍对我们了解外汇汇率有很大帮助。 3.保持好的心态 盈利很正常。(备注:你本人也需懂得一些基本的外汇知识.)基础资料和免费电子书FXCM环球金汇的下载专区下载里面有电子书这本书和其他外汇技术免费电子书。 4.基础知识包括什么是交易时间，什么是货币英文名字，什么是开盘收盘时间.对了。如果你是新手可以FXCM环球金汇去注册外汇模拟账户先免费注册个玩玩。看看模拟炒外汇是这么炒的，慢慢你就懂了。

REVENUE OF FOB=CFR-OCEAN FREIGHT=25.5X1000-1500=24000USDCOST OF FOB=PURCHASING COST+OVERHEAD COST+TRANSPORT=135X1000+135X1000X3%+2500=141550RMB=21776.92USDEPM=(REVENUE OF FOB-COST OF FOB)/REVENUE OF FOB=9.26%ECFFE=LOCAL COST/FOREIGN REVENUE=141550RMB/24000USD=5.89792

the exchange between RMB and USD

RMB exchange rate reform--decided out of China"s own needWhen the national economic statistics of the first half of this year were just released on July 20, people were immersed in analysis and judgment of the economic situation. At 7:00 on the evening of July 21, after only one day, the People"s Bank of China (PBOC), the central bank, announced a world-shaking news: With approval from the State Council, from July 21, China began to institute a regulated, managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand and in reference to a basket of currencies. A reform independently decided out of own needThe reform is an important policy decision made out of the actual needs of China"s reform and development, rather than under certain international pressure. As is emphasized by Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the central bank: "This represents a kind of self-decision and is the need of China"s march to a socialist market economy and optimization of resources allocation and the need for reform and long-term stable development, rather than a result gained after communication and consultation with other countries." In 1994, China reformed its double-track exchange rate system and introduced the unification of exchange rates. After the unification, China instituted a managed floating exchange rate regime based on market supply and demand. In plain words, this exchange rate system means: Selling or buying foreign exchange by enterprises and individuals has to be carried out through designated foreign exchange banks; these designated banks, in turn, enter the inter-bank foreign exchange market, or sell their surplus foreign exchange to other banks to gain the people"s currency, or use the RMB to buy foreign currencies from other banks to make up the shortage of foreign exchange; this buying and selling, supply and demand give rise to price parity between the RMB and foreign currencies, or called the RMB exchange rate; meanwhile, the central bank sets up a certain floating limit to the exchange rate, foreign exchange is bought up when supply exceeds demand, sold out when it is in short supply. Doing so aims to maintain a basic stability of the RMB exchange rate through such a regulating method. Before 1997, RMB exchange rate was stable with a bit rise, and for this reason, people at home and abroad had growing confidence in the RMB. But thereafter the Asian financial crisis broke out, in order to prevent an alternate depreciation of currencies in Asian neighbors and a resultant deepening of the crisis, China, as a large responsible country, promised not to devalue the RMB and took the initiative to narrow the floating band of exchange rate, but the goal for instituting a managed floating exchange rate regime remained unchanged. We should say that the managed floating exchange rate system based on market supply and demand conforms to China"s national conditions for it adapts to the stage of China"s economic development, the level of financial supervision and administration and enterprises" sustainability. However, along with the evolvement of the situation, the necessity of perfecting the RMB exchange rate determination mechanism has revealed itself with each passing day. In other words, what is to be changed in the RMB exchange rate reform is not the RMB exchange rate system, still less permission of a revaluation, but rather it is designed to perfect the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism. Improving the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism is the inherent requirement for the establishment of a sound socialist market economy system, as well as an important content of deepening reform to the economic-financial system and strengthening the macro-control system. In recent years, along with the rapid growth of China"s exports and foreign investments, correspondingly, in the balance of payments statement, it is shown a "double surpluses" of the current account and the capital account; in the inter-bank foreign exchange market, it is manifested as a continuous stream of foreign exchange and that the supply exceeds the demand. In order to stabilize the RMB exchange rate, the central bank cannot but passively purchase a huge amount of foreign exchange, correspondingly, it will provide a huge supply of RMB, consequently increasing the monetary base. Statistics show that the basic currency supplied in such a way has accounted for 90 percent of the total of basic currency. The independence of the monetary policy is subject to serious challenge. The too rapid growth of money supply would give rise to such problems as investment expansion, inflationary pressure and assets bubble. Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism and allowing it to be more elastic make it possible to give better play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of resources; this helps improve the initiative and efficiency of financial regulation and control and thus helps strengthen and improve macro regulation and control. Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism is conducive to implementation of the strategy for the sustainable development of the economy based mainly on domestic demand and to optimization of resources allocation. Experts put it frankly that if the original exchange rate formation mechanism is stuck to for a long time, it will likely affect improvement of the economic structure. Firstly, it will encourage the uneven development between foreign-related departments and domestic departments. Secondly, it will affect the coordinated proportion among the three major industries (primary, secondary and tertiary). Thirdly, it will hamper the normal transfer of industry from coastal areas to the inland. Inordinate stability of the exchange rate makes it possible for rough machining labor-intensive production to exist in coastal areas and to lack driving force and pressure to shift toward central and western regions. Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism and properly increasing the elasticity of exchange rate will increase the uncertainty of risk capital flows gains, which helps curb massive unilateral flows of capital, guard against and obviate financial risks and maintain financial stability. Excessive rigidity of exchange rate reduces the exchange rate risks of venture capital flows, is likely to cause massive in and out of venture capital and to bring impacts on economic development and financial stability. The Mexican financial crisis in 1994 and the Asian financial crisis in 1997 were both directly associated with this. Regarding this, Zhou Xiaochuan has a very vivid metaphor. He said: "A fixed exchange rate is like a shield in the hand when fighting, however you attack me, I will remain unmoved; if I fail to hold on, the impact will cause influence. A floating exchange rate is like a foam-rubber cushion, if you want to fight your way in, I"ll react softly, ok, you"ve come in, but I won"t let you hit me; when you want to quit, I"ll give you a pinch and let you go only after you have taken a layer of your skin off." Perfecting the RMB exchange rate formation mechanism facilitates the development of the foreign economy. This move helps spur the enterprise to strengthen technical innovation, management innovation and the creation of a brand name and to strengthen marketing, after-sale service, thereby fundamentally enhance the enterprise"s competitiveness; it also helps maintain a basic balance between import and export and improve trading conditions. Reform is a must and is imminent. Experts put it frankly that if RMB exchange rate reform is delayed indefinitely, it will bring about three major risks. First is the risk of domestic economic bubble. If the monetary base grows too big, it will cause inflation when flowing to the commodity market; when the money flows to the capital market, it will lead to a bubble of assets. The emergence of economic bubble will aggravate the frailty of the financial system and will reduce the capability to resist monetary impacts. Second is the risk of weakening the independence of monetary policy. The principle of the "Mundell ternary paradox" tells us that of the three things: full capital opening, independent monetary policy and stable exchange rate, a country can only choose two, and cannot have all three. Third is the risk of a reversion of the situation. If the exchange rate must be reformed, then an active reform is better than a passive one; reform carried out under revaluation pressure is better than reform carried out under devaluation pressure. Internationally, since the 1990s, Poland has experienced the evolution from a managed floating exchange rate system under which its currency was pegged to one, or a basket of currencies to a free floating exchange rate system. Because its exchange rate system was actively adjusted in light of changes in domestic and foreign situations, therefore it could avoid to the maximum possible economic-social upheavals. While Thailand had, before 1997, all along pegged its currency to the US dollar without changing its exchange rate system, as a result, the country was compelled to drastically devalue its currency during the Asian financial crisis, thus resulting in the outbreak of the monetary and financial crisis. The opportunity for exchange rate reform often appears only in a twinkle. When opportunity comes, it is imperative to seize it! To put it in a nutshell, RMB exchange rate reform is by no means "you want me to reform it", but rather it is "I want to change it"! Part 1. Part 2. Part 3. Part 4. Part 5. Part 6. Part 7. Part 8. 参考资料：People"s Daily Online --- http://english.people.com.cn/

A:MayIhelpyou?B:Yes.Doyouexchangeforeignmoneyhere?A:Yes.Ourbankisauthorizedtodealwiththeforeignexchangebusiness.B:Whatkindsofcurrenciesdoyouchange?A:Nowadays,wecanchangethreecurrencies,USdollars,JapaneseYenandHKdollars.B:Couldyoutellmewhattoday"sexchangerateforUSdollarsis?A:Thebuyingrateis826.44RMBfor100USdollars.B:IwanttochangesomeUSdollarstocovermyexpenseshere.A:PleasegotoCounterNo.2.That"stheforeignexchangecounter.It"soverthere.B:Thankyou.1A:您需要什么服务吗?B:需要。请问你们这儿兑换外币吗?A:是。我行经授权可以办理外汇业务。B:贵行兑换哪几种货币?A:目前我们储蓄所只能兑换三种货币，美元、日元和港币。B:您能告诉我今天的美元汇率是多少吗?A:银行买价是100美元换826.44元人民币。B:我想换一些美元来支付我的一些费用。A:请到2号柜台，外汇柜台办理。就在那边。B:谢谢。2A:WhatcanIdoforyou?B:Yes.I"dliketochangesomeUSdollars.What"stoday"srateofUSdollarstoRMB?A:It"s826.44RMBperhundredUSdollars.B:Howmuchwouldyouliketochange?A:200USdollarstotal.B:Pleasefillouttheexchangeform.A:Allright.B:Wouldyoumindshowingmeyourpassport?A:Hereitis.B:Pleasewaitamoment.Iwilldoitforyouassoonaspossible.2A:您想办理什么业务?B:我想兑换一些美元。今天美元兑人民币的汇率是多少?A:100美元兑826.44元人民币。B:您要兑换多少?A:总共200美元。B:请填写兑换单。A:好的。B:让我看一下您的护照好吗?A:给您。B:请稍候，我尽快为您办理。3A:Excuseme.Doyouexchangeforeigncurrencyhere?B:Yes,wedo.A:Thisismytraveller"scheck.Canyoucashitforme?B:Pleasesignyournameonthebottomlineandputdownyouraddresshere.A:Isthatallright?B:Okay.Onemorething,pleasesignyournameonthebackofthecheckanddon"tforgettodateitandshowmeyourpassport.A:Allright.Hereyouare.B:Okay.Hereareyourmoneywiththememoandyourpassport.Pleasecheckit.A:That"sgood.B:Hopetoseeyouagain.3A:请问你们这儿兑换外币吗?B:兑换。A:这是我的旅行支票。能兑现吗?。B:请在支票底端的线上签名，并在这儿写下您的地址。A:这样对吗?B:行。还有，请在支票背面签上您的名字，别忘了注明日期,并出示护照。A:好的。给您。B:好，给您钱，兑换水单和护照。请核对。A:没错。B:欢迎您再次光临。4A:Excuseme.Iwanttoconvert200USdollarsintoChineseyuan.B:Thisisanexchangememo.Pleasefillinyournameandtheamountyouintendtochange.A:WhatistheexchangeratefortheUSbanknotes?B:Today"srateforcashpurchaseis819.40RMBfor100USbanknotes.Doyouhaveyourpassportwithyou?A:Yes.Hereyouare.B:HowmuchRMBwillIget?A:Letmesee.200USdollarsmake1638.80RMB.You"llrecievethemoneyinamoment.B:Nohurry.A:Hereisthecashandtheexchangememo.Pleasecheckit.B:Itiscorrect.4A:对不起，我有200美元需要换成人民币。B:这是外汇兑换水单，请填上您的姓名，需要兑换的金额。A:美钞的汇率是多少?B:今天的现钞买入价是每一百美元兑换819.40元人民币。您带护照了吗?A:带了。给您。B:能换多少人民币?A:让我算一下，200美元换1638.80元人民币。请等一会，您就能拿到钱。B:不着急。A:这是现金和外汇兑换水单。请核对一下。B:不错。5A:Excuseme.CanIbuyChineseyuanwithAmericandollars?B:Certainly.What"stheamountyouwanttochange?A:200USdollars.B:Pleasefillintheexchangememoandshowmeyourpassport.A:Isthatallright?B:Well.Remembertosignyournameonthememo.A:Hereyouare.B:Hereisthemoney,andalsoyourpassportandexchangememo.Pleasecheckit.A:It"sright.B:Bytheway,keepyourexchangememosafe.YoumayconverttheunusedRMBbackintoforeigncurrencywhenyouleaveChina.A:Isee.Thanksfortheinformation.B:Notatall.5A:请问我可以用美元兑换人民币吗?B:当然可以。您要换多少?A:200美元。B:请填写兑换单，出示您的护照。A:这样行吗?B:噢。别忘了在兑换单上签名。A:给您。B:给您钱，还有护照和兑换水单。请核点一下。A:没错。B:顺便提一下，保管好您的兑换单，离开中国时您可以把未用完的人民币兑换成外币。A:我明白了。谢谢您提醒。B:不客气。

currency option 货币期权 货币选择权；外币期权；外币期权交易　　外汇期权（foreign exchange options）也称为货币期权，指合约购买方在向出售方支付一定期权费后，所获得的在未来约定日期或一定时间内，按照规定汇率买进或者卖出一定数量外汇资产的选择权。 外汇期权是期权的一种，相对于股票期权、指数期权等其他种类的期权来说，外汇期权买卖的是外汇，即期权买方在向期权卖方支付相应期权费后获得一项权利，即期权买方在支付一定数额的期权费后，有权在约定的到期日按照双方事先约定的协定汇率和金额同期权卖方买卖约定的货币，同时权利的买方也有权不执行上述买卖合约。例句筛选1.First of all, what is a currency option anyway, what are we talking about?首先，我们谈的货币期权到底是什么呢？2.Hedging Exchange Rate Risk by Applying Currency Option运用外汇期权规避汇率风险

Two trading partners are both able to share in the gain from trade . 两个 贸易伙伴 就可以从贸易中都得到好处。 If one country gains from trade, does its trading partner lose ? 如果某个国家从贸易中获得了利益，它的 贸易伙伴 会受到损失吗？ Ever since world war o , america has been the main trade partner of japan . 二次世界大战以来，美国一直是日本的主要 贸易伙伴 。 The european union is china " s biggest trade partner 欧盟是中国最大的 贸易伙伴 。 China is japan " s second largest trade partner 中国是日本的第二大 贸易伙伴 。 What country is canada " s largest trading partner 哪一个国家是加拿大最大的 贸易伙伴 ？ China is japan " s second largest trade partner 网友解答：中国是日本的第二大 贸易伙伴 。 China and malaysia are important trading partners of each other 中马两国互为重要 贸易伙伴 。 Your desire to estabpsh business relations coincides with ours 你方想同我建立 贸易伙伴 关系。 About fifty thousand american troops are abased in japan 日本是美国的主要 贸易伙伴 和安全盟国。 Commercial partner for south africa s market 南非市场 贸易伙伴 Commercial partner for benelux s market 比利时市场 贸易伙伴 Japan is a leading trading partner and security ally of the us 日本是美国的主要 贸易伙伴 兼安全同盟。 Commercial partner for france s market 法国市场 贸易伙伴 The members of the wto should treat their trading partners equally 世贸组织的成员应平等对待 贸易伙伴 。 Double taxation repef arrangement with major trading partners 与主要 贸易伙伴 订有双重课税宽免的安排； Assistance in the search of foreign trade partners in russia and china 协助客户寻找俄罗斯及中国的 贸易伙伴 The eu and china are being increasingly important trading partners 欧盟和中国已经成为日益重要的 贸易伙伴 。 Exchange rate volatipty and exports from china to its main trading partners 汇率波动率与中国对主要 贸易伙伴 的出口 Canada department of foreign affairs and international trade debarred parties 加拿大外交和国际贸易部禁止的 贸易伙伴 Nearly all us trading partners have normal trade relations status 几乎所有美国的 贸易伙伴 都拥有正常贸易关系待遇。 Wele the domestic and foreign customers to bee the trade partners with us 热忱欢迎国内外客户与我们成为 贸易伙伴 。 China is already austrapa " s second - largest trading partner behind japan 中国已经是澳大利亚第二大 贸易伙伴 ，仅次于日本。 Style hopes to score brilpant achievements with all our chinese and foreign partners 风格愿和广大中外 贸易伙伴 共创辉煌。 Japan is a leading trading partner and security airpne ( ally ) of the united states 日本是美国的主要 贸易伙伴 兼安全同盟国。 Major trading partner 主要 贸易伙伴 Japan is a leading trending ( trading ) partner and security ally of the united states 日本是美国的最主要的 贸易伙伴 和安全同盟。 Mainland china recently surpassed america as japan " s largest trading partner 而最近，中国内地超越了美国成为日本最大 贸易伙伴 。 China has pushed aside britain as africa " s most important single trading partner 中国已取代英国,成为非洲最重要的一个 贸易伙伴 。 Inclusion as agreeable content into various forms of trading partner agreements 作为可同意的内容包含在各种形式的 贸易伙伴 协议中。 A partner pany has an allocation of 400 , 000 mt of sugar at dubai warehouse 我们一家 贸易伙伴 在迪拜仓库里有一批重400 ， 000吨的糖。 China is brazil s third largest trading partner after the united states and argentina 中国是巴西的第三大 贸易伙伴 ，位于美国和阿根廷之后。 China is brazil " s third largest trading partner , after the united states and argentina 中国是巴西的第三大 贸易伙伴 ，位于美国和阿根廷之后。 We offer assistance to popsh and chinese panies wishing to find their business partners 组织及参加洽谈会及研讨会协助双方公司寻找 贸易伙伴 Lefo international is consistently deapng and operating in international capital market 目前，马来西亚是中国在东盟国家中最大的 贸易伙伴 之一。 In 2004 , china emerged as the eu " s largest trading partner and eu china " s second largest 2004年，中国和欧盟分别成为对方的第一和第二大 贸易伙伴 。 Relative to character suits to use this kind of means when merce associate is more dispersive 相对而言当 贸易伙伴 比较分散时适合采用这种方式。 According to the theory of parative advantage , both trade partners can benefit from trade 按照比较利益学说，两个 贸易伙伴 均可从贸易中得到好处。 As a single trading block , the eu is by some way china " s largest trading partner 欧盟作为一个单一的贸易区，并从某种角度来讲，它是中国最大的 贸易伙伴 。 Hong kong has strong ties with france which is our tenth largest trading partner in the world 香港与法国有紧密的连系，法国是我们全球第十大 贸易伙伴 。 Among eu members , the uk is the largest investor in china and china " s third largest trading partner 现在，英国是欧盟的对华最大投资国和第三大 贸易伙伴 。 China is america s third largest trading partner , and our fifth largest export market for goods 中国是美国第三大 贸易伙伴 ，是美国第五大商品出口市场。 Currently china is brazil " s third largest trade partner , after the united states and argentina 目前，中国是巴西的第三大 贸易伙伴 ，位于美国和阿根廷之后。 I have been asked about the significance of having our first double taxation agreement with belgium 在十五个欧洲成员国中，比利时是香港的第六大 贸易伙伴 。 If talks fail , china and its trade partners might call the wto director - general to mediate 如果磋商失败，中国及其 贸易伙伴 或许会请世贸组织总干事出面调解。 China has replaced the us as japan " s top trade partner , as beijing has emerged as a 随着中国世界经济大国地位的确立，中国已取代美国成为日本的最大 贸易伙伴 。 Technology to pnk businesses with their supppers , customers , or other trading partners 技术把供应商、顾客及其他 贸易伙伴 的业务连结以达致彼此合作的网络。 Shanxi tianp hengzhen industrial co . , ltd . has always been your repable partner in trade and cooperation 山西天利恒贞实业有限公司永远是您最可信赖的 贸易伙伴 。 Professional distributors who may have access to our productions so to estabpsh mutual business relationship 专业影视发行人，借此建立双方或多方 贸易伙伴 关系。 The epc work enables trading partners to track and trace items automatically throughout the supply chain Epc物联网通过供应链实现自动跟踪和追踪 贸易伙伴 的产品。

选择b 我老师告诉我的

1. establishing business relation-建立业务关系 2. inquiry-询盘 3. offer-报盘 4. counter offer-还盘 5. quantity-数量 6. packing-包装 7. time of shipment-装运期 8. price-价格 9. discount-折扣 10. terms of payment-支付条款 11. insurance-保险 12. commodity inspection-商品检验 13. acceptance-接受 14. signing a contract-签订合同 15. claim-索赔 16. agency-代理 17. commission-佣金 18. exclusive sales-包销 19. joint venture-合资企业 20. compensation trade-补偿贸易 21. processing and assembling trade-加工装配贸易 22. the terms of international trade-国际贸易术语

wa ni zhe ge wen ti shi na li lai de a~~??!!ni hao li hai a~~!!!-- --

期货连续合约代表的是当前交割月(或最近一个交割月)的期货合约，主连就是主力连续合约，指数就是把当前所有到期日的合约按照一定的权重算出来的平均价格拓展资料期货，英文名是Futures，与现货完全不同，现货是实实在在可以交易的货（商品），期货主要不是货，而是以某种大众产品如棉花、大豆、石油等及金融资产如股票、债券等为标的标准化可交易合约。因此，这个标的物可以是某种商品（例如黄金、原油、农产品），也可以是金融工具。交收期货的日子可以是一星期之后，一个月之后，三个月之后，甚至一年之后。买卖期货的合同或协议叫做期货合约。买卖期货的场所叫做期货市场。投资者可以对期货进行投资或投机。交易分类商品期货和金融期货。商品期货又分工业品（可细分为金属商品（贵金属与非贵金属商品）、能源商品）、农产品、其他商品等。金融期货主要是传统的金融商品（工具）如股指、利率、汇率等，各类期货交易包括期权交易等。商品期货农产品期货：如大豆、豆油、豆粕、籼稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、白糖、咖啡、猪腩、菜籽油、棕榈油。金属期货：如铜、铝、锡、铅、锌、镍、黄金、白银、螺纹钢、线材。能源期货：如原油（塑料、PTA、PVC）、汽油（甲醇）、燃料油。新兴品种包括气温、二氧化碳排放配额、天然橡胶。股指期货股指期货：如英国FTSE指数、德国DAX指数、东京日经平均指数、香港恒生指数、沪深300指数利率期货利率期货（Interest rate futures）：利率期货是指以债券类证券为标的物的期货合约，它可以避免利率波动所引起的证券价格变动的风险。利率期货一般可分为短期利率期货和长期利率期货，前者大多以银行同业拆借中场3月期利率为标的物、后者大多以5年期以上长期债券为标的物。外汇期货外汇期货(foreign exchange futures)又称为货币期货，是一种在最终交易日按照当时的汇率将一种货币兑换成另外一种货币的期货合约。是指以汇率为标的物的期货合约，用来回避汇率风险。它是金融期货中最早出现的品种。

建议找一点商务英语的教材看看ABC Classification ABC分类法 Activity-Based Costing 业务量成本法/作业成本法 ACRS (Accelerated cost recovery system) 快速成本回收制度 Action Message 行为/措施信息 AIS (Accounting information system) 会计信息系统 Allocation 已分配量 Anticipated Delay Report 拖期预报 A/P (Accounts Payable) 应付帐款 APICS (American Production & Inventory Control Society) 美国生产及库存控制协会 AQL (Acceptable quality Level) 可接受质量水平 A/R (Accounts Receivable) 应收帐款 Automatic Rescheduling 自动重排产 Available To Promise (APT) 可签约量 Backflush 倒冲法 Backlog 未完成订单/未结订单 Back Scheduling 倒序排产 BE analysis (Break-even analysis) 盈亏临界点分析，保本分析 Bill of Material (BOM) 物料清单 Business Plan 经营规划 B/V (Book value) 帐面价值 Capacity Requirements Planning (CRP) 能力需求计划 CBA (Cost-benefit analysis) 成本效益分析 CEO 首席执行官 CFO (Chief Financial Officer) 财务总裁 Closed Loop MRP 闭环物料需求计划 CPM (Critical path method) 关键路线法 CPP accounting (Constant purchasing power accounting) 不变购买力会计 Cumulative Lead Time 累计提前期 Cycle Counting 周期盘点 Demand 需求 Demand Management 需求管理 Demonstrated Capacity 实际能力 Dependent Demand 非独立需求 DFL (Degree of financial leverage) 财务杠杆系数 Direct-deduct Inventory Transaction Processing 直接增减库存法 Dispatch List 派工单 DOL (Degree of operating leverage) 经营杠杆系数 ELS (Economic lot size) 经济批量 EOQ (Economic order quantity) 经济订货批量 FIFO (Fist-in,Fist-out) 先进先出法 Firm Planned Order 确认计划订单 FISH/LIFO (Fist-in,Still-here) 后进先出法 Fixed Order Quantity 固定订货批量法Flow Shop 流水车间 Focus Forecasting 集中预测 Full Pegging 完全跟踪 Generally Accepted Manufacturing Practices 公认生产管理原则 Independent Demand 独立需求 Inpu/Output Control 投入/产出控制 Interplant Demand 厂际需求 Inventory Turnover 库存周转次数 Item 物料项目 Item Record 项目记录 Job Shop 加工车间 Just-in-time (JIT) 准时制生产 Lead Time 提前期 前置期，指订单从收到具体明细到货到货仓收到落货纸这一段时间，可以用评估工厂的综合实力。 Level 层 Load 负荷 Lot for Lot 按需订货法 LP (Linear programming) 线性规划 Machine Loading 机器加载 Make-to-order Product (MTO) 面向订单生产的产品 Make-to-stock Product (MTS) 面向库存生产产品 Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II) 制造资源计划 Master Production Schedule (MPS) 主生产计划 Material Requirements Planning (MRP) 物料需求计划 MBO (Management by objective) 目标管理 Net Change MRP 净改变式物料需求计划 Net Requirements 净需求 Oliver Wight MRP-II理论的创始人 On-hand Balance 现在库存量 Open Order 未结订单/开放订单 Order Entry 订单输入 Order Promising 订货承诺 Pegging 反查 Picking 领料/提货 Picking List 领料单 Planned Order 计划订单 Post-deduct Inventory Transaction Processing (Backflush) 后减库存处理法/倒冲法 Pre-deduct Inventory Transaction Processing 前减库存处理法 Production Planning 生产规划编制 Projected Available Balance 预计可用库存 Gueue 队列 Gueue Time 排队时间 Regeneration MRP 重生成式物料需求计划 Rescheduling Assumption 重排假设 Resource Requirement Planning 资源需求计划 Rough-cut Capacity Planning 粗能力计划 Routing 工艺路线 Safety Stock 安全库存Safety Time 保险期 Scheduled Receipt 预计入库量 Scrap Factor 残料率/废品系数 Service Parts 维修件 Shop Floor Control 车间作业管理 Shrinkage Factor 损耗系数 Time Bucket 时间段 Time Fence 时界 VE (value engineering) 价值工程 Vendor Scheduling 采购计划法 Work Center 工作中心 Work in Process (WIP) 在制品 ZBB (Zero based Budgeting) 零基预算 Zero Inventories 零库存 记帐:Bookkeeping Service 对帐:Auditing Service 联行:Associated Banks Service 或Affiliated Banks Service(我还是不明白这与5有何区别,但Associated和Affiliated不是动词原形,是形容词) 代理业务: Agency Service 银行卡接柜:Inter-Bank Bankcard Business Service 现金审批:Cash Approval Service 开销户: Account Opening/Closing Service 开户的标牌还可以用:New Account/New Clientbig macs, big/large-cap stock, mega-issue 大盘股 offering, list 上市 bourse 证交所 Shanghai Exchange 上海证交所pension fund 养老基金share 股票 valuation 股价underwriter 保险商 government bond 政府债券 saving account 储蓄账户 equity market 股市 shareholder 股东 delist 摘牌 inventory 存货traded company, trading enterprise 上市公司market fundamentalist 市场经济基本规则 damage-control machinery 安全顾问 efficient market 有效市场 opportunistic practice 投机行为 entrepreneur 企业家 cook the book 做假账 regulatory system 监管体系 portfolio 投资组合 money-market 短期资本市场 capital-market 长期资本市场 volatility 波动 diversification 多元化 real estate 房地产 option 期权 call option 看涨期权 put option 看跌期权 merger 并购 arbitrage 套利 Securities and Exchange Commission 〈美〉证券交易委员会 dollar standard 美元本位制 budget 预算 deficit 赤字bad debt 坏账macroeconomic 宏观经济 fiscal stimulus 财政刺激 a store of value 保值 transaction currency 结算货币 forward exchange 期货交易 intervention currency 干预货币 Treasury bond 财政部公债 pickup in price 物价上涨 Federal Reserve 美联储 inflation 通货膨胀 deflation 通货紧缩 tighter credit 紧缩信贷monetary policy 货币政策foreign exchange 外汇 spot transaction 即期交易 forward transaction 远期交易quote 报价常见银行英语词汇 account number 帐目编号 depositor 存户 pay-in slip 存款单 a deposit form 存款单 a banding machine 自动存取机 to deposit 存款 deposit receipt 存款收据 private deposits 私人存款 certificate of deposit 存单 deposit book, passbook 存折 credit card 信用卡 principal 本金 overdraft, overdraw 透支 to endorse 背书 endorser 背书人 to cash 兑现 to honor a cheque 兑付 to dishonor a cheque 拒付 to suspend payment 止付 cheque,check 支票 cheque book 支票本 crossed cheque 横线支票blank cheque 空白支票 rubber cheque 空头支票 cheque stub, counterfoil 票根 cash cheque 现金支票 traveler"s cheque 旅行支票 cheque for transfer 转帐支票 outstanding cheque 未付支票 canceled cheque 已付支票 forged cheque 伪支票 Bandar"s note 庄票，银票 banker 银行家 president 行长 savings bank 储蓄银行 Chase Bank 大通银行 National City Bank of New York 花旗银行 Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation 汇丰银行 Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China 麦加利银行 Banque de I"IndoChine 东方汇理银行 central bank, national bank, banker"s bank 中央银行 bank of issue, bank of circulation 发行币银行 commercial bank 商业银行，储蓄信贷银行 member bank, credit bank 储蓄信贷银行 discount bank 贴现银行 exchange bank 汇兑银行 requesting bank 委托开证银行 issuing bank, opening bank 开证银行 advising bank, notifying bank 通知银行 negotiation bank 议付银行 confirming bank 保兑银行 paying bank 付款银行 associate banker of collection 代收银行 consigned banker of collection 委托银行 clearing bank 清算银行 local bank 本地银行 domestic bank 国内银行 overseas bank 国外银行 unincorporated bank 钱庄 branch bank 银行分行 trustee savings bank 信托储蓄银行 trust company 信托公司 financial trust 金融信托公司 unit trust 信托投资公司 trust institution 银行的信托部 credit department 银行的信用部 commercial credit company(discount company) 商业信贷公司（贴现公司） neighborhood savings bank, bank of deposit 街道储蓄所 credit union 合作银行 credit bureau 商业兴信所 self-service bank 无人银行 land bank 土地银行 construction bank 建设银行 industrial and commercial bank 工商银行 bank of communications 交通银行 mutual savings bank 互助储蓄银行 post office savings bank 邮局储蓄银行 mortgage bank, building society 抵押银行 industrial bank 实业银行 home loan bank 家宅贷款银行 reserve bank 准备银行 chartered bank 特许银行 corresponding bank 往来银行 merchant bank, accepting bank 承兑银行 investment bank 投资银行 import and export bank (EXIMBANK) 进出口银行 joint venture bank 合资银行 money shop, native bank 钱庄 credit cooperatives 信用社 clearing house 票据交换所 public accounting 公共会计 business accounting 商业会计 cost accounting 成本会计 depreciation accounting 折旧会计 computerized accounting 电脑化会计 general ledger 总帐 subsidiary ledger 分户帐 cash book 现金出纳帐 cash account 现金帐 journal, day-book 日记帐，流水帐 bad debts 坏帐 investment 投资 surplus 结余 idle capital 游资 economic cycle 经济周期 economic boom 经济繁荣 economic recession 经济衰退 economic depression 经济萧条 economic crisis 经济危机 economic recovery 经济复苏 inflation 通货膨胀 deflation 通货收缩 devaluation 货币贬值 revaluation 货币增值 international balance of payment 国际收支 favourable balance 顺差 adverse balance 逆差 hard currency 硬通货 soft currency 软通货 international monetary system 国际货币制度 the purchasing power of money 货币购买力 money in circulation 货币流通量 note issue 纸币发行量 national budget 国家预算 national gross product 国民生产总值 public bond 公债 stock, share 股票 debenture 债券 treasury bill 国库券 debt chain 债务链 direct exchange 直接（对角）套汇 indirect exchange 间接（三角）套汇 cross rate, arbitrage rate 套汇汇率 foreign currency (exchange) reserve 外汇储备 foreign exchange fluctuation 外汇波动 foreign exchange crisis 外汇危机 discount 贴现 discount rate, bank rate 贴现率 gold reserve 黄金储备 money (financial) market 金融市场 stock exchange 股票交易所 broker 经纪人 commission 佣金 bookkeeping 簿记 bookkeeper 簿记员 an application form 申请单 bank statement 对帐单 letter of credit 信用证 strong room, vault 保险库 equitable tax system 等价税则 specimen signature 签字式样 banking hours, business hours 营业时间 消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index)

upon的近义词是：on在...之上；above超过。upon的近义词是：on在...之上；above超过。upon的详尽释义是prep.(介词)上...，在...之上，在...上面根据，按在...后立即依靠，凭借接近，近在咫尺对着，向在做...之中，在...中关于即将来临，当...时在...身后给盯。upon的例句是用作介词(prep.)Allourhopesresteduponthisventure.我们所有的希望都寄托在这次冒险上了。一、详尽释义点此查看upon的详细内容prep.(介词)上...，在...之上，在...上面根据，按在...后立即依靠，凭借接近，近在咫尺对着，向在做...之中，在...中关于即将来临，当...时在...身后给盯adv.(副词)位于高处，在其上随即此后二、词典解释Inadditiontotheusesshownbelow,uponisusedinphrasalverbssuchas‘comeupon"and‘lookupon",andaftersomeotherverbssuchas‘decide"and‘depend".除下列用法外，upon还可用于comeupon，lookupon等短语动词中，并可接在decide，depend等动词之后。1.在上Ifonethingisuponanother,itisonit.e.g.Hesetthetrayuponthetable...他把盘子放在桌子上。e.g.Hebentforwardandlaidakisssoftlyuponherforehead...他弯身向前，在她额头上轻轻一吻。2.一即；一就Youuseuponwhenmentioninganeventthatisfollowedimmediatelybyanotherevent.e.g.Thedoorontheleft,uponenteringthechurch,leadstotheCryptofStIssac...一进教堂左边的那扇门通往圣以撒墓。e.g.Uponconclusionofthesestudies,thepatientwastoldthatshehadasevereproblem.这些研究的结果出来后，病人被告知她的病情严重。3.（用于名词叠用，表示数量多）Youuseuponbetweentwooccurrencesofthesamenouninordertosaythattherearelargenumbersofthethingmentioned.e.g.Rowuponrowofwomensurgedforwards...一排排的女人涌上前去。e.g.Ilookedacrossthemountains,ridgeuponridge.我放眼绵延起伏的群山。4.将要发生；马上来临Ifaneventisuponyou,itisjustabouttohappen.e.g.Thelong-threatenedstormwasuponus...酝酿多时的暴风雨就要向我们袭来。e.g.Theweddingseasonisuponus...结婚旺季就要来了。三、网络解释1.在...之上,迫近：Hewentupthestairs.他上了楼梯.|upon在...之上,迫近....|It"snotpolitetolookdownuponhim.蔑视他是不礼貌的.2.在...上：Upgrade升级|Upon在-上|Usable可用合用3.一...就：Inperspective正确的|Upon一...就|Context环境四、例句Allourhopesresteduponthisventure.我们所有的希望都寄托在这次冒险上了。Thewatersplashedoutofthetubuponthefloor.水从缸里飞溅出来，落在地板上。Uponhisrelease,Daviswentimmediatelytohismother.戴维斯一被释放就立即回到了母亲身边。Christmasisalmostuponusagain.圣诞节又快到了。五、经典引文Hehathconstantlyresideduponhisepiscopalhouses.出自：W.LaudAtractofland..seateduponsomenavigableriver.出自：DefoeAnislandborderinguponIstria.出自：W.ThomsonIintendedtohaveprinteditupon..anEnglishletter.出自：BoswellPestilence,AndPanic,shallwagewaruponourside!出自：ShelleyDrawnblinds,anduponthemacuriouspattern.出自：V.WoolfAfamiliarcry..MrSalterhadheardituponuponthelipsofcountlessdistressedcolleagues.出自：E.WaughUponthedoorwasaneglectedbrassplate.出自：T.HardyTheroadleddownhillwiththerosenurseryupontheleft.出自：I.Murdoch六、情景对话税收A：mycompanywillbeginbusinesssoon,butIhavelittleknowledgeaboutthebusinesstax.Canyouintroduceit?我公司马上就要营业了，能介绍一下营业税的知识吗？B：Iwilltrymybest.Generallyspeaking,thebusinesstaxisleviedonthetaxableservice,thetransferofintangibleassetandsaleoftheimmovablepropertywithinchina.尽我所能吧！一般地说，提供应税业务、转让无形资产和出卖不动产都要交纳营业税。A：whatdoyoumeanbythetaxableservices?什么是应税业务？B：theyarethedefiniteitemsstipulatedbythelaw,suchasthetransportation,construction,finance,insuranceandthelike.theydonotincludetheprocessing,repairs,andreplacementservices,fortheyaresubjecttothevalueaddedtax.税法有明确的规定。比如交通运输、建筑安装、金融保险等。不包括加工、修理、修配业务，因为它们要缴增值税。A：itiseasytounderstandtheimmovableproperty,butwhatdoyoumeanbytheintangibleasset?不动产好理解，无形资产指什么？B：itmeanstheroyalties,includepatentright,proprietarytechnology,copyright,trademarkright,andsoon.指各种专有权，如专利权、专有技术版权、商标等。A：whataboutthetaxbase?计税收入如何确定？B：inmostcase,itisthetotalconsiderationreceived,includingadditionalfeesandcharges.大多数情况下指全部价款包括价外费用。A：doesthatincludetheturnoverreceivedinadvance?预收的价款也计算在内吗？B：yes,itdoesinthecaseoftransferoftheintangibleassetsorimmovableproperty.对于无形资产和不动产是这样。uponA：andwhataboutthedonation?无偿赠送呐？B：thedonationistaxableinthecaseoftransferoftheimmovableproperty.Buttheturnoverwillbeassessedbythetaxauthority.不动产的无偿赠送要视同销售，不过计税额要经过核定。uponA：whatcanwedoifwereceiveturnoverintheformofforeigncurrency?收款是外币怎么办？B：youcantransfertheforeigncurrencyintoReminbiatexchangeratebaseduponeitherthedateorthefirstdayofthemonth,thattheTaxableitemhappened.按收入当日或当月一日的汇率换算。A：howaboutthetaxrate?营业税税率是多少？upon什么意思B：ingeneral,therateisfrom3%to5%,buttheentertainmentisfrom5%to20%.一般是3%到达5%，娱乐业是5%到20%。A：whatyouhavesaidisveryhelpful,thankyou.您说的对我太有帮助了，谢谢！七、词源解说☆1121年进入英语，直接源自古英语的uppan，意为在上面；最初源自古北欧语的upp，意为向上。upon的相关近义词on、above、over、about、across、amidstupon的相关临近词upper、upload、Uponen、upontut、uponflue、uponthis、upontick、uponoath、uponthat、uponadie、uponsight、uponwhich点此查看更多关于upon的详细信息

实际汇率：经过通胀率调整后的两国货币的汇率。两种货币的购买力具有相互关系。当两种汇率在外汇市场上有某个汇率时，并不意味着一种货币所购买的产品和服务等于(相应汇率的)另一种货币所能够购买的产品和服务。这是两种货币的不同的通货膨胀率造成的。所以，实际汇率是名义汇率经过不同通货膨胀率的调整后的汇率。参见：购买力平价。"...have been adjusted for the inflation differential"用的是完成时，也就是“经过通胀率调整后的”，而不是你说的“要考虑到通货膨胀的因素”。一定注意完成时态的用法。

1．Trade-related Terms 贸易相关术语A．贸易Foreign Trade 对外贸易Entrepot Trade F。） 转口贸易Home （Domestic）Trade 内贸Coastal Trade 沿海贸易Cross-border Trade 边境贸易Barter Trade 易货贸易Compensation Trade 补偿（互补）贸易Bilateral trade （between China and the US） （中美）双边贸易Multilateral Trade ( Multilaterism ) 多边贸易Trading House/Corporation/Firm/Company 贸易公司Liner Trade 集装箱班轮运输B．合同Contract 合同Active service contracts on file 在备有效服务合同Sales Contract 销售合同Sales Confirmation 销售确认书Agreement 协议Vessel sharing Agreement 共用舱位协议Slot-sharing Agreement 共用箱位协议Slot Exchange Agreement 箱位互换协议Amendment 修正合同Appendix 附录Quota 配额C．服务合同Service Contract as provided in the Shipping Act of 1984， a contract betweena shipper （or a shippers association） and an ocean carrier （or conference）in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenueover a fixed time period，and the ocean common carrier or conference commits to a certain rate or rate schedules as well as a defined service level （such as assured space，transit time，port rotation or similar service features）。The contract may also specify provisions in the event of non-performance on the part of either party 服务合同A service contract is a confidential contract between a VOCC and 1 or more shippers in which the shipper(s) make a cargo commitment, and the carrier makes a rate and service commitment.服务合同是一家有船承运人与一个和多个托运人签订的保密合同，在合同中托运人对货量作出承诺，承运人对运价和服务作出承诺。Only a VOCC (or agreement of VOCCs) may enter into a service contract as carrier. 只有有船承运人（有船承运人协议）可以作为承运人签订服务合同。NVOCCs may enter into service contracts as shippers, but not as carrier.无船承运人可以作为托运人来签订服务合同，但不可以作为承运人签订服务合同。Allows a carrier to lawfully charge a negotiated, non-tariff rate.允许承运人合法地收取已达成协议的，非运价本运价。Allows parties to keep the negotiated rate confidential.允许签约方对已达成协议的运价保密。Today, the vast majority of liner cargo in the U.S. trade moves under confidential service contracts.目前，绝大多数美国航线的班轮货物通过保密的服务合同运输。Must be with qualified shipper(s).必须与合格的托运人签订服务合同。Must include shipper cargo commitment and carrier rate and service commitments.必须包括托运人货量承诺，承运人运价和服务承诺。Must include shipper certification.必须有托运人的身份证明。Must be signed by the carrier and the shipper.必须由承运人和托运人签署。Must be filed with the FMC.必须向FMC登记Electronic filing is permitted.允许电子登记Rates kept confidential - certain “essential terms” published.运价保密 －一些“基本条款”公布Service Contract Form服务合同的格式Term 1 = origin. 条款1 ＝ 启运地Term 2 = destination. 条款2 ＝目的地Term 3 = a list of commodities. 条款3 ＝ 商品类别Term 4 – MQC 条款4 ＝ 最低箱量Term 5 = Service Commitments 条款5 ＝ 服务承诺Term 6 = Rate Schedule 条款5 ＝ 费率表Term 7 - Liquidated Damages Clause 条款7 = 清算损失条款Term 8 – Contract Term 条款8 ＝ 合同期限Term 9A = Legal names of contract parties. 条款9A = 合同方的法定名称Term 9B = Identity of contract signatories. 条款9B ＝ 签字人的身份Term 9C = Date the contract was signed. 条款9C ＝ 合同签字日Other Provisions 其它条款Term 10 = shipper certification. 条款10 ＝ 托运人的身份Term 11 = contract records. 条款11 ＝ 合同记录Term 12 = other provisions (including force 条款12 ＝ 其它条款（包括不可majeure, cancellation, arbitration, and 抗拒力，终止，仲裁和assignment clauses). 转让 条款）Signature Block 签字栏The Shipper Party 托运方Is the Shipper Party qualified? 托运方是否合格？Must be cargo owner, NVOCC, or shipper"s 必须是货主，无船承运人和托运人协会association.Cannot be freight forwarder. 不可以是货运代理人Is the shipper party the party that will use 托运方是否为合同的使用方？the contract?Cannot be agent or affiliate of shipper party. 不可以是托运方的代理和附属公司Exception: Affiliate of BCO may be shipper 特殊情况：如果直接货主的附属party if it will be responsible for the freight. 公司负责运费，其可以是托运方。Must Use Full Legal Name 必须使用法定的全称The full legal name and business address 服务合同中必须显示of the shipper party must appear on the 托运方的法定全称和营业地址。service contract.Should usually include a corporate identifier 通常必须包括公司的标志符(Inc., Ltd., Co.). （Inc., Ltd., Co.）Contract heading, Term 9, and signature 合同的标题，第9条款block should match. 和签字栏必须一致。Affiliates 附属公司Shipper party may list affiliates entitled to use 托运方可以在合同第9条款中the service contract in Section 9. 列入有权使用服务合同的附属公司。An affiliate is a person that controls, is 附属公司是指拥有托运方，controlled by, or is under common control 被托运方拥有或被同一公司拥有的实体。with, the shipper party.The full legal name and business address of 必须包括每一个附属公司each affiliate must be included. 的法定全称和营业地址。Trade names may also be indicated in 除法定全称外，也可列入商号。addition to the full legal name.NVOCCs may not list affiliates. 无船承运人不可列入附属公司。When the Service Contract May be Used 何时可以使用服务合同？A service contract may not be used until the 只有在SECAUCUS办公室Secaucus office notifies the agent that the 通知代理服务合同已经向FMCservice contract has been filed with the FMC. 登记后，服务合同才可以使用。The Secaucus office will issue Daily Filing Notices. SECAUCUS办公室将发出“每日登记通知”。Enforcement of Service Contract Terms 服务合同条款的执行not to deviate from the service contract terms. 不可以偏离服务合同条款。A contract may be amended to reduce MQC or 服务合同可进行修改减少extend the contract term. 最低箱量或延长服务合同If the MQC (as amended, if applicable) is not 如果最低货量没有完成，satisfied, an invoice for liquidated damages 在合同到期后30天内must be issued within 30 days of the end of 发出清算损失发票。the service contract term.Service Contract must be with qualified shipper. 服务合同必须与合格的托运人签订。Shipper Party is person that will use the contract. 托运方为将会使用合同的人。Full name (and trade name, if any) and address of 条款9中必须显示托运方和shipper party and any affiliates entitled to use the 任何有权使用合同的附属公司的contract must appear in Term 9. 全称（和商号，如果有）和营业地址。If contract is with Shipper"s Association, Members 如果与托运人协会签订合同，entitled to use the contract must be listed. 合同中必须列入有权使用合同的成员公司。All parties entitled to use contract must certify status. 所有有权使用合同的各方必须证明其身份。Contract may not be used until filed with the FMC. 在没有向FMC登记前，合同不可以使用。Only shipper party and named affiliates (or listed 只有托运方和指名的附属公司members if SA) may use the contract. （或列入的托运人协会的成员公司）可以使用合同。D．条款Contract Terms （and conditions ） 合同条款Article 条Section 节/项Item 款Stipulation 规定Essential terms 必备（主要）条款Revision 修改Alteration 更改Contract Signatory 合同签署方（人）Merchant 签约方Head-Contractor 总承包商Sub-Contractor 分包商Parties to the contract 合同（协议签约）有关各方E. 买卖方、中介Manufacturer 制造（厂）商Buyer 买方Seller 卖方Broker 中间人/ 掮客（跑街先生）Middle-man 中间人（商）OTI 远洋运输中介公司NVO (NVOCC) Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier 无船承运人NVOCC Services may include but are not limited to： 无船承运人提供的服务包括但不局限于：1） purchasing transportation services from a VOCC and offering 向船舶承运人购买再向such services for resale to other persons 他人转售运输服务2） payment of port to port or multi-modal transportation charges 支付港到港或全程多式联运费用3） entering into affreightment agreements with underlying shippers 与大货主签订运输合同4） issuing bills of lading or equivalent documents 签发提单或相同效用单证5） arranging for inland transportation and paying for inland freight 安排内陆运输，从全程charges on through transportation movements 运费中支付内陆运费6） paying lawful compensation to ocean freight forwarders 向货代支付合理佣金7） leasing containers 负责租用（集装箱）货柜8） entering into arrangements with origin or destination agents 与始发地、目的地代理签 订合作协议，落实运作Any person operating in the US as an NVOCC shall furnish evidence 在美国经营无船承运人of financial responsibility in the amount of USD 75000 必需提供保证金75000美元Ocean Freight Broker 远洋揽货代理（ 船东订舱／营销代理 ）Ocean Freight Broker is an entity 远洋揽货代理系which is engaged by a carrier to secure cargo for such carrier 由船东经营，专事为本公司揽货，and/or offer for sale ocean transportation services 提供远洋运输服务的机构。对外which holds itself out to the public as one who negotiates 负责与收、发货人洽谈运输条款between shipper or consignee and carrier for the purchase， 出售舱位等事宜。sale，conditions and terms of transportation。 An Ocean Freight Broker is not required to be licensed to 远洋揽货代理无需专办经营perform those services。 执照Cargo Forwarding Agent / Cargo Forwarder 货运代理Freight Forwarding / Forwarder 货运代理Ocean Freight Forwarder 远洋货运代理人Freight Forwarding services may include，but are not limited to： 货代服务包括但不局限于：1） ordering cargo to port 安排将货物运送至港区（口）2） preparing and/or processing export declarations 安排出口报关3） booking，arranging for or confirming cargo space 安排订舱，确认舱位4） preparing or processing delivery orders or dock receipts 安排装货单证（场站收据）5） preparing and/or processing ocean bills of lading 安排海运提单6） preparing or processing consular documents or 安排出口单证及arranging for their certification 货物出口相关证书7） arranging for warehouse storage 安排仓库储放8） arranging for cargo insurance 安排货运保险9） clearing shipments in accordance with Government 根据政府有关出口规定export regulations 办理货物出口清关手续10） preparing and/or sending advance notifications of 缮制货运通知单及相关单证shipments or other documents to banks，shippers，or 并按要求分送银行、货主consignees，as required 或收货人11） handling freight or other money advanced by shippers， 安排支付发货人应付海运费or remitting or advancing freight or other money or credit 和其它费用；支付、电汇in connection with the dispatching of shipments 海运费、及运输相关费用12） coordinating the movement of shipments from origin to vessel 协调货物自出运地至船舶的运输13） giving expert advice to exporters concerning letters of credit， 为出口商提供有关信用证、other documents，license or inspections，or on problems 其它单证、执照、检验及about cargoes dispatch。 其与货物出运相关问题的专业咨询服务Any person operating in the US as an Ocean Freight Forwarder 在美国经营货代必需提供shall furnish evidence of financial responsibility in the amount 保证金50000美元of USD 50000。Shipping Agency / Agent 船务代理Supplier / Provider 供方F．公司Head Office （Headquarters） 总公司Board of Directors 董事会Director 董事CEO 首席执行官（总裁）CFO 财务总监Regional Office 区域性公司Local Office 地区公司Affiliate 附属（子）公司Branch Office 分公司Sub-office 支公司Subsidiaries 下属公司Liaison Office 联络处Rep. Office （Representative Office） 代表（办事）处Chief Representative 首席代表Group Company 集团公司Conglomerate 集团公司（企业集团）G．收发货人Shipper SPR 发货人/托运人Shipper may mean : 发货人可以是：1) a cargo owner 货物持有者（真正意义上的货主）2） the person for whose account the ocean transportation is provided 远洋运输费用支付人3） the person to whom delivery is to be made 收货人4） a shippers" association 货主协会an NVOCC that accepts responsibility for 承担支付运价本费率或服务payment of all charges applicable 合同费用的无船承运人under the tariff or service contract Consolidator A company that consolidates freight owned by various partiesinto one container. 拼箱货发货人Consignor 发货人Consignee 收货人Notify Party 通知方Second Notify Party 第二通知方

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A：May I help you? 　　B：Yes.Do you exchange foreign money here? 　　A：Yes.Our bank is authorized to deal with the foreign exchange business. 　　B：What kinds of currencies do you change? 　　A：Nowadays, we can change three currencies,US dollars,Japanese Yen and HK dollars. 　　B：Could you tell me what today"s exchange rate for US dollars is? 　　A：The buying rate is 826.44 RMB for 100 US dollars. 　　B：I want to change some US dollars to cover my expenses here. 　　A：Please go to Counter No. 2. That"s the foreign exchange counter.It"s over there. 　　B：Thank you. 　　1 　　A：您需要什么服务吗？ 　　B：需要。请问你们这儿兑换外币吗？ 　　A：是。我行经授权可以办理外汇业务。 　　B：贵行兑换哪几种货币？ 　　A：目前我们储蓄所只能兑换三种货币，美元、日元和港币。 　　B：您能告诉我今天的美元汇率是多少吗？ 　　A：银行买价是100美元换826.44元人民币。 　　B：我想换一些美元来支付我的一些费用。 　　A：请到2号柜台，外汇柜台办理。就在那边。 　　B：谢谢。 　　2 　　A：What can I do for you? 　　B：Yes.I"d like to change some US dollars.What"s today"s rate of US dollars to RMB? 　　A：It"s 826.44 RMB per hundred US dollars. 　　B：How much would you like to change? 　　A：200 US dollars total. 　　B：Please fill out the exchange form. 　　A：All right. 　　B：Would you mind showing me your passport? 　　A：Here it is. 　　B：Please wait a moment.I will do it for you as soon as possible. 　　2 　　A：您想办理什么业务？ 　　B：我想兑换一些美元。今天美元兑人民币的汇率是多少？ 　　A：100美元兑826.44元人民币。 　　B：您要兑换多少？ 　　A：总共200美元。 　　B：请填写兑换单。 　　A：好的。 　　B：让我看一下您的护照好吗？ 　　A：给您。 　　B：请稍候，我尽快为您办理。 　　3 　　A：Excuse me.Do you exchange foreign currency here? 　　B：Yes,we do. 　　A：This is my traveller"s check.Can you cash it for me? 　　B：Please sign your name on the bottom line and put down your address here. 　　A：Is that all right? 　　B：Okay.One more thing,please sign your name on the back of the check and don"t forget to date it and show me your passport. 　　A：All right.Here you are. 　　B：Okay.Here are your money with the memo and your passport.Please check it. 　　A：That"s good. 　　B：Hope to see you again. 　　3 　　A：请问你们这儿兑换外币吗？ 　　B：兑换。 　　A：这是我的旅行支票。能兑现吗？。 　　B：请在支票底端的线上签名，并在这儿写下您的地址。 　　A：这样对吗？ 　　B：行。还有，请在支票背面签上您的名字，别忘了注明日期,并出示护照。 　　A：好的。给您。 　　B：好，给您钱，兑换水单和护照。请核对。 　　A：没错。 　　B：欢迎您再次光临。 　　4 　　A：Excuse me.I want to convert 200 US dollars into Chinese yuan. 　　B：This is an exchange memo.Please fill in your name and the amount you intend to change. 　　A：What is the exchange rate for the US banknotes? 　　B：Today"s rate for cash purchase is 819.40 RMB for 100 US banknotes.Do you have your passport with you? 　　A：Yes.Here you are. 　　B：How much RMB will I get? 　　A：Let me see.200 US dollars make 1638.80 RMB.You"ll recieve the money in a moment. 　　B：No hurry. 　　A：Here is the cash and the exchange memo.Please check it. 　　B：It is correct. 　　4 　　A：对不起，我有200美元需要换成人民币。 　　B：这是外汇兑换水单，请填上您的姓名，需要兑换的金额。 　　A：美钞的汇率是多少？ 　　B：今天的现钞买入价是每一百美元兑换819.40元人民币。您带护照了吗？ 　　A：带了。给您。 　　B：能换多少人民币？ 　　A：让我算一下，200美元换1638.80元人民币。请等一会，您就能拿到钱。 　　B：不着急。 　　A：这是现金和外汇兑换水单。请核对一下。 　　B：不错。 　　5 　　A：Excuse me.Can I buy Chinese yuan with American dollars? 　　B：Certainly.What"s the amount you want to change? 　　A：200 US dollars. 　　B：Please fill in the exchange memo and show me your passport. 　　A：Is that all right? 　　B：Well.Remember to sign your name on the memo. 　　A：Here you are. 　　B：Here is the money, and also your passport and exchange memo.Please check it. 　　A：It"s right. 　　B：By the way,keep your exchange memo safe.You may convert the unused RMB back into foreign currency when you leave China. 　　A：I see.Thanks for the information. 　　B：Not at all. 　　5 　　A：请问我可以用美元兑换人民币吗？ 　　B：当然可以。您要换多少？ 　　A：200美元。 　　B：请填写兑换单，出示您的护照。 　　A：这样行吗？ 　　B：噢。别忘了在兑换单上签名。 　　A：给您。 　　B：给您钱，还有护照和兑换水单。请核点一下。 　　A：没错。 　　B：顺便提一下，保管好您的兑换单，离开中国时您可以把未用完的人民币兑换成外币。 　　A：我明白了。谢谢您提醒。 　　B：不客气。