贝贝-
定语从句
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
一．词引导的定语从句
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词
句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句
代替人 代替物 代替人或物
主语 Who which that
主语 Whom which that
宾语 Whose(=of whom) whose(=of which)
例1：This is the detective who came from London.
例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3：The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2．关系代词的用法
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
(6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构
(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二．关系副词引导的定语从句
1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因
That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1．二者差异比较
限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据
(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
3. 先行词与定语从句隔离
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
四．As在定语从句中的用法
1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
（1）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
（2）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
The elephant"s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
3）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2．As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
表语是用来说明主语的特征、状态等，补充说明主语的意义，因此，它也叫作主语补语。表语一般用在连系动词后面，连系动词除了be之外，还有become（成为）、look（看起来）、turn（变成）、go（变成）、seem（似乎）、appear（似乎、显得）、feel（摸起来）、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）等等。可做表语的有: 形容词、代词、名词、分词、动名词、数词、介词短语或副词和从句：例如：
We are students.
He is very clever.
再也不做稀饭了-
从句是用来修饰(详细地解释)主句中的某一部分词语的 (主语,谓语,宾语,表语,状语,定语,等等)用什么关系副词主要是看修饰的是哪个词.
表地点的词就要用WHERE
表时间的WHEN
定语从句似乎不会出现WHY,因为WHY会解释一个原因,而我个人暂时还没有想到什么定语是来解释一个原因的,状语倒有可能.
及物动词和不及物动词,简言之,就是
前者后面可以直接跟宾语/表语,不用任何介词(TO,FROM,IN,ON等等)
而不及物动词后面一定要跟一个介词,构成一个词组,才可以在后面跟宾语/表语
补充:
状语是用来修饰句子中非名词的部分(动词,形容词,副词),或整个句子 的词语,一般是副词(修饰名词的是定语)
注意是修饰性的,就是去掉这个词,这个句子仍然读得通.
常见的在句子中表示地点的: in XXplace, in front of XX place, in the back of XX place, around XX place,就是翻译成中文,这一部分是表示一个地点的
表示时间的大概就 at XX o"clock, in a few minutes, several days ago/after,翻译称中文之后是表示时间点或者时间段的
这些是我自己的理解,不一定对的.
I want to ask the teacher _____ we will take a day off，为什么用when?,不用that..
这是由后面从句的内容所决定的吧?
问老师____我们将要放假
应该是填"什么时候"吧
填THAT在纯粹的语法上是没有错误的,但是句子就不对了.
S笔记-
定语从句专题
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中作定语，修饰一个名词性成分；被修饰的名词性成分叫作先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
关系词常有 3 个作用：1. 引导定语从句；2. 代替先行词；3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词用来代替表示人或物的先行词，在从句中充当主语、宾语（表语）、定语等成分。当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1. who/whom 指人，分别在从句中作主语和宾语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. （who在从句中作主语）
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom) I want to see. （whom在从句中作宾语，常可省略）
注意：①在口语和非正式语体中，常用 who 代替 whom ，可以省略。
The man (who/whom) you met just now is my friend.
②who有时用来指动物，尤其是家庭宠物，如：
Is Sheba the dog who was run over and nearly killed last year?
2. which 指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略
(1) China is a country which has a long history.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
3. whose是代词的所有格，既可以指人也可以指物。指物的时候，它相当于of which。
(1) I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
(2) Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the
cover of which is red.)
4. that 既可以指人也可以指物。指人时相当于who/whom，指物时相当于which，在从句中作宾语时同样可以省略。
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
(2) He is the man (whom/that) I saw yesterday.
(3) The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词的用法比较单一，它们代替表示时间、地点、原因等的先行词，在从句中作状语。表示时间就用when，表示地点就用where，而why表示原因，其先行词只有reason。例如：
(1) There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
(2) Beijing is the place where I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
(3) Is this the reason why he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们的帮助的理由吗？
* 有时关系副词所指的名词名词可不出现，如：
It"s (the place) where that rock festival is held every year.
注意：当先行词是表示方式的名词时，定语从句只能用that或“介词 + which”来引导，绝不能用how。这时that或“介词 + which”结构可以省略。如：
(1) 正：That"s how he spoke．（表语从句）
正：That"s the way (that) he spoke．
正：That"s the way (in which) he spoke．
误：That"s the way how he spoke．
(2) We can see the method by which the computer works.
三、定语从句中的介词
介词可与定语从句连用，其在从句中的位置取决于语体的正式程度。
u2022非正式：Have you seen the little case that/which I keep my contact lenses in?
u2022正式：This system provides a case in which the contact lenses can be kept.
在这种结构中，介词与先行词组成短语，在从句中充当句子成分，因此介词的选用受到一定限制，需根据先行词与介词的搭配关系而定。
1. 介词一般不置于关系代词that之前；若介词置于who之前，who总是变成whom；且当紧跟介词作介词宾语时，关系代词不能省略。
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
The man (who/that) you talked with is my friend. (T)
The man with who/that you talked is my friend. (F)
(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
2. 因为关系副词在含义上相当于“介词 + which”结构，因此常和该结构交替使用。
如：The rain came at a time when (=at which) it was not needed.
This is the computer where (=on which) he has stolen top-secret documents.
Here is the place where (=at which) the murder took place.
3. 一些短语动词不能拆开使用（拆开后会发生歧义），如：look for, look after, take care of，care for, see to 等
(1) This is the watch (which/that)I am looking for. (T)
This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
4. 在非限制性定语从句中，不能用"介词 + which"结构代替关系副词。
如：They set up a state for their own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
5. 修饰关系代词
在非限制性定语从句中，which或whom前面经常加all of和many of等修饰语作为从句的主语或宾语。即“不定代词/数词/形容词最高级 + of + 关系代词(which/whom)”结构。如some, any, none, both, neither, most, each, few, several 等
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四、关系代词与关系副词的选择
一个原则，保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠。这就要判断关系词在从句中充当什么成分。及物动词或介词后无宾语，系动词后无表语，或需要一个阐明所属关系的定语时要用关系代词；如果关系词被拿来作从句中的状语则要用关系副词。例如：
(1) This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. √
This is the mountain village where I visited last year. ×
This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. √
(2) 题1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
题2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：题1 D，题2 A
题1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
题2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既作了主句的表语，又可作从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又根据in the museum词组，可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而C项的介词on用得不对，所以选A。
五、限制性和非限制性定语从句
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的限定部分，去掉后主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，常用逗号与主句分开，去掉后主句意思仍然完整。在翻译时，前者通常译为先行词的定语，即“……的……”；而后者通常译成主句的并列句。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
专用名词以及世界上独一无二的东西都不能有限制性定语从句。因为它们的意义本身已经非常清楚，不需要对其进行限定。
(1) I"ve been to London, which is a beautiful city。
我去过伦敦，那是个美丽的城市。
(2) Your father, whom I respect very much, is a kind old man.
你父亲是个很和善的老头，我很尊重他。
(3) Nanjing, where I lived for five years, is very hot in summer.
南京夏天非常热，我在那里生活过五年。
在以上三例当中，定语从句就不能是限制性的。若变成限制性定语从句，意思就成了“我去过那个是座美丽的城市的伦敦。你那个我很尊重的父亲是个很和善的老头。我在那里生活过五年的南京夏天非常热。”言外之意是还有别的伦敦、父亲和南京。
非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫作蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
注意区分以下句子的不同：
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
六、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，都能指主句所表达的整个意思，在从句中作主语或宾语，相当于and this或and that。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
其不同之处在于：
① 位置上，as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。词义与联系上，as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as 本身含有“正如”之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don"t believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用 which。
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
② as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which。
It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
在本题中，prevent是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
③ 非限定性定语从句中出现expect, think, suppose 等表示猜测、想象、预料等时，常用as。
She succeeded in her doing the research work, as we expected.
④ the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
注意：the same…as与the same…that的意思不同。
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary"s wedding. 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
七、that代替关系副词
在限制性定语从句中，that可以取代when, where, why或“介词 + which”表示时间、地点、原因，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
八、先行词和关系词二合一
1. 在限制性定语从句中，-ever可修饰关系代词或副词表示anything，anyone，anywhere等意思，如：
(1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever＝anyone who)
(2)Use whichever phone you want - they all have outside lines. (Whichever＝any that)
2. what表示the thing that/which的意思。如：
The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what＝all that)
可以看出，以上虽然都是名词性从句，但能发挥与定语从句相同的作用。
注意区分：
(1) what/whatever
what=the thing which；whatever=anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
(2) who/whoever
who= the person that；whoever= anyone who
Who breaks the law will be punished. ×
Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. ×
Whoever breaks the law will be punished. √
Who robbed the bank is not clear. √
(3) that/what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
九、关系代词的省略
限制性定语从句中的关系代词在下列情况下，可以省略。
1. 关系代词在从句中作动词宾语。
The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.
2. 关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，且不是紧跟在介词后面。
Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.
3. 关系代词在从句中作表语时
Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.
4. 在there be句型中或先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略。
There is an old man (who) wants to see you.
I don"t like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.
十、that,which,who
1. 限制性定语从句中只用that的情况
a) 当先行词是由anything, everything, nothing, all, few, none, little, some等不定代词(something除外)，或者先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时；
There is little that I can do for you.
You can take any seat that is free.
In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation.
b) 先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级，或者先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
This is the best film that I have seen.
c) 先行词为有the only, the very, last, just等修饰的表示物的名词时。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
d) 先行词中既有人又有物时。
They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them.
e) 先行词是疑问代词who，which或主句以这些词开头时，用that以避免重复。
Who that has ever worked together with him doesn"t admire him?
Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？
f) 先行词是主句中表语，或关系代词是从句中表语时。
That"s a good book that will help you a lot.
Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.
g) 在there be或there live结构中先行词指物时，用that引导且多省略。
h) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
2. 通常只用 which 的场合
a) 引导非限制定语从句时
b) 紧跟介词作介词宾语时
c) 当关系代词之后有插入语时
I have received your constructive letter which, as I have told you ,was uegently needed by the press.
d) 先行词为“that”，特别是在谚语中
The clock is that which tells the time.
That which is evil is soon learned.
e) 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时
You should grasp well those skills which may be used in the future work.
3. 通常只用 who 的场合
a) 先行词是指人的不定代词，如：one, ones, anyone, no one, all, nobody, anybody等。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don"t please me.
Don"t tell anyone about the news who oughtn"t to know it.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
b) 先行词为this, that, these, those, people表示人时，宜用who。
Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.
c) 先行词为人称代词指人时, 多用 who
I, who am your friend, often see you playing basketball.
d) 先行词被 the very, the only 修饰，但指人时
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
e) 先行词有较长的后置定语时
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese.
f) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that，另一个则用
who，但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词，以免产生误解。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
There is a teacher who presents the material in the most interesting way and who enjoys what he teaches.
g) 在there be或there live结构中先行词指人时。
There is an old man who wants to see you.
康康map-
关系代词和关系副词的用法：
1）当先行词为人时用who作主语，whom作宾语；
2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which，可作主语或宾语；
3）先行词为人、物时用that，可作主语或宾语；在从句中作主语时,不能省略;
先行词既有人又有物时。
④句中已有who时,为避免重复，用that代替。
e.g.There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it.没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。