违反英语b开头

违反的英文是breach。breach，英语单词，名词、动词，作名词时意为“违背，违反；缺口”，作动词时意为“违反，破坏；打破”。现在分词breaching，过去式breached，过去分词breached，复数breaches，第三人称单数breaches。短语搭配：1、Fundamental breach根本违反 ； 根本违约。2、clean breach浪扫全舱面 ； 横扫舱面浪。3、Breach TD裂缝塔防版 ； 裂痕塔防版。4、severable breach可划分的违约。5、numerical breach数值孔径。

坟墓的英语为grave。主要用作为名词、副词、形容词、动词，作名词时意为“墓穴，坟墓；死亡；重音记号。（废旧机器等的）堆积处。（德、英）格拉维（人名）”。作副词时意为“（乐）缓慢地，庄严地”。作形容词时意为“庄重的；严肃的；（乐）缓慢的”。作动词时意为“雕刻；铭记；拷铲油漆（船底）”。短语搭配：grave accent 重音记号grave wax 尸蜡grave crime [法] 严重罪行grave mound 封土grave consequences 严重后果grave breaches 严重破坏行为Grave robbing 盗墓grave jade 墓玉chu grave 楚墓

道德的违反

进一步同意，该公司将是唯一的法官和作为是否说承包商已承诺任何违反或破坏的任何条款和条件的投标/或合同和程度的损失，损害赔偿，费用，造成费用造成或遭受的或可能造成或遭受的理事会帐户就此向程度定金/保证金必须存入由承包商就表示投标或定金/保证金必须存入由承包商对说的投标书或合同，委员会的决定，该承包商承诺如违约或违反和支付的金额或数量损失，损害，费用，收费及开支造成或遭受的或可能造成或遭受的董事会不时应是最终的和有约束力的关于我们

We are deeply sorry about the mishaps due to our error, we sincerely ask you give us another opportunity to serve you again.上海灵格风英语

对应的英语：breach the promises.例如：He breaches his original promises.

"Burningofplasticgarbageispollutingtheenvironment.Therefore,thedutyliesineveryonetoprotecttheenvironmentandanyonewhobreachestheruleshallbepunishedstrictly."【公益慈善翻译团】真诚为你解答！

信任缺口请采纳

未免也太多了吧, 你一点都不会吗>?

Should Party B breaches (或 violate) the contract (或 the conditions listed therein), then Party A has the right to pursue the legal responsibilities

罗密欧与朱丽叶？好多单词，是你打错了，还是古英语啊？

第一章 夫妻间生活守则 第一条 婚后不与家公家婆同住。 A. 同住之定义是指不能共同居住於同一区。 B. 同区之定义是根据香港特区政府之区域划分法。 C. 同住之定义亦指於廿四小时内共同逗留於同一室内超过十二小时。 D. 家公家婆亦泛指男家之所有亲友。 第二条 未得妻子同意，恕不招待男家之亲友。 第三条 未得妻子同意，丈夫不能勉强妻子与男家亲友聚会。 The first chapter of marital life codes First of marriage and family do not live public woman. A. The definition is the living can not live together in the same district. B. definition of the same district of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government Act region. C. The definition also means living in the 24-hour period of stay in the same room together more than 12 hours. D.-government Great Nanjie also refers to all the relatives. Second wife without the consent of relatives will not honor Nanjie. Article 3, without the consent of the wife, husband and wife can barely Nanjie relatives and friends gathered. The fourth wife of the husband not to lie. A. Whether or malicious lies are good, do not be accepted. B. husband to his wife without any cover up, what is required of part or all of the facts. Article 5 of the man, Ruzhu, home husband to be responsible for all domestic chores, including Cou Aberdeen, cooking and Xishan, washing toilets, and so on. A. people regardless of their predecessors, they all must carry out the men, Nu:zhu outside the premise. B. wife for the husband will no longer face any cover up or show, in a bid to deceive the man"s friends and relatives. Article 6 of all the work to re-wife, a husband may not interfere with his wife"s work, or to make any impact on the work of the wife moves. Article 7 of their financial independence between husband and wife, but the husband and son to be responsible for the cost-of-living home. Chapter II husband personal code First of not access pornographic sites. A. including the legal or illegal establishments. B. shall not use any excuse in the premises after, or stay out. Article II of the excessive gambling. A. including the legal or illegal gambling. Article 3 of the use of prohibited drugs. Article IV of the excessive intake of alcohol. Article 5 may not be outside with his wife or family members of the opposite sex are excessive, and unnecessary act of intimacy. A. "is necessary", "excessive" or "intimacy" from the definition of wife-defined. Article 6 not to hurt his wife"s behavior, including psychological, physiological, "injury" is defined to his wife"s feelings in mind. Article 7 not violate any laws. Article 8 of the same friends Sueji, also known as AK meet. A. The identity card number for Sueji K267xx3 (2) B. Sueji name of the Chinese code for the 1667 2348 3233 9 breaches of the contents of prenuptial agreement. The third chapter details of marital relations The first husband of the need to regularly report to the whereabouts of his wife. Second husband at any time, are not lost contact with his wife. A. any pretext, for example, did not take telephones, telephone冇…, such as the reasons for variance be accepted. Article 3 referred to the husband or wife tend not content of the work. Article 4, or her husband can not attempt to influence his wife"s intention, views and the views of things. Article 5, if things between husband and wife to hold different views to the views of his mind for the final. Sixth not indulged in the work of her husband, neglected family life, all to the family at heart. Article 7, cares for her husband to his wife, his wife every night to serve until his wife can sleep sleep. Article 8 of the husband had a responsibility to understand the preferences of his wife and the wife should do its utmost to meet the requirements. 9 husband should respect his wife will be reluctant to do any non-voluntary wife to do. Article 10 of the home lost his temper, not even a dispute in front of the children.第四条 丈夫不得向妻子说谎。 A. 不论谎话是善意或恶意，均不被接纳。B. 丈夫对妻子不得有任何隐瞒，所讲的必需是事实之部份或全部。 第五条 男主内，女主外，丈夫要负责家中一切家务杂务，包括凑仔、煮饭、洗衫、洗厕所等等。 A. 不论人前人后，均要贯彻男主内，女主外的大前提。 B. 妻子不会再为丈夫的面子作任何掩饰或做戏，以图瞒骗男方的亲友。 第六条 一切以妻子的工作为重，丈夫不得干涉妻子的工作，或作出任何影响妻子工作的举动。 第七条 夫妻间各自财政独立，唯丈夫需负责家用及儿子的生活费。 第二章 丈夫个人守则 第一条 不得出入色情场所。 A. 包括合法或非法之色情场所。 B. 不得以任何藉口在有关场所经过、出入或逗留。 第二条 不可沉迷赌博。 A. 包括合法或非法之赌博。 第三条 不可服食违禁药物。 第四条 不可摄取过量酒精。 第五条 不得与妻子或家人以外的异性有过份、及不必要之亲昵举动。 A. ”是否必要〃、”过份〃或” 亲昵〃之定义由妻子介定。 第六条 不可作出伤害妻子的行为，包括心理上、生理上，”伤害〃之定义以妻子的感觉为依归。 第七条 不可触犯任何法例。 第八条 不可相约损友苏亚基，又名AK见面。 A. 苏亚基的身份证号码为K267xx3(2) B. 苏亚基姓名之中文电码为1667 2348 3233 第九条 不可违反婚前协议书的内容。 第三章 夫妻间相处细节 第一条 丈夫需要定时向妻子报告行踪。 第二条 丈夫在任何时刻，均不能与妻子失去联络。 A. 任何藉口，例如没有带电话、电话冇电…之类原因，皆不被接纳。 第三条 丈夫不能探问或提及妻子的工作内容。 第四条 丈夫不能企图或意图影响妻子的观点意见、以及对事物的看法。 第五条 若夫妻间对事物持有不同意见，以妻子的意见为最后依归。 第六条 丈夫不可沉迷工作，忽略家庭生活，一切需以家庭为重。 第七条 丈夫需关心爱护妻子，每晚要服侍妻子，待妻子入睡方能睡觉。 第八条 丈夫有责任了解妻子之喜好，并应尽其所能满足妻子的要求。 第九条 丈夫应尊重妻子意愿，不可勉强妻子做任何非自愿去做的事。 第十条 不可在家发脾气，更不能在孩子面前发生争执。

13 load, how are you by into remembrance in. Having broken the world apart, is altogether diffused.

居留期由国家来解决第三部-前因*(一)申请人的阵仗被拒绝入境或驱逐出任何国家 包括新加坡? (二)无阵仗被法庭判决有罪,在任何一个国家,包括新加坡? (三)无阵仗被禁止进入新加坡? (四)有你有没有进入新加坡护照或使用不同的名称? 如无任何回答"是", 另请提供详细1914年2页纸入境3第四部--申请人声明我现在宣布我提供的一切都是真实的、正确的应用这一. 我承诺不滥用药物控制或参与任何政治活动或其他在新加坡逗留期间,我将让我下一个不良或禁止入境移民法. 我承诺遵守<移民法规例或任何法定修改或重新制定时的开放时间,在新加坡队. 我承诺不涉及任何刑事罪在新加坡举行. 我承诺不抱任何活动,均与索取的再入境通行证我已经发出承诺不从事任何形式的就业 虽然住在新加坡的业务或未经书面同意控制器入境. 我知道在新加坡逾期居留或非法工作是一项严重罪行,一经定罪, 处罚可能包括强制性入狱笞刑. 我知道如果我确信控制器入境或任何家人或违反这项承诺变成了不良或禁止入境 他将通行证和出入境通行证我国取消了全家成员、 我们可能需要在24小时内离开新加坡等注销. 我知道这对申请签证,并持有并不保证准许入境并进入新加坡是完全的裁量切入点. 我同意你处索取资料或核实你认为适当的任何来源进行评估,我申请出入境设施.

cheating in an examination is wrong,It breaks the rules of the school

1.在我们了解它在之前，我们已经失去了我们的健康，只有了解和观察健康的规则，它才可以保持。2，很多人在中年发现自己青年时代的愚蠢，但他的自责是徒劳的，大自然永远不会原谅违反健康“物理罪的规则”。3。我们，年轻的时候，必须获得充足的睡眠，这是“自然的恢复”，而不是燃烧的蜡烛两头。

学习了

我QQ：42470420

任何一方违反其义务，在sections1.1和16本协定，在案件1.1部分，这种行为是无法治愈后三十（30）天之后收到书面通知违约方治疗；或

Green was the grass growing along the river bank.The beautiful willow breaches was drifting in the green covered garden.Over the window of the pavilion, her charming face captured my sight. 拙译，仅供参考

思源的？是谁

如任何一方违约，守约方可在法律和衡平法所给予的救济之外，要求违约方赔偿守约方因执行本协议带来的全部损失（包括合理的律师费）。

看医生

～～～～强人

Hurricane Katrina effects on New OrleansOn August 29, 2005, Katrina"s storm surge caused several breaches in levees around New Orleans. Most of the city was subsequently flooded, as the breached drainage and navigation canals allowed water to flow from the lake into low areas of the city and Saint Bernard Parish. Storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina the most destructive and costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States, and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane.The total damage caused by Katrina is estimated by the NHC to be about $75 billion. (Other estimates range from $25 to $100 billion), almost double the previously most expensive storm, Hurricane Andrew, making Katrina the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. history.Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles (233,000 km²) of the United States, an area almost as large as the United Kingdom. The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity. While some less-damaged homes had power restored within weeks, as of February 26, 2006, only a little over one-third of structures had electricity, and fewer have hot water or cooking gas. On September 3, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as, "probably the worst catastrophe, or set of catastrophes," in the country"s history, referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans.Death tollDeaths by State State Deaths Alabama 2 Florida 14 Georgia 2 Kentucky 1 Louisiana 1292 Mississippi 238 Ohio 2 Unknown 53 Total 1604 Missing ~1840 As of March 20, 2006, the confirmed death toll stood at 1,604, mainly from Louisiana (1,293) and Mississippi (238). However, 705 people remain categorized as "missing" in Louisiana, so this number is not final even six months after the storm. In hard-hit St. Bernard Parish, which was flooded in its totality by Katrina, the search for the missing was slow. According to an interview in the Times-Picayune, the coroner was still trying to get a list of missing from the Red Cross in November 2005. While there were some victims on this list whose bodies were found in their homes, the vast majority were tracked down through word-of-mouth and credit card records. As of December 2005, the official missing list in the Parish stood at 47. It was feared that shrimpers and oystermen who usually ride out storms in their boats may have been swept into the marshes by the surge.After protracted arguments over who would handle the costs, DNA testing began in December 2005 to identify approximately 263 bodies that could not be identified by other means.

Should Party B breaches (或 violate) the contract (或 the conditions listed therein), then Party A has the right to pursue the legal responsibilities

Privacy Policy We is committed to safeguarding your privacy. Contact us at our email if you have any questions or problems regarding the use of your Personal Data and we will gladly assist you. By using this site or/and our services, you consent to the Processing of your Personal Data as described in this Privacy Policy. Table of Contents Definitions used in this Policy Data protection principles we follow What rights do you have regarding your Personal Data What Personal Data we gather about you How we use your Personal Data Who else has access to your Personal Data How we secure your data Information about cookies Contact information Definitions Personal Data – any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. Processing – any operation or set of operations which is performed on Personal Data or on sets of Personal Data. Data subject – a natural person whose Personal Data is being Processed. Child – a natural person under 16 years of age. 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A crime is an act that violates a political, religious, or moral command considered important in protecting the interests of the State or the welfare of its citizens or subjects. The word "crime" came from Latin crimen (genitive criminis), from the Latin root cernō and Greek κρινω = "I judge". Originally it meant "charge (in law), guilt, accusation". Informal relationships and sanctions have been deemed insufficient to create and maintain a desired social order, resulting in formalized systems of social control by the government, or more broadly, the State. With the institutional and legal machinery at their disposal, agents of the State are able to compel individuals to conform to behavioural norms and punish those that do not. Various mechanisms are employed to regulate behaviour, including rules codified into laws, policing people to ensure they comply with those laws, and other policies and practices designed to prevent crime. In addition are remedies and sanctions, and collectively these constitute a criminal justice system. Not all breaches of the law, however, are considered crimes, for example, breaches of contract and other civil law offenses. The label of "crime" and the accompanying social stigma are normally reserved for those activities that are injurious to the general population or the State, including some that cause serious loss or damage to individuals. The label is intended to assert an hegemony of a dominant population, or to reflect a consensus of condemnation for the identified behavior and to justify a punishment imposed by the State. in the event that an accused person is tried and convicted of a crime. The term "crime" can also technically refer to the use of criminal law to regulate minor infractions, such as traffic violations. Usually, the perpetrator of the crime is a natural person, but in some jurisdictions and in some moral environments, legal persons are also considered to have the capability of committing crimes. The State can also technically commit crimes, although this is only rarely reflected in the justice system.

观众应该被鼓励去就他们相信的媒体界成员违反道德准则表达他们的观点和不满。by members of the... 某团体的成员们。本文中指：媒体界的成员

Online accounts involved in violence or bullying will be suspended or permanently banned , an official from China"s top internet regulator said. 中国最高级别网络管理机构官员表示，参与暴力或霸凌的网络账号将被关停或 被永久封禁 。 Zhang Yongjun, an official with the Cyberspace Administration of China , told a news conference held by the State Council Information Office on Thursday that those suspected of violating laws or committing crimes through their use of social media and other online accounts will face legal liabilities . 周四（3月17日）， 中国国家互联网信息办公室  官员张拥军在 国务院新闻办公室  举行的新闻发布会上表示，通过使用社交媒体和其他网络账号违法犯罪的网民将面临法律 责任 。 He said that online violence is a serious problem that has attracted public attention, breaches the moral bottom line and is often accompanied by violations and crimes. "Some people bully others by insults, slander , threats and intimidation , while some detail others" personal information or disclose their private information," he said. 他说：“有的人通过侮辱、 诽谤 、威胁以及 恐吓  形式输出语言暴力，有的人泄露他人个人隐私、个人信息。” "Online violence not only harms others" dignity, reputation and privacy, but also seriously pollutes the social climate , so it must be firmly combated ." “网络暴力不仅侵害他人的尊严、名誉和隐私，也严重污染了 社会风气 ，所以我们的态度是要坚决 打击 。” Zhang said the administration has cleaned up about 879,000 pieces of online harmful information so far this year and punished more than 41,000 illegal accounts. 张拥军表示， 今年以来  国家网信办累计清理相关有害信息87.9万条，处置违法违规账号4.1万余个。 "But given that the problem can easily return, we have to solve it by setting up a long-term work mechanism ," he added. “但鉴于此类问题容易反弹，我们需要建立 长效机制  以解决该问题，”他补充道。 When closing improper accounts and forbidding them from making posts to prevent online violence from getting serious, he said the administration will help websites and internet platforms analyze comments from netizens and real-time viewers. 为防止网暴的蔓延升级，在关闭、禁言违规账号时，他表示网信办还将协助网站和网络平台分析用户的评论和实时弹幕。 "We"ll also urge websites and platforms to improve their prevention systems by upgrading products or services, such as by providing netizens with a function that can restrain strangers from commenting or forwarding online posts," he said. 他表示，“我们也将督促网站平台进一步调整优化产品或服务，完善防控机制，上线限制陌生人评论或转发帖子的功能。” "We"ll also further simplify our process for handling clues about online violence and specify the classification to offer internet users a quick and convenient channel to report related problems." “我们也将 进一步简化  处理网络暴力线索的流程，并 细化  举报 分类 ，确保网民能够快速、便捷地举报网络暴力问题。” To purify the online environment and solve major internet-related irregularities, several other campaigns will also be conducted this year, including tightened scrutiny of livestreaming and short-video platforms, a crackdown on online rumors and a fight against those fabricating online views, said Sheng Ronghua, deputy head of the administration. 国家网信办副主任盛荣华表示，为净化网络环境，整治主要网络乱象问题，也会进行其他行动，其中包括对网络直播和短视频平台进行 更为严格的监管 、打击网络谣言以及打击流量造假。 These campaigns have been included in the 2022 Clean and Healthy Cyberspace Initiative , he said, adding that it is a key priority of the top internet regulator this year. 他表示，这些行动已经被纳入2022年“清朗”系列专项行动，并补充说这是今年最高互联网监管机构的 关键首要任务 。 Last year, the administration launched a similar initiative, in which it cleaned up more than 22 million pieces of harmful information and punished 1.3 billion illegal accounts, he said. 他表示，去年网信办也 发起  过类似的行动，累计清理不良信息2200万余条，并处置非法账号13亿个。 More than 7,200 hosts on livestreaming or short-video platforms were banned, with over 3,200 problematic websites closed and 2,160 mini programs and apps removed, he added. 他还补充说，封禁直播短视频平台主播7200余名，关闭网站3200余家，下架小程序、应用程序2160款。

太有压力 弄不好

案件事实 天鹅，是由一家英国公司，利润有限公司2月5日拥有的散货船，天鹅船体覆盖从伦敦市场上获得了为期一年。用作覆盖的基础上，研究所赫尔第（1995）版本。后来，在2月份，天鹅被特许伊朗公司为期3个月。今年三月，北约部队发动攻击，海湾国家，Petrolia因涉嫌违反联合国决议。利润有限公司，合法，终止与伊朗公司的租船协议和订购的船只，这是在当时的伊朗港口，回到英国。在回来的路上，船只停止Petrolian军队的船只，要求扣押船只。虽然谈判仍在进行中，英子海上获救船员。之前离开的船只，以防止船舶财产Petrolian军队，掌握和在机房的工程师放火。短短几个小时的时间，天鹅成为总损失。 问题： 1。奉劝保证船体政策下获得赔款的前景。 2。你的答案不同，如果以下列方式天鹅从伊朗港口出发后发生的事件： 主改变了她的路线，以避免该地区巡逻的船只Petrolian军队。不过，作为船只Hulahula领海航行，一伙武装分子得到了船上并抓获全部遇难船员的船只。曾没有再次听到天鹅

电话礼仪英语介绍 　　导语：静音键可以起到惊人的作用，但是你要确定自己知道怎么使用它。电话礼仪很重要。以下我为大家介绍电话礼仪英语介绍文章，欢迎大家阅读参考! 　　When you have a conference call rather it is from business to business, or business to an employee at home or abroad conducting business, it is important that the conference calling experience is productive and smooth sailing. No matter what role you play in the conference call, it is necessary that you maintain the proper etiquette for conference calls. 　　当你在参与一个电话会议的时候，不管是公务之间的往来，还是在家的时候收到了单位的任务，又或者是海外业务的推进，老道的会议经验都对工作的顺利推进和提高效率起到了重要的作用。无论你在电话会议中扮演什么角色，掌握恰当的会议礼仪都是十分必要的。 　　1.Quiet is the key 　　1、安静的环境是会议的关键 　　Make sure, when you are on the conference call that you are in a very quiet room, away from any disturbances. This will make sure that you hear everything that is going on and keep themisunderstandings to a minimum. It is impossible to keep the misunderstandings at bay if you have a dog barking, machines running, or people talking in the background. 　　当你参与进电话会议中时，确保你是在一个远离任何干扰，非常安静的房间里。这将保证你能听到会议的全部内容，并且使得误解减少到最低限度。如果你周围环境里有狗的叫声，机械运转的噪音，又或是其他人在说话的话，那是不可能保证正确理解会议内容的。 　　2.The Telephone Equipment 　　2、电话设备 　　Make sure that you are using a phone that will minimize the noise in the background. Some telephone and most all cell phones will pick up even the slightest noise or interference, which will not only cause troubles for you hearing the speakers, but others as well. 　　确保你使用的电话可以将周围噪音干扰降到最小。一些电话机和大部分手机会把非常微弱的"噪音干扰都收录进去，这不仅会影响到你自己收听发言人的声音，也会对别人造成麻烦。 　　3.Using Telephone Technology 　　3、使用电话技术 　　The mute button does wonders, but make sure you know how to use it. The mute button should be used if there is a lot of background noise that you simply cannot control or if someone is particularlytalkative. Of course, make sure you know how to un-mute for when it is your turn to speak or answer a question. 　　静音键可以起到惊人的作用，但是你要确定自己知道怎么使用它。当你周围有一些噪音你没有办法轻易控制，或者其他人正在畅谈的时候，你最好开启静音键。当然，当轮到你发言或回答问题时，你要知道怎么解除静音。 　　4.Time 　　4、时间 　　Make sure you set the conference call up in advance and let everyone know all information such as pass code or phone number. It is also necessary that you take time zones in to consideration if you have people across several time zones to include on the conference call. 　　尽量做到提前为会议做好准备，让每一个参与会议的人知道诸如密码或电话号码等所有信息。如果会议参与人员在好几个不同时区里，你同样有必要考虑好电话会议的进行时间。 　　5.Being on Time 　　5、做到准时 　　If you are the conference call leader, you want to start right on time. Do not wait for others if they are late. People on the call want to start right away, because there may be other business they need to attend to. If you are simply in the call, be on time, you do not want to miss anything that might be important. 　　如果你是电话会议的负责人，你会希望会议按时开始。如果有人迟到了，不要等他们到了之后再开始。与会人员想要立即开始会议，因为他们在此之后也许还需要参与其他的事物中。如果你是普通的会议人员，要做到准时，你不会想要错过任何可能重要的信息。 　　6.Introductions 　　6、自我介绍 　　Make sure that every person on the call introduces himself or herself. This will allow for building relationships and getting people to open up and feel comfortable. 　　让每一个与会人员介绍他们自己。这将有利于大家构建人际关系，还可以让大家更放得开，感觉比较自然。 　　7.Clarification 　　7、说明 　　Not everyone will be able to tell who is who by the voice. Make sure before anyone speaks that his or her name is said first. For example, this is Bob, could you repeat that company name again. 　　不是每个人都能通过声音分辨出谁是谁。所有人尽量在说话前首先把自己的名字报出来。例如，我是Bob，能请您再重复一次那家公司的名字吗? 　　8.Eating 　　8、吃东西 　　Never eat w hile you are on a conference call, who wants to hear chewing in their ear? If you must get a drink of water, put the call on mute so no one will have to hear the emitted sounds. This includes chewing gum. 　　绝对不要在电话会议时吃东西，谁会愿意听见咀嚼的声音?如果你实在需要喝口水的话，就把电话调成静音，这样就不会有人听见你发出的声音了。口香糖也包括在内。 　　9.Keep on Topic 　　9、不要跑题 　　Do not fill the call with unnecessary talk. Keep to the point, because remember there may be several people on the call that have other pressing things to do. 　　不要让电话会议里都是废话。抓住重点，因为要记住可能有一些正在参与会议的人还有其他紧急的事物要处理。 　　打电话礼仪英语用语 　　一、不太会讲英语的要怎么说： 　　(1) 请稍待片刻。 Just a moment, please. 　　(3) 请等一下。我找个人来听。 Hold on, please. I"ll get someone to thephone. 　　(2) 请别挂断。我找一位会说英语的人来。 　　Hold the line, please. I"ll get an English speaker. 　　(4) 很抱歉，我英语说得不好。我找位会讲英语的人稍后回电话给你。请教您的大名 及电话号码? 　　I"m sorry, I don"t speak English well. I"ll have an Englishspeaker call you back later. May I have your name and telephonenumber? 　　二、接电话的开场白 　　(1) 早安。这里是正泰贸易公司。我能效劳吗? 　　Good morning. This is Chengtai Trading Company. May I helpyou? 　　(2) 喂。海外营业部。我是王大明。 　　Hello. Overseas Sales Department. Taming Wang speaking. 　　(3) 先锋电子。我是吴玛莉。 　　Pioneer Electronics. This is Mary Wu speaking. 　　(4) 午安。这里是大安商业银行。我能为您效劳吗? 　　Good afternoon. This is Dan An Commercial Bank. What can I dofor you? 　　(5) 喂。这里是王公馆。 　　Hello. This is the Wang residence. 　　(6) 午安。我是王大明。 　　Good afternoon. Taming Wang speaking. 　　(7) 我是杨文凯，请讲。 　　Wenkai Yang. Speaking 　　三、不明了对方所言时 　　(1) 能说得明确一点吗? 　　Could you put that in more specific terms? 　　(2) 很抱歉。我没听懂你的话。 　　I"m sorry. I couldn"t follow you. 　　(3) 我无法确定你的意思。 　　I"m not sure what you mean. 　　(4) 你讲得太快了。我跟不上。 　　You"re talking too fast. I can"t keep up. 　　(5) 你能说得简单一点吗? 　　Could you put that more simply? 　　(6) 请你再多解释一下好吗? 　　Will you explain a little bit more? 　　四、通话将毕时的结尾语 　　(1) 谢谢你来电。 Thank you for calling. 　　(2) 很高兴跟你谈话。 Nice talking to you. 　　(3) 感谢你打给我。 It was kind of you to call me. 　　(4) 请随时再打电话给我。 Call me again any time. 　　(5) 我该挂电话了。 I"d better get off the phone. 　　(6) 让我们尽快聚聚。 Let"s get together soon. 　　(7) 有空请再打电话来。 Call again when you"ve got time. 　　职场会议礼仪英语 　　职场英语：办公室的八个实用职场礼仪技巧 　　The modern workplace is full of potential pitfalls, meaning you have to be on your toes to make, and maintain, the right impression with your co-workers and colleagues. 　　现代职场充满了潜在的陷阱，这意味着你必须小心去创造并维护在同事之间的良好印象。 　　It"s not just for the sake of politeness —more than three-quarters of HR managers recently polled by Robert Half said technology etiquette breaches can affect a person"s career prospects. 　　这不仅仅是为了礼貌。在罗伯特·哈夫公司最近的一次调查中，超过四分之三的人力资源经理说违反技术礼仪可以影响一个人的职业前景。 　　We"ve taken a look at tech etiquette in a contemporary company setting for some useful advice offering up-to-date "do"s and don"ts" for the digital age. 　　我们看了现代化企业的技术礼仪，他们能提出一些有用的建议，为数字化时代提供最新的“行为守则”。 　　Have a read through our guidelines below. In the comments, share your tips for staying on the right side of polite in the workplace —and do share any bad manners horror stories you"ve experienced. 　　阅读如下指导方针。在评论中，分享你在工作中保持正确礼仪的方法，以及你经历过的不礼貌的事。 　　1. Never Unplug a Device on Charge 　　1. 不要拔掉在充电的设备 　　It may sometimes be a scramble to find a socket to juice up your dying gadgetry, but the "first come, first served" rule stands fast in this area. You must never unplug another device that"s on charge without first checking that it"s okay to do so. 　　有时候，你很难找到插座给自己快要没电的设备充电，但是“先到先得”的规矩在办公室是一直存在的。在确认是否可以这么做之前，永远不要把别人正在充电的设备拔掉。 　　Always, always, always ask —and if you can"t find device"s owner, then walk away and find another outlet. For all you know, the gadget"s owner might be about to head into a vitally important meeting or call and need all the juice they can get. 　　一定记得要先询问。如果你找不到设备的主人，就放弃它去找其他的插座吧。要知道，这些设备的主人可能要参加一个至关重要的会议或者接听重要电话，他们需要设备保持充足的电量。 　　2. Don"t Wear Headphones Away From Your Desk 　　2. 离开座位时不要戴耳机 　　Does your company allows its employees to work with headphones on? Plugging into music can be a great way to concentrate and block out the noise and distractions of a busy work environment, but be sure to take them off every time you leave your seat. Even if you want to try and maintain your level of concentration, don"t be tempted to wear headphones in communal areas, it can be perceived as anti-social, and downright rude. 　　你的公司允许员工戴耳机工作吗?戴耳机听音乐可以很好地集中精力，阻挡忙碌的工作环境带来的噪音和干扰，但确保你离开座位的时候摘下耳机。即使你想要保持精力高度集中，也不要尝试在公共场所戴耳机，这会被认为是反社会的行为，并且非常粗鲁。 　　3. Don"t Use Someone Else"s Computer 　　3. 不要用别人的电脑 　　It"s easy to think all equipment is company property and fair game for use, but this does not extend to computers and laptops. You should never use someone else"s PC, even if it is just for a super-quick fact check. Most people are pretty possessive about their PCs and view unauthorized use as an intrusion of their privacy. 　　在办公室人们很容易认为所有的设备都是公司财产，每个人都能使用，但这并不包括电脑和笔记本电脑。永远都不要用别人的电脑，即使你只是百度一下。许多人都想独自占有自己的电脑，并且认为未经允许而使用自己的电脑是一种侵犯个人隐私的行为。 　　4. Don"t Forget to Refill Supplies 　　4. 别忘了补充物资 　　Be a good neighbor when it comes to office equipment. If you use the last of the photocopier paper, refill it. Return gadgets fully charged. Put a new pot of coffee on if you have the last cup. Report inevitable printer errors to someone who can fix the issue. Don"t walk away from an issue, even if you"re mega-busy and think no one noticed that you were the last person to use it. 　　当涉及到办公设备时，要当一个好邻居。如果你把剩下的复印纸用完了，记得补充。用完设备之后记得把电充满。如果你喝完了最后一杯咖啡，记得准备一壶新的。打印机出了问题，记得给维修工报修。别把问题放着不管，即使你真的很忙，以为没人会注意到你是最后一个使用者。 　　5. Put Your Phone on Silent at All Times 　　5. 时刻把手机调成静音 　　Even if it"s office policy to allow personal calls on your mobile phone, we strongly suggest switching your phone to silent every single time you enter the office. You may only get personal calls on occasion, but you can bet the times you do either someone important will be walking past or you"ll have left your phone unattended at your desk while everyone else hears it ring. Also, your novelty alert tones might amuse you, but can seriously grate on the nerves of nearby colleagues. Don"t be that person. 　　即使公司政策允许你接打个人电话，我们也强烈建议你每次进办公室时把手机调成静音状态。你可能只是偶尔接打个人电话，但是你可以设想，万一正好有重要的人经过，或者你把手机留在桌子上不管，周围的人都听到了铃声响。而且，你的新奇警报铃声可能会逗你开心，但它也严重刺激到你周围同事的神经。别当这种人。 　　6. Limit Laptop Activity in Meetings 　　6. 在会议中少使用笔记本电脑 　　While it"s commonplace to take your laptop into meetings, try and be disciplined about what you do with it. Although it"s tempting to carry on working, check mail, IM or even browse during meetings, you should limit this kind of activity out of politeness. If no one can see your screen, you may think that tapping away on the keyboard could be interpreted as taking notes, but it will be fairly obvious to anyone else present that your attention is away from the room. 　　虽然把个人的笔记本电脑带入会议室是很普遍的，但要注意克制自己对它的使用目的。虽然带着电脑可以很容易地在会议期间继续工作，查阅邮件、信息甚至是浏览网页，但出于礼貌，你应该限制自己的这些行为。如果没人能看到你的屏幕，可能你以为在别人看来你在键盘上敲打是在记笔记。但对在场的其他人来说，其实很明显能感觉到你的注意力已经不在这里了。 　　7. Don"t Be an IM Nuisance 　　7. 别被即时通讯所拖累 　　Instant messaging is a really useful tool, but it"s easy to misuse and this can be a real source of annoyance. We"d hope it goes without saying to respect someone"s "busy" status, but there are other issues to consider too. Only inter-office IM someone with a query that can be resolved within a few brief responses. If the conversation is going to be longer than that, get up and speak to them in person or pick up the phone. 　　即时通讯是一个很有用的工具，但它很容易被误用，这可能是烦恼的真正来源。我们希望“忙碌”状态时不被打扰，但也有其他的问题需要考虑。只有当使用办公室内部的即时通讯，而且问题可以通过几个简短的回答解决时才可行。如果谈话越来越长，就当面说或者打电话吧。 　　8. Don"t Be a Screen Smearer 　　8. 别当屏幕涂抹者 　　Finally, this may seem like a small thing to pick up on, but we promise you it"s a huge source of annoyance for many. Don"t be a screen smearer. We"re obviously not talking about touch screens here, but monitors and laptop displays. Some people really dislike it when you put fingerprints on their screens. While it"s easy to do if you"re trying to make a point or explain something, try not to touch other people"s screens and definitely don"t touch any screen if you"ve got dirty fingers. 　　最后，这看起来是一件小事，但是我们保证它会给很多人带来诸多烦恼。别当屏幕涂抹者。我们这里显然不是在谈论触摸屏，而是显示器和笔记本电脑这样的屏幕。有些人真的很不喜欢别人把指纹印在他们的屏幕上。当你想表达观点或解释事情时很容易这么做，但是尽量不要用手去摸别人的屏幕。如果你的手不干净，更是不要触碰任何屏幕。 　　见面礼仪英语对话 　　Emily: Hi, Ryan! How was your morning? 　　嗨，Ryan！ 今天早上过得好吗？ 　　Ryan: So so. (Drinking coffee…) 　　一般了。（喝着咖啡...） 　　Emily: You look tired. What time did you get up? 　　你看起来有点累。你几点起床的呢？ 　　Ryan: En…I got up at 11:30AM. I eat breunch now. 　　嗯...我11:30才起来，现在早餐午餐一起吃。 　　Emily: Oh, so late. What time did you go to bed last night? 　　噢，这么晚。你昨晚几点才睡啊？ 　　Ryan: 2:00AM. 　　凌晨2：00 　　Emily: Oh,so late. What did you do? 　　噢，太晚了。你做什么那么才睡？ 　　Ryan: I played computer games. I have been so absorbed in it that I forgot the time.

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All teachers a practice of escaping from an earthquake yesterday. It"s important for us to keep safe when an earthquake happens.We should play attention to the following. First,you"d better stay calm.If you are indoors when an earthpuake happens,youshould stay under a strong table or desk.Second,you should protect ous faces and heads with hands or other soft things.Third,you shouldn"t try to run out of the buildings.If you are outdoor,move to clear areas and stay away from buildings and trees.Last but not least,don"t take the lift at this moment.

点名在英语中可以这么说：call the roll; keep track of one"s attendance; make a roll call; mention sb. by name; registration; roll-call.在英语句子中，点名可以这么用：1、 正式上课之前，老师要对全班学生进行点名。Right! I"m going to call the roll.2、 霍尔小姐点名后把它们一一划掉。Miss Hoare called out names and marked them off.3、 我们每天早上都得站在雪地里等着点名。We had to stand in the snow every morning for roll call.4、 她按照花名册上的名单对她班上30个12岁大的孩子进行点名。She calls the register for her class of thirty 12 year olds.5、 经理决定点名批评团队中工作又懒又慢的成员。The manager has decided2 to name and shame the tardiest3 team members.6、 那家俱乐部点名批评了不按时缴会费的会员。The club plans to name and shame members who do not pay their membership fees on time.7、 这时有人轻轻的拍我肩膀，坐在我后面的学生悄悄告诉我：“他在点名呢。”Then he ambled to get down all the names when I felt a tap on my shoulder. The student in back of me whispered, "He"s taking attendance."8、 伦敦证交所发现，帝王石油严重违反了aim的诸多规则，尽管蒂米什个人并未受到点名批评。The LSE found that Regal had committed "numerous, serious breaches" of aim rules, although Mr Timis was not specifically criticised.9、 本文通过在VISUAL BASIC下对Access数据库表中记录的随机调用，达到教师在课堂上对学生进行随机点名回答提问的目的。This paper described the random transference recorded inside the Access database form under the Visual Basic, attaining the purpose that the teacher could ask and answer the student in classroom with the random roll call.

1.Do you think most people in China abide by the law?I think it is true that many people in China abide by the law.This is because the penalty for breaking a law,even for a petty offence,is very harsh.2.Do you think it"s important for people to obey laws?I think that it is important for people to obey laws.Laws are made to keep the society in order,so if all people obey the laws,the society will be a much more peacedul place to live in.3.What benefit are there for society when people obey laws?When people obey laws,the society at large can be assured that when they go out,they will not be attacked or robbed.There will be a sense of security and trust in the society and this is good for the whole society.4.Many people think that occasional, minor breaches of the law is ok?When people think in this way,it is because the punishment for minor offences is too lenient.For example,nobody will be sent to jail for throwing a stone at somebody"s window.This mindset is wrong.A breach of law,no matter how occasional,how minor,is still a breach of law and people should not think it is okay to breach the law when the punishment is light.5.Do people in China like the police?Generally people in China have a kind of respect mixed with awe towards the police.Whhen the police help them,the people respect them.But when the police are doing something whcih the people disagree with,then the people will hate the police.It all depends on whether what the police do harms the people"s self interests.6.What does the society need more police or lawers?这个问题应该是why吧The society does need more police or lawers because our society is so large and diverse that it is difficult to assume that all people will be obedient and behave themselves.Therefore police and lawers are needed to ensure that whoever breaches the law is punished while those who obey the law are protected.7.Why do you think some people want to work as lawyers?Many people are attracted to the career of a lawyer because a lawyer"s pay is several times higher than an ordianry office worker.Moreover,lawers are generally respected and have high social status as they are seen to be doing good for the society.8.What do you think is the reason for having laws?Laws are made to safeguard the interestes the society in large and to punish those who hram other people in order to gain more benefits for themselves.9.What would the society be like id there were no laws?In an ideal world,no laws are needed beuase everybody knows how to behave.However,in this real world,a society without laws would be chaotic and unlivable because people would try to do everything,be it robbery or extortion,to gain more advantages for themselves.10.Do you think it"s suitable to have exactly the same laws for every country? It is definitely not suitable for every country to have exactly the same laws.For one thing,different countries are governed by different groups of people whose opinions on what is good for their people differ very much.Secondly,laws are sometimes made to suit the local culture.Since different places have different traditions and cultures,it will not be suitabel to enforce the same set of laws on every country.For example,Western countries like the United States make it illegal for a man for marry two women at the same time while in most Muslim countries such as Saudia Arabia it is common and not against the law for a Muslim man to marry more than one woman.全是我自己答的，希望答案对你有用。要求加分！

英文房租合同范本 　　房租合同指房屋出租人将房屋提供给承租人使用，承租人定期给付约定租金，并于合同终止时将房屋完好地归还出租人的协议。如下为一篇英文房租合同范本，仅供参考! 　　英文房租合同范本 　　出租方(甲方)Lessor (hereinafter referred to as Party A) ： 　　承租方(乙方)Lessee (hereinafter referred to as Party B) ： 　　根据国家有关法律、法规和有关规定，甲、乙双方在平等自愿的基础上，经友好协商一致，就甲方将其合法拥有的房屋出租给乙方使用，乙方承租使用甲方房屋事宜，订立本合同。 　　In accordance with relevant Chinese laws 、decrees and pertinent rules and regulations ,Party A and Party B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract. 　　一、 物业地址 Location of the premises 　　甲方将其所有的位于上海市_________区____________________________________的房屋及其附属设施在良好状态下出租给乙方___________使用。 　　Party A will lease to Party B the premises and attached facilities all owned by Party A itself, which is located at _______________________________________ __________________________ and in good condition for_____________ . 　　二、 房屋面积 Size of the premises 　　出租房屋的登记面积为_________平方米(建筑面积)。 　　The registered size of the leased premises is_________square meters (Gross size). 　　三、 租赁期限 Lease term 　　租赁期限自_______年___月___日起至_______年___月___日止，为期___年，甲方应于_______年___月___日将房屋腾空并交付乙方使用。 　　The lease term will be from _____(month) _____(day) _______(year) to ________(month) _____(day) _______(year). Party A will clear the premises and provide it to Party B for use before _____(month) _____(day) _______(year). 　　四、 租金 Rental 　　1. 数额：双方商定租金为每月人民币_____________元整, 乙方以___________形式支付给甲方 。 　　Amount: the rental will be ____________per month. Party B will pay the rental 　　to Party A in the form of ____________in ________________. 　　2. 租金按_____月为壹期支付;第一期租金于_______年_____月_____日以前付清;以后每期租金于每月的______日以前缴纳，先付后住(若乙方以汇款形式支付租金，则以汇出日为支付日，汇费由汇出方承担)。甲方收到租金后予书面签收。 　　Payment of rental will be one installment everymonth(s). The first installment will be paid before_______(month)______(day)__________(year). Each successive installment will be paid_____________each month. 　　Party B will pay the rental before using the premises and attached facilities (In case Party B pays the rental in the form of remittance, the date of remitting will be the day of payment and the remittance fee will be borne by the remitter.) Party A will issue a written receipt after receiving the payment. 　　3. 如乙方逾期支付租金超过十天，则每天以月租金的0.5%支付滞纳金;如乙方逾期支付租金超过十五天，则视为乙方自动退租，构成违约，甲方有权收回房屋，并追究乙方违约责任。 　　In case the rental is more than ten working days overdue, Party B will pay 0.5 percent of monthly rental as overdue fine every day, if the rental be paid 15 days overdue, Party B will be deemed to have with drawn from the premises and breach the contract. In this situation, Party A has the right to take back the premises and take actions against party B"s breach. 　　五、 保证金 Deposit 　　1. 为确保房屋及其附属设施之安全与完好，及租赁期内相关费用之如期结算，乙方同意于______年_____月_____日前支付给甲方保证金人民币 _________元整，甲方在收到保证金后予以书面签收。 　　Guarantying the safety and good conditions of the premises and attached facilities and account of relevant fees are settled on schedule during the lease term, party B will pay _________to party A as a deposit before _____(month) _____(day) _______(year). Party A will issue a written receipt after receiving the deposit. 　　2. 除合同另有约定外，甲方应于租赁关系消除且乙方迁空、点清并付清所有应付费用后的`当天将保证金全额无息退还乙方。 　　Unless otherwise provided for by this contract, Party A will return full amount of the deposit without interest on the day when this contract expires and party B clears the premises and has paid all due rental and other expenses. 　　3. 因乙方违反本合同的规定而产生的违约金、损坏赔偿金和其它相关费用，甲方可在保证金中抵扣，不足部分乙方必须在接到甲方付款通知后十日内补足。 　　In case party B breaches this contract, party A has right to deduct the default fine, compensation for damage or any other expenses from the deposit . In case the deposit is not sufficient to cover such items, Party B should pay the insufficiency within ten days after receiving the written notice of payment from Party A. 　　六、 甲方义务 Obligations of Party A 　　1. 甲方须按时将房屋及附属设施(详见附件)交付乙方使用。 　　Party A will provide the premises and attached facilities (see the appendix of furniture list for detail) on schedule to Party B for using. 　　2. 房屋设施如因质量原因、自然损耗或灾害而受到损坏，甲方有修缮并承担相关费用的责任。 　　In case the premise and attached facilities are damaged by quality problems, natural damages or disasters, Party A will be responsible to repair and pay the relevant expenses. 　　3. 甲方应确保出租的房屋享有出租的权利，反之如乙方权益因此遭受损害，甲方应负赔偿责任。 　　Party A will guarantee the lease right of the premises. Otherwise, Party A will be responsible to compensate Party B"s losses. 　　七、 乙方义务 Obligations of Party B 　　1. 乙方应按合同的规定按时支付定金、租金及保证金。 　　Party B will pay the rental, the deposit and other expenses on time. 　　2. 乙方经甲方同意，可在房屋内添置设备。租赁期满后，乙方将添置的设备搬走，并保证不影响房屋的完好及正常使用。 　　Party B may decorate the premises and add new facilities with Party A"s approval. When this contract expires, Party B may take away the added facilities which are removable without changing the good conditions of the premises for normal use. 　　3. 未经甲方同意，乙方不得将承租的房屋转租或分租，并爱护使用该房屋如因乙方过失或过错致使房屋及设施受损，乙方应承担赔偿责任。 　　Party B will not transfer the lease of the premises or sublet it without Party A"s approval and should take good care of the premises. Otherwise, Party B will be responsible to compensate any damages of the premises and attached facilities caused by its fault and negligence. 　　4. 乙方应按本合同规定合法使用该房屋，不得擅自改变使用性质。乙方不得在该房屋内存放危险物品。否则，如该房屋及附属设施因此受损，乙方应承担全部责任。 　　Party B will use the premises lawfully according to this contract without changing the nature of the premises and storing hazardous materials in it. Otherwise, Party B will be responsible for the damages caused by it 　　5. 乙方应承担租赁期内的水、电、煤气、电讯、收视费、等一切因实际使用而产生的费用，并按单如期缴纳。 　　Party B will bear the cost of utilities such as communications, water, electricity, gas, management fee etc. on time during the lease term. 　　八、 合同终止及解除的规定 Termination and dissolution of the contract 　　1. 乙方在租赁期满后如需退租或续租，应提前两个月通知甲方，由双方另行协商退租或续租事宜。在同等条件下乙方享有优先续租权。 　　Within two months before the contract expires, Party B will notify Party A if it intends to extend the leasehold. In this situation, two parties will discuss matters over the extension. 　　2. 租赁期满后，乙方应在当天将房屋交还甲方;任何滞留物，如未取得甲方谅解，均视为放弃，任凭甲方处置，乙方决无异议。 　　When the lease term expires, Party B will return the premises and attached facilities to Party A within days. Any belongings left in it without Party A"s previous understanding will be deemed to be abandoned by Party B. In this situation, Party A has the right to dispose of it and Party A will raise no objection. 　　3. 本合同一经双方签字后立即生效;未经双方同意，不得任意终止，如有未尽事宜，甲、乙双方可另行协商。 　　This contract will be effective after being signed by both parties. Any party has no right to terminate this contract without another party"s agreement. Anything not covered in this contract will be discussed separately by both parties 　　九、 违约及处理 Breach of the contract 　　1. 甲、乙双方任何一方在未征得对方谅解的情况下，不履行本合同规定条款，导致本合同中途中止，则视为该方违约，双方同意违约金为人民币___________元整，若违约金不足弥补无过错方之损失，则违约方还需就不足部分支付赔偿金。 　　During the lease term, any party who fails to fulfill any article of this contract without the other party"s understanding will be deemed to breach the contract. Both parties agree that the default fine will be________________. In case the default fine is not sufficient to cover the loss suffered by the faultless party, the party in breach should pay additional compensation to the other party. 　　2. 若双方在执行本合同或与本合同有关的事情时发生争议，应首先友好协商;协商不成，可向有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。本合同一经双方签字后立即生效;未经双方同意，不得任意终止，如有未尽事宜，甲、乙双方可另行协商。 　　Both parties will solve the disputes arising from execution of the contract or in connection with the contract through friendly consultation. In case the agreement cannot be reached, any party may summit the dispute to the court that has the jurisdiction over the matter. 　　十、 其他 Miscellaneous 　　1. 本合同附件是本合同的有效组成部分，与本合同具有同等法律效力。 　　Any annex is the integral part of this contract. The annex and this contract are equally valid. 　　2. 本合同壹式贰份，甲、乙双方各执一份。 　　There are 2 originals of this contract. Each party will hold 1 original(s). 　　3. 甲、乙双方如有特殊约定，可在本款另行约定： 　　Other special terms will be listed bellows: 　　______________________________________________ 　　甲 方：Party A 　　乙方：Party B 　　签订日期：date of signing ;

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来自路易斯维尔肯塔基州的富家女Daisy年青貌美，早在家乡初露头角就颇受附近驻守军官的欢迎和爱慕，家境贫困的盖茨比也在其列。盖茨比为了获得Daisy的爱，谎称自己来自富裕家庭，在盖茨比的眼中，Daisy是完美的典范 - 她富有，有教养，优雅，有着贵族气质，极具魅力。盖茨比在幼年时就渴望成为一个这样的贵族，这种梦想使盖茨比无比迷恋渴望着Daisy。在盖茨比上战场前两人迅速坠入爱河成为了爱侣，黛西答应等待盖茨比归来，可是5年后，当盖茨比从战场归来，Daisy已经与贵族家庭的汤姆.布坎南结婚，继续过着纸醉金迷的生活。 为了赢回Daisy的心，盖茨比不择手段通过走私操控股票等非法的途径一夜暴富，他一掷千金在Daisy家的河对面买下大豪宅，每周六都在处所开party, 夜夜欢歌，宾客如云，而离奇的是宾客们都不知道这位年青多金，慷慨好客的大帅哥究竟是何方神圣。 终于盖茨比的奢华生活获得了Daisy的注意，他们盖茨比的安排下在尼克家重逢，随后盖茨比带着Daisy参观自己的豪宅，向她展示自己的财富和成就，他邀请Daisy和Tom参加party, 介绍自己认识的达官贵人们....果然盖茨比又一次获得了Daisy的喜爱。 行文至此，千万不要以为这是一个纯情的爱情故事，痴情的盖茨比确实疯狂地爱着Daisy, 为了赢回她而不惜一切代价，但事实证明这些只是盖茨比的一厢情愿....盖茨比直面Tom将剧情推向高潮，然而当Daisy知道盖茨比的财富来得并不光彩，她开始动摇退缩，在回家的途中，情绪激动的Daisy开车不慎撞死了Tom的情人，这一幕非常戏剧化，现实中绝无可能发生的巧合，却提升了小说的深度，让人拍案叫绝。盖茨比和Daisy的命运又一次走上歧路，当盖茨比挺身而出为Daisy承担罪责，Daisy和汤姆这两个真正的罪犯却远走高飞搬离了此地。盖茨比死后，过去在他豪宅中欢歌艳舞的宾客们一个都没来，报纸上通篇都是荒谬的谎言，盖茨比死前依旧满怀憧憬地等待Daisy的电话，依旧期盼着那个高高在上的阶层的认同和接纳.... 故事的叙述者尼克将Daisy描绘为一个没心没肺的女人，往往用钱来收拾残局。她喜欢金钱，轻松的生活和物质奢侈，也喜欢感情游戏（她似乎真的喜欢尼克，偶尔似乎真诚地爱上了盖茨比）。却对自己的女儿漠不关心，也从来不讨论她。在故事结尾Daisy选择汤姆而非盖茨比；她驾车撞死了汤姆的情妇却让盖茨比承担罪责；盖茨比死后，Daisy甚至都没有去参加他的葬礼，而是和汤姆匆忙的搬走，都揭露了Daisy的本质：她虽然美丽迷人，却轻浮空虚，自私自利，远远不能达到盖茨比的理想。在20世纪20年代作者菲茨杰拉德对美国的概念中，Daisy代表了当时富裕阶层的价值观。 很多人为盖茨比叫屈，为什么他会无怨无悔地爱上一个不值得他爱的女人? 但是细想之下，盖茨比其实就算不爱Daisy, 也一定会爱上和Daisy类似身份地位的人，所以与其说盖茨比爱的是Daisy这个女人，不如说盖茨比爱上的是Daisy所代表的贵族阶层的生活方式。这是他童年的梦想，摆脱贫困的家庭，离开自己的阶层，进入上流社会，获得人们的尊重和敬佩。Daisy对于盖茨比就如同河对岸的绿色灯火，美好，遥远，充满魅力。盖茨比渴望Daisy能接受他，得到Daisy的认可，也就是获得了Daisy所归属的贵族阶层的认可，盖茨比坚持要Daisy跟Tom说，自己从未爱过Tom, 这也是盖茨比要证明自己的一部分，证明自己确实打败了那个高高在上的富家子弟，抹去5年前留下的遗憾。让我们回到主题，《了不起的盖茨比》到底伟大在哪里？ 盖茨比的伟大绝不能局限在他对爱情的执着和勇于牺牲上，为Daisy顶黑锅的这个桥段其实是一种颇为戏剧化的手法，目的是为了揭示盖茨比和Daisy本质上的不同，盖茨比勇敢真挚，Daisy自私怯弱，盖茨在对Daisy的不懈追求中，展现出了一种出众的将梦想和希望转化为现实的能力，这种改变人生重建自我的能力是盖茨比的伟大之处。 盖茨比从始至终都是一个竭尽全力去追求自己梦想、并甘愿付出。或者说他沉浸在梦想中，为了梦想可以不惜一切代价，为了梦想倾尽全力，是一个在纸醉金迷的世界中仍保有“初心”的人....豆瓣上有一句评论一针见血：“他是那个物质主义年代里最伟大的理想主义者”。 虽然Daisy并不值得盖茨比倾尽生命的爱慕，虽然财富转瞬即逝，虽然人世间的繁华有如过眼云烟，但是这世间多少人好像盖茨比一样依旧无怨无悔地凝望着远方河流上黑色迷雾中那朵晶莹剔透的绿色光芒，伟大的盖茨比即便被现实击倒，他依旧完成了大写的“人”字，他留给人们的是那个无所畏惧的逆流而上的勇者形象。 电影The Great Gatsby 拍得很好看，这部影片囊获了第86届奥斯卡的最佳美术指导的奖项。影片的视觉效果的确新颖独特，可谓当之无愧。 Leonardo DiCaprio演绎的盖茨比极为传神，在与Daisy重逢的戏段，Leonardo将盖茨比的紧张，困窘又兴奋的心理表现的极富喜剧效果，让人又是好笑又是同情，然而Leo却未能因为盖茨比这个角色获得奥斯卡最佳男主实在让人遗憾。THE GREAT GATSBY F. Scott Fitzgerald TIME AND PLACE WRITTEN · 1923–1924, America and France DATE OF FIRST PUBLICATION · 1925 PUBLISHER · Charles Scribner"s Sons NARRATOR · Nick Carraway; Carraway not only narrates the story but implies that he is the book"s author POINT OF VIEW · Nick Carraway narrates in both first and third person, presenting only what he himself observes. Nick alternates sections where he presents events objectively, as they appeared to him at the time, with sections where he gives his own interpretations of the story"s meaning and of the motivations of the other characters. TONE · Nick"s attitudes toward Gatsby and Gatsby"s story are ambivalent and contradictory. At times he seems to disapprove of Gatsby"s excesses and breaches of manners and ethics, but he also romanticizes and admires Gatsby, describing the events of the novel in a nostalgic and elegiac tone. TENSE · Past SETTING (TIME) · Summer 1922 SETTINGS (PLACE) · Long Island and New York City PROTAGONIST · Gatsby and/or Nick MAJOR CONFLICT · Gatsby has amassed a vast fortune in order to win the affections of the upper-class Daisy Buchanan, but his mysterious past stands in the way of his being accepted by her. RISING ACTION · Gatsby"s lavish parties, Gatsby"s arrangement of a meeting with Daisy at Nick"s CLIMAX · There are two possible climaxes: Gatsby"s reunion with Daisy in Chapters 5–6; the confrontation between Gatsby and Tom in the Plaza Hotel in Chapter 7. FALLING ACTION · Daisy"s rejection of Gatsby, Myrtle"s death, Gatsby"s murder THEMES · The decline of the American dream, the spirit of the 1920s, the difference between social classes, the role of symbols in the human conception of meaning, the role of the past in dreams of the future MOTIFS · The connection between events and weather, the connection between geographical location and social values, images of time, extravagant parties, the quest for wealth SYMBOLS · The green light on Daisy"s dock, the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg, the valley of ashes, Gatsby"s parties, East Egg, West Egg FORESHADOWING · The car wreck after Gatsby"s party in Chapter 3, Owl Eyes"s comments about the theatricality of Gatsby"s life, the mysterious telephone calls Gatsby receives from Chicago and Philadelphia

Firewall technology first began to emerge in the late 1980s. Internet was still a fairly new technology in terms of its global usage and connectivity. The original idea was formed in response to a number of major internet security breaches, which occurred in the late 1980s. In 1988 an employee at the NASA Ames Research Center in California sent a memo by email to his colleagues that read, "We are currently under attack from an Internet VIRUS! It has hit Berkeley, UC San Diego, Lawrence Livermore, Stanford, and NASA Ames." This virus known as the Morris Worm was carried by e-mail and is now a common nuisance for even the most ambiguous domestic user. The Morris Worm was the first large scale attack on Internet security, of which the online community neither expected, nor were prepared for. The internet community made it a top priority to combat any future attacks from happening and began to collaborate on new ideas, systems and software to make the internet safe again.The first paper published on firewall technology was in 1988, when Jeff Mogul from Digital Equipment Corp. developed filter systems know as packet filter firewalls. This fairly basic system was the first generation of what would become a highly evolved and technical internet security feature. From 1980-1990 two colleagues from AT&T Bell Laboratories, Dave Presetto and Howard Trickey, developed the second generation of firewalls known as circuit level firewalls. Publications by Gene Spafford of Purdue University, Bill Cheswick at AT&T laboratories and Marcus Ranum described a third generation firewall known as application layer firewall, also known as proxy-based firewalls. Marcus Ranum"s work on the technology spearheaded the creation of the first commercial product. The product was released by Digital Equipment Corporation"s (DEC) who named it the SEAL product. DEC"s first major sale was on June 13, 1991 to a chemical company based on the East-Coast of the USA.At AT&T Bill Cheswick and Steve Bellovin were continuing their research in packet filtering and developed a working model for their own company based upon their original 1st generation architecture. In 1992, Bob Braden and Annette DeSchon at the University of Southern California were developing their own fourth generation packet filter firewall system. The product known as “Visas” was the first system to have a visual integration interface with colours and icons, which could be easily implemented to and accessed on a computer operating system such as Microsoft"s Windows or Apple"s Mac/OS. In 1994 an Israeli company called Check Point Software Technologies built this in to readily available software known as FireWall-1. A second generation of proxy firewalls was based on Kernel Proxy technology. This design is constantly evolving but its basic features and codes are currently in widespread use in both commercial and domestic computer systems. Cisco, one of the largest internet security companies in the world released the product to the public in 1997.The new Next Generation Firewalls leverage their existing deep packet inspection engine by sharing this functionality with an Intrusion-prevention system.对不起，是英文的，请自己翻译啦!

Water Energy - The potential energy of the stored water is converted into kinetic energy, which is finally utilized for power generation. This is how hydroelectric power plants function. In order to store water, the authorities will build dams and other kinds of reservoirs. Do you realize the imbalance these water bodies will create in the surrounding ecosystem? After all, what would you do if the reservoir breaches and the neighboring areas were flooded? This situation is not taken from an upcoming movie script - this is the harsh reality that has been experienced on countless occasions in various parts of the globe. 你看可以吗？我只是大概提到了一些。

My view on later marriage When it comes to later marriage, people"s opinions vary enormously. We know that as a graduate student, later marriage would be a problem for us after we graduated, especially girls. Our attitude towards later marriage becomes gradually rational and mature. We know that love is not just holding hands and walking down the street, Marriage is how to accommodate each other in everyday life. Love can make people become altruistic. So I think marriage is used to filter out people who may be selfish. From my perspective, it is immaturity that leads to this phenomenon. Firstly young adults are not financially prepared to hasten into marriage. The economic burden will likely put a strain onto the couple"s relationship, leading possibly to breaches, or worse, separation. Secondly young adults have not attained the level of maturity to raise children. They are often unaware of the responsibilities and sacrifices that one needs to make in order to start a family of one"s own. Thirdly statistics are good indicators for the instability and short life spans of premature marriages. Only withstood the test of mundane life, the marriage can be sustained. Only in this way can we embrace a happy and brilliant future.

aggregated[英]["ægrɪgɪtɪd][美]["ægrɪgɪtɪd]v.总计达…( aggregate的过去式和过去分词 ); 聚集，集合; （使）聚集; 例句:1.Hackers will often test passwords from a dictionary or aggregated from breaches. 黑客经常会尝试使用字典里的单词密码或者违规网站里的聚合词进行测试。2.In some cases, aggregated data clearly had been mismatched, which appeared tobe the result of mashing together two different robert mitchells into one identity. 在某些情况下，聚集的数据明显匹配错误，于是就出现了把两个不同的罗伯特米切尔混认为一个身份的结果。

举例如下。For millions of Internet users, PayPal is the de facto form of Internet currency accepted by many retailers and used as a trusted way for personal users to transfer money between accounts for online sales and auctions. Many online shoppers use PayPal to transfer funds. Although it"s a convenient way to allow your customers to pay for purchases through your business"s website, PayPal is not a good fit for every business.Many shoppers are, possibly wisely, wary about providing their credit card or checking account information to businesses with which they are not familiar online. Because PayPal acts as an intermediary -- a customer"s account information never reaches a website owner -- shoppers may buy your wares using PayPal without worrying that their accounts will be compromised.Because of security issues and U.S. regulations enacted to limit the transfer of money to terrorists, PayPal sometimes freezes an account because of a suspicious circumstance. Accounts may be temporarily frozen because of suspected security breaches, or for a longer term as PayPal investigates potential improprieties. Accounts may be frozen for months on end, leaving merchants without the ability to extract the funds in their account.Since PayPal accounts connect directly to a bank account, buyers can pay for online purchases even if they do not own a credit card. Using PayPal may increase financial security for buyers since the seller does not receive bank account or credit card numbers, only the PayPal account number. Buyers can also use accounts to purchase items of differing currencies, so international purchasing is easier. The fact that PayPal is free is also appealing to many buyers.Since buyers can pay for merchandise immediately, sellers receive payments immediately without having to wait for checks to go through the mail or clear the bank. Individual sellers can accept credit card payments without having to pay the fees credit card processors charge, and merchants may find PayPal"s fees lower than other processors. PayPal offers a seller protection policy as well that may cover losses for products lost or damaged in shipment or from a chargeback.PayPal may limit the amount of money you can send, receive or withdraw from your PayPal account if they believe you are breaking the terms of service. This means you cannot sell prescription drugs or firearms using PayPal, for instance. If you have what administrators consider a high number of chargebacks and customer complaints as a seller, they may limit your account. General "suspicious activity" may also generate a hold or limit on your PayPal account.Although the transfer of funds within PayPal is fast, you may not have immediate access to those funds, particularly if you sell merchandise on eBay using PayPal. PayPal may hold payments for 21 days in case there is a problem with your transaction. Sellers who have not had much activity, have a history of chargebacks or who sell certain kinds of materials such as electronics, gift cards and event tickets may be prone to being put on such an administrative hold. This delay tends to negate the speed benefit of using PayPal.

ConvenienceThe main reason for the popularity of online shopping is the convenience it provides. A September 2013 study by the Deloitte accountancy firm showed that 47 percent of those polled intended to use the Internet rather than or in addition to brick-and-mortar stores for their holiday shopping. Respondents to the study reported the ability to shop at any time and anywhere as the biggest selling points of online shopping. Another reported attraction of online shopping is the ability to research products and compare prices without physically visiting numerous stores. This allows you to save time and gas money.SelectionThe Internet"s many online stores provide you with a vast array of potential purchases. Whereas a brick-and-mortar store may only provide a few options, an online counterpart may offer additional choices of color and design. For example, retail giants Wal-Mart and Target offer additional items that you can only purchase from their website. In addition, you may find a variety of homemade items online that would be unavailable otherwise. For example, the online marketplace Etsy provides a way for you to buy handcrafted goods from around the world.PriceSavvy shoppers often search for the best price before making a purchase. You may be able to save money by purchasing your item from an auction site, a liquidator, or an out-of-state retailer that is offering the item for less. In addition, many sites don"t charge sales tax on out-of-state sales, although this may change eventually. When making an online purchase, make sure to include any shipping fees when figuring out the best price.SecurityOne of the biggest concerns surrounding online shopping is the safety of your personal and financial information. In the spring of 2014, hackers successfully gained access to the customer database of auction giant eBay. The database contained personal information, including client names, birthdays, physical addresses, phone numbers, email addresses and encrypted passwords. The theft of this information left customers at risk for phishing schemes, which has the potential to lead to identity theft. In another example, hackers breached the customer databases for Target in 2013. This breach led to the exposure of customer information, including credit and debit card numbers, expiration dates and PIN numbers. Although all retailers carry some risk of a potential security breach, using a reputable retailer that has a secure site may reduce your risk. In addition, pay close attention to any reported breaches and closely monitor the account(s) you use when making an online purchase. Using PayPal, which operates as an intermediary between you and the retailer, may reduce the likelihood of the theft of your financial information. Avoid using public computers or insecure network connections when making online purchases, as doing so may increase your risk.AccuracyBecause you cannot actually see and touch the item before you buy, what you see online may not be precisely what you get. Occasionally, the item that arrives in the mail falls short of the expectations you had when you made your online purchase. The color may differ from what you saw on the screen or the item may be of a lesser quality than you expected. Use a reputable retailer to reduce the chance of disappointment. In addition, choose a retailer with a return policy that meets your needs in the event you are not satisfied with your purchase.Advantages: on-line shopping can save you money in comparison to off-line shopping.we don"t need to leave the house to shop, it"s easy doable from your PC. We have access to a vast number of suppliers compared to other methodsProduct information can often be more detailed and easier to accessYou don"t have to carry the bagsDisadvantages: there is no way to check if what you buy is exactly what you want.there is no way to check if what you buy is of decent quality.Suppliers cannot be judged in the same way they can in a real store.Unscrupulous traders are able to hide behind good looking web sitesIt wont come until a few days laterTips: if you are new to on-line shopping, try some publicly known shopping sites, e.g. Amazon, to get yourself acquainted to on-line shopping. Investigate on line traders - see if there are reviews by other customers.Ensure that you have a physical address and company name before spending

接收方同意，如果接收方违反本协议规定的责任/义务，则披露方有权除按照法律或衡平法采取其它损害救济措施外寻求一种禁令、劝告或其它衡平救济来解决问题。强制性披露如果接收方收到的传票或其它有效签发的行政或司法程序中要求提供保密信息，接收方则必须立即告知披露方并向其索取所要求的辩护信息。除非该要求及时限定、撤销或扩大，否则，接收方将按照法律要求有权满足该要求。如果披露方提出要求，接收方则应与其配合按照要求进行辩护（相关费用由披露方承担）。已按要求尽快完成上述文段的翻译，但是，其中对the defense of that demand有些不理解，难免措辞会牵强附会，请楼主再三斟酌一下，望能帮助到你，呵呵！

　　The Yellow River, or Huanghe, is the second longest river in China. Tracing to a source high up the majestic Yagradagze mountain in the nation"s far west, it loops north, bends south, and flows east for 5,464 km until it empties into the sea, draining a basin of 745,000 sq km, which nourishes 120 million people. Millennia ago the Chinese civilization emerged from the central region of this basin. [The Yellow River basin is outline in red.]　　As the most heavily silt-laden river in the world, the Yellow River got its name from the muddiness of its water, which bears a perennial ochre-yellow color. The river is commonly divided into three stages. In the upper reaches, the river runs through mountainous and arid regions for 3,472 km, ending at Hekouzhen of Inner Mongolia just before it makes a sharp turn to the south.　　In the middle reaches, ending at Zhengzhou in Henan province, the river flows south between the Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces, draining a basin consisting largely of thick deposits of unmodified aeolian loess which is eroded readily by rainfall and wind and accounts for over 90 per cent of the sediment in the main channel downstream. After traversing a 1,206-km course from Hekouzhen to Zhengzhou, the river emerges from narrow mountainous constrictions onto a flat alluvial plain shortly following a sharp turn to the east. The river descends from an altitude of 4,575 m above sea level at the source to 1,000 m at Hekouzhen and 400 m at Zhengzhou.　　In the lower reaches, from Zhengzhou to sea for a distance of 786 km, the river is confined to a levee-lined course as it flows northeasterly across the North China plain before emptying into the Gulf of Bohai. During two thousand years of levee construction, excessive sediment deposits have raised the riverbed several meters over the surrounding grounds; it is as much as 10 m above the city level of the ancient capital, Kaifeng, on its southern bank, where the levee embankments are 13 km apart. Nearly all rivers to the south of the levee-protected channel drain into the Huai River system, while those to its north into the Hai River system.　　The most challenging engineering aspect of taming the Yellow River is without doubt the control of the exceptionally high sediment load that the river carries in its lower reaches, averaging 37 kg of sediment per cu m of water at the present time. An average of 1.6 billion tons of sediment enters the river channel at Zhengzhou annually, of which about 1.2 billion tons is carried out to sea, leaving behind a substantial amount to contribute to the silting of the river channel.　　Throughout history much of the river management effort had been devoted to improving the flood prevention capability of the levee-lined channel, with notable success in the period from 200 to 800 A.D. when the channel was kept to its course. But, keeping pace with an ever-rising channel bed was no easy task, and the protection offered by levees could at best be haphazard, especially at times of war. Historical records indicate a progressively frequent levee breaching in the last ten centuries. During such breaches, the flood water would rush onto the surrounding lands, not only inundating farmland and communities, but also taking over existing river channels. The devastated areas would be totally transformed even after the damaged levee sections were repaired and closed, flood water drained, and the river returned to its original channel.　　Such devastation caused untold human suffering, and Yellow River gained the unenviable distinction as China"s Sorrow. Records indicate that the river"s levees were breached more than 1,500 times and its course changed 26 times in the last three millennia. A major course change taking place in 1194 A.D. was probably the most devastating economically. Flood water rushed onto the Huai River basin south of the Yellow River and took over Huai River"s drainage system for the next 700 years. The river adopted its present course in 1897 after the final course change occurred in 1855. To this day, floods still ravage frequently the damaged Huai River system, reducing an once flourishing Huai River valley, where the Grand Canal traversed, to destitute poverty.　　Efforts in taming the river in the modern times still concentrate on flood prevention in the plain by raising and strengthening 1,300 km of levee embankments lining both the north and south shores of the channel. During high-water stages the entire population residing along the levees would be mobilized to keep a tight vigilance on the conditions of the levees looking out constantly for seepage leaks anywhere along its length. The levees stood intact for the past half-century withstanding numerous high-water stages, and credits must be given to those who managed them.　　River"s sediment come entirely from the middle region of the river"s basin, draining a loess-covered terrain consisting of a wind-blown silt deposit of high uniformity. Though the climate there is arid with annual rainfall in the 400-mm range, while the annual evaporation rate is three to four times as much, but during the July-August-September rain season, rain bursts which account for almost half of the annual precipitation erode loess cliffs rapidly bringing a huge amount of the eroded silt into the gullies, from which it is funneled into the rivers and to the main channel, transported laboriously for a distance over 1,000 km before it is flushed out to sea.　　Yangtze River　　During the 40 million of years history of the life and 50,000 years of human civilization, Yangtze River, a mother of the Chinese people, bring up billions of Huaxia people.　　Different from the Missippi, the Niro and the Amason, Yangtze River is the largest river in China, rising from Qianghai Highland at the height over 3,000 meters, running through Mt.Wu covering with frog, absorbing thousands of rivers, traveling 6,400 km until it reach the Pacific. She passes by mountains, gorges, hills, plains, with changing scenes on different geographic shape. She lies on the mil-latitude area, the four seasons are distinctive here. The huge flow reaches 97,935 billons cubic meter and ships can sail in the lower reaches all the year.　　The drainage area is over 1.8 million km, being 19% of the total cultivable land in the country. Here, the weather resource and the total productive value of the industry and the agriculture area 40% of the total respective in the country, bringing up about 400 millions persons, 1/3 of the population in China.　　It was 100,000 years ago that the human beings have lived in the Yangtze drainage area. Lantian man, Changyang man, Yunxian man are all the Chinese remote ancestors. And the ancient human remains and ruins of the Old and New stone Ages have been discovered everywhere along the river nowadays. 7000 years ago, our ancestors were fishing, cultivating, planting rice and bringing up descendants here. When it was in civilized society. Varies of distinctive national features were born here. Such as Jingchu Culture, Wu and Yue Culture, Bashu Cultures. The are all the priceless treasure in Chinese traditional cultures.　　A place with mountains and rivers is always thought to be a precious land. Water is the reflection of the intelligence and the beauty. The living of the human being exist without water, the industry and the agriculture can"t leave water anyway also. Before trains, airplanes anf automobiles were invited, the waterway afforded the facilities on transport and the ship was the important traffic instrument. The water can bring people intelligence and enlighten people soul. Laozi and Zhuangchou got thoughts from mountains and rivers, who were both the citizens of the ancient Chu in South, developed Neo-confucianism and Taoism respectively. Many literary works, poem, dances, music, concerning to Yangtze Rive have been unique works of China and even on the world. For example, “Flowing down the high mountain” by Zhong Ziqi in the War Ages has become a world-famous classical melody today.　　In the ancient time, the people lived accommodating water source passively. As the saying, the water that bearing the boat is the same swallows it, Yangtze River benefits the human beings while brings flood. Most flood were took place in the Yangtze River area in the ancient time. On the other hand, the disasters have given Yangtze people a lot of experience fighting against the flood and a national characteristics showing a strong will of never giving up.　　After the human being entered into civilized society, wars, famines have taken palace here, aggressors" tombs being remained for several thousands of years, the peaceful history with scenes of mature rice field extending thousands miles. As well as sad scene of desolation and being full of hungry people have shown up here.　　Today, along the Yangtze River from the birthplace Qianghai to the enterance on the pacific in shanghai, hundreds of largest –and –medium –size vigorous cities are the faster developing areas in China. As well as unsophisticated farmers with out –of –date production methods and transport instruments there are also modern metropolises changing everyday. The new-borned phenomena accompany with the conservation, the civilization exists with the backwardness.　　Yangtze River ,the great mother river, is going on bring up her people full of hopes and energy. Yangtze River is the symbol of China opening outside. Chinese rapid development of economy is just the rippling waves of the River flowing foreward.　　Yangtze River is a magic beautiful river, the changing scenes, unsophisticated characteristics, like a painted corridor filled with historic legends, should give you a marvelous experience.　　Maybe you have read a book about China and Yangtze River, but remember the saying “Hearing about for a hundred times is far less than seeing once.” everyone will experience different from others in different time and conditions.　　Only next to Yangtze River in yellow river, is China the second river, fuck to flow all long 5,464 kilometers of, flow through Qing Lake, Szechwan, gansu, Ningxia, Suiyuan, the west of shanxi , mountain west, river south and Shandong nine provinces," several" form, infuse into to east Bohai Sea, the along the road gathered together a main subsidiary current with the numerous river sichuan , the river valley area amounts to more than 750,000 square kilometers.Visit inside a the segment flows through the large loess plateau region, many subsidiary currents clips to take the sediment of large quantity remits, for in the world river with sand measures at most, the river water reports yellow, as a result get.　　On the history, the yellow river flows the city to usually become disaster.According to jot down, more than 2,000 in the last years, the yellow river downstream 溃 dike amount to 1,500 many, than change large-scalely the way have 26 times, flood disaster scope north to Tienjin, the south reaches Jiangsu, Anhui, amounting to 250,000 square kilometers widely.The river water clips the sediment gross that take to the downstream measures, average annually over 1,600,000,000 metric tons.Because the downstream a geography is low and even, the course of river declines the even , the current velocity turns down, the sediment of large quantity hence sink to accumulate on the river bed, average every year overs 400,000,000 metric tons of, the rest sediment then flows the river mouth, forming a delta toward river mouth delta that sea stretch, average build annually six amount to more than 20 square kilometers.Yellow river river valley contain fatty and original fertile fields, the products is abundant, the mountain and stream is magnificent, the resident is several to occupy the Chinese total population quarter, the farmland then invites to occupy national 40%.

管红香1,2,3,4，冯东3,5，吴能友1,2,ROBERTS H.Harry5，陈多福1,3管红香（1981－），女，博士，主要从事冷泉碳酸盐岩的地球化学研究，E-mail:guanhx@ms.giec.ac.cn。注：本文曾发表于《科学通报》2010年第4～5期，本次出版有修改。1.中国科学院广州天然气水合物研究中心，广州　5106402.中国科学院可再生能源与天然气水合物重点实验室，中国科学院广州能源研究所，广州　5106403.中国科学院边缘海地质重点实验室，中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州　5106404.中国科学院研究生院，北京　1000495.Coastal Studies Institute,Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge,LA 70803,USA摘要：对墨西哥湾北部水深约540m的上陆坡GC185区（GC-F样品）和水深约2 200 m的下陆坡AC645区（AC-E样品）冷泉碳酸盐岩中的脂肪酸及其单体化合物的δ13C进行了分析。在AC-E和GC-F冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中检测到了30多种脂肪酸化合物，均以主峰碳为C16的低碳数（< C20）脂肪酸为主，具偶碳优势，主要包括正构脂肪酸、异构（i－）/反异构（ai－）脂肪酸以及带支链的奇碳数脂肪酸（iso/anteiso）。其中n-C12:0、n-C13:0、i-C14:0和n-C14:0具有明显偏低的δ13C值（－39.99‰～－32.36‰），可能来源于冷泉生物。n-C18:2和C18:1△9具有相同的碳同位素值，可能来源于冷泉渗漏区贝氏硫细菌属/辫硫菌属。支链奇碳数脂肪酸（iso/anteiso C13～C17）具有特别负的δ13C值（－63.95‰～－44.17‰），明显不同于其他类别脂肪酸的碳同位素值，推断这类化合物是海底渗漏区甲烷厌氧氧化过程中的硫酸盐还原细菌生命活动的产物。关键词：脂肪酸；单体化合物稳定碳同位素；硫酸盐还原菌；甲烷厌氧氧化；冷泉碳酸盐岩；墨西哥湾Fatty-acids and their 613C Characteristics of Seep Carbonates from the Northern Continental Slope of Gulf of MexicoGuan Hongxiang1,2,3,4,Feng Dong3,5,Wu Nengyou1,2,Roberts Harry H.5,Chen Duofu1,31.Guangzhou Centerfor Gas Hydrate Research,CAS,Guangzhou 510640,China2.Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy and Gas Hydrate,Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion,CAS,Guangzhou 510640,China3.Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology,Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,CAS,Guangzhou 510640,China4.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China5.Coastal Studies Institute,Louisiana State University,Baton Rouge,LA 70803,USAAbstract:Here we reported the fatty-acids and their δ13C values in seep carbonates collectedfrom Green Canyon 185(GC 185;Sample GC-F)at upper continental slope(water depth：～540 m),and Alaminos Canyon 645(GC 645;Sample AC-E)at lower continental slope(water depth：～2 200 m)of the Gulf of Mexico.More than thirty kinds of fatty acids were detected in both samples.Thesefatty acids are maximized at C16.There is a clear even-over-odd carbon number predominance in carbon number range.The fatty acids are mainly composed of n-fatty acids,iso-/anteiso-fatty acids and terminally branched odd-numberedfatty acids(iso/anteiso).The depleted δ13C values(－39.99‰～－32.36‰）of n-C12:0、n-C13:0、i-C14:0and n-C14:0suggest that they may relate to the chemosynthetic communities at seep sites.The unsaturated fatty acids n-C18:2and C18:1△9have the same δ13C values,they may originatefrom the Beggiatoa/Thioploca.Unlike otherfatty acids,the terminally branched fatty acids(iso/anteiso)show more depleted δ13C values(as low as-63.95‰）suggesting a possible relationship to sulfate reducing bacteria,which is common during anaerobic oxidation of methane at seep sites.Key words:fatty acids,carbon isotope of individual lipid,sulfate reducing bacteria,anaerobic oxidation of methane,seep carbonate,Gulf of Mexico0 引言墨西哥湾是一个油气大量聚集的盆地，在晚三叠世－中侏罗世时期，盆地在断裂作用下发生张裂，沉积形成了巨厚的膏盐层，膏盐层的变形和活动断层为流体从盆地深部的油气系统向海底渗漏运移提供了有效通道，控制着海底冷泉的发育[1-3]。近年的研究表明墨西哥湾海底至少有几百个正在活动的天然气渗漏系统，发育于整个陆坡环境[4-5]。陆坡区的冷泉活动导致海底广泛发育天然气水合物、冷泉生物群和自生碳酸盐岩[4,6-12]。冷泉碳酸盐岩的形成是由于海底渗漏甲烷等碳氢化合物在海底沉积层缺氧带被微生物所消耗，由甲烷氧化古菌（anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea,MOA）将渗漏CH4氧化为 ，同时硫酸盐还原菌（sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB）将孔隙水中的 还原为HS－， 与孔隙水中的阳离子结合形成冷泉碳酸盐岩固结在海底[13-17]。这种甲烷氧化和硫酸盐还原的细菌活动的信息保存在冷泉碳酸盐岩中[14-15,18-21]。墨西哥湾北部陆坡与冷泉活动相关的水合物、冷泉碳酸盐岩和冷泉生物群（包括甲烷古菌和硫酸盐还原菌及其生物标志物）已有大量的研究成果发表[4-5,10,14-15,18-23]，但有关下陆坡深水区的工作较少，尤其是缺乏冷泉碳酸盐岩中保存的微生物甲烷厌氧氧化作用的生物标志物的对比研究。本文通过研究墨西哥湾上陆坡GC 185区Bush Hill(GC-F样品）和下陆坡AC645区（AC-E样品）的冷泉碳酸盐岩中的脂肪酸及其单体化合物的δ13C组成，证实墨西哥湾上陆坡到下陆坡海底冷泉渗漏区均发生了渗漏烃（甲烷）的微生物厌氧氧化作用。1 样品和分析方法1.1 样品采集图1 研究区域和采样点位置示意图（据[24]修改）研究样品来源于墨西哥湾上陆坡和下陆坡区（图1）。深水区AC-E冷泉碳酸盐岩样品（图2）是1990年采集于墨西哥湾下陆坡Alaminos Canyon区内水深2 200 m的一个活动冷泉，采样点的地理经纬度坐标为26°21 " N,94°31 " W，采样区发育有大量的冷泉生物群落，主要有管状蠕虫、贻贝及呈分散状分布的蛤和微生物菌席等。AC-E冷泉碳酸盐岩结壳中孔洞发育，主要由生物壳碎屑和碳酸盐岩胶结物组成，矿物组成几乎全部为文石（达98％），仅有少量方解石，碳同位素δ13C为－31.3‰～－23.4‰[24]。浅水区GC-F样品（图2）是1998年在墨西哥湾上陆坡Green Canyon 184和185区块分界线附近的Bush Hill (27°46" N,91°30" W）采集的，水深约为540m，海底温度约为7℃在Bush Hill冷泉渗漏系统中，在海底能观察到正在活动气泡渗漏、冷泉生物群、自生碳酸盐岩及出露的天然气水合物[4,22,25-26]。GC-F冷泉碳酸盐岩可见管状serpulid蠕虫碎片，保存有Lucinid-vesycomyid双壳类冷泉生物的壳体，碳酸盐岩基质胶结物部分几乎全部由文石组成，仅有少量的方解石和白云石，碳同位素δ13C为图2 墨西哥湾上、下陆坡区冷泉碳酸盐岩样品外貌a.AC-E样品，采集于水深2 200 m的下陆区Alaminos Canyon区内的一个活动冷泉；b.GC-F样品，采集于水深约为540m的上陆坡Green Canyon 184区Bush Hill活动冷泉。标尺为1cm－29.4‰～－15.1‰[27]。1.2 实验分析样品磨碎至200目干燥，用二氯甲烷/甲醇混合溶剂索氏抽提72 h。抽提后的残渣自然晾干，用10％的盐酸缓慢溶解，为避免脂交换反应，待样品溶解80％后停止加入盐酸，用二氯甲烷萃取有机质，并与抽提得到的有机质合并。用硅胶－氧化铝柱进行族组分分离，分别用正己烷、6:4正己烷/二氯甲烷和CH3OH溶剂洗脱获得饱和烃、芳烃和极性组分[19-20,28-31]。将酸解获得的HCl不溶物冷冻干燥，得到的酸解残渣和非烃分别用6% KOH－甲醇溶液皂化，平衡12 h后，用正己烷萃取其中的有机质，萃取出的有机质进行硅胶/氧化铝柱层析，分别用正己烷/二氯甲烷（3:1）混合溶剂和二氯甲烷/丙酮（9:1）混合溶剂填充柱，依次得酮和脂肪醇，余下的溶液进行反萃取获得脂肪酸组分，酸性组分加入HCL-CH3OH饱和溶液，在80℃加热2 h进行甲酯化，并用二氯甲烷萃取脂肪酸甲酯。然后将脂肪酸甲酯组分进行GC-MS、GC/IRM分析。1.3 仪器分析GC-MS分析在有机地球化学国家重点实验室HP 6890Ⅱ型气相色谱仪和Platform Ⅱ型质谱仪上完成，离子源为电子轰击源（70 e V），色谱柱为DB-5MS硅熔融毛细柱（30 m×0.25 mm i.d.×0.25 μm涂层）。无分流进样1μL，进样口温度为290℃，升温程序初始温度80℃（5 min），以3℃/min升温至290℃，保留20 min，载气为高纯氦气，流速1.0 m L/min。GC/IRMS分析在英国GV公司Isoprime色谱－同位素质谱仪上完成，色谱柱为JW-DB-5型60 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm毛细柱，样品直接进入温度为290℃无分流注入器，氦气为载气，升温程序初温80℃（5 min），以3℃/min升温至290℃（40 min）。同位素测定误差小于0.5‰。碳同位素以6表示，V-PDB标准，并依段毅等[31,32]报道的方法对脂肪酸甲酯化增加的碳进行了校正。2 结果在墨西哥湾下陆坡深水区的AC-E和上陆坡浅水区的GC-F冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中均检测到30多种脂肪酸化合物，主要由正构脂肪酸、异构（i－）和反异构（ai－）脂肪酸组成，以低碳数（<C20）为主，并有少量的高碳数脂肪酸（表1，图3和图4）。AC-E样品中正构脂肪酸碳数分布范围为C12- C28,GC-F样品碳数分布范围C12- C24，且均检测到C14:1△7、C16:1△7、C18:1△9和C18:2正构不饱和脂肪酸。A C-E样品中丰度最高的脂肪酸为n-C16:0，其次为C18:1△9、n-C14:0和n-C18:0,G C-F样品中丰度最高的脂肪酸为n-C16:0，其次为n-C14:0、ai-C15:0和n-C18:0。样品AC-E中正构饱和脂肪酸δ13C值为－32.36‰～－27.64‰，正构不饱和脂肪酸C16:1△7和18:1△9的δ13C值分别为－19.97‰和－25.48‰。样品GC-F中正构饱和脂肪酸δ13C值－39.99‰～－26.52‰，正构不饱和脂肪酸Cl8:1△9的δ13C为－31.04‰。图3 墨西哥湾冷泉碳酸盐岩AC-E样品中脂肪酸化合物图中数字编号与表1中编号和脂肪酸相对应，N代表未知化合物图4 墨西哥湾冷泉碳酸盐岩GC-F样品中脂肪酸化合物图中数字编号与表1中编号和脂肪酸相对应表1 墨西哥湾冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中脂肪酸化合物及其碳同位素组成除正构脂肪酸外，下陆坡深水区AC-E冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中还检测到支链的奇碳数脂肪酸（iso/anteiso-C15:0），其δ13C值分别为－63.95‰和－50.48‰。上陆坡浅水区冷泉碳酸盐岩样品GC-F中支链的奇碳数脂肪酸主要有iso/anteiso-C13:0,－C15:0和－C17:0，其δ13C范围为－48.62‰～－44.17‰。3 讨论与结论墨西哥湾是一个油气大量聚集的盆地，盆地中沉积形成了巨厚的膏盐层，GC185和AC645区断裂发育，盐层变形和活动断层为流体从盆地深部的油气系统向海底渗漏运移提供了有效通道。以烃类化合物为主的流体通过断裂等通道渗漏到海底附近的沉积层中发生微生物的氧化，在海底发育有大量的微生物细菌席、管状蠕虫，双壳类等冷泉生物[1-3]，并通过这些冷泉生命活动形成了冷泉碳酸盐岩[24-27]，同时形成了一些特殊的脂肪酸。本文所研究的冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中饱和脂肪酸以低碳数（<C20）脂肪酸为主，n-C15:0、i-C16:0、n-C16:0、n-C17:0和n-C18:0的δ13C在AC-E样品中为－28.99‰～－27.64‰，在GC-F为－31.11‰～－30‰，这些脂肪酸的δ13C范围在同一样品中小于±2‰，反映同一样品中这些不同的脂肪酸可能来源于相同生态环境条件下的细菌或海洋浮游生物[32-33]。在所分析的AC-E样品中还存在有异构饱和脂肪酸i-C14:0和正构饱和脂肪酸n-C14:0，它们的δ13C为－36.6‰～－32.36‰。同时GC-F样品存在异构饱和脂肪酸i-C14:0和正构饱和脂肪酸n-C12:0、n-C13:0和n-C14:0， 它们的δ13C为－39.99‰～－33.7 1‰。这些脂肪酸的δ13C值明显比前述脂肪酸的低。墨西哥湾北部冷泉渗漏区双壳类软体组织δ13C为（－43.2±4.1）‰[34]，管状蠕虫的软体组织δ13C为（－45.6±5.2）‰[35]，墨西哥湾GC185区海底渗漏区的Bathymodiolus childressi的软体组织613C为（－38.9±1.2）‰[36]，这些生物体的δ13C值都比正常海洋生物体的低，表明冷泉区的这些生物主要是以化能自养生物（如嗜甲烷细菌等）为食物的[34]。最近的研究表明双壳类和管状蠕虫等大生物体常与细菌微生物共生，贻贝类依赖甲烷氧化菌和/或硫酸盐还原菌，管状蠕虫依赖于硫酸盐还原菌[37]。因此在冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中存在的n-C12:0、n-C13:0、n-C14:0和i-C14:0可能来源于冷泉区的大生物体。在正构脂肪酸中均检测到C14:1△7、C16:1△7、C18:1△9和C18:2正构不饱和脂肪酸，其中GC-F样品的n-C18:2和C18:1△9的δ13C均为－28.04‰，AC-E样品的n-C18:2和C18:1△9的δ13C均为－25.48‰。在同一个样品中n-C18:2和C18:1△92个脂肪酸均具有相同的δ13C值，说明n-C18:2和C18:1△9的生物来源和合成途径相近[32]。最近研究表明在冷泉渗漏区的贝氏硫细菌属/辫硫菌属发育有n-C18:2和C18:1△9脂肪酸[38]。此外，海洋浮游生物尤其是硅藻也存在n-C18:2和C18:1△9[39]。考虑到所分析的样品是天然气渗漏区形成的冷泉碳酸盐岩，且这些样品中浮游生物化石非常少，这2个n-C18:2和C18:1△9脂肪酸很可能来源于冷泉渗漏区贝氏硫细菌属/辫硫菌属。此外，AC-E样品还存在δ13C为－19.97‰的正构不饱和脂肪酸C16:1△7，它具有与其他脂肪酸明显不同的δ13C，而与中低纬度典型海洋现代沉积有机质的δ13C值－23.10‰～－19.10‰一致[32,40]，表明很有可能来源于海洋现代沉积有机质，如在海洋微藻中检测到很高含量的C16:1△7脂肪酸[41]。除上述的脂肪酸外，所分析的样品均存在δ13C值极负的支链奇碳数脂肪酸iso/anteiso-C13:0,－C15:0和－C17:0。其中下陆坡深水区AC-E冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中检测到的i-C15:0和ai-C15:0的δ13C值为－63.95‰～－50.48‰。上陆坡浅水区冷泉碳酸盐岩样品GC-F中iso/anteiso-C13:0,－C15:0 和－C17:0的δ13C 为 －48.62‰ ～ －44.17‰。这些奇碳数异构（is－）/反异构（ai－）脂肪酸δ13C比所分析样品中的其他脂肪酸的碳同位素显著的低，也低于冷泉碳酸盐岩的碳同位素值（－31.3‰～－15.1‰）、冷泉渗漏烃（－28‰～－26‰）和GC区渗漏甲烷的δ13C值（－44.1～－46.7‰）[22,24,27]，说明奇碳数异构（is－）/反异构（ai－）脂肪酸在形成过程中产生了同位素的分馏。目前对海底天然气渗漏区沉积物和细菌席的脂肪酸的研究表明，这种具有极低碳同位素的奇碳数异构（i）/反异构（ai）脂肪酸主要来源于甲烷厌氧氧化作用中的硫酸盐还原菌的生命活动[15,18,20-21,42-44]。因此，本文所研究的冷泉碳酸盐岩样品中具有极负δ13C值的支链奇碳数脂肪酸（iso/anteiso-C13:0,－C15:0和－C17:0）来源于硫酸盐还原菌。致谢：冷泉碳酸盐岩样品由美国路易斯安那州立大学H H Roberts教授提供，实验分析是在中国科学院广州地球化学研究所有机地球化学国家重点实验室完成，并得到徐世平副研究员、贾蓉芬研究员和胡建芳副研究员的帮助。参考文献[1]Weimer P,Rowan M G,Mc Bride B C,et al.Evaluating the Petroleum Systems of the Northern Deep Gulf of Mexico Through Integrated Basin Analysis:An Overview[J].AAPG Bull,1998.82:865-877.[2]Milkov A V,Sassen R.Estimate of Gas Hydrate Resource,Northwestern Gulf of Mexico Continental Slope[J].Mar Geol,2001,179:71-83.[3]Sassen R,Joye S,Sweet S T,et al.Thermogenic Gas Hydrates and Hydrocarbon Gases in Complex Chemosynthetic Communities,Gulf of Mexico continental slope.Org Geochem,1999,30:485-497.[4]Roberts H H,Aharon 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Mexico[J].Geology,2002,30:239-242.[10]Zhang C L,Pancost R D,Sassen R,et al.Archaeal Lipid Biomarkers and Isotopic Evidence of Anaerobic Methane Oxidation Associated with Gas Hydrates in the Gulf of Mexico[J].Org Geochem,2003,34:827-836.[11]Lanoil B D,Sassen R,La Duc M T,et al.Bacteria and Archaea Physically Associated with Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrates[J].Appl Environ Microb,2001,67:5143-5153.[12]Mills H J,Hodges C,Wilson K,et al.Microbial Diversity in Sediments Associated with Surface-Breaching Gas Hydrate Mounds in the Gulf of Mexico[J].FEMS Microbiol Eco1,2003,46:39-52.[13]Nauhaus K,Treude T,Boetius A,et al.Environmental Regulation of the Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane:a Compari son of ANME-I and ANME-Ⅱ Communities[J].Environ Microbiol,2005,7:98-106.[14]Pancost R D,Chopmans E,Sinninghe J S.Archaeal Lipids in Mediterranean Cold Seeps:Molecular Proxies for Anaerobic Metha

一楼的是翻译机翻的吧？翻译很别扭啊，这样吧，等我下班了，我翻译一下再PM给roeagt 亲吧^_^