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Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany on Mar. 14, 1879. Einstein"s parents, who were non observant Jews, moved from Ulm to Munich when Einstein was an infant. The family business was the manufacture of electrical parts. When the business failed, in 1894, the family moved to Milan, Italy. At this time Einstein decided officially to relinquish his German citizenship. Within a year, still without having completed secondary school, Einstein failed an examination that would have allowed him to pursue a course of study leading to a diploma as an electrical engineer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He spent the next year in nearby Aarau at the cantonal secondary school, where he enjoyed excellent teachers and first-rate facilities in physics. Einstein returned in 1896 to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, where he graduated, in 1900 as a secondary school teacher of mathematics and physics.

After two years he obtained a post at the Swiss patent office in Bern. The patent-office work required Einstein"s careful attention, but while employed (1902-09) there, he completed an astonishing range of publications in theoretical physics. For the most part these texts were written in his spare time and without the benefit of close contact with either the scientific literature or theoretician colleagues. Einstein submitted one of his scientific papers to the University of Zurich to obtain a Ph.D. degree in 1905. In 1908 he sent a second paper to the University of Bern and became a lecturer there. The next year Einstein received a regular appointment as associate professor of physics at the University of Zurich.

By 1909, Einstein was recognized throughout German-speaking Europe as a leading scientific thinker. In quick succession he held professorships at the German University of Prague and at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. In 1914 he advanced to the most prestigious and best-paying post that a theoretical physicist could hold in central Europe, professor at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft in Berlin.

When British eclipse expeditions in 1919 confirmed his predictions about the general theory of relativity, Einstein was bombarded by the popular press. Einstein"s personal ethics also fired public imagination. Einstein, who after returning to Germany in 1914 did not reapply for German citizenship, was one of only a handful of German professors who remained a pacifist and did not support Germany"s war aims. After the war, when the victorious allies sought to exclude German scientists from international meetings, Einstein--a Jew traveling with a Swiss passport--remained an acceptable German envoy. Einstein"s political views as a pacifist and a Zionist pitted him against conservatives in Germany, who branded him a traitor and a defeatist. The public success accorded his theories of relativity evoked savage attacks in the 1920s by the anti-Semitic physicists Johannes Stark and Philipp Lenard, men who after 1932 tried to create a so-called Aryan physics in Germany. Just how controversial the theories of relativity remained for less flexibly minded physicists is revealed in the circumstances surrounding Einstein"s reception of a Nobel Prize in 1921--awarded not for relativity but for his 1905 work on the photoelectric effect.

With the rise of fascism in Germany, Einstein moved, in 1933 to the United States and abandoned his pacifism. He reluctantly agreed that the new menace had to be put down through force of arms. In this context Einstein sent a letter, in 1939, to President Franklin D. Roosevelt that urged that the United States proceed to develop an atomic bomb before Germany did. The letter, composed by Einstein"s friend Leo Szilard, was one of many exchanged between the White House and Einstein, and it contributed to Roosevelt"s decision to fund what became the Manhattan Project.

As much he appeared to the public as a champion of unpopular causes, Einstein"s central concerns always revolved around physics. At the age of 59, when other theoretical physicists would long since have abandoned original scientific research, Einstein and his co-workers Leopold Infeld and Banesh Hoffmann achieved a major new result in the general theory of relativity.

Until the end of his life Einstein sought a unified field theory, whereby the phenomena of gravitation and electromagnetism could be derived from one set of equations. After 1920, however, while retaining relativity as a fundamental concept, theoretical physicists focused more attention on the theory of quantum mechanics, as elaborated by Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and others, and Einstein"s later thoughts went somewhat neglected for decades. This picture has changed in more recent years. Physicists are now striving to combine Einstein"s relativity theory with quantum theory in a "theory of everything," by means of such highly advanced mathematical models as superstring theories.

ALBERT EINSTEIN

Albert Einstein was born in Germany on March 14th,1879.When he was a young boy he used to ask lots of questions,for example,"How does darkness happen?" By the time he was fourteen years old, he had learned maths all by himself. He was a shy person and did not enjoy school very much .He found it hard to get along with the other boys. All through his life Einstein was content to spend most of his time alone, although he married twice and had lots of close friends.

From the age of seventeen,Einstein studied in Switzerland. To earn enough money to continue his studies,he worked there first as a teacher.then in a government office. With the pay that he received and saved,he went on with his studies at university,where he received a doctor"s degree in 1905,The period between 1905and 1915 was an important one for Einstein;he began the research and studies which led to his new discoveries in physics.

At the end of the First World War in 1918.Einstein received worldwide praise for his scientific research.He was given the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921,and was invited to give talks in many countries.

In 1933 Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA.He had been invited to teach at a university there.He accepted the job of Professor of Physics,but asked for very little money.He had never been interested in becoming rich. He once refused to speak on the radio for$1,000 a minute.Another time someone saw him using a cheque for$1,5000 as a bookmark. Then he lost the book!

Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the USA,In 1940 he tookAmerican nationality.Besides his work in physics,he spend a lot of time working for human rights and progress.

Einstein had always been fond of music and had learn music as a young boy.At the university town where he lived he continued to make music at home with his friends. It was said that he found in music the peace which was missing in a world full of wars and killings.Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century"s greatest scientist.He died on April 18th,1955 at the age of 76.

Before Einstein,scientists believed that light travelled through space in a straight line. But Einstein was able to prove that light coming from the stars was bent as it passed the sun. As a result,it appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved. He worked out just how much the light would be bent;he could also work out how far the stars would appear to have moved.

His discovery was completely new;it was said that only three people in the world could understand it at that time.The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists.Many of them did mot accept his scientific ideas.But Einstein stuck to his opinion and went on with his research.By 1919,scientists who had been watching the stars supported his work and he quickly became world-famous. From that time on Einstein was greatly respected as the leading scientist of the century.

The First World War(1914-1918) had brought him great sadness. He had taken Swiss nationality in 1901 and therefore did not have to join the army.as Switzerland did not take sides in the war.However, he thought that the war was a terrible thing. All through his life he believed that fighting and killing in wars was wrong.What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.

When Germany was ruled by Hitler in the early 1930s,Einstein,who was a Jew,found it impossible to continue living in Germany.His friends were beaten,or taken away,or their homes were destroyed.while he was in America,Einstein wrote a letter to a newspaper to say that these acts were wrong.It meant that he would never be able to visit Germany again .That is why Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA in 1933.

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was considered the greatest scientist of the 20th century and one of the greatest of all time. His discoveries and theories have greatly influenced science in many fields.

Einstein was born in 1879 in Ulm, a city in Germany. As a boy, he was slow to learn to talk, but later in his childhood he showed great curiosity about nature and ability to solve difficult mathematical problems. After he left school, he went to Switzerland, where he graduated from the university with a degree in mathematics.

In 1905, Einstein began to publish a series of papers which shook the whole scientific and intellectual world, and for the theories he established in the papers he won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.

Because Einstein was Jewish, when Hitler took over Germany in 1933, he had to leave the country and finally settled in the United States. There he continued his study on the structure of the universe until his death in 1955.

Among the several important discoveries Einstein made in his life, the greatest is the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity