神经网络算法-梯度下降GradientDescent

特异的~~差别的~·adj差异~~~~~~~~~n

differentiation,微分（名词）differentiate,求导，或者求微分（动词）differential（微分的）形容词还有一个：differentiable可微的

difference，区别，不同，是名词differential， 微分的，微分，是个数学概念。differentiation，细分。例如market differentiation，市场细分。

difference ["difu0259ru0259ns]基本翻译n. 不同,差异网络释义difference:分歧|不同,差异|差异difference.:不同CE Difference:差异differential [,difu0259"renu0283u0259l]基本翻译a. 差别的,特定的,微分的n. 两路线的运费差额,工资差额网络释义Differential:微分|差速器|微分的D Differential:微分differential a:微分的,微小的

微分的英文是：differential。【拓展资料】一、什么是微分？微分概念是在解决直与曲的矛盾中产生的，在微小局部可以用直线去近似替代曲线，它的直接应用就是函数的线性化。微分具有双重意义：它表示一个微小的量，同时又表示一种与求导密切相关的运算。微分是微分学转向积分学的一个关键概念。二、造句。1. 我们称这种变数为密度微分。We call this variation the density differential.2. 这个微分方程的，解法是什么呢？What would a solution be to this differential equation?3. 这无关紧要，我们用微分是怎样做的？It doesn"t really matter. So, how do we do things using differentials?

差热扩充

一个名词，一个形容词。那里不懂了？

differential 形容词，差动的意思differential power supply 差动电源differential switch 差动开关

严格说来这两个词算不上是同义词。discrepancy：对同一件事不同的理解、认识、解释等differential：导致两件事不一样的因素/原因例：I don"t see any discrepancies in either of your arguments. 我看不出你们两人的论点有什么不同。（此处不能用 differentials 替换）

differential effect英[u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8renu0283u0259l iu02c8fekt]美[u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8ru025bnu0283u0259l u026au02c8fu025bkt]微分效应差异化效果; 差异化效应; 差别效应CA ( coherent approximation) method can provide better approximate results when the differential physical effect of P i ( t) is considered.当考虑到占有几率Pi（t）的微分效应时，相干近似方法能够提供更好的近似结果.And the decline of home-grown student numbers will have a “ differential effect ” on universities, he reckons.他估计，本土大学生数量的减少将对大学产生“差异化效应”。Integration into the multilateral trading system can also have a differential effect on the welfare of men and women in several ways.融入多边贸易体系，可能在几个方面对男性和女性的福利产生差别影响。

一个是相对压强传感器，测出来的是压差，一个是绝对压强传感器，测出来的就是压强大小。

压差； 压力降； 压力落差； 差动压力压差；差压；差动压力；分压

differentialpressure 背压

压差传感器

您好differential gage 压差计 望采纳，谢谢

differential lock词典结果：differential lock[英][u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8renu0283u0259l lu0254k][美][u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8ru025bnu0283u0259l lɑk]差速机锁; 以上结果来自金山词霸例句:1.Electronic rear differential lock and adaptive cruise control are also part of the package.2.Other new features are an electronically controlled, fully variable rear differential lock and dynamic engine mounts.

differential asymmetry 差的不对称asymmetry 英[u02cceu026a"su026amu0259tru026a]美[eu02c8su026amu026atri]n. 不对称;adj. 不对称的，不对等的;[例句]Asymmetry and transactional characteristics are also included as a part of the model.模型还包含了不对称和事务型特性。[其他] 复数：asymmetries

斯塔克尔伯格模型，就是产量领导模型。

differential output微分输出产生率差别

differential diagnosis英 [u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8renu0283u0259l u02ccdaiu0259ɡu02c8nu0259usis] 美 [u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8ru025bnu0283u0259l u02ccdau026au0259ɡu02c8nosu026as]鉴别诊断；监别诊断；鉴辨诊断；区别诊断双语例句1. Acute cholecystitis must be considered in the differential diagnosis. 鉴别诊断也必须考虑急性胆囊炎.2. You want us to do a differential diagnosis on a dead person? 你想要我们对一个死人作不同的诊断?3. What"s the differential diagnosis for urine that"s tea - colored? 如果尿是这种颜色是哪种鉴别诊断?4. What"s the differential diagnosis for writing G"s like a junior high school girl? 写字像初中女孩的家伙,能有什么样的诊断水平?5. The differential diagnosis includes fibromatosis and chondroma of soft parts. 鉴别诊断包括纤维瘤病和软组织的软骨瘤.

diff池全称是Differential&Blood&Count，因为diff池是“Differential&Blood&Count”的缩写,意思是“血细胞计数差异池”。所以diff池全称是Differential&Blood&Count。

1米（m）=100厘米（cm）；1厘米（cm）=10-2m=10毫米（mm）；1毫米（mm）=10-3m=1000微米（um）；1微米（um）=10-6m=1000纳米（nm）；1纳米=10-9m。【病毒大小约100纳米】纳米(nm)=[10的-7至10的-9次方米]之间=细度大小折合目数单位换算约18万目～1800万目。微米(um)=[10的-6次方米以下]=细度大小折合目数单位换算约1.8万目以下。微米之极限细度是18000目。趋纳米=微纳米=[10的-6次方米]至[10的-7次方米]之间=18000目～180000目之间。趋纳米保健食品其粉体之体积比例，粒径分布(differentialvolume)从100纳米～1000纳米之间，粒径分布平均值通度d50以上。趋纳米保健食品其粉体粒径量测之颗粒数比例分布（differentialnumber）：粒径分布平均值100纳米通过d50以上。因为趋纳米的细度，体积比例在100纳米－1000纳米之间，颗粒数比例在100纳米以内，应用超低温冷却之研磨制程，不会产生材料特性改变，对人体营养吸收有益。

微分代数方程

伺服集电极与差分输出区别是精度不同。1、集电极输出：接线一路输出，抗干扰弱些，距离短，2米之内，精度比差分低。2、差分输出：两路输出，距离可以达到10米，精度高，定位要求高一般用差分。

　　different生活中常用语“形容词：不同的”differential多用于专业术语“形容词：差异的，微分的” different 词性及解释 a. 不同的 【机】 差动, 微分的, 差速器 Different articles require different packing. 不同商品需要不同的包装。 Different men have different fault. 不同的人，犯不同的错。 Different trees bear different fruits. 什么样的树结什么样的果。 Different laws obtain in different places. 不同的法律应用在不同的地方。 Different sore must have different salve. 对症下药。 Apple: Think Different 苹果:不同凡想 Different jobs, therefore, call for different lasers. 所以，不同的工作需要不同的激光。 Different kinds of people form different groups. 人以群分。 Different people attach different meanings to words. 人们对词语有各自的解释。 Different people have different kind of view. 在这点上仁者见仁，智者见智。 differential dif.fer.en.tial AHD:[d1f”…-rμn“sh…l] D.J.[7dif*6ren.*l] K.K.[7d!f*6rWn.*l] adj.（形容词）差异的 adj.微分的 n.微分 (1) Of, relating to, or showing a difference. 差别的：差别的、关于或显出差别的 (2) Constituting or making a difference; distinctive. 区别的：构成或制造差异；显著 (3) Dependent on or making use of a specific difference or distinction. 特异的：取决于或利用专门的特征或特性的 (4) Mathematics Of or relating to differentiation. 【数学】 微分的：微分的、与微分学有关的 (5) Involving differences in speed or direction of motion. 差动的：涉及速度或运动方向不同 n.（名词） (1) Mathematics 【数学】 (2) An infinitesimal increment in a variable. 变量无限小的增量 (3) The product of the derivative of a function containing one variable multiplied by the increment of the independent variable. 微分：用独立变量乘以含有一个度量的函数，然后对其求导所得的结果 (4) Differential gear. 差动齿轮 (5) A difference in wage rate or in price. 工资级差：工资或价格上的差异

　　差值就是相减所得到的值，也是高考录取分数线的专业术语。那么你知道吗?下面我为大家带来差值的英语说法，供大家参考学习。 　　差值的英语说法 　　The difference 　　D-value 　　差值相关英语表达 　　差值分析 differential *** ysis; 　　差值检波器 difference detector; 　　差值图 differential chart; 　　差值延迟 differential delay; 　　差值综合 difference synthesis 　　差值的英语例句 　　1. In photoelastic experiments their difference is determined. 　　在光弹性实验中,所确定的是它们的差值. 　　2. The deviations should not exceed 25 Cal. 　　其差值异不得超过25卡. 　　3. Any difference between values for successive occupations must be considered as a closure error. 　　逐次读数之间的任何差值都必须看作一种闭合差. 　　4. The Sequence Difference Histogram SDIF algorithm is suggested in the seeker processor. 　　提出了在导引头处理器中采用序列差值直方图演算法 SDIF . 　　5. One one - hundredth a percent, used in measuring yield differences among bonds. 　　万分之一点, 用来测量票据间收益差值. 　　6. The major indicators of *** ysis included higher - order aberration, sphere - aberration and a - aberration. 　　主要分析指标有:总高阶像差值、 慧 差值 、 球差值. 　　7. The motion detecting is achieved using temporal differencing with a threshold. 　　移动侦测是采用时域差值移动物体侦测法配合门槛值的设定. 　　8. Third, the maintenance of this week, the margin will experience reunification deal. 　　在本周三维护时, 将对经验差值统一进行处理. 　　9. ERROR - the deviation difference or ratio of a measurement from its true value. 　　误差ERROR - 与被测量值的真值相比测量的偏差 差值或比值 . 　　10. Maximums are based on the operating force for each valve size. 　　这种最大压差值是根据每个通径阀门的操作力计算的. 　　11. Ecological field gradient means the disparity between two of nearest data. 　　场梯度是指相邻两个资料的差值. 　　12. The software will display the SNR, FWHM and RMS values found. 　　软体将显示它们的信噪比, 点扩充套件函式和均方差值. 　　13. I call this building the " postive gap " 　　我称之为建立 “ 正差值 ” 　　14. Cut and edge the margin. 　　削减和EDGE差值. 　　15. N use rate accounted by method of difference. 　　氮肥利用率用差值法计算.

differential data异态数据 差分数据；差动资料传输双语例句1The differential data transmission is the key point in RTK technic.差分数据传输是RTK技术实现的关键。2An Analysis for the Signal to Noise Ratio in the Unbalanced Differential Data Channel for Magneto Optical Disks磁光盘非平衡差分信道信噪比模型的研究

differential表示差分，RSE ，Referenced Single Ended，表示参考地单端；NRSE, Non-Referenced Single Ended，表示无参考地单端。基本上，就是选差分，或者RSE。

log wage differentials 全部释义和例句>>LOG的工资差距differentials 英[du026afu0259"renu0283lz] 美[du026afu0259"renu0283lz] n. 差异; ( differential的名词复数 ) 工资级差; （汽车） 差动齿轮; 分速器; [网络] 微分; 差速器; 差额; [例句]Similarly, large maternal mortality differentials by province persist.同样，各省的孕产妇死亡率差异也很大。[其他] 形近词： differentiate

differential delay 英[u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8renu0283u0259l diu02c8lei] 美[u02ccdu026afu0259u02c8ru025bnu0283u0259l du026au02c8le] 意思：微分（差分）延迟; [例句]The stability of composite θ-method for stochastic differential delay equation was studied.研究了随机延迟微分方程复合θ-方法的稳定性。

约束管理器中的 Electric→Net→routing→Differential partPrimary Gap 差分对最优先线间距（线到线间距）。Primary width 差分对最优先线线宽（线的粗细）。

“值班”的英文说法 你的第一个问题是： on call, 就是领导叫你去值班就值班，否则就等著。 On duty的意思是不管领导叫不叫，都轮到你值班。 吃晚饭去唱歌，可以说是Phase two 或者 second stage。 值班英文怎么说 我也想知道 大概是roster的音对吧 "我在值班 ", 用英语怎么说 I"m on duty now.「 值班 」用英语怎么说 值班 be on duty更多释义>> [网络短语] 值班 on duty;Watch;shift 值班时间 watch-hour;attended time;watch-keeping period 值班津贴 Shift Differential;Shelloft Differential;shift differential 值班主任的英文怎么说 值班主任. 英语： The duty manager. The director in duty. 值班人员 英文怎么说 个人认为，值班用 on duty 在一定场合固然也可以，但它一般是泛指“上班”，指正在上班或值勤的人。值班，应该用 on watch 更好。 people on watchwatchkeeper attendant 值班人员 英文怎么说 值班人员 [词典] [化] operator in charge; operator on duty; [例句]系统自动对采集通信异常情况进行分析，列出异常报表，供值班人员进行分析、处理。 The system automatically *** yzes acquisition munication abnormalities and lists an abnormality report form for personnel on duty to *** yze and process. 今日值班英语 值班:on duty today “我晚上值班”用英语怎么说！ 我晚上值班。 Tonight is my shift. I will be on watch tonig抚t. I am on duty this evening. ... 供参

u30c7u30d5(u30c7u30a3u30d5u30a1u30ecu30f3u30b7u30e3u30ebu30aeu30a2) u30adu30e3u30eau30a2differential gear careeru30d4u30cbu30aau30f3 u30c7u30d5(u30c7u30a3u30d5u30a1u30ecu30f3u30b7u30e3u30ebu30aeu30a2)pinion differential gear

Differential gene expression analysis：差异表达基因分析 Differentially expressed gene (DEG)：差异表达基因 Volcano Plot：火山图 fold change翻译过来就是倍数变化，假设A基因表达值为1，B表达值为3，那么B的表达就是A的3倍。一般我们都用count、TPM或FPKM来衡量基因表达水平，所以基因表达值肯定是非负数，那么fold change的取值就是(0, +∞). 为什么我们经常看到差异基因里负数代表下调、正数代表上调？因为我们用了log2 fold change。当expr(A) < expr(B)时，B对A的fold change就大于1，log2 fold change就大于0（见下图），B相对A就是上调；当expr(A) > expr(B)时，B对A的fold change就小于1，log2 fold change就小于0。通常为了防止取log2时产生NA，我们会给表达值加1（或者一个极小的数），也就是log2(B+1) - log2(A+1). 【需要一点对数函数的基础知识】 为什么不直接用表达之差，差直接有正负啊？假设A表达为1，B表达为8，C表达为64；直接用差B相对A就上调了7，C就相对B上调了56；用log2 fold change，B相对A就上调了3，C相对B也只上调了3. 通过测序观察我们发现，不同基因在细胞里的表达差异非常巨大，所以直接用差显然不合适，用log2 fold change更能表示相对的变化趋势。 虽然大家都在用log2 fold change，但显然也是有缺点的：一、到底是5到10的变化大，还是100到120的变化大？二、5到10可能是由于技术误差导致的。所以当基因总的表达值很低时，log2 fold change的可信度就低了，尤其是在接近0的时候。A disadvantage and serious risk of using fold change in this setting is that it is biased[7] and may misclassify differentially expressed genes with large differences (B u2212 A) but small ratios (B/A), leading to poor identification of changes at high expression levels. Furthermore, when the denominator is close to zero, the ratio is not stable, and the fold change value can be disproportionately affected by measurement noise. 这就是统计学的范畴了，显著性就是根据假设检验算出来的。 假设检验首先必须要有假设，我们假设A和B的表达没有差异（H0，零假设），然后基于此假设，通过t test（以RT-PCR为例）算出我们观测到的A和B出现的概率，就得到了P-value，如果P-value<0.05，那么说明小概率事件出现了，我们应该拒绝零假设，即A和B的表达不一样，即有显著差异。 显著性只能说明我们的数据之间具有统计学上的显著性，要看上调下调必须回去看差异倍数。 这里只说了最基本的原理，真正的DESeq2等工具里面的算法肯定要复杂得多。 这张图对q-value（校正了的p-value）取了负log，相当于越显著，负log就越大，所以在火山图里，越外层的岩浆就越显著，差异也就越大。 只需要看懂DEG结果的可以就此止步，想深入了解的可以继续。 另一篇关于建库的文章： RNA-seq建库技术 | RNA sequence library construction 下面会讨论的问题有： 做生物生理生化生信数据分析时，最常听到的肯定是“差异(表达)基因分析”了，从最开始的RT-PCR，到基因芯片microarray，再到RNA-seq，最后到现在的single cell RNA-seq，统统都在围绕着差异表达基因做文章。 （开个脑洞：再下一步应该会测细胞内特定空间内特定基因的动态表达水平了） 表达量 ：我们假设基因转录表达形成的mRNA的数量反映了基因的活性，也会影响下游蛋白和代谢物的变化。我们关注的是基因的表达，不是结构，也是不是isoform。 为什么差异基因分析这么流行？一是中心法则得到了确立，基因表达是核心的一个环节，决定了下游的蛋白组和代谢组；二是建库测序的普及，获取基因的表达水平变得容易。 在生物体内，基因的表达时刻都在动态变化，不一定服从均匀分布，在不同时间、发育程度、组织和环境刺激下，基因的表达肯定会发生变化。 差异基因分析主要应用在： 目前我们对基因和转录组的了解到什么程度了？ 基本的建库方法？建库直接决定了我们能测到什么序列，也决定了我们能做什么分析！ 基因表达的normalization方法有哪些？ 第一类错误、第二类错误是什么？ 多重检验的校正？FDR 10x流程解释 The mean UMI counts per cell of this gene in cluster I The log2 fold-change of this gene"s expression in cluster i relative to other clusters The p-value denoting significance of this gene"s expression in cluster i relative to other clusters, adjusted to account for the number of hypotheses (i.e. genes) being tested. The differential expression analysis seeks to find, for each cluster, genes that are more highly expressed in that cluster relative to the rest of the sample. Here a differential expression test was performed between each cluster and the rest of the sample for each gene. The Log2 fold-change (L2FC) is an estimate of the log2 ratio of expression in a cluster to that in all other cells. A value of 1.0 indicates 2-fold greater expression in the cluster of interest. The p-value is a measure of the statistical significance of the expression difference and is based on a negative binomial test. The p-value reported here has been adjusted for multiple testing via the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure. In this table you can click on a column to sort by that value. Also, in this table genes were filtered by (Mean UMI counts > 1.0) and the top N genes by L2FC for each cluster were retained. Genes with L2FC < 0 or adjusted p-value >= 0.10 were grayed out. The number of top genes shown per cluster, N, is set to limit the number of table entries shown to 10000; N=10000/K^2 where K is the number of clusters. N can range from 1 to 50. For the full table, please refer to the "differential_expression.csv" files produced by the pipeline. 不同单细胞DEG鉴定工具的比较 Comparative analysis of differential gene expression analysis tools for single-cell RNA sequencing data For data with a high level of multimodality, methods that consider the behavior of each individual gene, such as DESeq2, EMDomics, Monocle2, DEsingle, and SigEMD, show better TPRs. 这些工具敏感性高，就是说不会漏掉很多真的DEG，但是会包含很多假的DEG。 If the level of multimodality is low, however, SCDE, MAST, and edgeR can provide higher precision. 这些工具精准性很高，意味着得到的DEG里假的很少，所以会漏掉很多真的DEG，不会引入假的DEG。 time-course DEG analysis Comparative analysis of differential gene expression tools for RNA sequencing time course data 参考： Question: How to calculate "fold changes" in gene expression? Exact Negative Binomial Test with edgeR Differential gene expression analysis 相关文章： ggplot的boxplot添加显著性 | Add P-values and Significance Levels to ggplots | 方差分析

Ordinary Differential Equations常微分方程；微分方程式；常微分方程组双语例句1. His work remains mathematically in the realm of ordinary differential equations. 他的工作在数学上就停留在常微分方程的范围.2. Methods: The qualitative theories of ordinary differential equations are used. 方法运用常微分方程定性理论进行讨论.3. Higher - order singularly perturbed ordinary differential equations have important applications in Fluid Dynamics. 高阶奇异常微分方程在流体动力学中也有重要的应用.4. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations. 常微分方程之数值解.5. When solving different ordinary differential equations, we may take the analytical solution or numerical solution. 不同类型的常微方程可以采用解析解法或者数值解法.

题主是把代码直接贴到命令窗口里运行的吧？用function定义的函数必须保存成M文件才能运行。如果已经保存到M文件，那就是在function之前还有其它代码。function必须出现在有效代码的最前面（所谓有效，是指不包括注释之类的内容）。

苏加宝教授及其课题组发表学术论文40多篇，研究内容涉及无穷维Morse 理论的应用、临界群计算、半线性椭圆共振问题、超线性椭圆问题的多解性、Hamilton系统周期解、拟线性椭圆方程(P-Laplace)、Henon方程基态解的非对称性、非线性薛定鄂方程、Sobolev型嵌入定理等方面，研究成果在包括Advances in Mathematics、Journal of Differential Equations、Calculus Variations and Partial Differential Equations等在内的20种国际学术期刊上发表，大部分是SCI期刊论文，得到国际同行的关注和大量引用，已被30多个国家和地区的近200名数学家发表在近100种学术期刊、8本专著和预印本引用近400次，其中被Annales Institut H.Poincare Analyse NonLineaire、Memoirs of AMS、J.Funct.Anal.等在内的70多种SCI、SCIE期刊引用300多次，被国内外30多篇博士学位论文引用。 Mingzheng Sun, Hongrui Cai, Jiabao Su, Morse theory for the p-Laplacian equation with concave nonlinearities. Preprint2013, Meiqin Li, Jiabao Su, Nonhomogeneous quasilinear elliptic coercive problem on R^N with singular potentials. Preprint 2011. Preprint 2011. Jiabao Su and Zhi-Qiang Wang, Multiple solutions for coercive elliptic equations preprint Jiabao Su, Zhenqi Zhang, Existence and nonexistence results for nonhomogeneous quasilinear elliptic equations on exterior ball with singular potentials. Preprint 2011 Anran Li and Jiabao Su, Existence and multiplicity of solutions for Kirchhoff-type equation with radial potentials in R^3. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Mathematik und Physik, to appear. Anran Li and Jiabao Su, Multiple nontrivial solutions to a p-Kirchhoff equation. Communications in Pure and Applied Analysis, to appear. Leiga Zhao, Jiabao Su, Caiyun Wang, On the existence of solutions for quasilinear elliptic problems with radial potentials on exterior ball. Mathematische Nachrichten, to appear. Mingzheng Sun, Meiling Zhang, Jiabao Su, Critical groups at zero and multiple solutions for a quasilinear elliptic equations. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications,428, 1(2015), 696--712. Mingzheng Sun, Jiabao Su, Leiga Zhao,Infinitely many solutions for a Schrodinger-Poisson system with concave and convex nonlinearities. Discrete and Continuous Dynamic Systems, 35(2015), 427--440. Mingzheng Sun, Jiabao Su, Nontrivial solutions of a semilinear elliptic problem with resonance at zero. Applied Mathematical Letters, 34(2014),60--64. Zhanping Liang, Jiabao Su, Solutions to inhomogeneous quasilinear elliptic problems with concave-convex type nonlinearities. Acta Mathematica Scientia, 2014, 34A(2):217--226 Anran Li, Jiabao Su and Leiga Zhao, Existence and multiplicity of solutions of Schrodinger-Poisson systems with radial potentials. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics, 144, 02(2014),319--332. Anran Li, Hongrui Cai and Jiabao Su, Quasilinear elliptic equations with singular potentials and bounded discontinuous nonlinearities Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis, 43, 2(2014), 439--450. Hongrui Cai, Jiabao Su and Yang Sun, Sobolev type embeddings and an inhomogeneous quasilinear elliptic equation on R^N with singular weights Nonlinear Analysis, 96(2014), 59-67. Hongrui Cai, Jiabao Su, Gradient systems with sublinear term near the origin and asymptotically linear term near infinity Boundary Value Problems 2013 (1) 280 Anran Li, and Jiabao Su, Superlinear gradient system with a parameter. Boundary Value Problems 2012 (1) :110 Leiga Zhao, Anran Li, Jiabao Su,Existence and multiplicity results for quasilinear elliptic exterior problems with nonlinear boundary conditions. Nonlinear Analysis， 75(2012), 2520--2533. Zhanping Liang and Jiabao Su, Existence of solitary waves to a generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. Acta Mathematica Scientia, 32B(3)(2012), 1149--1156. Jiabao Su, Quasilinear elliptic equations on R^N with singular potentials and bounded nonlinearity Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Mathematik und Physik, 63(2012),51-64. Jiabao Su, Rushun Tian, Weighted Sobolev type embeddings and coercive quasilinear elliptic equations on R^N. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 140,3(2012), 891--903. Xiaoli Li, Jiabao Su and Rushun Tian, Multiple periodic solutions of the second order Hamiltonian systems with superlinear terms Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 385(2012), 1-11. Jiabao Su, Ruiyi Zeng, Multiple periodic solutions of superlinear ordinary differential equations with a parameter Nonlinear Analysis， 74, 17(2011), 6442-6450. Lina Lv, Jiabao Su, Solutions to a gradient system with resonance at both zero and infinity. Nonlinear Analysis, 74,16(2011),5340-5351. Jiabao Su and Zhi-Qiang Wang, Sobolev type embedding and quasilinear elliptic equations with radial potentials. Journal of Differential Equations, 250(2011), 223-242 Jiabao Su, Rushun Tian, Weighted Sobolev embeddings and radial solutions of inhomogeneous quasilinear elliptic equations Communications in Pure and Applied Analysis, 9,4(2010),885-904. Zhanping Liang, Jiabao Su, Critical point theorem for asymptotically quadratic functional without compactness. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 370(2010), 649-658. Zhaoli Liu, Jiabao Su, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Elliptic systems on R^N with nonlinearities of linear growth, Progress in variational methods, 90--106, Nankai Ser. Pure Appl. Math. Theoret. Phys., 7, World Sci. Publ., Hackensack, NJ, 2011. Zhaoli Liu, Jiabao Su, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Solutions of elliptic problems with linearly bounded nonlinearities. Calculus Variations and Partial Differential Equations, 35, 4(2009),463-480. Zhanping Liang and Jiabao Su, Multiple solutions for semilinear elliptic boundary value problems with double resonance Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 354,1(2009),147-158. Jiabao Su, Leiga Zhao, Multiple periodic solutions of ordinary differential equations with double resonance. Nonlinear Analysis, 70,4(2009), 1520-1527. Zhaoli Liu, Jiabao Su, and Zhi-Qiang Wang, A twist condition and periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems. Advances in Mathematics, 218, 6(2008), 1895-1913. Jiabao Su, Zhaoli Liu, Bounded resonance problems for semilinear elliptic equations. Discrete and Continuous Dynamic Systems, 19,2(2007), 431-445. Jiabao Su, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Michel Willem, Nonlinear Schrodinger equations with unbounded and decaying radial potentials. Communications in Contemporary Mathematics, 9,4(2007),571-583. Jiabao Su, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Michel Willem: Weighted Sobolev embedding with unbounded and decaying radial potentials. Journal of Differential Equations, 238,1(2007),201-219. Paul H. Rabinowitz, Jiabao Su, Zhi-Qiang Wang, Multiple solutions of superlinear elliptic equations Rendiconti Lincei Matematicae Applicazioni,18(2007),97-108. (Italy) Zhaoli Liu, Jiabao Su, Tobias Weth, Compactness results for Schrodinger equations with asymptotically linear terms. Journal of Differential Equations, 231,2(2006), 501-512. Jiabao Su, Leiga Zhao, An elliptic resonance problem with multiple solutions Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications,319(2006),604-616. Jiabao Su, Hong Li, Multiplicity results for the two-point boundary value problems at resonance Acta Mathematica Scientia, 26,1(2006),152-162. Zhaoli Liu, Jiabao Su, Solutions of some semilinear elliptic problems with perturbation terms of arbitrary growth Discrete and Continuous Dynamic Systems, Vol.10,3(2004),617-634. Jiu Quansen, Jiabao Su, Existence and multiplicity results for Dirichlet problem with p-Laplacian Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 281(2003),587-601 Jiabao Su, Multiplicity results for asymptotically linear elliptic problems at resonance. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 278(2003),397-408 Jiabao Su, Zhaoli Liu, Nontrivial solutions of perturbed of p-Laplacian on R^N. Mathematische Nachrichen, 248/249(2003),190-199 Jiabao Su, Nontrivial critical points for asymptotically quadratic functional at resonance, Morse theory, minimax theory and their applications to nonlinear differential equations, 225--234, New Stud. Adv. Math., 1, Int. Press, Somerville, MA, 2003 Jiabao Su, Existence and multiplicity results for classes of elliptic resonant problems. Journal of Mathematics Analysis and Applications, 273,2(2002),565-578. D. Smets, Jiabao Su, M. Willem, Nonradial ground states for Henon equations Communications in Contemporary Mathematics, 4,3(2002),467-480. Shujie Li, K.Perera, Jiabao Su. On the role played by the Fucik spectrum in the determination of critical groups in elliptic problems where the asymptotic limits may not exist. Nonlinear Analysis, 49(2002),603-611. Jiabao Su. Semilinear elliptic Boundary value problems with double resonance between two consecutive eigenvalues. Nonlinear Analysis, 48,(2002),881-895. Jiaquan Liu, Jiabao Su. Remarks on multiple nontrivial solutions for quasi-linear resonant problems. Journal of Mathematics Analysis and Applications, 258,(2001),209-222. Shujie Li, K.Perera, Jiabao Su, Computations of critical groups in elliptic boundary value problems where the asymptotic limits may not exist. Proceedings of Royal Society Edinburgh (A) Mathematics, 131,3(2001),721-732 Jiabao Su, Chunlei Tang, Multiplicity results for semilinear elliptic equations with resonance at higher eigenvalues Nonlinear Analysis, 44(2001),311-321. 苏加宝, 李永青, 关于半线性椭圆共振问题的注记 数学学报, 43,6(2000),1135-1142. Jiabao Su, Existence of nontrivial periodic solutions for a class of resonance Hamiltonian systems. Journal of Mathematics Analysis and Applications. 233(1999),1-25. Jiabao Su, Nontrivial periodic solutions for the asymptotically linear Hamiltonian systems with resonance at infinity. Journal of Differential Equations.145,2(1998),252-273. Jiabao Su, Semilinear elliptic resonant problems at higher eigenvalues with unbounded terms, Acta Mathematica Sinica, New Series,14,3(1998),411-418. 苏加宝, 具有无界非线性项的半线性椭圆共振问题 数学学报, 41,3(1998),715-720. Shujie Li, Jiabao Su, Existence of multiple solutions of a two-point boundary value problem at resonance Topological Methods in Nonlinear Analysis, 10(1997),123-135. Shujie Li, Jiabao Su, Existence of multiple critical points for asymptotically quadratic functional with applications, Abstract and Applied Analysis, Vol.1,3(1996),277-289. Bingyou Li and Jiabao Su, Transfer open or closed set-valued mapping and generalization of H-KKM theorem with applications, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 15,10(1994), 981-989. 苏加宝， 广义H-KKM定理及其应用 河北师范大学学报（自然科学版）18,4(1994),1-4.

微分常见模式转换**************************************************************如果你对这个答案有什么疑问，请追问，另外如果你觉得我的回答对你有所帮助，请千万别忘记采纳哟！***************************************************************

前者强调下降，后者强调差距

微分电路断路器

原文链接 10、DA(Differential abundance) - 简单来说就是在已经注释celltype的基础上，将每个样本中聚类到一个celltype中的gene counts加在一起。 ####### 小插曲：质控 remove samples with very low library sizes due to failed library preparation or sequencing. 最后本来想绘制个火山图，但结果并没有预想的那么好，草稿先放在这，以后再看看吧。有什么想法的朋友，欢迎留言。

cbc with differentialCBC与微分

本文利用实体显微镜和微分干涉显微镜对83片山东、63片辽宁和134片湖南砂矿钻石薄片中的包裹体进行显微放大观察，采用的仪器分别为中山大学地球科学系岩矿显微鉴定室和西北大学地质系特种显微镜室的实体显微镜（型号分别为Nikon SMZ1000和Nikon SIMZS00）、国家珠宝玉石质量监督检验中心的微分干涉显微镜（型号为Nikon LV100），结果如下：6.2.2.1 常见包裹体的形貌特征三产地的钻石中橄榄石包裹体出现的频率较高，在辽宁发现13颗，山东发现18颗，湖南发现14颗，出现频率在分析的钻石样品中分别为20.6%、21.7%和10.4%。橄榄石包裹体大多数为无色透明的浑圆球状、柱状晶体（图6.1，图版Ⅵ）。湖南钻石中的橄榄石还具有哑铃状外形，哑铃状橄榄石显示浑圆的外形，晶体一头大一头小，中部线状内凹收窄，周围派生片状的内部裂隙和微裂纹（图6.2）；山东钻石中还出现有钉头状橄榄石（图版Ⅵ）。橄榄石周围常环绕黑色石墨包裹体，部分晶体与石墨、裂隙相连接（图6.3，图版Ⅵ），辽宁钻石中的橄榄石包裹体晶面上还有细密的蚀像（图6.4），在山东和湖南钻石中的多颗橄榄石包裹体晶面上都发现有黑色石墨斑点的覆盖，如山东钻石23-SD-02的橄榄石晶体的部分晶面布有细小的黑色斑点，湖南钻石146-HN-01-A中三颗橄榄石包裹体晶面上都覆盖有黑色斑点（图6.5，图版Ⅵ）。石墨斑点以薄膜状覆盖在橄榄石的晶面上，同时对所在橄榄石晶体的拉曼测试造成影响。石墨斑点或分散或密集地在部分晶面上和晶棱上存在，斑点个体大多数呈拉长椭圆形，个体间沿拉长方向平行排列，拉长方向大致与包裹体晶体的延长、变形方向或晶体被熔蚀方向一致，如湖南钻石样品802-7中球状橄榄石晶面和晶棱上都有黑色拉长石墨斑点，晶棱上的石墨在熔蚀凹槽内出现，斑点整体平行排列（图6.6，图版Ⅵ）；共生于同一钻石中的橄榄石上的石墨斑点在相同方向的晶面上出现，并且各个橄榄石晶体上斑点的拉长方向一致（图版Ⅵ）。表6.3 中国钻石包裹体的类型特征统计表　Table 6.3 Statistics of inclusion types of diamonds in China图6.1 山东钻石中的短柱状橄榄石（样品23-SD-02，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.1 Short columnar olivine inclusion in Shandong diamond（sample 23-SD-02，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.2 湖南钻石中哑铃状橄榄石及周围的片状裂隙（样品802-6-2，微分干涉显微镜下，100×）Figure 6.2 Dumbbell-shaped olive inclusion with sheet fissure surrounded in Hunan diamond（sample 802-6-2，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，100×）图6.3 湖南钻石中的橄榄石包裹体、状裂隙及其内的石墨（样品177-HN-01，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.3 Olivine inclusion and sheet fissure with graphite in Hunan diamond（sample 177-HN-01，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.4 辽宁钻石中橄榄石包裹体晶面上布满蚀像（样品3-LW-03，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.4 Olivine inclusion fully covered with etched figures in Liaoning diamond（sample 3-LW-03，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.5 湖南钻石中橄榄石包裹体上平行成行排列的黑色石墨（样品146-HN-01-A，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.5 Olivine inclusion covered with parallel graphite in Hunan diamond（sample 146-HN-01-A，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.6 湖南钻石中橄榄石上定向拉长的石墨斑点（样品802-7，微分干涉显微镜下，100×）Figure 6.6 Olivine inclusion covered with oriented elongated graphite in Hunan diamond（sample 802-7，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，100×）在三个产地的钻石中发现有两种类型的石榴子石：镁铝榴石和镁铝-铁铝榴石。辽宁钻石中发现的镁铝榴石主要为灰白色拉长柱状（图6.7，图版Ⅵ），晶棱圆滑，周围有大量黑色包裹体，其中一个大型的黑色包裹体呈厚片状分布，放大观察可见其中包裹大量的浑圆晶体（图6.8，图版Ⅵ），同时在该钻石中分布许多熔蚀长轴状未准确鉴定的晶体；镁铝-铁铝榴石包裹体十分细小，以浑圆状晶体分布于大片状的内部裂隙和黑色石墨包裹体中，难于仔细观察（图版Ⅵ）。图6.7 辽宁金刚石/钻石中拉长柱状镁铝榴石（样品8-LW-02，实体显微镜下，250×）Figure 6.7 Elongated columnar pyrope inclusion in Liaoning diamond（sample 8-LW-02，Stereomicroscope，250×）图6.8 厚片状黑色裂隙中浑圆晶体群（样品8-LW-02，微分干涉显微镜下，200×）Figure 6.8 Rounded crystal group in thick and black sheet fissure（sample 8-LW-02，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，200×）辽宁钻石中的石榴子石包裹体周围有大量浑圆晶体包裹体，种类有辉石族矿物和其他镁铝榴石以及未确定的矿物（图6.9），晶体包裹体彼此之间都或近或远地独立分布。山东钻石中镁铝榴石包裹体以紫色为主，呈现中间收小的哑铃状、葫芦状和复杂晶形的浑圆晶体（图6.10，图版Ⅵ），晶体周围黑色石墨包裹体较少，多是浑圆的晶体包裹体，镁铝榴石包裹体没有与裂隙连通，较为独立。山东钻石样品23-SD-02的哑铃状镁铝榴石显示出层状结构，晶体内部为紫色，外部则为无色透明（图6.11）；镁铝-铁铝榴石包裹体有紫色、黄褐色和无色（图版Ⅵ），晶体外形基本完整，部分晶体的晶面上有黑色斑点、红色斑块和三角锥状蚀像（图6.12）：其中黑色斑点所在的晶面显示面平棱直的形态，可判断此晶面是受外力导致的破裂面，非熔蚀过程导致，斑点为六边形，与所在晶面的形状一致，且取向和所在晶面一致，判断黑色斑点是在石榴子石破裂面生成后形成的，为后生成因；红色斑块外形多变，多散布在晶体的边棱，向中部减少，对周围的一颗熔蚀状晶体上的红色斑块的拉曼测试结果为黄铜矿，推测石榴子石上的红色斑点应为同样生长环境下的同种物质；三角锥状蚀像密集在一晶面上。根据镁铝-铁铝榴石的形貌特征可判断钻石247-SD的生长经历了外力撞击和后期熔蚀的过程，显示该区金伯利岩浆在上升侵位过程中钻石发生再结晶作用。湖南钻石中的镁铝榴石包裹体为无色透明晶体，呈拉长浑圆状四角三八面体，常独立分布，很少与裂隙连通，晶体周围还常常有其他种类的浑圆晶体包裹体存在，如样品150-HN-01中3颗分散的镁铝榴石包裹体，包裹体显示浑圆拉长晶体（图6.13）；镁铝-铁铝榴石有拉长柱状晶形，还发现有钉头状外形，白色钉头状晶体有单独分布，也有成行分布（图6.14）。辽宁钻石中的顽火辉石包裹体呈无色，浑圆拉长变形晶体，晶体两端大小不一（图6.15），周围伴有裂隙和黑色包裹体。山东钻石中辉石族矿物种类包括镁铁辉石、顽火辉石和绿辉石，为无色透明柱状浑圆晶体，环绕辉石包裹体周围的钻石内呈现明显的应变异常双折射现象（图6.16，图版Ⅵ），长柱状辉石晶体的平坦晶面上呈现小阶梯状（图6.17）。辉石包裹体周围有大量黑色云朵状包裹体和大量的晶体包裹体，种类包括绿辉石和石榴子石（图版Ⅵ）。图6.9 辽宁钻石中的橄榄石和石榴子石包裹体（样品LN-50-037B，微分干涉显微镜下，50×）Figure 6.9 Olivine and garnet inclusions in Liaoning diamond（sample LN-50-037B，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，50×）图6.10 山东钻石中的镁铝榴石（样品247-SD-01，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.10 Pyrope inclusion in Shandong diamond（sample 247-SD-01，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.11 山东钻石中紫色哑铃状镁铝榴石（样品23-SD-02，微分干涉显微镜下，200×）Figure 6.11 Purple and dumbbell shaped pyrope inclusion in Shandong diamond（sample 23-SD-02，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，200×）图6.12 山东钻石中浅黄色镁铝-铁铝榴石晶面上的黑色六边形斑点（右部）、拉长的三角形蚀像（左部）和红色斑块（中下部）（样品247-SD-01，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.12 Light yellow pyrope-almandine inclusion with black hexagon spots （right），elongated triangular etched figures （left） and red patches （lower center）（sample 247-SD-01，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.13 湖南钻石样品150-HN-01中的镁铝榴石包裹体Figure 6.13 Pyrope inclusion in Hunan diamond，sample 150-HN-01图6.14 湖南钻石中的镁铝-铁铝榴石包裹体Figure 6.14 Pyrope-almandine inclusion in Hunan diamond图6.15 浑圆拉长变形的顽火辉石（样品8-LW-01，拉曼探针显微镜下实测图）Figure 6.15 Rounded，elongate and distorted enstatite（sample 8-LW-01，Raman Microscope on-the-spot figure）图6.16 浑圆状绿辉石及其周围的异常双折射现象（样品247-SD-01，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.16 Rounded omphacite with anomalous birefringence effect（sample 247-SD-01，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.17 长柱状辉石，平行柱状体有阶梯纹理（样品247-SD-02微分干涉显微镜下，200×）Figure 6.17 Long columnar pyroxene with parallel stepped veins（sample 247-SD-02，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，200×）湖南钻石中辉石族包裹体种类有顽火辉石、镁铁辉石和绿辉石。晶体为无色透明，呈浑圆状，晶形多样，有柱状、板状、膝状和针管状形态，平行晶体延伸方向常具有阶梯状纹理（图6.18，图版Ⅵ）。辉石包裹体在钻石中都是单独存在，部分晶体周围延伸微小的裂隙。如钻石样品802-2中的膝状的顽火辉石，周围延伸出细小羽状片状裂隙（图6.19），一个方向上显示浑圆光滑晶面，相对方向上则显示规则阶梯状晶面。在一颗绿辉石包裹体晶面上发现有黑色石墨斑块（图6.20），斑块在两个相对的晶面上存在，没有方向性，说明包裹体经历的温压环境改变不具定向性，这与包裹体本身的原始晶形较完整相一致。在一个针管状孔道的不同位置（样品802-7）测出绿辉石的拉曼峰，同时还测出氮气和石墨，此管道延伸至钻石晶体表面，管道的内壁为面棱状，底部呈尖灭状（图6.21）。6.2.2.2 特殊形貌特征的包裹体图6.18 湖南钻石中的顽火辉石包裹体，平行柱状体有阶梯纹理（样品127-HN，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.18 Enstatite inclusion with parallel stepped veins in Hunan diamonds（sample 127-HN，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.19 湖南钻石中的顽火辉石包裹体（样品802-2，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.19 Enstatite inclusion in Hunan diamond（sample 802-2，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）在研究的山东和湖南钻石多颗晶体包裹体上都附着黑色斑纹，包裹体种类包括橄榄石、镁铝榴石、镁铝-铁铝榴石、绿辉石和柯石英，各种包裹体晶体上的斑纹形态见图版Ⅵ，利用原位微区激光拉曼技术分析确定包裹体上的黑色斑点为石墨。分析发现，石墨大多数聚集成斑点状、条带状覆盖在包裹体的晶面上，但并不是在每个晶面上都存在，往往沿着拉长变形的晶面和受熔蚀的方向分布：石墨斑点个体大多数呈细长椭圆形，沿拉长方向平行排列，拉长方向大致与包裹体晶体的延长方向、变形方向或晶体被熔蚀方向一致，如样品802-7中的橄榄石包裹体的晶棱被熔蚀呈平行沟渠状，被拉长的石墨斑从熔蚀沟内延伸到晶面上（图6.22），但也有呈与包裹体晶形相同的形态，如247-SD-01中镁铝-铁铝榴石包裹体部分晶面上的六边形黑色斑点（图6.23），与所在晶面的形状一致，且取向和所在晶面一致；条带状的石墨沿着包裹体晶体延长方向分布，与晶棱平行（图6.24）；也有的石墨呈非定向的分散斑块状在大晶面上分布，如样品801-11中的绿辉石包裹体上的石墨斑块（图6.25）。依此推断这些石墨斑点应该为晶体包裹体形成后，由于外部环境温压条件的变化产生，与所存在的包裹体种类无关。图6.20 湖南钻石中的绿辉石包裹体，其上有石墨斑点（样品801-11，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.20 Omphacite inclusion with graphite spots in Hunan diamond（sample 801-11，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.21 湖南钻石中的针管状包裹体，管内测出绿辉石（样品802-7，微分干涉显微镜下，100×）Figure 6.21 Tubular inclusions detected as omphacite in Hunan diamond（sample 802-7，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，100×）图6.22 湖南钻石中的橄榄石包裹体，其上有拉长定向的黑色石墨（样品802-7，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.22 Olivine inclusion covered with elongated black graphite in Hunan diamond（sample 802-7，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.23 山东钻石中的镁铝-铁铝榴石包裹体，其上有六边形黑色斑（样品247-SD-01，微分干涉显微镜下，200×）Figure 6.23 Pyrope-almandine inclusion covered with hexagon black spots in Shandong diamond（sample 247-SD-01，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，200×）图6.24 辽宁钻石中的镁铝榴石包裹体，其上有石墨附着（样品LN-50-037B（1-1），微分干涉显微镜下，100×）Figure 6.24 Pyrope inclusion covered with graphite in Liaoning diamond（sample LN-50-037B （1-1），Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，100×）图6.25 湖南钻石中的绿辉石包裹体，其上有石墨斑块（样品801-11，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.25 Omphacite inclusion covered with graphite patches in Hunan diamond（sample 801-11，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）另外，在4片湖南钻石薄片样品802-3-1、802-3-2、802-7和111-HN-02以及一片山东钻石样品42-SD-01中都观察到针管状溶蚀孔道，它们在金刚石/钻石中呈一个方向或几个方向分布，如图6.26～6.29所示及图版Ⅵ。针管状包裹体有单独存在也有成排发育，形态为粗细和长短不等的管状，管道内部为面棱状，管壁显示阶梯或不规则形态，由钻石晶体内部延伸至晶面，或出露或在靠近晶面处被封闭，出露面为不规则形状。由于针管状孔道深入钻石内部，对钻石的整体均一性造成了影响，因此本文将其纳入钻石的包裹体范畴来分析。含有针管状包裹体的钻石晶体都是强烈变形的歪晶或呈碎块状，晶体表面蚀像丰富多样，其中以熔蚀线和塑性变形滑移线最发育。针管状包裹体都发育在晶体滑移变形面的延伸方向和交汇处，内部裂隙发育，佐证了钻石中针管状包裹体与钻石生长环境中受应力作用有关。拉曼测试发现，针管状包裹体的不同地方分别显示出钻石（样品802-3-1）、绿辉石（样品802-7）、石墨、氮气（样品802-7）、黄铜矿（样品111-HN-02和802-7）和黄长石（样品42-SD-01）的拉曼峰。由此可以推断，钻石中的针管状包裹体主要与钻石内部晶格结构以及后期地质作用有关。当塑性变形区域形成了晶体内部缺陷（主要为线性晶格缺陷），钻石遭受熔蚀时沿塑性变形方向更易被改造而形成熔蚀通道，由表及里的熔蚀作用遇到其他形式的晶体缺陷会使通道扩大或终止，这取决于晶体缺陷对熔蚀介质的抵抗力，并会在钻石表面的通道露口处导致后期杂质物质的进入而形成次生包裹体。从以上对湖南、山东和辽宁钻石中的包裹体形貌分析可以发现，三个产地钻石包裹体的形貌都是以浑圆晶体为主，包裹体遭受了不同程度的熔蚀，导致矿物包裹体显示圆滑晶面棱和变形拉长外形。前人在研究山东八面体金刚石/钻石的透辉石包裹体时，沿解理方向也观察到细小黑色斑点（黄蕴慧等，1992）；亓利剑等（1999）在观察辽宁钻石中的橄榄石包裹体时曾发现少数橄榄石表面被黑色斑点状薄膜所覆盖，但都未对此种黑色斑点状薄膜进行确定。项目组在山东和湖南金钻石包裹体观察中确认了这些晶体包裹体上的黑色斑点是石墨物质，同时发现，石墨对所在包裹体晶体的拉曼测试造成影响，会造成包裹体矿物本征拉曼峰强度变弱或缺失（图6.30）。石墨斑纹在不同种类包裹体晶面上和包裹体周围派生微裂隙中存在，并完好封闭在寄主钻石中。原生石墨包裹体的存在可能说明这些钻石形成过程恰好处于钻石与石墨稳定区边界附近，而次生石墨包裹体在晶体中可能和钻石形成后外界温压环境明显变化有关（Harris，1968，1972；Vance，1972）。在湖南和山东钻石中发现多个钻石中有成排出现针管状孔道，大部分管道直且内壁具明显的面棱状，推断应该是钻石生长过程中留下的生长特征。早期研究表明，金刚石/钻石的熔蚀通道与晶体缺陷有关（Tolansky，1955；Orlov，1973）。两粒澳大利亚粉红色金刚石/钻石中出现熔蚀孔道引起了关注（etched dislocation channel）（Hofer，1985）；Crowningshield（1992）在粉红色金刚石/钻石中也发现“之”字形熔蚀孔道；Taijin Lu（2001）利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了7颗天然金刚石/钻石中的熔蚀管道的特征，这些管道以各种形式的平行线状、弯折状或者是蠕虫状等外形出现，在许多产地中的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型金刚石/钻石中都会出现；杨明星等（2004）对湖南褐色金刚石/钻石中的直管状的熔蚀孔道进行研究后认为它们是与塑性变形有关的熔蚀特征。湖南钻石在形成后的上升阶段，可能经过了剪应力的作用和普遍的熔蚀过程。图6.26 湖南钻石中平行排列的针管状包裹体（样品802-3-1，微分干涉显微镜下，100×）Figure 6.26 Parallel arranged tubular inclusions in Hunan diamond（sample 802-3-1，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.27 湖南钻石中针管状包裹体，内壁显示多面棱形态（样品802-7，微分干涉显微镜下，500×）Figure 6.27 Tubular inclusion with multi-facet prism texture inwall in Hunan diamond（sample 802-7，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，500×）图6.28 湖南钻石中平行排列的细长管状包裹体（样品802-3-2，微分干涉显微镜下，100×）Figure 6.28 Parallel arranged slender and tubular inclusions in Hunan diamond（sample 802-3-2，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，100×）图6.29 山东钻石中密集的针管状包裹体（样品42-SD-01，微分干涉显微镜下，200×）Figure 6.29 Intensive tubular inclusions in Shandong diamond（sample 42-SD-01，Differential Interference Contrast Microscope，200×）金刚石/钻石在室温和较低温度下主要表现沿{111}解理，常具脆性，随温度的升高，塑性变形明显增加，溶蚀孔道可能和塑性形变有关。实验表明，金刚石/钻石要发生塑性变形必须有温度、压力条件相互配合（图6.31）：天然金刚石/钻石生长的温度在 900～1300℃之间，压力为（45～70）×108Pa，因此在地幔高温高压下的金刚石/钻石生长环境中受应力作用时金刚石/钻石易产生塑性变形，从而产生一系列的晶体缺陷，进而对金刚石/钻石晶体的生长和光学性能等都产生极大的影响；如果环境温度太低（在900℃以下），则有可能发生脆性变形（Bursill，1995；Schmetzer，1999）。图6.30 湖南钻石中的橄榄石及其上的石墨斑点拉曼测试图Figure 6.30 Raman Microscope testing results of olivine inclusion and the graphite spots in Hunan diamond图6.31 金刚石/钻石塑性变形的温度压力范围（原图据Schmetzer，1999）Figure 6.31 Temperature and pressure range of diamond plastic deformation（Original drawing by Schmetzer，1999）综上所述，山东和湖南钻石晶体包裹体中附着的同生石墨包裹体可能说明钻石生长环境经历了明显的温压变化，钻石的生长环境具有波动性。湖南钻石中出现的针管状孔道数量比例最多，排列更密集，表明相对于辽宁和山东钻石，湖南沅水流域钻石的形成环境中塑性变形作用更为强烈，使其内部结构产生了复杂、明显的三维溶蚀缺陷。

u300aFoundation Accountingu300b mainly teaches accountant to the student the elementary theory and the accounting method. Accountant the elementary theory mainly includes accountant the object and the duty, accountant essential factor, function of accounting, accounting equation, account contents and so on classification. The accounting method including establishes the accounting subject and the account, the account and lend money keep accounts method the application, double entry, to fill in the system and the verification certificate, the registration book, the cost finding, the property inspection, establishes the fiscal statement. Key grasps six accountants the essential factor the meaning as well as the classification. Teaching goal: Through to u3008Foundation Accountingu3009the study, causes the accounting profession the student not only grasps the accounting the basic concept, the elementary theory and the elementary operation eo skill moreover must train the student to discover that gradually accountant the question, analyzes and solves accountant question ability, strengthens accountant to realize gradually, masters the accounting profession technology, the accounting practice basic flow skilled, has initially using the accounting language reflected that the economic work and the accounting information which disclosed to the practice in understands and performs the utilization basic capability. u3008Economic rules and regulations Foundationu3009 including five major parts, namely legal science foundation and economic rules and regulations basic principle, market main body law, market control law, macroeconomic regulation and control law and economical procedural law. This curriculum study key: The law of corporation, forms a partnership contents and so on law of enterprise, law of contract, industrial property law, financial law, securities law and accountant, audit, method of average. In addition also includes the national industry law of enterprise, the foreign investment law of enterprise, individual sole ownership law of enterprise, the enterprise bankruptcy law, the guarantee law, coutering unfair competition, the product quality law, the advertisement law, the urban real estate control law, the financial tax law, the government procurement law and the economic arbitration and the economical trial and so on. Teaching goal: Studies through this curriculum can grasp the economic rules and regulations systematically comprehensively the basic principle, the elementary knowledge, the basic concept. The theory union reality, the reference related laws and regulations and unify the case, enables the student to utilize studies the knowledge processing actual problem ability. u3008The economical mathematicsu3009 introduced contents and so on function, limit, derivative and differential, derivative application, indefinite integral, definite integral, dual integral and infinite series and first order differential equation. Teaching goal: Through this curriculum"s study, causes the student to obtain aspect and so on integro-differential equation basic concepts, the elementary theory and the fundamental operation skill, trains the student to have the abstract thinking ability, logic reasoning ability and spatial imagination ability, the synthesis utilization studies the knowledge to analyze and the solution actual problem. u3008Computer Public Foundationu3009 the primary coverage includes: The computer elementary knowledge, the Windows operating system, the computer network foundation and Internet apply, word processor Word, electronic forms Excel, to manufacture the demonstration draft, net industry manufacture tool FrontPage with PowerPoint and so on commonly used tool software"s use. u3008Databaseu3009 introduced the Access database software system"s basic concept and the application method. The content includes: Database system"s elementary knowledge, the establishment relations database"s step, the database elementary operation eo, the database guide"s application, the database and the object foundation as well as the database management and the maintenance and so on, and unified introduced actually founded the small database using Access the process. u3008Legal baseu3009by three parts of constitutions. The first part: Introduction method elementary theory, law origin, essence and function; The second part: Introduces the constitution, the administrative law, the civil law, the intellectual property rights law, the marriage law and the inheritance law, the economic rules and regulations, the labor law and the social protection law, the environment and the natural resource protection method, the criminal law, the procedural law. The third part: Introduces the international law, the private international law and World

这应该是双绞线传输线的参数Attenuation/Insertion Loss Return Loss衰减/插入损耗（也简称插损），回波损耗Near-End Noise近端噪声Far-End Noise远端噪声量测参数：Differential Impedance差分阻抗Connector Impedance连接器阻抗Delay延迟Inter-Pair Skew线对间延迟畸变Intra-Pair Skew线对内延迟畸变

差速传动带轮子的移动机器人

学习

232不是差分的 九个信号 自己可以查看资料 差

这个是博弈论中著名的斯塔克尔伯格模型，由德国经济学家斯塔克尔伯格（H. Von Stackelberg）在上世纪30年代（1934年）提出。知道博弈里的模型么，古诺什么的，在古诺模型里，竞争厂商在市场上的地位是平等的，因而它们的行为是相似的。而且，它们的决策是同时的。当企业甲在作决策时，它并不知道企业乙的决策。但事实上，在有些市场，竞争厂商之间的地位并不是对称的，市场地位的不对称引起了决策次序的不对称，通常，小企业先观察到大企业的行为，再决定自己的对策。德国经济学家斯塔克尔伯格建立的模型就反映了这种不对称的竞争。在斯塔克尔伯格的寡头理论中，提出了将寡头厂商的角色定位为“领导者”与“追随者”的分析范式。一般来说，古诺模型中互为追随者的两个厂商势均力敌。而斯塔克尔伯格的寡头厂商模型中，一个是实力雄厚的领导者，一个是实力相对较弱的追随者。该模型的基本假定条件是，在一个寡头行业中有两个厂商，他们生产相同的产品，其中，一个寡头厂商是处于支配地位的领导者，另一个是寡头厂商的追随者；另外，与古诺模型一样，每个厂商的决策变量都是产量，即每个厂商都会选择自己的最优产量来实现利润最大化。 两种模型有不同的公式来反映不同厂商的策略定价。