帮忙翻译几个句子，非常谢谢

Every year, wildfires(野火) destroy much forest land. homes are broken down, and thousands of people die. smokejumpers are stop helping to stop this.Smokejumpers are a special kind of firefight. they jump from planes into areas that difficult to reach by car or on foot. they race to put out fires as fast as they can.At a fire site, Smokejumpers first examine the land and decide how to fight the fire. their main goal is to stop fire from spreading. using basic tools such as shovels and axes, smokejumpers clear land of burnable material like plants and other dry material. they carry water with them too, but not much.Although most smokejumpers are men, more women are joining. Most important are your weight and height. Smokejumpers in the U.S. for example ,must be 54 to 91 kilograms, so they don"t get hurt when they land, or get blown by strong winds.Smokejumpers must be able to live in the wilderness. in Russia ,many smokejumpers know how to find food in the forest and even make simple furniture from trees.They work is dangerous, the hours are long. But for these firefighters, smokejumpers isn"t just a job. They love being able to jump out of planes, fight fires, and live in the forest. As 28-year-old Russian smokejumpers Alexi Tishin says,“This is the best job for the strong and brave.”问题小题1:What are Smokejumpers?小题2:Where do the jump from?小题3:What"s their main goal?小题4:Why should they have proper weight?小题5:What"s needed to be a smokejumpers?答案小题1:Smokejumpers are a special kind of firefighter.小题2:They jump from planes.小题3:Their main goal is to stop a fire from spreading.小题4:Because they won"t get hurt when they land ,or get blown by strong winds.小题5:To be a smokejumper,one needs to have proper height and weight, be able to live in the wilderness and love his/her job. 这样么？

小题1:Smokejumpers are a special kind of firefighter.小题2:They jump from planes.小题3:Their main goal is to stop a fire from spreading.小题4:Because they won"t get hurt when they land ,or get blown by strong winds.小题5:To be a smokejumper,one needs to have proper height and weight, be able to live in the wilderness and love his/her job. 试题分析：Smokejumpers是特种消防队员，他们会从飞机上很快到达那些通过汽车或步行不能到达的出事领域展开扑救。目的是阻止火势蔓延。大部分的Smokejumpers都是男士，当然也有女士加入进来，他们对身高和体重都有严格的标准。在美国和俄罗斯，Smokejumpers还要进行野外生存的训练。小题1:细节理解题，根据文中语句“Smokejumpers are a special kind of firefight.”理解可知。Smokejumpers就是特种消防队员。小题2:细节理解题，根据文中语句“they jump from planes into areas that difficult to reach by car or on foot. they race to put out fires as fast as they can.”理解可知。他们是从飞机上降落到出事地点。小题3:细节理解题，根据文中语句“their main goal is to stop fire from spreading.”理解可知。他们的目的就是阻止火势蔓延。小题4:细节理解题，根据文中语句“Smokejumpers in the U.S. for example ,must be 54 to 91 kilograms, so they don"t get hurt when they land, or get blown by strong winds.”理解可知。对体重要求是为了保护他们不会受伤。小题5:理解题，根据文中语句理解可知，要想成为一名合格的Smokejumpers必须要有合格的身高和体重，有野外生存。点评：阅读中注意短文后面的问题.然后带着问题再读短文,找出与答题内容相关语句,反复阅读,反复分析,然后确定答案.阅读中要善于从短文信息中总结推测出所需答案,注意所填答案与短文中相关语句的关系,与相关单词短语的关系.

澳大利亚南部维多利亚州和新南威尔士州2月7日起发生历最严重山火，至9日已经造成108人死亡，此次火灾也因此成为该国近几十年来造成人员伤亡最多的火灾之一。警方表示部分火灾可能是人为纵火，一旦查到真凶，将严惩不贷。此外，由于大风天气还在持续，估计还需要一些天的时间才能控制住火势。在此之前，澳大利亚最严重的森林大火发生在1983年，火灾导致75人死亡，维多利亚州和南澳大利亚州3000多座房屋被毁。 The deadliest wildfires in Australia"s history burned people in their homes and cars and wiped out entire towns, officials discovered Sunday as they reached farther into the fire zone. The death toll rose to 108 by early Monday. Blazes have been burning for weeks in the southeastern state of Victoria but turned deadly Saturday when searing temperatures and wind blasts created a firestorm that swept across a swath of the region. A long-running drought in the south — the worst in a century — had left forests extra dry and Saturday"s fire conditions were said to be the worst ever in Australia. From the air, the landscape was blackened as far as the eye could see. Entire forests were reduced to leafless, charred trunks, farmland to ashes. The Victoria Country Fire Service said some 850 square miles were burned out. Only five houses were left standing out of about 40 in one neighborhood of the hard-hit Kinglake district that an Associated Press news crew flew over. Street after street was lined by smoldering wrecks of homes, roofs collapsed inward, iron roof sheets twisted from the heat. The burned-out hulks of cars dotted roads. A church was smoldering, only one wall with a giant cross etched in it remained standing. All the deaths occurred in Victoria state, where at least 750 homes were destroyed. Police said they suspect some of the fires were set deliberately, and have declared some sites in the fire zone as crime scenes. If that is the case, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said Monday, "there are no words to describe it other than mass murder." On Sunday, temperatures in the area dropped to about 77 degrees but along with cooler conditions came wind changes that officials said could push fires in unpredictable directions. Thousands of exhausted volunteer firefighters were battling about a dozen uncontrolled fires Monday in Victoria, officials said. But it would be days before they were brought under control, even if temperatures stayed down. Residents were repeatedly advised on radio and television announcements to initiate their so-called "fire plan" — whether it be staying in their homes to battle the flames or to evacuate before the roads became too dangerous. But some of the deaths were people who were apparently caught by the fire as they fled in their cars or killed when charred tree limbs fell on their vehicles. "It does appear that people have been taken by surprise by how fast this fire has come," Victoria police Sgt. Creina O"Grady told Australian Broadcasting Corp. Police and fire officials reached on Sunday the town of Marysville and several hamlets in the Kinglake district, both about 50 miles north of Melbourne. They found the area utterly devastated. At Marysville, a picturesque hilly district that attracts hikers and tourists and is home to about 800 people, up to 90 percent of buildings were in ruins, witnesses said. Police said two people died there. "Marysville is no more," Senior Constable Brian Cross told The Associated Press as he manned a checkpoint on a road leading into the town at Healesville. At least 29 of the deaths were from the Kinglake area. Many residents in hard hit areas said the fires were moving so fast that they hit without warning, something that could have contributed to the unusually high death toll. But so far officials said they were at a loss to explain why so many people have died. The sheer intensity of the firestorm Saturday may have caused panic among even veterans of wildfires. Australia"s worst fires before these were in 1983, when blazes killed 75 people and razed more than 3,000 homes in Victoria and South Australia state. Wildfires are common during the Australian summer. Government research shows about half of the roughly 60,000 fires each year are deliberately lit or suspicious. Lightning and people using machinery near dry brush are other causes. Dozens of fires were also burning in New South Wales state, where temperatures remained high for the third consecutive day. But there was no immediate threat to property. (Agencies)

1，都是，主要是讲这样的天气从北往南移动2， 也都是，发生山火的话干燥的天气和大风都是必要的条件。

　　hazeisairpollutioninwhichismixedupwithdust,smokeandotherdryparticles,anditobscuretheclarityoftheskyandinteractswiththenaturalenvironment.雾霾是空气污染和灰尘,烟雾和其他干燥粒子,它掩盖了清晰的天空,与自然环境进行交互。　　雾霾原因　　thiskindofairpollutantcomefromavarietyofnaturalandmanmadesources.naturalsourcescanincludewindblowndust,andsootfromwildfires.manmadesourcescanincludemotorvehicles,andindustrialfuelburning,andmanufacturingoperations.theoneofthemaincausethattouchesoffhazeismanufacturingoperations.manyfactorieswereovermeasureproducedthesmogthathadoverthestandardandthesmogseriouslyinfluencetheairbecomeairpollution.　　这种空气污染物来自各种自然和人为来源。天然来源可以包括风沙、烟尘从森林大火。人为来源可以包括机动车辆、工业燃料燃烧和制造业务。触动了烟雾的主要原因之一是制造业务。许多工厂测量产生的烟雾对标准和烟雾严重影响空气成为空气污染。　　雾霾危害　　thecomponentsthatmakeuphazemayhavenegativeeffectonpeople"shealthespeciallythatofthechildrenandtheelderly.alsonotexcludedarethosewhohavecertaindiseasessuchasasthma,allergy,andpneumoniaandlungdisease.workersworkingintheopenairhaveahighriskintheirhealth.组件构成烟雾可能对人们的健康有负面影响特别是儿童和老人。也不排除是某些疾病如哮喘、过敏、肺炎和肺部疾病。工人工作在露天有很高的风险在他们的健康。　　解决方法　　oneofeffectivesolutionstohelpeliminatehazeistomakesomechemistrychangesduringthemanufacturingprocess,soitcouldreduceharmfulemissionswhichareproducedbymanufacturingoperations一个有效的解决方案,帮助消除烟雾是让一些化学变化在制造过程中,所以它能减少有害排放产生的制造业务。

1. 把正确答案带入：The Pacific Northewest averages 4000 wildfires a year; most are caused by lighting.这样构成了两个句子。其谓语分别是：averages和are caused 。符合语境，符合于法要求。太平洋西北平均每年发生4000起（森林）野火。他们大部分是由闪电引起的。如果填入D：The Pacific Northewest （with an average of 4000 wildfires a year）, caused mostly by lighting.这样的话：The Pacific Northewest是主语。caused是谓语。不知所云。 2. such as finding of the shortest path to a food source ，应该理解为：诸如对食物来源捷径的发现。 such as finding the shortest path to a food source，应该理解为：诸如发现了食物来源的捷径。这两句话的侧重点是不一样的。finding of 是个of名词词组，强调状态，表示一种静止的结果。finging 是个动名词结构，强调动作，表示动态的结果。你好，切真无语！满意吗？如果不满意可以追问。满意的话请采纳。

California trying new approaches, using military to fight wildfires.不是句子，因为没有谓语。(可以作标题）改为California is trying new approaches, using military to fight wildfires.加州正在尝试新的方法，使用军队来扑灭野火。

要多少字的？ 地震危害1。Shaking and ground ruptureShaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures2。Landslides and avalanchesEarthquakes, along with severe storms, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires, can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue3。FiresEarthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started4。TsunamiLarge waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them地震预防Today, there are ways to protect and prepare possible sites of earthquakes from severe damage, through the following processes: earthquake engineering, earthquake preparedness, household seismic safety, seismic retrofit (including special fasteners, materials, and techniques), seismic hazard, mitigation of seismic motion, and earthquake prediction. Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged

解释雾霾Haze is air pollution in which is mixed up with dust, smoke and other dry particles ,and it obscure the clarity of the sky and interacts with the natural environment. 雾霾原因This kind of air pollutant come from a variety of natural and manmade sources. Natural sources can include windblown dust, and soot from wildfires. Manmade sources can include motor vehicles, and industrial fuel burning, and manufacturing operations. The one of the main cause that touches off haze is manufacturing operations. Many factories were over measure produced the smog that had over the standard and the smog seriously influence the air become air pollution.雾霾危害The components that make up haze may have negative effect on people"s health especially that of the children and the elderly. Also not excluded are those who have certain diseases such as asthma, allergy, and pneumonia and lung disease. Workers working in the open air have a high risk in their health.解决方法美国进口普卫欣天 猫One of effective solutions to help eliminate haze is to make some chemistry changes during the manufacturing process,so it could reduce harmful emissions which are produced by manufacturing operations tianmaoUSApuweixin

When accidents happen, such as car accidents, unexpected injuries and serious dieases,mediacl insurance will account for most of medical expenses for a long term. In case of sudden accidents, such as car wrecks, accidental injuries, or serious illnesses, the medical insurance will account for most of the long term expenses.In case of sudden accidents, such as earthquakes, tornadoes, wildfires, the medical insurance will pay for most of the long term expenses.

每一年，山火摧毁了许多林地。家园被破毁，成千上万的人死亡。空降森林灭火员正在帮助阻止这一切。空降森林灭火员是一种特殊的灭火行动。他们从飞机上跳入汽车或步行都难以到达的区域。他们会尽快扑灭山火。在火灾现场，空降森林灭火员首先检查了土地，并决定如何灭火。他们的主要目标是阻止山火蔓延。空降森林灭火员使用基本的工具，如铁锹、斧头来清理火灾现场的植物和其他可燃物料。他们也携带水，但容量不多。虽然大多数空降森林灭火员是男性，但有越来越多的妇女加入。最重要的是你的体重和身高。以美国的空降森林灭火员为例，体重必须是54u301c91公斤，以致在着陆时不会受伤，或不会被大风吹走。空降森林灭火员必须能够在旷野生活。在俄罗斯，许多空降森林灭火员知道如何在森林找食物，甚至用树木做简单的家具。他们的工作是危险的，时间又长。但对于这些消防员来说，空降森林灭火员不光是一份工作，他们喜欢能跳出飞机、救火，并住在山林里。正如28岁的俄罗斯空降森林灭火员Alexi Tishin说：「对坚强勇敢的人来说，这是最好的工作。」～～～～～纯人手翻译， 欢迎采纳～～～～～

The Ruse - Apache. Hanni El Khatib - You Rascal You. one for the team - best supporting actor We Are Wolves - Little Birds. Ohbijou - WildfiresThe Cinematic Orchestra - Familiar Ground. My Chemical Romance - Na Na Na Wavves - Take On The World Graffiti6 - Calm The Storm 我认为这些歌曲好听

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产生雾霾的原因有哪些英语 　　产生雾霾的原因有哪些英语，经常注意天气的朋友相信都对雾霾是有一定的了解的，雾霾是雾和霾组成的，雾霾的产生和很多原因都有关系，下面分享产生雾霾的原因有哪些英语。 　　产生雾霾的原因有哪些英语1 　　Haze is air pollution in which is mixed up with dust, smoke and other dry particles ,and it obscure the clarity of the sky and interacts with the natural environment. 　　This kind of air pollutant come from a variety of natural and manmade sources. 　　Natural sources can include windblown dust, and soot from wildfires. Manmade sources can include motor vehicles, and industrial fuel burning, and manufacturing operations. 　　The one of the main cause that touches off haze is manufacturing operations. 　　Many factories were over measure produced the smog that had over the standard and the smog seriously influence the air become air pollution. 　　 翻译： 　　阴霾是空气污染和灰尘,烟雾和其他干燥粒子,它掩盖了清晰的天空,与自然环境进行交互。 　　这种空气污染物来自各种自然和人为来源。天然来源可以包括风沙、烟尘从森林大火。人为来源可以包括机动车辆、工业燃料燃烧和制造业务。 　　触动了烟雾的主要原因之一是制造业务。许多工厂测量产生的烟雾对标准和烟雾严重影响空气成为空气污染。 　　产生雾霾的原因有哪些英语2 　　 我国大气气溶胶浓度高 　　我国大气气溶胶浓度在世界范围来说处于较高水平，有利于催生雾霾天气的形成。 　　大气气溶胶是指悬浮在大气中的固态和液态颗粒物的总称,主要包括沙尘、碳(有机碳和黑碳)、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和海盐等六大类。 　　我国各地大气气溶胶有不同的时空分布特点。冬季北方地区燃煤采暖、秋季农村地区秸秆焚烧都会造成碳气溶胶的浓度明显增加;春季，西部地区受沙尘天气影响，以沙尘气溶胶为主。我国华北地区工业相对比较发达，排放的二氧化硫较多，由于气温高可加速二氧化硫转化为硫酸盐，所以夏季华北地区硫酸盐气溶胶浓度较其他季节和地区都高。 　　气溶胶浓度对能见度的影响非常大，我国气溶胶浓度高是雾霾天气多发的主要原因，而冬季北方地区采暖燃煤释放的大量黑碳则加剧了雾霾的形成。 　　 大气环流异常导致静稳天气多 　　静稳天气是指当大范围近地面大气层持续或超过24小时出现气压场较均匀、静风或风速较小的天气。在静稳天气条件下，湍流受到抑制，特别是当逆温层出现时，低空中的水汽和颗粒物不易扩散，极易形成雾霾天气。静稳天气在秋冬季更易出现。 　　 近地层大气稳定 　　大气中污染物和雾霾相互影响和作用，其主要媒介是气溶胶。雾霾中污染物的加入显著改变了气溶胶浓度，可促进水汽凝结，形成更多的云雾滴，水汽凝结时释放的`潜热又有利于雾区的抬升和扩展;另一方面，云雾滴和气溶胶的增加将更多的太阳辐射反射、散射回大气中，使到达地面的辐射减少，地面气温下降，大气层结稳定度增加，造成每日正常排放和转化的气溶胶粒子更易在近地层大气中集聚，能见度进一步降低。 　　由此可见，气溶胶的增多通过影响近地面层动力和热力场，对雾霾的发展起正反馈作用。 　　 气溶胶二次反应致污染物浓度增高 　　气溶胶按照形成过程可分为一次气溶胶和二次气溶胶。 　　人类活动产生的污染源排入大气中，其中二氧化硫、碳氢化合物、氮氧化合物等一次气溶胶通过化学反应和气粒转化过程，形成硫酸盐、硝酸盐和氯化物等新的比较稳定的颗粒，即二次气溶胶。大量观测数据表明，大气中二次气溶胶对PM2.5浓度的贡献很大，大气污染物中有近5成的颗粒物来自于二次反应。二次气溶胶参与形成更多的云(雾)滴，使本已严重的大气污染状况变得更为复杂，雾霾天气更严重。 　　产生雾霾的原因有哪些英语3 　　 一、对人体产生的危害 　　 1、伤肺。 　　霾的组成成分非常复杂,包括数百种大气化学颗粒物质。对于支气管哮喘、慢性支气管炎、阻塞性肺气肿和慢性阻塞性肺疾病等慢性呼吸系统疾病患者，雾霾天气可使病情急性发作或急性加重。如果长期处于这种环境还会诱发肺癌。 　　 2、伤心脏及血管。 　　雾霾天对人体心脑血管疾病的影响也很严重，会阻碍正常的血液循环，导致心血管病、高血压、冠心病、脑溢血，可能诱发心绞痛、心肌梗塞、心力衰竭等，使慢性支气管炎出现肺源性心脏病等。 　　浓雾天气压（气温）比较低，人会产生一种烦躁的感觉，血压自然会有所增高。一些高血压、冠心病患者从温暖的室内突然走到寒冷的室外，血管热胀冷缩，也可使血压升高，导致中风、心肌梗死的发生。 　　3、雾霾天气还可导致近地层紫外线的减弱，使空气中的传染性病菌的活性增强，传染病增多。 　　4、不利于儿童成长。由于雾天日照减少，儿童紫外线照射不足，体内维生素D生成不足，对钙的吸收大大减少，严重的会引起婴儿佝偻病、儿童生长减慢。 　　 5、影响心理健康。 　　专家指出，持续大雾天对人的心理和身体都有影响，从心理上说，大雾天会给人造成沉闷、压抑的感受，会刺激或者加剧心理抑郁的状态。此外，由于雾天光线较弱及导致的低气压，有些人在雾天会产生精神懒散、情绪低落的现象。 　　 6、影响生殖能力。 　　有研究表明，长期暴露于高浓度污染的空气中的人群，其精子在体外受精时的成功率可能会降低。研究人员还发现了有毒空气和男性生育能力下降之间的关联 。雾霾天气现象会给气候、环境、健康、经济等方面造成显著的负面影响。 　　 二、对交通和生活环境造成的危害 　　 1、影响交通安全。 　　雾霾天气时，由于空气质量差，能见度低，容易引起交通阻塞，发生交通事故。在日常行车行走时更应该多观察路况，以免发生危险。 　　 2、影响生活环境。 　　雾霾天气对公路、铁路、航空、航运、供电系统、农作物生长等均产生重要影响。雾、霾会造成空气质量下降，影响生态环境，给人体健康带来较大危害。

近日，万众瞩目的冬季奥运会开幕了，总导演张艺谋导演的开幕式美轮美奂震惊了全世界。而开幕式的开场歌曲《让世界充满爱》，展现出了中国大爱、博爱的精神。这首歌的前奏一响起，就让大家想起了那个许久未见的音乐才子郭峰。曾经红极一时的郭峰，在事业上的辉煌成就不胜枚举，但是年近60的郭峰现在还是孤身一人，不由得让人感到唏嘘。1.郭峰1962年出生，今年已经马上60岁了。他出生在一个艺术世家，父亲是一名音乐家，母亲是名舞蹈家，家里浓厚的艺术氛围，让郭峰从小就接触到了艺术。由于父母对郭峰的教育极为看重，所以在他年仅3岁的时候，父亲就斥巨资50元为郭峰买了一台钢琴。要知道当时那个年代，吃饱饭都成问题，就在这种情况下，郭峰父母整日省吃俭用，吃也吃不饱，衣服就更别说了，能遮挡住身体就不错了。就这样，钢琴买回来之后，父亲每日都陪着郭峰练琴。郭峰也继承了父母的艺术细胞，在他看来这个能发出声音的东西，远比手中的玩具好玩得多。并且父亲还会手把手的教郭峰作曲，郭峰在14岁的时候，就已经发表了自己的歌曲了。

Two fire fighters succeed rescue this female infant from the fire1998 flood disaster was nearly several sees attacks one ofChina especially big natural disastersIs developed since Zhangjiajie after the country park,More and more many foreign friends arrive this travelingI hoped you can finish the paper in front of the Mondaydeadline

1. More forest firesIn addition to global warming, melting glaciers, hurricanes, but also exacerbated forest fires. Over the past few decades, western states in the United States, more forest fires occurred, affecting a wider area. Scientists found that rising temperatures, snow and ice melting earlier in a relationship are related to wildfires raging. As the snow melting earlier in the forest areas become drier, and longer drying time, increase the possibility of fire.2. Monuments completely destroyedGlobal warming is very likely that the total destruction of monuments of civilization. Sea-level rise and more severe weather are likely to undermine these irreplaceable historic sites. Currently, floods caused by global warming has destroyed the 600-year-old ancient city of Sukhothai, Thailand, once the capital of the ancient dynasty.3. "Resilience" of the mountainsOrdinary climbers can not pay attention, because the Peak melting snow, the Alps and other mountain ranges in height in the past century has experienced a slow rebound process. For thousands of years, these long-pressing the tip surface, resulting in suppression of the surface. As glaciers melt, pressure on the ground to reduce the weight, the surface slowly rebound. Since global warming has accelerated in recent years, the glaciers melt, these mountains rebound faster.4. Run faster satelliteChanging atmospheric carbon dioxide increases the density of the ionosphere which is running in the layer of the satellite will have some effect. Because the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere rise, low-altitude release of carbon dioxide molecules collide heat, causing the air warming, carbon dioxide molecules in the thin high altitude, frequent enough opportunities to hit each other, so the heat on the surrounding radiation, so the surrounding air is be cool (the temperature of the ionospheric gas is higher than the low altitude). As more carbon dioxide to reach high-altitude, more cooling occurs, air flow becomes worse, so the atmosphere becomes thinner, smaller pull the satellite, resulting in faster satellite operation.5. To change the animal gene mappingSince early this year flowering plants, which according to the previous time of movement of animals may miss all the food. Those who can adjust their internal biological clocks of animals adapt to change early chance to have more viable children birth to pass their genetic information, ultimately changing the genetic map of the entire species.6. Permafrost thawing make surface unevenGlobal warming makes the thawing permafrost, resulting in surface shrinkage, become uneven, resulting in some of the pit, the railway, highway and housing construction damage. For the mountains, the melting of permafrost may even lead to landslides.7. Lakes disappearOver the past few decades, the Arctic around 125 lakes disappeared. After scientists found that the reason why these lakes may be due to disappearance of permafrost thawing lake. Because these permafrost thaw, water has penetrated into the soil.8. Polar life plants areArctic ice melting Arctic creatures brought to a bright future. Found that the Arctic is now the concentration of chlorophyll in soil is higher than that of ancient soils, showing the Arctic in recent decades, biological and prosperity.9. Animal migration to higher-lyingFrom the beginning of the 19th century, chipmunks, and mice began to move upward in elevation. Found that the reason why these animals migrate to higher places, possibly because of global warming to their habitat change. Habitat changes in the environment also threatens polar bears and other animals, as they slowly melt the ice habitat.10. Aggravate allergiesStudies have shown that higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the air volume and higher temperature is also one of the factors leading to allergies. Global warming to make plants flower earlier than before, while the carbon dioxide concentration, make plants produce more pollen, the pollen concentration in the air increased. Allergens early years, the allergy season is reluctant to go. Allergies can only getting worse.

Leave an impression to me in the learning process of market marketing deep was a teacher to once do together with us of an experiment.Three kinds of perfume of brand dissimilarity, be we choice like which kind, is know price, brand information in front and back and unexpectedly occurrence very big of variety.The many people incline toward a choice Chanel of the famous brand after know price, brand information rather than common of Gao Tian2 Xian2 three.Only is so a small experiment, good enough to with see the strength of product card.In fact the product have no many big difference, difference of is the dissimilarity performance that brand hobby and brand of consumer bring consumer.Coca-Cola Company in the United States former incumbent president elder brother of one"s father especially.Private Pu.Five virtuous Lu mans once said:Want ～only the brand " Coca-Cola" at, even one day, the company reduce to ashes in the wildfires, so the second day morning, the head of the business enterprise boundary news medium the news be each big bank to emulate toward"Coca-Cola" company loan.Elder brother of one"s father especially.Private Pu.The Hao speech of five virtuous Lu mans strong language anything but bumbledom, because bank of loan the object isn"t a heap of ruins in the wildfires, but is the brand " Coca-Cola", the immaterial assets of this pre-eminent brand already exceed all tangible assets with.The example that is from above we can see and the brand be also a kind of property.Brand property(Brand Equity) also call brand rights, is only brand then can creation of market performance, perhaps say, product while have brand with have no brand of market performance of bad. Brand property(Brand Equity) is and brand, brand name and marking mutually contact, can increment or decrease business enterprise sale product or service of value of a series assets and liability.It is main to include 5, namely brand loyalty, brand cognition, the brand know quality, brand association of thought, other particularly have a property(such as trademark, patent, outlet relation etc.), these properties pass variety the way provide value toward the consumer and the business enterprise. The brand property is the importance property of business enterprise, is the market movable expenses of the economy business enterprise of valid means, again is the source which promote a business enterprise product a premium price, is the magic weapon which obtain market competitive advantage.Promote a brand property value, can promote brand good reputation of value overflow, promote extend of brand property, can establishment valid of barracks in order to prevent get into of rival.So, how promote the property value of brand?Concrete to say, can from the following a few aspect commence: 1, exaltation brand the difference of the property turn value Brand property of value now of key body the difference turn of competitive advantage up.This kind of advantage can the performance is in the quality, function, specification, packing of product, design, style"s etc. bring of work function, enduring, credibility, convenience...etc. of difference;Can also performance at brand bring by service additional value, such as service of fast respond to, service technique of accuracy, service of comprehensive, the affinity of the attendant;Three can also the performance is mold brand association of thought and character, brand association of thought can influence purchase of customer mental state, attitude with purchase motive.So the brand can promote the feeling of customer to know value, turn over, can also promote brand value of promote.The business enterprise can combine the character that the advantage of oneself create brand and pass a characteristic fixed position to promote a brand property value.This can from the path of dissimilarity to the realization:For example the technique lead and the product difference turn to turn an etc. with market with single mind2, "strong" cooperate Brand value of promote same can pass to cooperate with other brand quick expand oneself of brand image, create thus more additional value.The nations well-known and big business enterprise is good at strong brand public appeal and market advantage which make use of it in respectively the profession, with lead of other profession carry on"strong" cooperate, enhance the brand image of oneself.This kind of is usually strong to cooperate is according to cooperation both parties or in many ways of brand total win, so also easy is come from cooperation colleague and market of aggressive reaction. Well-known brand and consociation airline of Starbucks conduct and actions"coffee fast food industry" hold hands and on the other hand expanded new of business realm, make oneself of the product overlay more extensive of market space;Make according to this kind of advantage cooperation on the other hand both parties at respectively brand within realm value all got valid of promote.Fact certificate, many latent customer is exactly because consociation airline of new raise Cuo, became consociation aviation of customer, but many"advocator" of Starbucks is also at consociation aviation top become friends with and start fall in love at this"the star of coffee" of.The another classic case come from Intel company, it hold hands with Microsoft to create of the WINTEL empire brought big profits for them and most the brand image of real strenght.

Comparing with the past, do you feel any warmer these days? Maybe you don"t take much notice of it. Nevertheless, on account of the burning of fossil fuels, the temperature has been increasing during the 20th century. In consequence, green house gasses（mostly CO2）trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth, causing both rising of sea level and terrible climate catastrophe. Presume that the temperature keeps on going up, no bright sunshine will visit us, unclear air will choke us and heat waves will kill us mercilessly. However, much to our delight, nowadays countries and some organizations are aware of the importance of cutting the producing of carbon-dioxide. The U.N. Climate change conference opened in Copenhagen, Denmark on Dec.7th, 2009 arouses great concern from experts and officials, us included. Besides, in China, an effective law system has been set up to avoid producing too much greenhouse gasses. Well goes a saying that protecting the earth is protecting ourselves. At the same time we are supposed to undertake the responsibility to lead a low-carbon lifestyle, which is of great significance. Needless to say, low-carbon lifestyle means a lot to our society. First of all, so great a method is it to control the global warming that we are bound to make good use of it. Moreover, to some degree, it contributes a lot to our health. Absolutely there is a diversity of measures we can take so as to lead such an environmental-friendly life. For one thing, it is known to us all that large quantities of greenhouse gases are produced mostly by motor vehicles so that we, if possible, can walk or ride to school instead of depending on cars all the time. For another, we should spare no efforts to reduce energy in our daily life, for energy in the world today is decreasing rapidly. For instance, we can turn off electrical appliances if not necessary as well as using recycled materials. Furthermore, at our leisure, we can seek opportunities to plant more trees which can absorb carbon-dioxide. Last but not least, we are responsible for calling on others to lead low-carbon lifestyles. In brief, low-carbon lifestyle is nothing but the best choice for us and only in this way can we form a harmonious relationship with the environment.

1、寒雪梅中尽，春风柳上归。 Cold notice, in the spring breeze willow on return. 2、东风何时至，已绿湖上山。 When the east wind to have green lake up the hill. 3、野火烧不尽，春风吹又生。 Wildfires burn born again when the spring breeze blows. 4、好雨知时节，当春乃发生。 The rain season, when spring is happening. 5、春草如有情，山中尚含绿。 Spring grass such as sentient beings, in the mountains is green. 6、江汉春风起，冰霜昨夜除。 Jianghan spring breeze, the frost last night. 7、东风洒雨露，会人天地春。 Dongfeng sprinkled the rain, will be one spring of heaven and earth. 8、谁言寸草心，报得三春晖！ Who made the heart-inch grass, at a three chunhui. 9、春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。 Spring sleep unknowingly xiao, everywhere smell to birds. 10、国破山河在，城春草木深。 Countries in the broken pieces back together again, deep city spring grass. 11、咸阳二三月，宫柳黄金枝。 Xianyang February, GongLiu gold branch. 12、寒随一夜去，春还五更来。 Even to cold over night, spring also. 13、不知细叶谁裁出，二月春风似剪刀。 Know who thin leaf cut out, breeze like scissors. 14、闻道春还未相识，走傍寒梅访消息。 WenDaoChun haven"t met, walk alongside cold plum visit news. 15、渭城朝雨邑轻尘，客舍青青柳色新。 WeiCheng toward rain city light dust, qing qing LiuSe new guest. 16、江浦雷声喧昨夜，春城而色动微寒。 Jiangpu thunder loud last night, color move in spring city. 17、繁枝容易纷纷落，嫩蕊商量细细开。 Branches are easy to fall in succession, bud to open. 18、日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝。 Sunrise river bonus - fire, spring to bluish green, such as blue. 19、长江春水绿堪染，莲叶出水大如钱。 The Yangtze river and the city green dye, lotus leaf water as big as money. 20、狂风落尽深红色，绿叶成阴子满枝。 The wind all deep red, colorful leaves full branches. 21、诗家清景在新春，绿柳才黄半未匀。 Poem clear view in the New Year, green LiuCai yellow half did not pide evenly. 22、东风好作阳和使，逢草逢花报发生。 Do a dongfeng YangHeShi, meet the grass on the flower to happen. 23、春色满园关不住，一枝红杏出墙来。 a spring scenery garden caged lmond wall. 24、恰似春风相欺得，夜来吹折数枝花。 Just like the spring breeze that deceives, night fold a few flowers. 25、洛阳东风几时来，川波岸柳春全回。 Luoyang dongfeng how to sichuan wave AnLiu spring back. 26、寄语洛城风日道，明年春色倍还人。 Message la FengRi, next year spring scenery times also. 27、飒飒东风细雨来，芙蓉塘外有轻雷。 The rustling wind drizzle, lotus pond outside light ray. 28、春风又绿江南岸，明月何时照我还。 The spring breeze and green river, south when the moon as I also. 29、林花着雨燕支湿，水荇牵风翠带长。 Lin at swift wet, water wind cui long grass. 30、春天的意志和暖流正在逐渐地驱走寒冬。 Will and warm spring is gradually to drive away the cold winter. 31、你埋怨解冻后的泥泞，你就不懂得春天。 Thawed muddy you blame, you don"t understand in the spring. 32、春天的太阳甚至能给最普通的花带来新生。 The spring sun can give even the most common flowers bring a new life. 33、晚秋季节还能找到春天和夏天错过的鲜花吗？ Late autumn season can find miss spring and summer flowers? 34、春天没有花，人生没有爱，那还成个什么世界。 Spring without flowers, a life without love, what also become that of the world. 35、春天之所以充满活力，是因为饮到了雪花的乳汁。 Spring is full of vitality, because drink the milk of the snow. 36、黑夜再长，白天总会到来；寒冬再长，春天总会到来。 The night long, the day will come; Winter long, the spring will come. 37、万树江边杏，新开一夜风。满园深浅色，照在绿波中。 A new night wind critics, apricot, riverside. Garden deep light color, as in the green wave. 38、云霞出海曙，梅柳渡江春。淑气催黄鸟，晴光转绿苹。 Clouds haishu, MeiLiu crossing in the spring. Shu qi push troopial, shine the light turned green apple. 39、迟日江山丽，春风花草香。泥融飞燕子，沙暖睡鸳鸯。 Century Jiang Shanli, spring breeze fragrance of flowers and plants. Mud flying swallow, sand and warm sleep mandarin duck. 40、道由白云尽，春与青溪长；时有落花至，远随流水香。 Way by the white clouds, spring and QingXi long; There are fallen petal to, well with water. 41、春天的太阳甚至给那最卑微的小花也注入了新的生命。 In spring the sun even to the most humble floret also injected new life. 42、春天不播种，夏天就不会生长，秋天就不能收割，冬天就不能品尝。 Won"t grow not sowing in spring, summer, autumn will not be able to harvest, the winter can"t taste it.

上传的附件是Rumourresearchcandousedigitalwildfires:workonhowrumoursariseandspreadcouldhelptodampentheeffectsofdamagingmisinformationcirculatingontheInternet.(WORLDVIEW:Apersonaltakeonevents)Difonzo,NicholasNature,Jan10,2013,Vol.493(7431),p.135(1)百度网盘中有另一篇是密码:5b1mTheInternetRumorMill.Saltzman,Joe,USATodayMagazine【出版日期】2009【卷号】Vol.138【期号】No.2770【页码】55请直接下载，提问者无需财富值。

草离离原上草，一岁一枯荣。野火烧不尽，春风吹又生。The weeds grow very old former Mong each year, once withered, once prosperous. Wildfires can not burn it, the spring winds, it grew out. Stretched far away weeds, spread to cover the old road, in the clear sunshine, green grass towards that desolate town. Also off the close friends, this parting of the situation, such as rain grass, stuffed mind.

1 one in a thousand 极好的人或事；不可多得 thousands of people 成千上万的人 thousands of times 几千遍,千遍万遍; 千万倍,无数次 a thousand times 几千次; 屡次,好多次 a thousand times easier than 比 ...容易千万倍 A thousand thanks [pardons,apologies]. 万分感谢[对不起]. thousand-legger n. 千足虫 thousand-legs n. 多足类动物 thousand-miler n. 千里衫 thousand-weight n. 千重,十英担 (a) thousand and one 无数的,非常多(源自阿拉伯故事集《一千零一夜》) a thousand to one 千对一,几乎绝对的,几乎可以肯定 by the thousand (=by the thousands,by thousands) 数以千计,大批大批地,论千,按千(出售等) different in a thousand and one ways 千差万别 for the thousand and first time 无数次,三番五次 the upper ten thousand [古、口]上流社会,贵族阶层 one in a thousand 千里挑一的人物,难得的[美好的]人[物] thousands and tens of thousands 千千万万 thousands uponthousands 成千上万

二十年后环境的变化写一篇英语作文:If human don"t do anything from now on, the climate change will lead the world into a terrible place after 20 years.A report predictes severe food shortages, devastating wildfires and the dying off of coral reefs en masse. The report warns that, by 2040, global temperatures are expected to rise 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, meaning that most people alive today will see the dramatic effects of climate change within their lifetime. Many of the world"s most vulnerable populations are already experiencing the effects of climate change, from natural disasters like mudslides or desertification, to food insecurity and migration.

英国：苏格兰除夕夜，家长一定要出门，午夜才雇一个把脸涂得很黑的人带路返回家园。半夜后第一个走进屋子的人，被称为“第一只脚”，如果来了一个快乐、幸福而有钱的人，那末主人将全年吉利。德国：新年前夕，以村镇为单位，选几株高达三丈的大树，砍掉数枝，只留主干。新年清晨，参加竞技比赛的人听到讯号，迅速从家中奔到树下，谁到得早、攀得快、第一个爬到树顶的被誉为“新年英雄”。希腊：在克里特岛上，外出拜年时要带上一块大石头，把它放在地板上，向主人恭贺新喜说：“愿你家有一块象这块石头一样重得金子”。西班牙：过年时，人们手上一定要拿一枚金币；没有金币则用铜币代替。认为小孩在元旦那天打架、骂人和哭泣是不祥之兆，因此，这一天几乎满足他们的一切要求。意大利：除夕是一个狂欢之夜，人们燃放爆竹和焰火，震耳欲聋，硝烟弥漫。午夜时，家家户户都可以将可打碎的东西，如瓶瓶罐罐，甚至澡盆，扔出门户外摔个粉碎，表示辞旧迎新。法国：认为除夕这天家中如有余酒，来年定交厄运。因此，宁可喝得酩酊大醉，也要将酒喝个精光。瑞士：过年时成群结队跑到雪山去，认为在冰山雪地里游玩，能忘掉人间烦恼，又有沐浴去旧的意思。瑞典：新年里，许多人燃烧用草扎成的小鹿，里面装了鞭炮和烟火，以示除旧迎新。美国：除夕夜举行野火晚会，天亮时把破旧的衣服扔进火堆烧掉，以示毁旧迎新。比利时：在农村，元旦清晨第一件事情就是向动物拜年。他们走到牛、羊、马、狗、猫等旁边，向它们说：“新年快乐”。

1.Cabbage heart the root pares into a sharp form with the small Yin,on breaking two halfs cut into 7 Li rices long,the cabbage,ham of 0.6 Li rices breadth,the bamboo shoot cuts into a sparerib slice and each chestnut up slices 10,fill with water inside pot,put to cook the skin soft into the chestnut and take advantage o heat to peel off the chestnut skin.2.Descend into the chestnut while going to the peanut oil into inside the pot,ascending fire to burn into 60% heat,cabbage,a little bit fry once,get to control clean oil.3.Fry the pot set fire up,put is 30 grams into the lard,immediately next go into a cabbage,chestnut,ham slice,bamboo shoot slice,the salt monosodium glutamate refined sugar boils with the wildfires,use small fire Men again for 5 minutes,adjust starch to hang up Qian with water and light a scented ointment a pot then

小题1:D小题2:C小题3:A 试题分析：本文主要报道了2012的一些极端的天气对各国产生的影响。小题1:根据The summer of 2012 was full of reports of extreme weather: one of the warmest years on record in the US, the wettest summer in the UK, and the worst drought (旱灾) in East Africa.故选D。小题2:根据But isn"t it too expensive to stop the climate from changing? Well, yes it costs. So everything is just as usual. It would be wrong to believe that to let things continue as they always do is the cheap choice. Instead, it is very expensive.故选C。小题3:根据I believe intelligent climate action can help create new opportunities for jobs in Europe, for encouraging creativity and competitiveness, for spending less money on energy.故选A。点评：这篇文章非常简单，先看问题，再带着问题仔细阅读短文，理解了全文内容，很容易选出正确答案。阅读短文时，常常会遇到一些生词。这时，要沉着，冷静，细心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通过对全篇短文的理解，就很有可能猜测出生词的大意。另外，还可以从含有生词句子的上下文，以及句子和段落之间的关系来判断、理解生词以求获得其真正含义。猜测生词的另一种方法是，根据构词法推测。遇到生词后，可从构词法角度分析判断生词。

方向的英文单词怎么写 direction，orientation 亲：祝你学习进步，每天都开心V_V！ 望采纳，thx! “旋转”的英文怎么说啊？ rotate英 [ru0259u028au02c8teu026at] 美 [u02c8rou028ateu026at] vt.& vi. （使某物）旋转;使转动;使轮流，轮换;交替 adj. [植]辐状的;有辐射部分的 词汇难度：CET4 / CET6 / 考研 / IELTS / TOEFL / TEM4 第三人称单数： rotates 现在分词： rotating 过去式： rotated 过去分词： rotated 方向类的词语用英文怎么说？ Grassineverywhereinthewildprairie,Eachyeargoingthroughbirthandrebirth.Wildfiresdurn,neverdestroyingit,forthespringwindrevivesitonceagain.原诗：赋得古原草送别白居易离离原上草，一岁一枯荣。野火烧不尽，春风吹又生。远芳侵古道，晴翠接荒城。又送王孙去，萋萋满别情。FromthewallsofBaidihighinthecoloureddawnToJianglingbynight-fallisthreehundredmiles,Yetmonkeysarestillcallingonbothbank *** ehindmeTomyboatthesetenthousandmountainsaway朝辞白帝彩云间，千里江陵一日还。两岸猿声啼不住，轻舟已过万重山。Infrontofbedbrightmoonlight,doubtsisabovethefrost.Raisestheheadlook *** oon,lowerstheheadthinksthehometown.床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡.Daytimeaccordingtothemountain,YellowRiverenterstheoceancurrent.Wantspoorgreatdistanceitem,ononebuilding.白日依山尽，黄河入海流。欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。Meetsthecriticalmomentisdon"talsodifficult,theeastwindincapablehundredflowersisremnant.Springthesilkwormtothedeadsilkside,thecandlebeestheashtearbeginningdoes.相见时难别亦难，东风无力百花残。春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。 英语的四个方向怎么写 东 east 西 west 南 south 北 north 转向我用英语怎么说 Turn to me 转向灯用英语怎么说？ turn signal lamp 方向盘的英文怎么说？ 方向盘是steering wheel steer是动词，驾驶，掌舵的意思，比如说 He steered the ship carefully between the rocks.他小心地在礁石间驾驶船。 wheel是轮子的意思，方向盘就有点儿像一个轮子

英语周报2016-2017高二新课程第42期答案高二新课程第42期参考答案及部分解析[参考答案]1-5 BABCB 6-10BAACA 11-15 ACBAC 16-20BCBAB21-25 DBDBD 26-30DBBDB 31-35 ADBBC 36-40FGAEB41-45 BDACB 46-50CBCDA 51-55 DBDCC 56-60BDBDC61. fighting 62.interested 63. to control 64.with 65. catches 66. used 67. cheaper 68.parked 69. a 70.it短文改错71. ... large festivals. large→ largest72. ... busy put ... put → putting73. ... based in ... in → on74. ... are drag ... drag → dragged75. ... which need ... need → needs76. ... complete it. 去掉it77. ... to finishing ... finishing → finish78. ... after complete ... complete → completion79. ... looking the... looking后加at80. ... was the ... was → is书面表达One possible version:Nowadays, more and more people enjoy theirholidays by visiting famous universities. This phenomenon has led to heateddebates concerning “Should universities be open to tourists”. Some people believethat it is good to open universities to tourists while others argue against it.Personally speaking, I"m in favor ofuniversity tourism, which benefits both tourists and universities. Thebeautiful scenery and the strong academic atmosphere of famous universitiesencourage tourists, especially students, to set goals and work hard to reachthem. As for famous universities, being open to tourists serves as an effectiveapproach to attracting talents from all over the country.[部分解析]阅读理解第一节A本文是夹叙夹议文。本文介绍了脸书上不应该做的三件事：卖产品、和他人攀比、获取关注。21. D。细节理解题。由Fish for customers部分中的who botheredher with posts about the health products she was selling可知，Sophie受到朋友推销产品的信息骚扰。22. B。推理判断题。由Fish for customers部分中的“Trying tosell me something” was the third mostcommon reason for being unfriendly to someone, after “Offensive comments” and “Don"t know them well”可推知，在脸书上导致被取消关注有三大原因，被认为排在第一的是冒犯性的留言。23. D。推理判断题。由Try to keep up with the Joneses部分中的When all you see on a friend"s page are cheerful posts and happy family photos, it can make youfeel like your life doesn"t measure up可推知，当我们要尽力“赶上邻居琼斯”时，我们会因嫉妒而和别人攀比。keep up with the Jonese喻意为“与人攀比”。24. B。推理判断题。由Beg for attention部分中的If it"s the latter, you may want to reconsider可知，Fox认为，如果你在脸书上发布消息的目的是获取关注和恭维，那么你需要反思自己的行为，故可推知，他不认可这种行为。B本文是记叙文，作者去SeaWorld主题公园参观之后对蜜蜂有了新的认识。25. D。词义猜测题。由第一段中的I used to run away in fear when I heard the buzzing of a bee可推知，作者不再觉得蜜蜂那么可怕（Frightening）了。26. D。细节理解题。由第三段中的Since 2014, swarm buckets at SeaWorld have helped save 52 honeybeeswarms, or more than 1 million honeybees可知，SeaWorld在挽救蜜蜂方面做出了很大贡献。27. B。段落大意题。由第四段中的honey is used regularly to treat injured animals可知，本段主要讲述了蜂蜜可用于治疗受伤的动物。28. B。标题归纳题。本文主要讲述了作者在SeaWorld发现蜜蜂很有帮助，故B项作标题最符合文意。C本文是说明文。HandEnergy是一款苹果大小的天才产品，能让你随时随地为手机充电，但这款产品的缺点是充电时间长。29. D。推理判断题。由第二段中的You may be familiar with the wrist-training device called thePowerball以及第三段内容可推知，文中提到thePowerball是为了说明HandEnergy的工作原理。30. B。推理判断题。由第四段中的We don"t necessarily thinkthis will be something that you use every day, because it takes around one hourto reach full capacity可推知，HandEnergy的不足之处在于它的充电时间长。31. A。推理判断题。由末段中的One thing is for sure — it beats paying thousands of dollars on asolar-powered device-charging coat可知，有一点很确定：HandEnergy比花几千美元买一个太阳能充电套强多了。由此可推知，作者认为它还是值得拥有的。D本文是议论文。爱取悦别人的人往往容易忽视自己，会感到孤独和抑郁，最后变得对别人的需求漠不关心。这种习惯需要改变。32. D。推理判断题。由第二段中的people pleasers don"t benefit fromtheir choices as much as their companions, and privately struggle with feelingsof loneliness and depression. They live in a state of self-neglect可知，爱取悦别人的人往往忽视了自己的需求，不能很好地平衡自己和他人需求之间的关系。33. B。段落大意题。由第四段中的When someone asks something of you, hit the pause button. Put offthe decision until you are alone and can think about it可知，本段作者建议爱取悦别人的人要给自己考虑的时间。34. B。推理判断题。由末段中的she later discovered that holding her ground didn"t cause the world to fall apart可知，作者讲述这个故事是为了说明拒绝他人的请求并不是那么可怕。35. C。写作意图题。由第三段中的If you are a people pleaser, ending your people pleasing habit isgoing to be a real challenge. But you can if you try以及下文的内容可知，作者写本文的主要目的是告诉那些取悦他人的人如何改掉这个习惯。第二节本文是说明文。就算处境再糟糕，我们也要对生活充满感恩，保持积极向上的心态。36. F。首段是本文的主旨段。F项中的be grateful和标题中的gratitude一致，且F项中的Instead与上文中的shouldn"t构成对比。37. G。由小标题中的grateful和challenges可知，G项中的appreciate challenges与之呼应。38. A。由下文中的the worst以及much worse thanit is可知，A项It might have been worse与之一致。39. E。由小标题中的always have a choice可知，E项中的always have some options与之相呼应。40. B。由下文中的in comparison with the lives of others以及never compare your fortunes and misfortunes with those of otherpeople可知，B项Stop comparing your life with others适合作本段的小标题。英语知识运用第一节：完形填空本文是记叙文。我非常热爱橄榄球运动，这项运动让我感悟至深。41. B。由下文中的You can"t recreatefootball可知，除了（except）橄榄球，你几乎可以享受任何一种其他运动。42. D。由下文中的weight room和football field可知，我的整个夏天都在健身房和橄榄球场上度过（spent）。43. A。由上下文语境可知，我没有一天在家睡懒觉（sleep）。44. C。下文是上文的原因，故填because。45. B。由上文中的playing football可知，我相信我的每个队友（teammates）都和我的感受一样。46. C。由上文中的happier可知，筋疲力尽的训练对我们来说非常有趣（fun）。47. B。由上文中的Grueling可知，橄榄球运动让你懂得勤奋（hardwork）和奉献是值得的。48. C。由下文中的but可知，勤奋和奉献在所有的运动里都是相关的（relevant）。49. D。由下文中的which team可知，这里指比赛（game）。50. A。由上文中的conditioned harder可知，因为一个队比另一个队更疲惫（tired）。51. D。由上文中的lifted harder可知，因为一个队比另一个队体格（physically）更健壮。52. B。由上文中的两个tell可知，你能看到（see）的最重要的是哪个队投入了最全面的努力。53. D。由上文中的most all-around work可知，因为这个队想要获胜并表现出（shown）极大的决心。54. C。由上文中的playing football和personal可知，后文提到的是来自我个人的经历（experience）。55. C。由下文中的lose a tight game可知，如果你在准备（preparing）的时候投入了所有的努力，输了比赛很让人心碎。56. B。57. D。由On the same note可知，下文和上文中提到的lose a tight game形成对比，当你赢（win）了比赛，你会明白所有的血汗、泪水和努力都是值得的（pay off）。第三段中的pays off和末段中的pay off都有提示。58. B。由上文中的lessons和下文中作者的感受可知，你能在橄榄球运动中学会（learn）许多人生感悟。59. D。由下文中的what you wanted可知，赢得（earning）你想要的是你一生最值得做的事情之一。60. C。由文章首段可知。对我来说，没有什么（nothing）能像橄榄球有趣。第二节本文是说明文。科学家们使用无人机控制火灾。61. fighting。考查动词-ing形式。设空处作介词in的宾语，故填fight的动词-ing形式。62. interested。考查形容词。固定短语be interested in意为“对……感兴趣”，故填interested。63. to control。考查动词不定式。设空处作状语表目的，故填control的动词不定式形式。64. with。考查介词。固定短语be filled with ...意为“用……充满”，故填with。65. catches。考查一般现在时和主谓一致。设空处是对客观事实的陈述，且主语是mixture，故填catch的第三人称单数形式。66. used。考查被动语态。设空处和主语technology是动宾关系，且前面有助动词is，故填used。67. cheaper。考查形容词比较级。由后面的more easily carried可知，设空处也表比较，故填cheap的比较级形式。68. parked。考查动词的过去分词。设空处与名词helicopter是逻辑上的动宾关系，故填parked。69. a。考查冠词。设空处修饰可数名词member，且表泛指，故填不定冠词a。70. it。考查代词。设空处在句中作形式宾语，真正的宾语是其后面的动词不定式短语for wildfires to sweep through an area，故填it。短文改错及书面表达：（略）

Cabbage 1.Cabbage heart the root pares into a sharp form with the small Yin, on breaking two halfs cut into 7 Li rices long, the cabbage, ham of 0.6 Li rices breadth, the bamboo shoot cuts into a sparerib slice and each chestnut up slices 10, fill with water inside pot, put to cook the skin soft into the chestnut and take advantage o heat to peel off the chestnut skin. 2.Descend into the chestnut while going to the peanut oil into inside the pot, ascending fire to burn into 60% heat, cabbage, a little bit fry once, get to control clean oil. 3.Fry the pot set fire up, put is 30 grams into the lard, immediately next go into a cabbage, chestnut, ham slice, bamboo shoot slice, the salt monosodium glutamate refined sugar boils with the wildfires, use small fire Men again for 5 m

野火烧不尽，春风吹又生。 白居易 《赋得古原草送别》Wildfires burn born again when the spring breeze blows. Bai juyi fu have to GuYuan grass send-off " 夜来南风起，小麦覆陇黄。 白居易 《观刈麦》Tis night south wind up, two yellow with wheat. Bai juyi the view to mow wheat " 动枝生乱影，吹花送远香。 虞世南 《咏风》Dynamic branch of uproar, blow to spend send far sweet. YuShiNa "to sing the wind" 云想衣裳花想容，春风拂槛露华浓。 李 白 《清平调》Cloud want to want to let the clothes flower, spring breeze blows LouHuaNong trap. Lee white the qingping tone " 生无桃李春风面，名在山林处士家。 杨万里 《兰花》Born without plum spring breeze face, and the name ChuShi home in mountain forest. Reaction to the orchid " 只道花无十日红，此花无日不春风。 杨万里 《腊前月季》Only ten days red flower no way, this year.but spend the spring breeze. Reaction to the wax before Chinese rose " 爱惜芳心莫轻吐，且教桃李闹春风。 元好问《 同儿辈赋未开海棠》Spare the heart not light vomit, and teach it to escape the spring breeze. YuanHaoWen "did not start with ErBei fu hitom" 知细叶谁裁出，二月春风似剪刀。 贺知章 《咏柳》Know fine leaf who cut out, February the spring breeze like scissors. HeZhiZhang "to sing liu" 沾衣欲湿杏花雨，吹面不寒杨柳风。 志 南 《绝句》Touch the wet clothes to XingHuaYu, blow cold noodles don"t YangLiuFeng. Volunteers the rhyme of the south 爆竹声中一岁除，春风送暧入屠苏。 王安石 《元日》A SuiChu fireworks, the spring breeze send into TuSu warms. Wang anshi "YuanRi" 青箬笠，绿蓑衣，斜风细雨不须归。 张志和 《渔歌子》Green RuoLi, green hemp fiber, XieFengXiYu need not be. In the YuGe child " 春风桃李花开日，秋雨梧桐叶落时。 白居易 《长恨歌》Peach blossom spring day, when both the wutong leaves fall. Bai juyi changhen ge 天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊。 乐 府 《敕勒歌》Days old, wild boundless, the wind blow grass low see cattle and sheep. Le fu "ChiLeGe" 潮平两岸阔，风正一帆悬。 王 湾 《次北固山下》Tidal flat cross-strait broadly, the wind is clients.owing suspended. The king bay the time north solid mountain "

in shape常指的是身材保持得好，而in good condition指的是健康状态好。

你可以把问题给打入百度哦

智慧手机安卓系统，微软系统，塞班系统三者有何区别？ 这三者的区别就像美国车、德国车、日本车的区别，同样都可以实现你想用手机达到的目的，但过程中的体验不一样。 目前来说，安卓系统是手机里面比较开放，应用率也比较高的系统；微软次之，塞班基本没有使用的了；应用率低的，关注度少，应用就少，用起来就不方便，就和汽车似得，买的人少，可能4S店就少，相应的配套改装少，所以服务体验就差点。 所以他们的本质区别就是，使用者体验不同。 智慧手机，安卓系统和塞班系统怎么分辨 设定—应用程式—关于手机 智慧手机分安卓系统，微软系统，塞班三大系统，那谷歌系统是怎么回事？ android系统，国内翻译为安卓系统，也就是谷歌系统。 谷歌系统是新出的系统，即安卓系统，android系统，目前已迅速占领市场。微软系统，即WM系统，老牌系统，没用过，感觉不错。塞班系统用过，没啥意思，诺基亚自己玩的，出了android系统，就更没人愿意用塞班了…… android系统，国内翻译为安卓系统，也就是谷歌系统。 塞班系统好还是安卓系统好，想买智慧手机，不知道是塞班系统好，还是安卓系统好！ 你的要求就是基础的娱乐功能 这些都是安卓做的比较好的 相应软体很丰富 操作也方便 比较适合学生的机器有很多 moto的defy 是很火的机器 行货京东上2500左右 水货1800左右 HTc的wildfires 水货1700左右 G12 2200左右 三星的i9023 2400左右 双核的LG p990 2300左右 喜欢键盘还有htc的chacha 1700左右 这些都是价效比比价高的机器 小米…… 建议观望 等正式零售两个月以后再看 :it.21./mobile/yjsj/2010/07/27/7688273.s 这里有图文详细解说，你去看看，参考下 不同智慧手机系统的优缺点？塞班系统，微软系统，Google系统，苹果系统. 现在6大手机公司都进军安卓（Android）也就是谷歌系统。国内外有厂商和运营商也纷纷加入了Android阵营，包括MOTO，中国移动，中国联通，华为通讯，联想，HTC，三星，谷歌，德国的T-Mobile等等，只有NOKIA按兵不动 。论应用程式，苹果暂时领先，但是谷歌在不久后就会超越苹果。塞班应用程式也很多，但没有苹果人性。微软的WM的话主要是给拿手机来办公的人用的，而且现在这个时候不推荐WM，因为W7马上就出了，现在的基本都无法升级。 具体优缺点如下： 1) Symbian（S60 V3、S60 V5、Symbian＾3) 优势：介面简洁、上手简单、软体资源丰富、续航时间优势巨大 劣势：精品软体较少、多媒体功能欠佳 编辑点评：提及Symbian S60 V3，相信任何一位熟悉智慧手机的朋友都不会去质疑它的经典，就算目前已经进入触控手机时代，但采用Symbian S60 V3系统的手机还是有着不少的追捧者。虽然在众多手机扩充套件功能上这个系统表现不算突出，但它却有着非常不错的易用性和实用性，并且因为能耗上一直有着巨大的优势，所以在待机时间上也值得称赞。这些都让它更适合那些非“玩机”的使用者。 2) Windows Mobile（Windows Phone 7） 优势：与PC平台整合度高、软体资源丰富、可玩性强 劣势：对硬体要求高、耗电严重、上手较难 编辑点评：日前采用WP7系统的数款机型已经发布，这也就预示著不久时候消费市场就会迎来万众瞩目的Windows Phone 7作业系统。笔者颇为看好这个系统，但就目前的Windows Mobile系统而言，硬体配置更高的Windows Phone 7机型，无疑在续航时间令人堪忧，并且对于上手不是很简单的问题也亟待解决。在此前，Windows Mobile系统更适合玩手机的使用者以及对商务功能要求较高的人。 3）iOS 优势：触控体验近乎完美、精品软体丰富、操作简洁直观 劣势：价格昂贵、耗电、正版软体费用高（可越狱解决) 编辑点评：坦白地说，苹果iPhone系列手机几乎每一作都可以称之为极富颠覆意义的机型。而今年6月份释出的苹果iPh one 4更是凭借著操作简单、触控体验近乎完美以及精品软体众多等优势让它几乎成为了一部“完美”的手机。但对于目前而言，苹果iPhone 4的讯号问题、面板抗压问题以及高耗能的问题都是实际存在的。此外，由于定位不同，苹果iPhone机型虽然在娱乐方面有着不小的优势，但在类似于办公等其他方面则并非一个好的选择。所以选购的时候还是要根据自己的需要。4）Android 优势：操控舒适、与网际网路结合紧密、资源丰富 劣势：上手难称简单、软体相容性一般 编辑点评：说起Android系统，其可以说是目前智慧系统中最受好评的一款作业系统了。因为价格覆盖面较广，再加上机型众多，这也就让它的市场占有率颇为不错。并且绝大多数使用者也对Android系统喜爱有加。这款在网际网路时代而诞生的系统，可以说是非常适合目前的网路发展环境。但其也有一些不足之处，例如上手较难，对于一些对手机不了解的朋友来说，Android系统机型也有诸多的“毛病”。除此之外，软体相容性也是一个问题所在。总体来说，Android系统瑕不掩瑜，其的确是比较优秀的一款作业系统。 wm系统的、安卓系统和塞班系统的智慧手机操作指南 怎操作？怎么说呢…还真难说…只能给你说下特点了…首先安卓最方便介面最华丽，但缺点是吃硬体流量厉害。塞班，优点是软体多好入手…缺点病毒最多硬体差看个电影还卡，而且还有破解手机的矛盾…wm争议最大，个人最喜欢的系统，优点核心强大有绿色版的档案…缺点软体少入门极难…个人推荐安卓 请问现在智慧手机买塞班系统的还是微软系统的好啊? 买谷歌的系统！等著看吧，未来谷歌系统将是老大，超过塞班和微软！目前看这俩是塞班更好些，简单易用，功能强大。稳定，该有的都有了，这是诺基亚的特色啊，呵呵 智慧手机用塞班系统还是安卓系统好？哪个速度快 个人认为安卓的好，毕竟塞班已经这么多年了，老了 没有发展了 我自己用的一款桔子谷歌手机 就是用的这个 大气实惠 目前用智慧手机（安卓系统、苹果系统、微软系统）的人有多少？ 安卓算是平民机 用的人最多，苹果算是贵族手机 用的没有安卓那么多了， 但现在中国塞班的群体还是和安卓不相上下的，毕竟人家多年的底蕴在那呢

解释雾霾Haze is air pollution in which is mixed up with dust, smoke and other dry particles ,and it obscure the clarity of the sky and interacts with the natural environment. 雾霾原因This kind of air pollutant come from a variety of natural and manmade sources. Natural sources can include windblown dust, and soot from wildfires. Manmade sources can include motor vehicles, and industrial fuel burning, and manufacturing operations. The one of the main cause that touches off haze is manufacturing operations. Many factories were over measure produced the smog that had over the standard and the smog seriously influence the air become air pollution.雾霾危害The components that make up haze may have negative effect on people"s health especially that of the children and the elderly. Also not excluded are those who have certain diseases such as asthma, allergy, and pneumonia and lung disease. Workers working in the open air have a high risk in their health.解决方法 One of effective solutions to help eliminate haze is to make some chemistry changes during the manufacturing process,so it could reduce harmful emissions which are produced by manufacturing operations50%原创，50%来自网络 最后一段解决方法纯属个人瞎编，不过还算合情合理。希望能帮到你，满意请采纳。

Objective:CAD drafters/structural engineer/salary demands 1500 fluctuation.Education background:2007-2011 enrolled in - chengdu, sichuan normal university college studying electronic point information engineering specialty, self-taught industrial product design, mould design and manufacture courses.Work experience:September 2007 - - June 2010 as music association instrumental music ministers, assist organized 2 times "campus 10 singers" large party, won the praise of the institute leaders, the party MV was first mounted to the institute"s web site, And organizing training and responsible to open guitar association member of the training work.July 2008 - - September 2008 following jiaqing toy factory technical assistant engineer, responsible for production engineering drawings.July 2009 - - 2009 September zhongshan ship well electronics factory production line operation member, responsible for electronic product assembly.2010 July - - 2010 countries.in September green - district people"s government held remote education training, 000 village countryside serves the masses.Individual ability decomposition summary formUsing PRO/E 3D modeling, engineering drawing, product list.New product effect chart manufacture/product design review/product control plans.Plastic mould development follow up, add process flow.Plastic mould mold testing analysis, general design standards.The general products QC engineering drawing process flow diagram + hand-board model manufacture.(hardware) sheet metal stamping dysfunction analysis, electroplating/anode/paint surface treatment.(plastic) injection typical abnormal analysis, reliability testing.Personal skills:Good at AutoCAD/PROE wildfires version 4.0 / Photoshop/Cinema 4D industrial rendering/Office softwareWon prizes: communities outstanding student cadres, computer secondary certificatesLanguage ability: mandarin (master) cantonese (proficient in English (general)Self assessment: responsibility, patience, self-motivated

Global warming is a significant issue that has attracted the attention of scientists, policymakers, and the general public around the world. In my opinion, global warming is a severe problem that requires urgent attention from all individuals and organizations.The Earth"s temperature has been increasing over the past few decades, leading to rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and more extreme weather conditions. The primary cause of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, which traps heat in the atmosphere and leads to the warming of the planet.If we do not take significant steps to address global warming, it will have severe consequences for our planet and its inhabitants. The rising sea levels will threaten coastal cities and low-lying areas, leading to flooding, loss of homes, and displacement of people. Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, typhoons, and droughts will become more frequent and severe, leading to food shortages and other problems.To address global warming, we need to take urgent and significant actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This can be done by using cleaner and more renewable sources of energy, such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. We can also reduce emissions by using public transportation, carpooling, and walking or cycling instead of driving.In conclusion, global warming is a severe problem that requires immediate action from individuals, governments, and organizations around the world. By taking steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we can protect our planet and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.

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你好，很高兴为你解答! 雅思写作应注意一下几点： 1、注重写好文章的框架我曾经问过我们世纪雅思的外教老师， 外国人看文章最注重的是什么， 他告诉我说是文章的framework. 即一篇文章好不好， 首先看的不是他的句型， 词汇， 或是论点等。 而是段落之间的衔接一定要十分清楚，我们不能老是采用大三段的形式-开头，经过， 结尾。我们可以多用用连接词， 例如：first of all, morever, secondly, lastly等，另外可以多分自然段， 给考官一目了然的感觉。还有我们可以多看看国外的文章， 看看他们的写作模式， 我当初写文章的时候， 用的就是我看到一篇国外文章的模式，我觉得可以套用， 我最后介绍给大家。 2、句型的多样化如果一篇文章， 从头到尾， 永远用的只有一种句型， 那么这篇文章一定拿不到高分，我们可以适当的改换一下句型， 我给大家一定建议，希望给大家有点帮助。 3、基本句型包括 Ⅰ．主谓句；Ⅱ. There be；Ⅲ. 主系表结构的句子；Ⅳ. 被动语态（我看到一张帖字说， 不要用被动， 我不这样认为， 国外的文章， 用被动的也比比皆是。） 4、复杂句型　 包括 Ⅰ. 并列句；Ⅱ. 从句（定语，状语，名词性，非谓语） 5．词汇的Variety说实话做到这点真的很难， 首先你要有庞大的词汇量，第二你要用的恰当，不出错误。我自认做不到这点，所以我用的词汇有时候会重复。当然大家可以累计一些固定搭配的词汇，例如：激烈的竞争 fierce competition等 6、多举EXAMPLE（重要）大家不要小看这点， 我认为对于写作基础不是很好的考生来说， 这点是最重要的。一篇文章如果让你从头到尾都在讲道理， 你有这么多话要说吗？而且有时候还不一定说的清楚。那么这时候你就用例子来表明你的观点。我认识一个朋友， 可以说她的英语基础很差， 但她的文章也拿了6分， 我问她怎么写的， 她告诉我说就是拼命的举例子。就这点我也曾问过外教老师， 他曾是IELTS的考官， 他说考官欢迎考生多举例子。 7、建议：1）、写文章最关键的就是审题千万不要出错误， 不然就前功尽弃了。2）例如我积累的句子：Cultivate independenceDevelop a strong sense of responsibilityEnhance social awarenessBuild up one"s confidence and offer one"s a sense of achievement—realize ones value and capacityWiden one"s horizon and sharp one"s character这些句子比较常用， 而且在口语考试中也可以派上用处。最后给大家介绍一种写作模式，我觉得很不错：With unprecedented advances in medical technology, a debate has developed over whether or not a person on life support has the right to die. On one side of the debate are those who say that...... On the other side is the view that...... In my mind, I completely agree/disagree the later .There is no denying that ......has many positive effects. To begin with,......Secondly, ...... Finally, ......However, every coin has its two sides. ......is no exception. Many opponents say that ......To conclude, ..... 祝你取得理想雅思成绩！！！如果你需要雅思学习资料和雅思备考资料可以在百度HI里和我沟通，我传给你~~

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If earthquake happened,firstly,don"t panic and calm down.Secondly,find some safe place to stay and don"t run in such a hurry.If in the room,one should hide himself/herself under something hard,such as desk,talbe or even bed and keep away from shelf and cupboard,and never take a lift to go downstairs.If in the open air,find an open place and never get close to cars or waterside.Thirdly,because when earthquake happen,there are also lots of other troubles to take place,for example fire.So we should help each other when we meet trouble.

Rock sugar white tree fungus lotus seed soupUse to anticipate:The white tree fungus, lotus seed, rock sugar, red date, matrimony vine is just the right amount each.Way of doing:1, steep white tree fungus with the hot water the hair open, throwing away the part that flower and caulis connects with each other, toring crumb after washing clearly, the lotus seed uses bubble for more than 15 hour, using toothpick to wash after throwing away the lotus heart clearly while doing, the red date, matrimony vine washes need to be used clearly to respectively.2, add cool water in the sand pot, put into the white tree fungus, lotus seed, add a cover to open wildfires to boil, change tiny fire(stove fire middle of a small fire) to braise for an hour(the half-way doesn"t want to open cover agitation), descend red date, rock sugar, braise continuously a clock very, again descend matrimony vine, again braise a clock very, from descended red date behind will often open cover to shake up, in order to prevent living a pot.3, cook a what oneself need thick dense degree, the pot packs the inside of the bowl namely become.

因为森林面积比较大。很难把没有着火的森林隔开。

手机一个畅销机型，还是不错的的价位也降价了，现在是1700左右，就是没有前置摄像头，待机时间有点短，电池1000毫安，500像素，还有WIFI,但是没有快捷方式，S60，五版的系统，总的来说还算不错，买水货就在1200左右

general指一个整体上的状况；normal涉及在一个什么水平上；还有USUAL是关于频率的

沈阳工业大学软件工程是一个挺不错的专业，值得报考，就业前景也比较明朗。学校的学校氛围比较浓烈，住宿条件也挺不错的。学校设有22个学院、2个教学部和2个工程实训中心，共设63个本科专业、11个专科专业。现有普通本科生17981人，硕士研究生4151人，博士研究生459人，专科生1240人，成人教育学生10691人，外国留学生85人。近三年，毕业生年均初次就业率93.55%，年终就业率95.73%。学校简介沈阳工业大学是一所以工为主的多科性研究应用型大学，始建于1949年，1985年由沈阳机电学院更名为沈阳工业大学，原为国家机械工业部所属院校，1998年起由中央和地方共建，以辽宁省管理为主，在“双一流”建设中被列为全省冲击国内一流大学重点建设高校。学校由位于辽宁省沈阳市的中央校区、兴顺校区、国家大学科技园和位于辽阳市的辽阳分校组成，总占地面积151.19万平方米，校舍建筑面积71.71万平方米。办学主体位置坐落在有“东方鲁尔”美誉的沈阳市铁西区，中央校区（主校区）位于沈阳市装备制造业聚集的国家级经济技术开发区，毗邻中国制造2025与德国工业4.0战略对接的重要载体中德高端装备制造产业园，占地面积95.8万平方米，建筑面积50.81万平方米。以上内容参考：沈阳工业大学——学校简介

你好同学，英语中“保持”可以说“keep”：保持饥饿：keep hungry保持愚蠢：keep stupid希望能帮到你。

异常低压成因多种多样，包括地质、物理、地球化学和动力学的因素。一般认为异常低压主要发育于一些致密气层砂岩和发生较强烈剥蚀的盆地(Corbert，1992;Dickey等，1977)。地下深部地层的低压系统也是封闭系统，由于地层受构造拉伸或其他作用使孔隙空间扩容，流体压力下降，但同时由于体系的封闭性，其他含水体系中的流体又补充不足，形成负压。图1-7 深盆气压力旋回示意图(据Meissner，1987)早在19世纪70年代，Magra就在其专著中分析了异常流体压力的成因，并通过室内模拟实验和众多盆地的勘探经验，总结出多种形成机理，包括与应力有关的不均衡压实、新生流体源的生成以及流体的运动等。19世纪80年代末，Kenneth等总结了不同学者对低压成因的认识:①地形高差引起的地下水流动;②通过半渗透页岩的化学作用;③剥蚀卸载引起的应力和地温下降作用;④地下水流动过程中由于物性变好流出速度大与流入速度小;⑤埋深增加;⑥构造抬升。张义刚(1991)认为负压是流体的冷却收缩特别是气相冷凝为液相、部分流体排出封存箱外、由于地壳抬升而导致孔隙体积膨胀的结果。郝石生(1993)研究认为，由于天然气的运聚动平衡，抬升作用抑制了生烃过程，导致烃类散失量大于烃类补给量，结果造成地层压力低于静水压力。一种异常压力现象可能由多种因素相互叠置所致，但就一个特定异常压力体而言，其成因可能以某一种因素为主。综合前人研究认为，异常低压的形成机制主要有:抬升-剥蚀反弹成因、地下水流动成因、渗透和过压实作用、断裂和不整合面的压力释放作用、轻烃的扩散作用、温度变化、承压面低于地表等。1.抬升-剥蚀反弹成因主要发生在地壳抬升岩层被剥蚀的地区。当上覆地层遭受剥蚀、垂向应力减小时，岩石骨架会类似弹性固体发生反弹，引起岩石孔隙体积的扩容，从而导致流体压力降低(图1-8)。Fatt和McLatchie等测定的砂岩储层孔隙的弹性收缩率为48.28×10-3Pa-1，认为当上覆地层被剥蚀时，砂岩储层孔隙的扩容率与收缩率相当。泥质岩的压实一般认为是不可逆的，但现在认为，埋深小于2000m、富含蒙脱石的泥岩也可能发生相当的孔隙扩容。因此，当上覆岩层被剥蚀时，与泥页岩相邻(互层或侧向过渡)的砂岩储层中的部分水(不是油或气)将在由低压产生的横向压力梯度驱动和毛细管力作用下向泥页岩渗透，进一步降低相邻砂岩的流体压力。姜振学等(2004)通过物理实验及成藏解剖认为，大庆长垣砂体回弹成藏贡献比例在13.43%～40.46%，砂体回弹效应是油气成藏的一种主要成藏机理和现象(表1-2)。图1-8 异常低压形成机理示意图(据Swarbrick和Osborne，1998)表1-2 大庆长垣明水组沉积末期砂体回弹油气成藏资源量统计( 据姜振学等，2004)负压的程度不但取决于孔隙的扩容量，还与卸载的速率和岩层的渗透率有关。显然，卸载速率越快、渗透率越低，负压越易形成和保持。Dobrynin 和 Serebryakov ( 1989) 通过研究给出了地层抬升幅度与异常低压产生的理论关系 ( 图1- 9) 。Alberta 盆地上白垩统Belly River 组的低渗透性地层中产生的横向水力梯度驱使流体侧向运移，运移的方向指向上覆岩层剥蚀量最大的区域，而与现今地表的地势形态无关，表明该区异常低压的形成与剥蚀反弹密切相关 ( 图1-10) 。图1-9 块体的升降幅度决定水压封闭岩层的孔隙异常压力理论图图1-10 Alberta 盆地地层水流动样式示意图( 据 Bachu S，1995)2.温度降低当完全封闭的器皿中水冷却后，流体的密度降低，相应地体积变小(图1-8)。如果岩石是完全封闭的话，由于温度降低导致水体积的减少可以导致低压，但水体积极小(<2%)，常常可以忽略不计(CotbetandBethke，1992)。相比而言，在抬升过程中，由于温度降低导致碳氧化合物体积变化更大，原因是油和气具有更大的可压缩性。因此，在具有良好封闭性的储层里，地温的降低可引起孔隙流体体积的收缩从而产生异常低压。Serebryakov和Chilingar(1994)分析了粉河盆地北部地区温度变化和剥蚀作用对孔隙压力的影响，结果表明温度降低是该地区异常低压形成的主要原因。3.不稳定组分的水化作用岩石学研究证明，酸性火山岩岩屑普遍有不同程度的水化作用特征，形成以蒙脱石、伊利石为主的粘土矿物组合。长石和岩屑的浊沸石化也十分明显。水化作用使得部分孔隙水转化为结晶水，减小孔隙流体的体积。这种孔隙水的消耗量大于矿物转变引起体积增大的数量，导致孔隙流体压力下降。扶扬油层的砂岩是典型的不稳定砂岩，不稳定组分(长石、火山岩岩屑)的含量高达65%～90%，不稳定组分与孔隙水之间容易发生水化作用，消耗孔隙水，形成含结晶水的黏土矿物和沸石类矿物。4.地下水流动成因主要发生在重力流系统中，由于泄水区是高渗透率岩层，而补给区的岩层为低渗透率，结果泄水的速率大于补给的速率，使得岩层中水的流动不连续，造成孔隙的欠充满而产生异常低压(图1-8)。Karsten Michael和Stefan Bachu(2001)研究Alberta盆地中西部流体及流体压力的分布特征后发现，该地区低渗透性隔层严重影响了地层间的流体流动(图1-11)。另外，KennethBelitz和John D.Bredehoeft(1988)从流体动力学角度研究了美国丹佛盆地流体异常低压的形成机制，认为丹佛盆地内科罗拉多州和内布拉斯加州的狭长部分的异常低压的成因为:①白垩系连续的厚层低渗透性页岩将达科他砂岩及其底部的白垩系砂岩与潜水面的水头隔开;②区域性的断层将盆地内的地层与露头隔开。这两种因素导致盆地内流体的供给量小于排泄量，从而产生了低压异常(图1-12)。低压的这种成因机理本质上是潜水面作用的结果。图1-11 Alberta盆地流体动力及压力分布图5.渗透作用在有明显盐度差(或盐度梯度)的透镜体砂岩中，由于渗透性砂层发育且连通性好，深部地层水的盐度较高，而浅部盐度明显降低，有利于渗透作用的进行，常由高压异常逐渐过渡到低压异常(图1-8)。如果一个封隔区中水的含盐度较高，毛细管力作用将使得高盐度封隔体中的水穿过半渗透膜流入到低盐度区，那么在高盐度封隔体中由于水的渗漏而形成低压，而低盐度封隔体中由于水的增加而形成超压。前人计算表明:页岩与砂岩盐度相差5%时，可产生4.25MPa的渗透压差;如果两者相差15%时，可产生22.7MPa的渗透压差。笔者认为这种由于浓度差异所造成的渗透作用只是水中盐类物质离子之间的交换，而不会发生水的流动，最终达到盐度上的平衡，因此，不会产生低压。6.轻烃的扩散作用轻烃分子的扩散作用是一种普遍存在的由于存在着浓度梯度而发生的质量传递的自然现象。在地壳抬升过程中，由于负荷和温度的降低，原来溶于储层流体中的气体将析出，并以扩散、渗流等方式从岩层中逸散(图1-8)。另外，油气藏中的轻烃通常通过盖层发生扩散，引起油气的组成、物化性质等发生与油气运移分异相反的变化。当烃类的逸散速率大于补给速率时，地层中易于形成异常低压。Law和Dickinson(1985)认为，这种机制是北美地区一些抬升盆地产生负压的一种原因。这种作用通常与构造运动有关，是油气藏遭受破坏的结果。图1-12 PaloDuro盆地主要沉积系统空间关系东西向剖面(据Kenneth，1998)7.断裂和不整合面的压力释放作用由于沉积盆地地层中流体的生成、注入可以导致孔隙流体压力增高，相反，流体运移或散失也会相应地导致压力降低。断裂系统和不整合面作为油气运移的输导系统和通道，油气沿着这些输导系统发生运移、逸散及再分配;同时这些输导系统连通着各种压力系统和环境，尤其是在连通着高压环境与静水压力环境的情况下，压力差会驱赶着油气发生幕式的运移。如果在没有外来流体充注或增压作用的情况下，油气藏的压力会逐渐降低至正常压力及低压。实际上，在这一作用下不可能形成低压，因为在高压环境向静水环境释放压力时，即使这两种环境的压力达到平衡，地层压力也无论如何都不会低于静水压力。8.过压实作用根据定义，静岩压力可以分解为有效压应力和孔隙流体压力两部分，欠压实作用是指孔隙流体承担了部分有效压应力，导致流体压力大于静水压力，从而形成异常高压;过压实作用与欠压实作用恰恰相反，由于过压实作用使得地层岩石承担了本应由孔隙流体承担的部分上覆负荷，使孔隙流体压力降低，从而产生异常低压。吐哈盆地红南地区古近系鄯善群下部和火焰山群上部的泥岩(夹有砂岩)出现“过压实”现象(图1-13)，正对应于油气低压系统的顶板分布层位。但在沉积盆地中，尤其是在正常沉积地层的浅部，由于孔隙空间中流体相对丰富，这种过压实现象，虽然在理论上可信，但实际上是不可能出现的。图1-13 吐哈盆地红南1井泥岩压实曲线(据李廷钧等，1999)9.潜水面下移通常人们用地层压力与静水压力的比值，即压力系数来标定地层压力的异常情况，而静水压力计算都是基于水柱到达地表这一假设:某一目的层地下水承压面从地表算起，应该说，这种假设在大多数地表起伏不太强烈的地区或盆地，特别是我国东部地形平坦区，可以近似使用。而当受构造运动等影响，承压面与地表起伏不相协调时，如我国中西部盆地，由于承压面以上的地层不承压，会导致计算的静水压力大于实际的静水压力，自然导致计算出的压力系数、压力梯度等指标偏低，显示出明显的负压异常，而实际上这种低压可能是人们的一种习惯做法(压力的起算点均从地表开始)带来的。10.断裂与岩性封闭作用在厚层泥岩中所夹的砂岩透镜体油藏，原来埋藏较浅，原始地层压力较小。后来，在断块升降运动作用下，油藏所在断块下降，深度变大，但原始地层压力仍然保持下来，形成低压异常，这种现象在中国东部裂谷盆地中断裂发育的地区常见。美国Keyes气田的研究表明(图1-14)，当地层遭受剥蚀后，盆地迅速沉降，上覆层位沉积厚层或巨厚层的泥岩起到封闭作用，在剥蚀面上、下形成两个独立的系统，彼此间不能进行物质交换和流体的流动，形成的低压得以保存。这种低压成因的推断实际上忽视了油藏在构造升降过程中随着上覆载荷和油藏温度的改变储层孔隙空间和流体体积的变化。图1-14 美国Keyes气田的地层压力与深度关系(据金博等，2004)此外，在一些特殊的地区也会产生区域性低压，例如在东西伯利亚地区由于地表存在永久冻土层，导致该地区异常低压非常发育，其主要原因是:①永冻层地层水静水压面的降低;②由于温度的降低(冷却)而导致岩石及孔隙流体体积的缩小(图1-15)。另外，还有许多异常低压是因为从储层中开采油气和水而人为诱发的，开采降低了孤立储层中的孔隙压力，而这样的储层又没有足够的流体流入以补偿被抽出的流体空间。在许多情况下，地层压力的减少导致地面沉降，有时会对地表构造产生巨大的破坏作用。由于流体被采出而导致的地面沉降的例子发生在意大利的PoDelta、委内瑞拉马拉开波湖的玻利瓦尔滨岸、美国田纳西的加尔维斯顿海湾和加利福尼亚长垣，以及日本等地区。综上所述，异常低压在世界各地发育较为普遍，其成因是多样的，可能是物理的、化学的或者两者的综合作用。总的来说，异常低压的形成机制可分为以下3类:(1)岩石孔隙体积变化:①抬升-剥蚀反弹;②过压实作用。(2)孔隙流体体积变化:①温度降低;②轻烃的扩散作用;③断裂和不整合面的压力释放作用;④不稳定组分的水化作用。图1-15 东西伯利亚Nepsko-Botuobin盆地地层孔隙压力预测曲线(据Chilingarian et al.，2002)(3)流体压力:①渗透作用;②地下水流动;③潜水面下移;④断裂与岩性封闭作用;⑤油田开采;⑥永冻环境。可以认为，前人对不同地区低压成因的认识也是比较初步的，有些甚至只是对于现象的描述和成因机制的推测。根据定义，地层压力是指作用于岩层孔隙空间内流体上的压力，又称为孔隙流体压力。在正常情况下，也就是孔隙流体压力等于静水压力，即压力系数等于1的情况下，孔隙内流体的量会随着岩石孔隙的相对变化而变化，也就是当孔隙相对减小或者相对变大时，孔隙内流体可以自由地流入或者流出，从而保持孔隙内流体压力稳定，而当由于某种作用使得流体不能随着孔隙的相对变化而任意地流入或者流出时，就会导致孔隙内由于流体的相对增多或者相对减少而形成压力异常，从而产生异常高压或者异常低压。当孔隙相对减少而流体不能及时排出时，孔隙压力就会增大从而产生异常高压;当孔隙相对增大而流体不能及时流入补给时，孔隙压力就会减小从而产生异常低压。因此，低压形成的本质是孔隙流体的供排不平衡。笔者通过研究认为，引起这种不平衡的根本原因是构造作用和流体作用(表1-3)，因此，本书将重点研究构造抬升和流体动力场对地层压力的作用机理。表1-3低压压力形成机理

这些形容词均有“相似的，类似的”之意。alike: 指事物在性质、特征或外貌上固有的而不是偶然的相似。普通用词，只作表语。like: 普通用词，含义广泛，指多个或全部特性都相似，但并非同一个，也可指在某个特殊的偶然相似。identical: 语气最强，可指同一个人或物，也可指数个人或物之间完全没有差别。至于assemble，这个词是安装组合的意思，和以上三词并不同义。