summer sibling什么意思

adoptive father

汉英翻译：adopted father网络释义：Godfather

过继性转移

因为前文说了哈利的其他遭遇，按照翻译的原则，依照文章结构，这种翻译往往是在不影响表达原文明确含义为了文章的通达而翻译。He didn"t grow up suffering with a merely indifferent adoptive family..，是不是像not...until句式，表现的是一种感情强烈程度，即用否定的含义强化感情色彩。He （didn"t） grow up suffering with a merely indifferent adoptive family。你读读这两种句子（加括号和不加括号的句子）感觉有什么不同。是不是否定的感情更能表现出一种强烈的不满情绪。翻译有时不能百分之一百的完全表现出原有的意思。因此，有时翻译不能一个一个字相互比照过分深扣。诗歌尤为难译就是出于此因。suffering是非限定动词的一种形式，简单讲就是一种修饰作用。具体用法可参见语法书。

这句子不通顺

内容太多了 给你网址看下吧 很详细 http://baike.baidu.com/view/43435.htm?fr=ala0_1#1希望可以帮到你

特异性是嵌入抗原受体，非特异性是刺激免疫系统。

义母的意思

The boyAt fifteen when making a decision by to change, since life destiny.The parents love their farewell to their sisters, with the city neon outline temptations.In Seoul, only lived small house every day to eat a few things, but will play a lot of very tired.In order to realize his dream, but the first efforts to fail when selecting contest.Don"t give up your dreams, when his second on the stage when finally fulfiled.Once upon a time there was a child, he likes to sing. Naturally, he chose to sing this road.In the dream that he is when the singer, was the home of the opposition. Father said to him, "15 years old children understand what dreams!" And said, "if the house then don"t come back."But he will be duty-bound to go out, although also can not keep back the tears. He silently tell myself: "you must succeed in."In later years, that is not a strong boy came to life not cooked Seoul, when trainee, without any relatives and friends, in order to fees, played numerous enough time, almost learn music, dance.In order to save the walk from Seoul, in order to save a person lives in the apartment is no elevator to save on the tenth floor, drink, and other leftover noodles in soup,In order to gather together living in the movie (chi) and in the flag - acting in a corpse, once with their blood for money just to eat a little.These things make him early to contact a society, let him learn the strong, patient and perseverance.His efforts and successful refuted the adoptive father: even when seems unreachable dream, also can"t ignore it.Is this dream, let original that emaciated fifteen young step to success.ABOUT the program in said: "practice, more important is to survive... that is not hope,My future is not guaranteed, don"t know what will eventually, walking in the dark. Now at that time, compared with a very happy, very comfortable. "

有一次跟歪果仁提到国内的干妹，我妈的干女儿，我想找一个对应的英文单词解释这个关系，掏空了脑筋也找不到。他问是否等同于北美的教父教母，我查了一下，觉得很不一样。 中国人的干亲是民间礼俗，各省和地区没有统一固定的形式。一般是两家关系好，或者一方为了报答另一方的恩情，把这种交情固定和延续下去，采用让下一辈认干亲的办法。干爸干妈对干儿子是关心的，逢年过节要做礼的。一个孩子可以有多个干爹，干妈，这种干亲的关系不是很严肃的关系，更加没有宗教色彩。在北美没有干亲这种社会关系，所以英文里没有相应的词可以表达。 西方的教父教母起源于公元二百年左右，当时教会的影响深重，每个婴儿被洗礼的时候必须有一个同性别的教父或者教母辅助洗礼仪式。他们和亲生父母一起，确保孩子将来走上有信仰有道德的正途。经过多年演变，教堂规定一个孩子可以有教父和教母，但教父和教母未必是夫妻，他们是孩子一生的导师和模范。 在北美还有几种父母关系如下： Foster father/foster mother 是寄养父母：各地的儿童福利保护机构把儿童从不良家庭环境解救出来之后，会尽量安排寄养家庭让他们过上和普通孩子一样的日常生活。这个寄养家庭通常是暂时的，少则几周，长则几年，孩子的原生家庭一旦恢复正常就会被送回去。 Step father/Step mother 是继父继母（后爸后妈）：这个不用说了，跟中国是一样的。亲爸/亲妈另娶另嫁的时候，他和她的新配偶就是Step father或者Step mother。白雪公主里面那个恶毒的母后就是后妈。 Adoptive father/adoptive mother是养父养母：这是类似到中国领养被弃女婴的那类父母。孩子并非亲生，但是通过了正当的法律手续，养父母对孩子具有和生父生母同样的抚养责任和义务。 从Step father变成Adoptive father必须走法律程序，这两个角色在法律角度是有区别的。 Sugar daddy/sugar mommy 甜爸甜妈，这个我就不说了，大家娱乐新闻里见得多。 还有一种说法是second father/second mother：它的意思是这个成年人在孩子的生活里具备了生父生母类似的性质，包括照顾，指导，聆听，鼓励，支持等。他们通常是孩子最好的好朋友的父母，由于孩子去得比较勤，对方父母也喜欢，就把他/她也当作家庭一员一样爱护和照顾，这种关系通常是长久的。歪果仁自小玩到达的铁哥们的妈妈就被他视为second mother，每次母亲节，生日，圣诞节，礼物单上一定有她的名字。 以本人的看法，中国的干妈干爸跟西方的Second father, Second Mother 最为接近。

大侠建议你去翻一下牛津词典，太多了~~~《牛津词典》很好的

这是你想要的吗?http://www.longyuan.net/fxtx/tx47/t4751.htm 或者你想问的是"寄主"呢?

题库内容：养父的解释[adoptive father; foster father] 收养他人的 子女 作为自己子女的男人 详细解释 (1).犹义父。 《新五代史·唐庄宗神闵敬皇后刘氏传》 ：“﹝ 庄宗 ﹞幸 张全义 第， 酒酣 ，命后拜 全义 为养父。” (2).有抚养关系的非生身之父。 曹禺 《日出》 第三幕：“﹝登场人物﹞ 黑三 －－ 小 东西 的养父。” 奉养其父。 晋 常璩 《华阳国志·巴志》 ：“川崖惟平，其稼多黍。旨酒嘉谷，可以养父。” 词语分解 养的解释 养 （养） ǎ 抚育，供给 生活 品：养育。赡养。抚养。养家。 饲养 动物 ，培植花草：养花。养殖。 生育，生小孩儿。 抚养的（非亲生的）：养子。养父。养母。 教育， 训练 ：培养。教养。 使身心得到滋补和休息： 父的解释 父 ù 爸爸 ，母亲的 丈夫 ：父母。父辈。父子。父兄。 对男性 长辈 的称呼：父老（一国或一乡的 长者 ，亦指古代乡里中管理 公共 事物的人）。 伯父 。舅父。 女子母 父 ǔ 老年人：田父。渔父。 同“甫”①。

Name: Kim Jae-Medium Stage name: the hero in the ( "Hero in China" as the name implies, is to do an out of Asia, into the world of heroes singer. English name: Hero Birthday: January 26, 1986 Constellation: Aquarius Appearance in a very confident parts: skin Blood type: O type Personality: Messy dislike. Height: 180CM Weight: 63KG Interests: singing, dancing, video Specialty: singing, imitation, cooking Favorite artists: KangTa, Fany, Yumi Birthplace: Chungnam TVXQ - debut in the 3 years before the family left the country, one people alone came to Seoul in the SM training center, had a temper and frustration full time, although there is a long time to see family, but also miss due to tears, but still could not block him want to become a singer"s heart; from the convenience store workers have started delivering newspapers and so on, time is almost not enough. Even in order to take care of living expenses, once in the movie "Tai Chi Qi - life and death brothers" in the speech when the provisional cast a dead body. During his visit, his eyes shining like seriously said "Even if no matter how tough it can not give up the dream to become a singer," demonstrates the breadth of the strongest heroes. In 1989 (at that time are Han-jun) was 4-year-old foster care in the Chungnam Gongju home of an acquaintance. In the mother is in and of Biological father had to make a living after breaking up the decisions taken. 3 years later heard in the Big Sister (adoptive family) to marry the news then went to Seoul, in the mother At that time, not to see his son. In the mother found a school in the elementary and middle school, and often stand away quietly in the watch. Chengji Road in Beijing, somewhere to live in the mother in order to watch his son in 2001 but went to Gongju adoptive mother said, "now lives in jun good, you go back to it", but also advised her after the children grow up more and then meet . But in 2003 his mother, was suddenly lost in the news. Panic in the mother although the adoptive parents give Gongju called, but they said to send in the United States to study the go. After 2004 occasionally heard in the Say a friend of the son became a singer. In the mother and are in the September 2005 in a very calm and a smile of met since then everything is going smoothly and then meeting took yearning and excitement for the heart. In 2006 in the Military Service Law has become a thing after the problem. In the proceedings because of not being adopted as a result he has been pre-adoption of Han-jun and Kim after the adoption of these two names in the dual residence . Han-jun name recruits reason to refuse the detainees have received a briefing. "because of the dual household registration and for refusing military service in to the situation of detainees, so only the parent-child litigation" In the mother so that in the selection of a party feel comfortable to address this problem, in hopes to continue to live in the gold and hope that parents and pro-parents can get along well.

细胞免疫治疗是一种新兴的、具有显著疗效的肿瘤治疗模式,是一种自身免疫抗癌的新型治疗方法.它是运用生物技术和生物制剂对从病人体内 采集的免疫细胞进行体外培养和扩增后回输到病人体内的方法,来激发,增强机体自身免疫功能,从而达到治疗肿瘤的目的.生物免疫治疗是继手术、放疗和化疗之后的第四大肿瘤治疗技术.1概述机体内具有杀伤作用的淋巴细胞有自然杀伤细胞、杀伤细胞杀伤性T细胞等,它们本身就能够对抗肿瘤细胞的产生.根据实验观察,一个肿瘤细胞需要上百个淋巴细胞对付它.而一立方厘米大小的瘤块中约有10亿个瘤细胞.因此,如果有大量的淋巴细胞,就能够有效的消灭肿瘤细胞,对抗肿瘤细胞的生成,这就是细胞免疫疗法的基本理念.[1]2简介当前,以特异性抗肿瘤免疫疗法为首的细胞生物治疗己经初露锋芒,成为肿瘤生物治疗中重要的发展方向.细胞免疫疗法,其全称为过继性免疫细胞疗法,(adoptive cellular immunotherapy, ACI或AIT),是指向肿瘤患者转输具有抗肿瘤活性的免疫细胞(特异性和非特异性的),直接杀伤肿瘤或激发机体的免疫应答杀伤肿瘤细胞.临床上是指将体外激活的自体或异体免疫效应细胞输注给患者,以杀伤患者体内的肿瘤细胞的一种治疗方式.细胞免疫疗法一直是肿瘤生物治疗中最活跃的领域.细胞免疫疗法对细胞免疫功能低下的患者,如大剂量化疗、放疗后、骨髓移植后、病毒感染损伤免疫细胞数量及功能的患者,尤其是血液/免疫系统肿瘤的患者更为适合.

　　学会怀抱感激，才会有人生的信念，生命的动力。关于表达感激别人的英语谚语有很多，下面是我为大家收集的关于表达感激别人的英语谚语，欢迎大家一起来阅读! 　　 关于表达感激别人的英语谚语 　　1、恩欲报，怨欲忘，报怨短，报恩长。 　　Gratitude for repayment, resentment for forgetting, complaint for short, repayment for long. 　　2、长兄如父，老嫂比母。 　　Brothers are like fathers and sisters-in-law are better than mothers. 　　3、没有母亲就没有我。 　　No mother, no me. 　　4、感恩之心，人皆有之;感恩之人，世皆敬之。 　　Everyone has a heart of gratitude, and the world respects those who are grateful. 　　5、心灵塑造的最佳工程师。 　　The best engineer in mind-building. 　　6、我们可以通过感恩的桥梁，走向光明的未来。 　　We can move towards a bright future through a bridge of gratitude. 　　7、十月胎恩重，三生报答轻。 　　In October the fetus is gracious, but in three lives the reward is slight. 　　8、为学莫重于尊师。 　　Learning is more important than respecting teachers. 　　9、孝在于质实，不在于饰貌。 　　Filial piety lies in substance, not in appearance. 　　10、学高为师，身正为范。 　　Learning from high school is a teacher, and being a model. 　　11、借得大江千斛水，研为翰墨颂师恩。 　　Borrowing the water of Dendrobium officinalis, he studied it as a kind of calligraphy to praise teachers and kindness. 　　12、要知父母恩，怀里抱儿孙。 　　Parents should know how kind they are and hold their children and grandchildren in their arms. 　　13、月里婴儿娘引坏。 　　In the month, the baby"s mother is spoiled. 　　14、凡为父母的，莫不爱其子。 　　All parents love their children. 　　15、母爱是世间最真挚的爱。 　　Mother"s love is the most sincere love in the world. 　　16、是他给了你恩惠，是他给了你现在，去感恩他吧! 　　He gave you the favor, he gave you now, to thank him! 　　17、认认真真工作，老老实实做人。 　　Work conscientiously and be honest. 　　18、身为世范，为人师表。 　　As a model of the world, as a teacher. 　　19、游子身上衣，慈母手中线。 　　The swimmer"s coat is the middle line of the mother"s hand. 　　20、树小扶直易，树大扳伸难。 　　It"s easy to straighten a tree when it"s small, but difficult to stretch a tree when it"s big. 　　21、鸦有反哺之义，羊知跪乳之恩。 　　Raven has the meaning of feeding back, sheep knows the grace of kneeling and breast-feeding. 　　22、疾学在于尊师。 　　Learning from illness lies in respecting teachers. 　　23、树欲静而风不止，子欲养而亲不待。 　　Trees want to be quiet and windy, sons want to be nurtured and relatives don"t wait. 　　24、教师不仅是知识的传播者，而且是模范。 　　Teachers are not only disseminators of knowledge, but also models. 　　25、命运之绳定会握在自己手中。 　　The rope of destiny will be in your own hands. 　　26、会感恩的人，才懂得珍惜;会珍惜的人，才能够快乐。 　　Only those who are grateful know how to cherish, and those who are grateful can be happy. 　　27、一日之师终身为父。 　　A teacher in one day is a father all his life. 　　28、经师易遇，人师难遇。 　　Confucian teachers are easy to meet, but human teachers are hard to meet. 　　29、养儿防老，积谷防饥。 　　Raise children to provide against old age. 　　30、用千百倍的耕耘，换来桃李满园香。 　　With thousands of times of cultivation, in exchange for peach and plum garden fragrance. 　　31、教师的人格是教育的基石。 　　Teachers"personality is the cornerstone of education. 　　32、小鸟展翅看大鸟，学生成长靠教师。 　　Birds spread their wings to see big birds, and students grow up by teachers. 　　33、人只要不失去方向，就不会失去自己。 　　As long as people do not lose their direction, they will not lose themselves. 　　34、女人固然是脆弱的，但母亲是坚强的。 　　Women are fragile, but mothers are strong. 　　35、教子光说好，后患少不了。 　　If the Godson says well, he will suffer. 　　36、好笋出好竹，好师出好徒。 　　Good shoots make good bamboo, good teachers make good apprentices. 　　37、想让生命辉煌，就别浪费青春。 　　If you want to make your life brilliant, don"t waste your youth. 　　38、学会怀抱感激，才会有人生的信念，生命的动力。 　　Learn to be grateful, will have the faith of life, life motivation. 　　39、落红不是无情物，化作春泥更护花。 　　Falling red is not a merciless thing, but a spring mud to protect flowers. 　　40、学者必求师，从师不可不谨也。 　　Scholars are bound to seek teachers, and they must follow them carefully. 　　41、帮助，只是举手之劳，而感谢却是永无止境的。 　　Help is just an effort, but thanks are endless. 　　42、德无常师，主善为师。 　　Virtue is an impermanent teacher, and the master is a good teacher. 　　43、只要父亲在世，你总是年轻。 　　As long as your father is alive, you are always young. 　　44、夫孝，天之经也，地之义也。 　　The filial piety of husband is also the rule of heaven and the righteousness of earth. 　　45、妻贤夫祸少，子孝父心宽。 　　Wives and good husbands have fewer calamities, while sons and fathers are filial and generous. 　　46、心存感激的人，整个世界都是光明的。 　　The whole world is bright for those who are grateful. 　　47、圣人无常师。 　　Saints are capricious. 　　48、感激是扇没有上锁的门，不需要钥匙便能打开。 　　Gratitude is an unlocked door that can be opened without a key. 　　49、燃烧自己，照亮别人。 　　Burn yourself and illuminate others. 　　50、太阳底下最光辉的职业。 　　The most glorious profession in the sun. 　　51、走遍天下娘好，吃遍天下盐好。 　　It"s good to eat salt all over the world. 　　52、蜡烛选择其物固能光芒四射。 　　Candles choose their solid energy to shine everywhere. 　　53、片言之赐，皆事师也。 　　Every word is given by a teacher. 　　54、养儿方知娘辛苦，养女方知谢娘恩。 　　The adoptive daughter knows how hard she is, and the adoptive daughter knows how to thank her. 　　55、片言之赐，皆我师也。 　　The gift of a piece of words is from my teacher. 　　56、无父无君，是禽兽也。 　　No father, no king, is a beast. 　　57、唯独母爱最高尚。 　　Only maternal love is noblest. 　　58、德行与技艺，是子孙最美的产业。 　　Virtue and skill are the most beautiful industries for future generations. 　　59、大家齐努力，科技教育盛开花。 　　All of us work together to make science and technology education flourish. 　　60、知遇之恩当永生不忘。 　　The grace of knowing should never be forgotten. 　　61、好的集体中，学生自尊心是极易培养的。 　　In a good group, students"self-esteem is very easy to cultivate. 　　62、慈孝之心，人皆有之。 　　Everyone has a kind and filial heart. 　　63、事师之犹事父也。 　　A teacher is a Jewish father. 　　64、鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。 　　Keep loyal and devoted to the last. 　　65、知恩图报，善莫大焉。 　　Knowing how to reciprocate gratitude is great. 　　66、滴水之恩，当涌泉相报。 　　The grace of dripping water should be reported by the gushing spring. 　　67、淡看世事去如烟，铭记恩情存如血。 　　Look down on the world like smoke, and remember that kindness is like blood. 　　68、孝子之至，莫大乎尊亲。 　　Filial piety is more important than respect for one"s relatives. 　　69、久病床前无孝子。 　　There is no filial son in front of a long bed. 　　70、子不嫌母丑，狗不嫌家贫。 　　Dogs don"t dislike their mother"s ugliness or their family"s poverty.

细胞免疫治疗是一种新兴的、具有显著疗效的肿瘤治疗模式，是一种自身免疫抗癌的新型治疗方法。它是运用生物技术和生物制剂对从病人体内 采集的免疫细胞进行体外培养和扩增后回输到病人体内的方法，来激发，增强机体自身免疫功能，从而达到治疗肿瘤的目的。生物免疫治疗是继手术、放疗和化疗之后的第四大肿瘤治疗技术。1概述机体内具有杀伤作用的淋巴细胞有自然杀伤细胞、杀伤细胞杀伤性T细胞等，它们本身就能够对抗肿瘤细胞的产生。根据实验观察，一个肿瘤细胞需要上百个淋巴细胞对付它。而一立方厘米大小的瘤块中约有10亿个瘤细胞。因此，如果有大量的淋巴细胞，就能够有效的消灭肿瘤细胞，对抗肿瘤细胞的生成，这就是细胞免疫疗法的基本理念。[1]2简介当前，以特异性抗肿瘤免疫疗法为首的细胞生物治疗己经初露锋芒，成为肿瘤生物治疗中重要的发展方向。细胞免疫疗法，其全称为过继性免疫细胞疗法，(adoptive cellular immunotherapy, ACI或AIT)，是指向肿瘤患者转输具有抗肿瘤活性的免疫细胞(特异性和非特异性的)，直接杀伤肿瘤或激发机体的免疫应答杀伤肿瘤细胞。临床上是指将体外激活的自体或异体免疫效应细胞输注给患者，以杀伤患者体内的肿瘤细胞的一种治疗方式。细胞免疫疗法一直是肿瘤生物治疗中最活跃的领域。细胞免疫疗法对细胞免疫功能低下的患者，如大剂量化疗、放疗后、骨髓移植后、病毒感染损伤免疫细胞数量及功能的患者，尤其是血液/免疫系统肿瘤的患者更为适合。3发展细胞免疫治疗可选择性地抑制/杀伤肿瘤细胞,而且不依赖于荷瘤者的免疫功能,并可与放、化疗合用,自上世纪80年代以来已进行了大量研究。该疗法历经NK、γδT、CD3AK、DC-CIK、LAK、TIL、CIK、、EAAL等发展阶段，其疗效、特异性、整体有效率、副作用反应等方面的情况逐步改善[2]。4分类NK细胞NK细胞即自然杀伤细胞，它是人体防御体系的第一道屏障。它通常处于休眠状态，一旦被激活，它们会渗透到大多数组织中攻击肿瘤细胞和病毒感染细胞。NK细胞是人体先天免疫的核心组成部分，是肿瘤细胞免疫的基础。由于NK细胞的杀伤活性无MHC限制，不依赖抗体，因此称为自然杀伤活性。NK细胞作用于癌细胞后杀伤效果出现早，在体外1小时、体内4小时即可见到杀伤效应。同时NK细胞弥补了细胞毒性T淋巴细胞在杀伤肿瘤细胞时必须识别MHC-I类分子，而无法杀伤此类分子阴性的肿瘤细胞的缺陷。NK细胞的特点①、NK 细胞是人体内抗癌活性最强的细胞，可直接识别、杀死癌细胞，抑制肿瘤的生长及扩散;②、NK 细胞会通过其分泌的因子抑制肿瘤附近新血管的增生，限制肿瘤生长;③、NK 细胞可直接改善并调节患者的免疫力及神经系统，间接提高患者之生活品质;④、NK 细胞会分泌多种细胞因子，减少患者疼痛，间接提升生活品质;⑤、NK 细胞治疗无副作用。γδT细胞γδT细胞是介于特异性免疫与非特异性免疫之间的一种特殊类型的免疫细胞，主要分布于皮肤和黏膜组细胞免疫治疗织，一般不超过T细胞总数的5%，γδT细胞处于机体免疫防护系统的第一线，在抗肿瘤免疫中具有重要的作用，具有细胞毒性和分泌多种细胞因子及趋化因子的功能。γδT细胞特点①、γδT细胞能够与多种免疫细胞发生作用，参加抗肿瘤免疫应答。②、γδT细胞能够在肿瘤发生的早期阶段迅速引起有效的抗肿瘤免疫应答③、γδT细胞在抗肿瘤免疫过程中具有重要的保护作用。④、γδT能够利用细胞毒效应杀伤肿瘤细胞，防止肿瘤的发生发展⑤、γδT细胞能够分泌相关因子使活化的淋巴细胞、抗原递呈细胞、中性粒细胞募集到特定位置，产生效应，其诱导产生的趋化因子能够放大肿瘤信号。⑥、能分泌穿孔素，诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡由于γδT细胞具有独特的抗原识别特性和组织分布，使其成为最合适的早期抗肿瘤效应细胞之一，与其他天然免疫细胞构成机体防御恶变的第一道屏障，在抗肿瘤免疫监视和免疫效应中发挥着重要的作用。CD3AK细胞免疫治疗CD3AK（Anti-CD3 Antibody induced activated killer cells）是抗CD3单克隆抗体和IL-2共同激活的杀伤细胞，具有强体外增殖能力、高效细胞毒活性。是继LAK、TIL细胞后又一具有杀伤肿瘤作用的免疫活性细胞，与LAK细胞及TIL细胞相比较,CD3AK细胞具有扩增能力强、体外存活时间较长、细胞毒活性高、分泌淋巴因子的能力强和体内外抗肿瘤效果显著等优点，有报道称其增殖能力及抗肿瘤细胞毒活性均显著优于LAK细胞。根据现有的实验结果证实。CD3AK细胞可能通过两种方式杀伤肿瘤细胞。(1)直接杀伤作用：CD3AK细胞通过靶细胞受体，或不同于TCR复合体的识别机构，识别靶细胞。并与其结合，CD3AK与靶细胞的结合。启动细胞溶解反应，释放一些细胞毒颗粒或因子，从而溶解靶细胞；(2)间接杀伤作用：CD3AK细胞除自身直接溶解靶细胞外，还能分泌IL-2，肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)，γ-干扰素(γ-TFN)等多种细胞因子对肿瘤细胞产生间接杀伤作用，此类因子对肿瘤细胞均有直接的细胞毒活性或抑制作用。CD3AK和LAK细胞一样具有广谱的非MHC限制的杀伤肿瘤细胞的作用，但两者的杀瘤谱有所不同．CD3AK细胞有比LAK细胞和TIL细胞更强的扩增及抗肿瘤能力，体外抗肿瘤能力比常规LAK高6～20倍，对NK细胞敏感和LAK细胞敏感的肿瘤细胞，如K562。YAC一1，Raji，P805等均有不同程度的杀伤效应。CD3AK细胞能够有选择地直接或间接杀伤肿瘤细胞，但对自体或舁体转化的淋巴细胞。对正常组织细胞没有杀伤活性。因此就CD3AK细胞而言。对人体没有毒副作用。CIK细胞免疫治疗继淋巴因子激活杀伤细胞(LAK)、浸润肿瘤淋巴细胞(TIL)、及CD3单抗激活的杀伤细胞(CD3AK)后，细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(cytokine induced killer ,CIK)的杀瘤作用日益受到重视。CIK细胞最早是1991年由美国斯坦福大学Schmidt Wolf等首次报道。他们发现在多种细胞因子(γ-干扰素、CD3单抗、白介素-1和白介素-2)作用下，外周血淋巴细胞可以被定向诱导并大量增值成为肿瘤杀伤细胞。细胞因子诱导的杀伤(CIK) 细胞是人外周血中单个核细胞在体外经多种细胞因子刺激后获得的一群异质细胞。它具有增殖能力强、杀瘤活性高和杀瘤谱广、临床应用不良反应小的特点。是肿瘤过继兔疫治疗中更为有效的杀瘤效应细胞。作为一种新型的免疫活性细胞，CIK细胞是将人外周血单个核细胞在体外用多种细胞因子共同培养一段时间后获得的一群异质细胞，具有T淋巴细胞强大的抗瘤活性和非主要组织相容性复合体(major hismcompatibility complex, MHC)限制性杀瘤的优点，CD3+、CD56+、T淋巴细胞是CIK群体中主要效应细胞，与其他过继性免疫治疗细胞相比，具有增殖速度更快、杀瘤活性更高、杀瘤谱更广等优点。DC+CIK细胞免疫治疗DC+CIK(或DC/CIK)是指与DC细胞共培养的CIK细胞。细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞（cytokine-induced killers,CIK）是一类抗肿瘤抗病毒效应细胞，能在体外被诱导并大量增殖。树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）是有效的专职抗原提呈细胞，成熟的DC可以通过Ⅱ型组织相容性抗原（MHC-Ⅱ）等途径提呈肿瘤抗原，有效抵制肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸机制。CIK细胞和DC细胞是细胞免疫治疗的2个重要组成部分，两者联合可确保高效的免疫反应。将CIK细胞和同源DC细胞共培养后即可获得DC-CIK细胞。它既可促进DC细胞的成熟，更能促进ClK的增殖，并加强其抗肿瘤活性。DC细胞是机体免疫应答的始动者，能够诱导持久有力的特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应；CIK细胞可通过非特异性免疫杀伤作用清除肿瘤患者体内微小残余病灶，所以负载肿瘤抗原的DC与CIK的有机结合（即DC-CIK细胞）能产生特异性和非特异性的双重抗肿瘤效应。在CIK细胞免疫治疗的基础上，进一步提高了治疗的特异性和有效性。DC+CIK细胞免疫治疗技术优势1、各种免疫原性强的肿瘤患者(包括和黑色素瘤、肾癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、胃癌、鼻咽癌等)及慢性血液系统恶性疾病患者;2、原发灶祛除后(手术、放疗)，可应用细胞免疫治疗预防复发和转移;3、肿瘤广泛转移，无法进行手术者，可以与化疗配合使用;在化疗间歇期应用细胞免疫治疗可以尽快恢复机体受损的免疫功能，与某些化疗药物联合应用还可同时增加化疗与免疫治疗的效果。某些免疫细胞如NK细胞和T细胞等对产生耐药基因的肿瘤细胞仍有杀伤作用。4、对放化疗不敏感者或无法耐受的肿瘤患者;部分不适宜做手术、介入治疗和其他治疗的晚期肿瘤病人进行细胞免疫治疗可以提高病人的免疫功能，改善生命质量，延长带瘤生存期;部分病人通过大剂量综合性细胞免疫治疗可明显减少肿瘤的体积，争取手术或其他治疗机会，少数晚期肿瘤病人通过细胞免疫治疗后也能达到部分或完全缓解。LAK细胞免疫治疗LAK细胞即淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞。将外周血淋巴细胞在体外经淋巴因子白介素-2(IL-2)激活3～5天而扩增为具有广谱抗瘤作用的杀伤细胞。实验证实，把LAK输给带瘤小鼠，不但使原瘤消退，还可以使已确立的转移瘤消失。LAK有广谱抗瘤作用，LAK与IL-2合用比单用IL-2效果好，因为经IL-2激活的LAK在输入人体后仍需IL-2才能维持其杀伤活性。严格来说，LAK细胞并非是一个独立的淋巴群或亚群，而是NK细胞或T细胞体外培养时，在高剂量IL-2等细胞因子诱导下成为能够杀伤NK不敏感肿瘤细胞的杀伤细胞，称为淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞（lymphokine activated killer cells, LAK）。1982年Grimm等首先报道外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）中加入IL-2体外培养4-6天，能诱导出一种非特异性的杀伤细胞，这类细胞可以杀伤多种对CTL、NK不敏感的肿瘤细胞。目前尚未发现LAK细胞特有的表面标志，许多实验表明，LAK细胞的前体细胞是NK细胞和T细胞。由于IL-2用量大，在治疗过程中可出现毒副反应，最常见和最严重的毒副作用是出现毛细血管渗漏综合征（capillary leak syndrome,CLS），主要表现为全身性水肿和多器官功能失调，可引起胸腹腔积液、肺间质水肿和充血性心力衰竭。引起CLS的机理可能与内皮细胞损伤和产生血管活性物质有关。TIL细胞免疫治疗TIL细胞是一种淋巴细胞，称为肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（TIL），它是一种新型的抗肿瘤效应细胞，具有高效、特异、副作用小等优点。经测试TIL细胞的抗肿瘤效果是LAK的50—100倍，如把TIL细胞回输到体内血液及肿瘤中可以存留达二月之久，因此它有着巨大的潜在治疗价值。TIL已应用于临床，主要治疗皮肤、肾、肺、头颈部、肝、卵巢部位的原发或继发肿瘤。1986年Rosenberg研究组首先报道了肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞（tumor infiltrating lymphocyte, TIL）。TIL细胞表型具有异质性，一般来说，TIL中绝大多数细胞CD3阳性。不同肿瘤来源的TIL细胞中，CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞的比例有差异，大多数情况下以CD8+T细胞为主。新鲜分离的TIL中CD25+细胞百分率较低，随着体外加IL-2培养时间的延长，CD25+细胞百分率逐渐升高。NK细胞的标记（CD16，CD56）在TIL体外加IL-2培养过程中有先增高后降低的趋势。用机械处理和酶消化方法，从肿瘤局部分离出肿瘤浸润的淋巴细胞，加入高剂量IL-2体外培养，残存的肿瘤细胞7-13天全部死亡。经IL-2活化的TIL与来自PBMC的LAK细胞比较，其特点是：（1）50-100倍，因此在治疗中可以减少效应细胞和IL-2的用量，而且对LAK治疗无效的晚期肿瘤仍有一定治疗效果；（2）主要由CD8阳性细胞诱导而来，在动物实验中发现TIL杀伤肿瘤作用具有特异性；（3）宿主的抑制状态有利于TIL的杀伤作用，因此治疗时加用环磷酰胺（Cy）100mg/kg可明显提高疗效，可能与免疫抑制药能消除抑制性细胞或因子，增强过继免疫治疗作用有关，因而可减少IL-2的用量，降低毒副反应；（4）可从手术切下肿瘤组织、肿瘤引流淋巴结、癌性胸腹水中获得淋巴细胞，经加IL-2培养后，其生长、扩增能力强于LAK细胞。已有报道应用TIL治疗14例转移性肺癌等晚期肿患者，其中4例肿瘤缩小50%以上，副作用明显低于IL-2/LAK疗法。EAAL细胞免疫治疗EAAL，是扩增活化的自体淋巴细胞的英文Expanding Activated Autologous Lymphocytes的缩写，是在传统的抗CD3抗体和IL-2体外扩增活化淋巴细胞方法的基础上，开发的一种新的肿瘤细胞免疫治疗方法。这种方法所扩增的细胞主要为杀伤性淋巴细胞，其中主要成分为CD8+的杀伤性T淋巴细胞和NK细胞，CD8+ T淋巴细胞为机体最主要的抗肿瘤淋巴细胞群体，其中含有识别肿瘤抗原的特异性杀伤性T细胞，对肿瘤细胞进行特异性的杀伤；而NK细胞对HLA表达下调的肿瘤细胞有直接的杀伤作用。EAAL细胞技术是治疗肿瘤和慢性传染性病毒感染的细胞免疫治疗方法之一。EAAL治疗效果与回输次数、患者病情及个体差异等因素有关。日本在治疗肝癌的随机临床试验中，使用EAAL进行的免疫治疗可提高患者的无复发存活率，与无该治疗的病人相比，EAAL治疗组肝癌术后复发率降低18%，复发的危险率减少了41%。日本和韩国截止到2004年为止有2134例不同系统的肿瘤患者参加了这项治疗，其中完全缓解的患者为5%，部分缓解的患者是17%，长期病情稳定的患者16%。患者的临床总受益率大约为38%。EAAL治疗可能控制肿瘤生长，延长患者生命，改善病人生存质量。治疗副作用很小。目前尚未见由于EAAL治疗引起的明显不良反应或导致死亡的病例。回输细胞是患者自身淋巴细胞，因此，没有免疫排斥反应。5优势在各种肿瘤免疫治疗方法中，细胞免疫疗法因具有以下的优点而受到人们的重视，为近十多年肿瘤免疫治疗中十分活跃的研究领域：(1)免疫细胞在体外处理，可绕过体内肿瘤免疫障碍的种种机制，从而选择性地发挥抗肿瘤免疫反应。如新鲜分离的肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞（tumor infiltrating lymphocyte，TIL）往往缺乏抗肿瘤效应，而在体外一定条件下培养一段时间后可恢复特异性抗肿瘤作用；在体外培养条件下，肿瘤抗原特异性耐受的免疫细胞可被逆转。(2)免疫细胞的活化及效应过程往往由一些细胞因子介导，而基因工程可大量克隆不同的细胞因子，也可大量克隆肿瘤抗原或多肽，这使体外活化扩增大量的抗肿瘤免疫细胞更为可行方便。(3)免疫细胞的体外活化扩增可避免一些制剂体内大量应用带来的严重毒副作用，如：IL-2、TNF-α、IL-4、IL-7、IL-12等具有抗肿瘤作用，抗CD3单克隆抗体(MabCD3)的体内应用可激活T淋巴细胞，但这些制剂由于其复杂的多种作用，在体内大量应用可导致严重的甚至致死性副作用，这也是这些因子难以被批准临床使用的重要原因，而在体外操作可避免这些副作用。(4)已能在体外大量扩增自体或异基因的抗肿瘤免疫细胞，其数量大于肿瘤疫苗在体内激活的效应细胞数，一些体外培养的免疫细胞已进入临床治疗。实验显示肿瘤疫苗在体内应用可增加体内的肿瘤特异性CTL数量，但到一定时候，体内的CTL到达平台期而不再增加，这主要由体内存在的特异性及非特异性免疫调节网络限制了CTL克隆的扩增。而在体外培养可突破此调节网络，大量扩增免疫效应细胞。6适应时期DC-CIK细胞治疗三大黄金期一.在肿瘤确诊、未转移时，单独进行DC-CIK肿瘤生物治疗或配合手术治疗，可以较好的、系统杀灭肿瘤细胞。二.术后出现转移，DC-CIK肿瘤生物治疗联合放、化疗，全面清除残余细胞，建立免疫屏障，防止转移!三.中晚期病情较重不能耐受放、化疗，DC-CIK肿瘤生物治疗能减轻各种痛苦，确保患者长期带瘤生存。放化疗是全身性地杀死癌细胞，但治疗的同时全身的有益细胞也在被杀死，化疗毒副作用大，产生的恶心、呕吐、食欲不振、脱发等症状反而会加重患者病情，造成人体免疫功能损伤。7适应症因DC-CIK细胞发挥识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞的功能不受MHC等因素限制，因此有广谱抗肿瘤作用，临床可应用于多种肿瘤不同阶段的治疗。呼吸系统：肺癌（小细胞肺癌、鳞癌、腺癌）等；消化系统：肝癌、胃癌、肠癌等；泌尿系统：肾癌、肾上腺癌及其转移癌等；血液系统：急慢性白血病、淋巴癌（除T细胞淋巴癌）及其转移癌等；其他肿瘤：恶性黑色素瘤、鼻咽瘤、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、舌癌等；还包括肿瘤转移，以及恶性胸水、恶性腹水等治疗。8适合人群早期肿瘤患者早期肿瘤患者的局部肿瘤病灶需首先采用手术切除，之后应立即采用过继细胞免疫治疗，杀死残留微小病灶及血管夜淋巴中的癌细胞，同事提高患者自体免疫力，恢复患者机体自然的识别，杀死癌细胞的免疫力。从根本上，全面防止肿瘤复发转移，从而提高治愈率，过继细胞免疫治疗防复发转移效果优于放疗、化疗，且对患者无毒副作用。中晚期患者中晚期患者适合不能手术的中晚期或不愿意手术的患者。可首先采用氩氦刀微创靶向治疗。微创靶向治疗效果相当于姑息性手术，且创伤小，副作用低。可快速杀死较大的肿瘤病灶，降低肿瘤负荷。然后采用预防性化疗及DC-CIK生物治疗，死残留病灶及血管夜淋巴中的癌细胞，同时提高免疫力，恢复患者机体自然较大的识别，杀死癌细胞的免疫功能，从根本上阻止和控制肿瘤复发转移。9饮食护理增加食欲更换食谱，改变烹调方法：一种新的食物可促进食欲，比如常吃猪肉类食物的病人可更换吃鱼、虾、蟹、鸡等，有条件的可吃一些龟、甲鱼。改变烹调方法使食物具有不同的色香味，也可以增加食欲。但无论哪一种食物，烹调时一定要达到食物比较熟烂的程度，方能顺利地消化吸收。药膳开胃健脾：山楂肉丁：山楂100克，瘦猪(或牛)肉1000克，菜油250克，及香菇、姜、葱、胡椒、食疗料酒、味精、白糖各适量。先将瘦肉切成片，油爆过，再用山楂调料等囟透烧干，即可食用。既可开胃又可抗癌；黄芪山药羹：用黄芪30克，加水煮半小时，去渣，加入山药片60克，再煮30分钟，加白糖(便秘者加蜂蜜)即成。每日早晚各服1次。具有益气活血，增加食欲，提高胃肠吸收功能的作用；病友之间交流饮食经验：病友之间交流饮食经验不但可以取长补短，还有利于增加食欲，这对癌症患者是十分必要的；多吃维生素含量高的新鲜蔬菜和水果：这类食物不但可以增加抵抗力，而且还可增加食欲。有些病人认为应忌食生、冷食物，但对水果蔬菜类应视情况对待。术后初期可吃菜汁和少量易消化的水果，每次量不宜多，应少量多餐。胃肠功能基本恢复后可以吃一些清淡爽口的生拌凉菜和水果，特别是化疗、放疗期，具有明显的开胃作用。增加营养肿瘤属于慢性消耗性疾病，在肿瘤病人中营养不均衡、营养不良是常见的。因此，增进食欲、加强营养对肿瘤病人的康复十分重要。日常生活中要注意营养合理，食物尽量做到移样化，多吃高蛋白、多维生素、低动物脂肪、易消化的食物及新鲜水果、蔬菜，不吃陈旧变质或刺激性的东西，少吃薰、烤、腌泡、油炸、过咸的食品，主食粗细粮搭配，以保证营养平衡。富有营养的食品种类繁多，除大米、小麦、小米、大豆等外，鸡、羊、牛肉是补气的食品，体虚的肿瘤病人可食用。鸭子、乌龟、鳖、鲫鱼、娼鱼是具有补益健脾的食品，海参、海蜇、鲍鱼、海带、荸荠、菱角能软坚散结，可以消“痞块”，木耳、猴头蘑、香菇、金针菇等多种食用磨菇都是有一定的抗癌作用。尤其是香菇的营养价值超过所有的蘑菇，含有7种人体所必需的氨基酸，含有钙、铜、铁、锰等徽量元素，还含有多种糖和酶，能提高和增强人体免疫力。酸、甜、苦、辣、咸五昧，每味都有它的特殊作用。酸能收敛，生津开胃；甜能补益脾胃；苦能泄下、燥湿，少量可开胃；辣也能开胃；咸能通下、软坚。食品基本上都是以上五味，或几味混合在一起，肿瘤康复期病人应选择有一定抗癌成分和有软坚散结作用的食品。蔬菜、瓜果、豆类等含有丰富的多种维生素和微量元素，有一定防癌和抗癌作用。如黄豆、卷心菜、大白菜均合有丰富的微量元素钼，西红柿、胡萝卜、空心菜、大枣含有丰富的维生素A、C和B民等，其中空心菜营养最好，它含有多种维生素，超过西红柿数倍。蒜苔、韭黄、菜花、包心菜除含有丰富的维生素外，还含有可增高芳基烃羟基化酶活性的靛基质，可抗御化学致癌物质的致癌作用。[3]10副作用生物免疫疗法也有一些缺点与不足，可能会出现以下一些副反应：①体外人为增生免疫细胞，如果实验室环节操控不好，会增加感染和细胞变异的风险。体外培养的细胞有污染病毒、支原体等病原微生物的可能性，会增加食道癌患者感染的风险。②食道癌生物免疫疗法还会造成食道癌患者出现低热、寒战、皮肤潮红、肌痛、关节痛、皮疹等不良反应。③体外培养的免疫细胞，在回输人体之后，容易遭到自身免疫细胞的排斥。④回输后的免疫细胞同样也有一个生命周期，过一段时间后，自身也会凋亡，需要每隔几天就做一次，治疗成本较高。另外，培养出来的免疫细胞还未达到能精准杀伤癌细胞的阶段。11总结肿瘤的细胞免疫治疗的基础，是机体的免疫系统具有的监视和杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力。相比较于化疗和放射治疗，细胞免疫治疗具有特异性高，副作用小的特点。理论上来说，每一位肿瘤病人都可从免疫治疗中获益，并且早期病人由于机体免疫系统尚未受到肿瘤的严重影响，对免疫治疗的应答较好，疗效相对也会加强。而免疫治疗的对象往往是晚期无法进行其它治疗的病人。即使在这些病人群体中，免疫治疗所显现的疗效，已足以使其成为继手术、放化疗之后的第四种肿瘤治疗手段。需要注意的是，细胞免疫疗法并不是所谓“最佳”治疗方式，而是一种新的肿瘤治疗手段，是医学科研人员为了满足临床需求，填补临床空白开发出的新疗法，具有其他疗法所不具备的一些优势，但并不能完全替代其他治疗手段。在恶性肿瘤的治疗之中，应当提倡综合、立体的治疗方针，希望肿瘤患者及家属不要被一些夸大的宣传所误导，走入治疗的误区。

哥你的水平，无人忘及啊！

The hero is a girl, she was an orphan, was adopted, but unfortunately in a car accident, the hero very pain, advanced with her and to the other families, the home has a pair of twins, family, and they let him watch but then here, the hero to travel for the obligations, life is nanny is hard, by chance, she was admitted to the other families took away, here is a disabled family, the home of each member is disabled, the home of the children love dozen make, lead to have a meal of the time is very noisy, the first day of school after she sat bus to school, the school had a group of popularity of a lot of girls, and their heart is very bad, and indifferent disabled people, but the hero and they only harmonious together, the protagonist"s talent is very good, so to the professional, because good acting acting to be much praise, soon, will have the chance to play performance, she put the thing to tell the family, the adoptive parents filled with excitement and expectation, the young hero like a boy, but is a disabled people, for it is disabled persons, and lead to those girls on the hero pointing fingers.See the last for the tragic fate of the hero, I am deeply sympathize with, we can not like the "a group of popularity a lot of girls" heart very bad cold disabled people, the disabled and people ah. We can"t just like them, we have to learn how to sympathy, must learn to help. Should not be cold disabled people, but we should help them. Let the disabled full of expectation for the world, only in this way, the disabled to stand up. Like the hero that overcome the difficulties.South Korean orphanage and no foreign so much, I hope can set up some more south Korean orphanage, for those homeless children establish one of your own home

机遇只垂青那些有准备的人Les Brown and his twin brother were adopted by Mamie Brown, a kitchen worker and maid, shortly after their birth in a poverty-stricken Miami neighborhood. 莱斯·布朗和他的双胞胎兄弟出生在迈阿密一个非常贫困的社区,出生后不久就被帮厨女工梅米·布朗收养了maid少女, 女仆 poverty-stricken为贫穷所困恼的, 非常贫穷的Because of his hyperactivity and nonstop jabber, Les was placed in special education classes for the learning disabled in grade school and throughout high school. Upon graduation, he became a city sanitation worker in Miami Beach. But he had a dream of being a disc jockey. 由于莱斯非常好动，又含含糊糊地说个不停，所以他小学就被安排进一个专门为学习有障碍的学生开设的特教班，直到高中毕业。毕业以后，他成了迈阿密滩的一名城市环卫工人。但他却一直梦想成为一名电台音乐节目主持人。 hyperactivity活动过度, 极度活跃 nonstop不断的jabber快而含糊地说, 吱吱喳喳地叫, 闲聊 disabled伤残的sanitation卫生, 卫生设施 city sanitation城市环境卫生disc jockey电台的音乐节目主持人(=D.J.) jockey职业赛马骑师, (机器的)操作员At night he would take a transistor radio to bed where he listened to the local jive-talking deejays. He created an imaginary radio station in his tiny room with its torn vinyl flooring. A hairbrush served as his microphone as he practiced his patter, introducing records to his ghost listeners. 每天晚上，他都要把他的晶体管收音机抱到床上，听本地电台的音乐节目主持人谈论摇摆乐。就在他那间狭小的、铺着已经破损的地板革的房间里，他创建了一个假想的电台——用一把梳子当麦克风，他念经一般喋喋不休地练习用行话向他的“影子”听众介绍唱片。 transistor radio晶体管收音机 transistor[电子]晶体管jive摇摆乐, 隐语, 摇摆舞 deejay播放音乐的人, DJimaginary 假想的, 想象的, 虚构的 tiny很少的, 微小的torn是tear的过去式 vinyl[化]乙烯基flooring[常用作总称]室内地面, 地板, 地板材料, 铺地板 hairbrush发刷His mother and brother could hear him through the thin walls and would shout at him to quit flapping his jaws and go to sleep. But Les didn"t listen to them. He was wrapped up in his own world, living a dream. 透过薄薄的墙壁，他母亲和兄弟都能听到他的声音，于是，就会对他大吼大叫，让他别再耍嘴皮子而去睡觉。但是，莱斯根本就不理睬他们，他已经完全沉醉在自己的世界里，努力想要实现他的梦想。 flap拍打, 拍打声, 副翼 jaws口, 狭口, 咽喉, 鬼门关be wrapped up in被包藏于, 埋头于, 与...有关系One day Les boldly went to the local radio station during his lunch break from mowing grass for the city. He got into the station manager"s office and told him he wanted to be a disc jockey. 一天，莱斯利用在市区割草的午休时间，勇敢地来到了本地电台。他走进经理办公室，说他想成为一名流行音乐节目主持人。 mowing割草, 一次收割量, 牧草地The manager eyed this disheveled young man in overalls and a straw hat and inquired, “Do you have any background in broadcasting?” 经理打量着眼前这位头戴草帽、衣衫不整的年轻人，然后问道：“你有广播方面的背景吗？” disheveled凌乱的,不整洁的 straw hat草帽 broadcasting广播Les replied, “No sir, I don"t.” 莱斯答道：“我没有，先生。” “Well, son, I"m afraid we don"t have a job for you then.” “那么，孩子，恐怕我们这儿没有适合你的工作。” Les thanked him politely and left. The station manager assumed that he had seen the last of this young man. But he underestimated the depth of Les Brown"s commitment to his goal. You see, Les had a higher purpose than simply wanting to be a disc jockey. He wanted to buy a nicer house for his adoptive mother, whom he loved deeply. The disc jockey job was merely a step toward his goal. 于是，莱斯非常有礼貌地向他道了谢，然后就离去了。经理以为再也不会见到这个年轻人了。然而，他低估了莱斯·布朗对自己理想的投入程度。要知道，莱斯还有比成为一名音乐节目主持人更高的目标——他要为他深爱的养母买一幢更好的房子。电台音乐节目主持人的工作只不过是他迈向这个目标的一步而已。 assumed假定的, 假装的, 装的 underestimate低估, 看轻 adoptive mother养母Mamie Brown had taught Les to pursue his dreams, so he felt sure that he would get a job at that radio station in spite of what the station manager had said. 梅米·布朗曾经教莱斯要去追寻自己的梦想，因此，莱斯觉得无论电台经理怎么说，他都一定会在这家电台找到一份工作。 And so Les returned to the station every day for a week, asking if there were any job openings. Finally the station manager gave in and took him on as an errand boy — at no pay. At first, he fetched coffee or picked up lunches and dinner for the deejays who could not leave the studio. Eventually his enthusiasm for their work won him the confidence of the disc jockeys who would send him in their Cadillacs to pick up visiting celebrities such as the Temptations and Diana Ross and the Supremes. Little did any of them know that young Les did not have a driver"s license. 于是，莱斯连续一周天天都到这家电台去，询问是否有职位空缺。最后，电台经理终于让步了，决定雇他跑跑腿，但没有薪水。刚开始的时候，莱斯的工作是为那些不能离开播音室的主持人们取咖啡或者是去买午餐和晚餐。正是由于莱斯对工作的积极热情，使他终于赢得了音乐节目主持人的信任，他们让他开着他们的卡迪拉克车去接电台邀请来的一些名人，像诱惑合唱团、黛安娜·罗斯，还有至高无上乐队等等。他们没人知道年轻的莱斯竟然没有汽车驾驶执照。 opening开, 开放, 开始, 口子, 穴, 通路, 空缺, 机会 gave in投降, 屈服, 让步, 交上, 宣布errand boy商店跑差, 供差遣的仆人 errand差事, 差使, 使命 enthusiasm for热爱..., 热心于Les did whatever was asked of him at the station - and more. While hanging out with the deejays, he taught himself their hand movements on the control panel. He stayed in the control rooms and soaked up whatever he could until they asked him to leave. Then, back in his bedroom at night, he practiced and prepared himself for the opportunity that he knew would present itself. 在电台里，无论人们让他做什么，莱斯都会去做——有时候甚至做得更多。整日和主持人们待在一起，他自学着他们的手在控制面板上的动作。他总是尽量呆在控制室里，潜心学习，直到他们让他离开。晚上回到自己的卧室，他就认真投入地进行练习，为他确信一定会到来的机遇做好准备。 soak up吸收 soak浸, 泡, 浸透One Saturday afternoon while Les was at the station, a deejay named Rock was drinking while on the air. Les was the only other person in the building, and he realized that Rock was drinking himself toward trouble. Les stayed close. He walked back and forth in front of the window in Rock"s booth. As he prowled, he said to himself. “Drink, Rock, drink!” 一个星期六的下午，莱斯还在电台里，有一位叫罗克的主持人一边播着音，一边喝着酒。而此时，整个大楼里除了他就只有莱斯一个人了。莱斯意识到：照这样下去，罗克一定会喝出问题的。莱斯密切注意着，在罗克的演播室窗前来来回回地踱着步，还不停地自言自语：“喝吧，罗克，喝啊!” on the air在广播 back and forth来来往往地, 来回地Les was hungry, and he was ready. He would have run down the street for more booze if Rock had asked. When the phone rang, Les pounced on it. It was the station manager, as he knew it would be. 莱斯跃跃欲试，而且他早就为此做好了准备！如果此刻罗克让他去买酒的话，他会冲到街上去给他买更多的酒。正在这时，电话铃响了，莱斯立刻冲过去，拿起听筒。果不出莱斯所料，正是电台经理打来的。 booze<俗>豪饮,酒, 酒宴 pounce on猛扑向“Les, this is Mr. Klein.” “莱斯，我是克莱恩先生。” “Yes,” said Les. “I know.” “嗯，我知道，”莱斯答道。 “Les, I don"t think Rock can finish his program.” “莱斯，我看罗克是不能把他的节目坚持到底了。”“Yes sir, I know.” “是的，先生。” “Would you call one of the other deejays to come in and take over?” “你能打电话通知其他主持人，让他们谁过来接替罗克吗?” deejay播放音乐的人 take over接管; 接替“Yes, sir. I sure will.” “好的，先生，我一定会办好的。” But when Les hung up the telephone, he said to himself, “Now, he must think I"m crazy.” 但是，莱斯一挂断电话，就自言自语道：“马上，他就会认为我一定是疯了!” Les did dial the telephone, but it wasn"t to call in another deejay. He called his mother first, and then his girlfriend. 莱斯确实打了电话，但却并没有打给其他主持人。他先打电话给他妈妈，然后是他女朋友。 “You all go out on the front porch and turn up the radio because I"m about to come on the air!” he said. “你们快到外面的前廊去，打开收音机，因为，我就要开始播音了！”他说porch 门廊 on the air广播He waited about 15 minutes before he called the general manager. “Mr. Klein, I can"t find nobody,” Les said等了大约15分钟，他给经理打了个电话。“克莱恩先生，我一个主持人也找不到，”他说。 Mr. Klein then asked, “Young man, do you know how to work the controls in the studio?” “小伙子，你会操作演播室里的控制键吗?”克莱恩先生问道。 “Yes sir,” replied Les. “我会，先生，”他答道。 Les darted into the booth, gently moved Rock aside and sat down at the turntable. He was ready. And he was hungry. He flipped on the microphone switch and said, “Look out! This is me LB, triple P — Les Brown, Your Platter Playing Poppa. There were none before me and there will be none after me. Therefore, that makes me the one and only. Young and single and love to mingle. Certified, bona fide, indubitably qualified to bring you satisfaction, a whole lot of action. Look out, baby, I"m your lo-o-ove man.” 莱斯箭一般地冲进演播室，轻轻地把罗克移到一边，坐在了录音转播台前。他准备好了！并早就渴望这个机会来临。他轻轻打开麦克风开关，说：“注意了！我是莱斯·布朗，人称唱片播放大叔，可以说是前无古人，后无来者，因此，我是举世无双，天下惟一。我年纪轻轻，单身一人，喜欢和大家在一起倾听音乐，品味生活。我的能力是经过鉴定的，绝对真实可靠，一定能够带给你们一档丰富多彩的节目，让你们满意。注意了，宝贝，我就是你们最喜爱的人！” dart标枪, 镖, (昆虫的)刺, 飞快的动作 booth货摊, 售货亭, 棚Certified被鉴定的 bona fideadj.真诚地(的), 真实地(的)Because of his preparation, Les was ready. He vowed the audience and his general manager. From that fateful beginning, Les went on to a successful career in broadcasting, politics, public speaking and television. 有了精心准备，莱斯才能如此从容。他赢得了听众和总经理的心！从那改变一生的机遇起，莱斯开始了在广播、政治、演讲和电视等方面的成功的职业生涯。 fateful宿命的, 重大的, 决定性的, 致命性的, 预言性的

做小鼠胚胎发育的研究人员一般喜欢用LacZ，也就是将LacZ置于一个启动子的调节之下。用LacZ可以进行胚胎全身染色(whole body staining)，这样可以了解一个基因在体内的表达谱全貌。如果做细胞跟踪，比如免疫细胞，神经细胞等，一般喜欢用荧光蛋白。这样一是容易对细胞进行分离(比如FACS)和体外分析，二是容易对分离的细胞进行体内追踪(比如Adoptive transfer)。早些年用的最多的是EGFP和EYFP。有的时候，我们需要将两种不同的reporter小鼠交配在一起，研究两个基因的关系，这时可以将两个基因采用不同的荧光蛋白进行标记，也就是做两种不同的模式小鼠。因为早期大家多是用EGFP，现在可以多做一些其它荧光蛋白的报告基因小鼠，以便跟以前研发的EGFP小鼠结合起来研究。 zsGreen和EGFP, EYFP都是绿色荧光。EGFP和EYFP很难区分开。zsGreen是一个比较稳定的绿色荧光蛋白。DsRed和TdTomato都是红色荧光。这两种荧光蛋白都有报告基因模式小鼠发表。TdTomato是一个信号非常强的荧光蛋白，目前已经有报告基因小鼠发表，对细胞/小鼠也没有明显的毒性。相信以后会有越来越多的小鼠用TdTomato来做报告基因。虽然mRFP和mCherry是两个非常好的荧光蛋白，但由于它们需要584nm的激发光，所以一般的FACS仪器不能检测到信号，需要用到LSRII这样的仪器，而很多实验室可能没有这样的仪器。也有用EBFP, ECFP做细胞实验的，但用到小鼠上的比较少。比如需要用到紫外光来激发。如果想在一个小鼠里表达两种荧光蛋白，最好是用两种分得比较开的，比如，最好不要同时用EGFP和EYFP。 HuCD2和Thy1.1是细胞表面受体。HuCD2因为去掉了C-term序列，使得其失去了信号传导的功能。那什么时候会用这两种分子呢?比如我们想研究一个细胞内蛋白基因(比如转录因子)的功能，经常需要把表达这个蛋白的细胞分离纯化出来。这个时候可以将HuCD2或Thy1.1报告基因放置在这个细胞内蛋白基因启动子下(比如加一个IRES-Thy1.1), 这样所有表达这个细胞内蛋白的细胞都会在细胞表面表达Thy1.1。这样就可以用anti-Thy1.1抗体将这一群细胞分离出来，进行后续研究。当然也可以用anti-Thy1.1抗体进行组织切片的免疫荧光检测。 HA、FLAG、Biotin等是细胞和生化实验中常用的标签多肽或蛋白。在Western blot，免疫沉淀(Immunoprecipitation)等实验中经常用到，因为有非常特异的HA、Flag抗体。Biotin可以跟生物素(Streptavidin)直接结合并用于免疫沉淀。在模式小鼠中，这些标签多肽或蛋白可以与要研究的蛋白做成融合蛋白。这种模式小鼠最常被用到的是Chip-chip实验。比如要研究一个转录因子的功能，就需要知道这个转录因子在细胞内(正常或刺激条件下)结合到染色体基因组DNA的位置以及结合序列。我们知道，特异性好、亲和力高的抗转录因子的抗体非常不容易得到或制备。这个时候可以将标签多肽(比如FLAG)放在转录因子的C-term，做成融合蛋白。刺激细胞之后，对细胞进行化学交联，并破碎细胞以及基因组DNA，然后用anti-FLAG抗体作免疫沉淀，将转录因子沉淀下来。最后分析这些转录因子所结合的DNA片段序列，从而找到该转录因子的在基因组上的识别序列，也就找到了该转录因子的作用基因。 荧光素酶做报告基因模式小鼠，一般是为了做活体成像实验。比如在一个细胞因子启动子下面放置荧光素酶基因。免疫小鼠之后，有些细胞或器官表达该细胞因子同时表达荧光素酶。通过注射荧光素酶底物可以检测荧光在小鼠体内的分布，从而得出该细胞因子在不同免疫条件下的表达情况。荧光素酶在癌症研究中也经常用。通过荧光活体成像可以研究肿瘤细胞的发生和转移。 报告基因很多。这里只是一点简要的介绍。不同的模式小鼠根据实验目的不同，可以做非常不同的设计。

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dhftuhdt rheyegtew eghkewuhgk ju,nk shgkbkfgwfkhsk? what do hcks,hk?

　　1、天气状况　　Clear=晴朗 　　Cloudy=多云 　　Cloudy/Wind=阴时有风 　　CloudsEarly/ClearingLate=早多云/晚转晴 　　DriftingSnow=飘雪 　　Drizzle=毛毛雨 　　Dust=灰尘 　　Fair=晴 　　FewShowers=短暂阵雨 　　FewSnowShowers=短暂阵雪 　　FewSnowShowers/Wind=短暂阵雪时有风 　　Fog=雾 　　Haze=薄雾 　　Hail=冰雹 　　HeavyRain=大雨 　　HeavyRainIcy=大冰雨 　　HeavySnow=大雪 　　HeavyT-Storm=强烈雷雨 　　IsolatedT-Storms=局部雷雨 　　LightDrizzle=微雨 　　LightRain=小雨 　　LightRainShower=小阵雨 　　LightRainShowerandWindy=小阵雨带风 　　LightRainwithThunder=小雨有雷声 　　Lightening=雷电 　　Mist=薄雾 　　MostlyClear=大部晴朗 　　MostlyCloudy=大部多云 　　MostlyCloudy/Windy=多云时阴有风 　　MostlySunny=晴时多云 　　PartlyCloudy=局部多云 　　PartlyCloudy/Windy=多云时有风 　　PMRain/Wind=下午小雨时有风 　　PMLightRain=下午小雨 　　PMShowers=下午阵雨 　　PMSnowShowers=下午阵雪 　　PMT-Storms=下午雷雨 　　二：各类车 　　diningcar,restaurantcar,diner餐车 　　pantry餐车食品室 　　openwagon,(railway)wagon,(railway)truck敞车 　　carriage,coach,car车厢 　　roof车顶 　　concertinawalls(车厢通道两侧的"）伸缩篷 　　step;footboard(车厢门口的）踏板 　　gangway(车厢的）通道 　　liddedashtray带盖烟灰盒 　　tankwagon罐车 　　mixedtrain混合列车 　　freighttrain,goodstrain货物列车 　　engine,locomotive机车 　　windowseat靠窗座位 　　coach,passengertrain客车 　　expresstrain,express快车 　　refrigeratorwagon冷藏车 　　carattendant;trainattendant列车员 　　guard,conductor列车长 　　slowtrain,waytrain慢车 　　coveredwagonvan,boxcar棚车 　　ordinarytrain普通列车 　　sleepingcarriagewithcushionedberths软卧客车 　　uptrain上行车 　　livestockwagon牲畜车 　　sleepingcar,sleeper卧车 　　三：家庭关系 　　marriage夫妻 　　couple配偶 　　husband丈夫 　　fosterparents养父母 　　progenitor前辈 　　patriarch族长 　　headofthefamily,headofthehousehold家长 　　father父亲 　　familyman有家室的人 　　papa,dad爸爸 　　daddy爸 　　fosterfather,adoptivefather养父 　　father-in-law岳父,公公 　　stepfather继父 　　godfather教父 　　mother母亲 　　mama,mum,ma妈妈 　　mummy妈 　　wife妻子 　　betterhalf配偶(妻子) 　　fostermother,adoptivemother养母 　　stepmother继母 　　godmother教母 　　mother-in-law岳母,婆母 　　son儿子 　　daughter女儿 　　child孩子 　　children孩子们 　　legitimatechild婚生子 　　naturalchild非婚生子,婚前生子 　　bastardchild私生子(女) 　　illegitimatechild非婚生子(女) 　　adulterinechild奸生子 　　adoptedchild,fosterchild养子(女) 　　stepson,stepchild继子,过继的儿子 　　stepdaughter,stepchild继女,过继的女儿 　　son-in-law侄子,外甥 　　daughter-in-law侄女,外甥女 　　今天就和大家就分享到这，祝各位愉快！

　 　二：各类车 　　diningcar,restaurantcar,diner餐车 　　pantry餐车食品室 　　openwagon,(railway)wagon,(railway)truck敞车 　　carriage,coach,car车厢 　　roof车顶 　　concertinawalls(车厢通道两侧的)伸缩篷 　　step;footboard(车厢门口的)踏板 　　gangway(车厢的)通道 　　liddedashtray带盖烟灰盒 　　tankwagon罐车 　　mixedtrain混合列车 　　freighttrain,goodstrain货物列车 　　engine,locomotive机车 　　windowseat靠窗座位 　　coach,passengertrain客车 　　expresstrain,express快车 　　refrigeratorwagon冷藏车 　　carattendant;trainattendant列车员 　　guard,conductor列车长 　　slowtrain,waytrain慢车 　　coveredwagonvan,boxcar棚车 　　ordinarytrain普通列车 　　sleepingcarriagewithcushionedberths软卧客车 　　uptrain上行车 　　livestockwagon牲畜车 　　sleepingcar,sleeper卧车 　 　三：家庭关系 　　marriage夫妻 　　couple配偶 　　husband丈夫 　　fosterparents养父母 　　progenitor前辈 　　patriarch族长 　　headofthefamily,headofthehousehold家长 　　father父亲 　　familyman有家室的`人 　　papa,dad爸爸 　　daddy爸 　　fosterfather,adoptivefather养父 　　father-in-law岳父,公公 　　stepfather继父 　　godfather教父 　　mother母亲 　　mama,mum,ma妈妈 　　mummy妈 　　wife妻子 　　betterhalf配偶(妻子) 　　fostermother,adoptivemother养母 　　stepmother继母 　　godmother教母 　　mother-in-law岳母,婆母 　　son儿子 　　daughter女儿 　　child孩子 　　children孩子们 　　legitimatechild婚生子 　　naturalchild非婚生子,婚前生子 　　bastardchild私生子(女) 　　illegitimatechild非婚生子(女) 　　adulterinechild奸生子 　　adoptedchild,fosterchild养子(女) 　　stepson,stepchild继子,过继的儿子 　　stepdaughter,stepchild继女,过继的女儿 　　son-in-law侄子,外甥 　　daughter-in-law侄女,外甥女

义务的英文是obligation。例句：1、新的法律免除了雇主承认工会的义务。The new law released employers from their obligation to recognize unions. 2、她觉得没有义务告诉他实情。She did not feel under any obligation to tell him the truth. 3、他们觉得没有义务为员工提供生活费。They felt under no obligation to maintain their employees. 4、她有义务赡养她的养母。She is under an obligation to her adoptive mother. 5、我没有义务去做那件事。I"m under no obligation to do it.

In particular, the recently described memory stem T cells (TSCM), defined as CD62L+CCR7+CD 45RA+CD95+CD45RO−CD28+CD27+IL2Rb+IL7Rα+, have enhanced proliferation, self-renewal, persistence and are able to differentiate into central memory, effector memory and effector T cells from: A short CD3/CD28 costimulation combined with IL‑21 enhance the generation of human memory stem T cells for adoptive immunotherapy

"[adoptive child]《诗经·小雅·小宛》:“螟蛉有子,蜾赢负之。”螟蛉是一种绿色小虫,蜾赢是一种寄生蜂。蜾赢常捕捉螟蛉存放在窝里,产卵在它们身体里,卵孵化后就拿螟蛉作食物。古人误认为蜾赢不产子,喂养螟蛉为子,因此用“螟蛉”比喻义子

名词 义务 职责 债务

英文很有难度的啊， 不过在难也是有办法的

太长了，人工翻译是很费脑子的。

处理问题和解决问题

9 Reasons Why Abortions should be Illegal- Abortion is a hard decision for many good reasons. Whenever a society has condoned abortions, they are greater in number than when abortions are proscribed. Abortion kills babies which could otherwise live a long life. Killing these babies is definitely dangerous to them, and much worse than humiliating. Amazingly, because of legalization of abortion in 1973 in the US, about 1.5 Million babies (One Million Five Hundred Thousand, or 1,500,000) of American babies are being murdered in legal abortions every year. (Sources: The World Almanac and Book of Facts and the Information Please Almanac.) 1. Laws supporting abortion kill babies. To prohibit abortions vastly decreases them. Abortion are "absolutely necessary" in only two cases: the mother"s health or the baby"s health. Abortions based on the mother"s health account for 3% of abortions. Abortions based on the baby"s health account for 3% of abortions. Total: 6%. (Source: Forrest, J.D. & Torres, A. "Why Do Women Have Abortions?" Family Planning Perspectives) Women don"t feel that abortion is "absolutely necessary." Women feel selfishly inconvenienced by pregnancy. To repeat, because abortion was made legal in the U.S., about 1.5 Million (1,500,000) babies are murdered every year in the U.S. by abortion. Every baby of the aborted 1.5 Million dies. Cold blooded murder is criminal, and should be treated as murder. (Killing a baby is sometimes, though rarely, medically necessary. This is not murder, and should be legal, just as killing someone in self defense is legal.) 2. Legal abortions protect women"s health. Protecting women"s lives preventing serious medical complications are valuable, and should be legal. Your own figures indicate that tens of thousands of women have health reasons for aborting babies. Your own figures indicate that millions of women abort their babies. This indicates a very rough estimate of 1% of abortions that are done because of the mother"s health. 3. A fetus is more than a piece of tissue. Yes, there has been argument over this issue for centuries. Regarding Science and Medicine: Currently, all valid science and medicine is 100% clear that a fetus is a person. Practically, 100% of a person"s genetic makeup is determined at the moment of conception. Science and medicine define being a person (human) by genetic means. According to science and medicine, a fetus is a distinct organism. Regarding Religion: Religion, on the other hand, is not as clearly defined as medicine and science, because religion introduces the soul into the situation. However, no religious leader would say that a fetus does not have a soul and that because of this a fetus may be capriciously aborted. Religious opinion is slowly beginning to accept science and medicine. Any religious leader with a strong practical grounding in scientific knowledge will have to admit that every embryo has a soul. However, regardless of when a person gains a soul, religious opinion does not show any support at all for abortion. In fact, religion is one of the strongest opponents of abortion. Regarding Philosophy: Philosophical opinion does show some variety regarding when a baby becomes a person. This is due solely to the fact that most philosophy is of ancient origin. Regardless of whether a philosopher believes ancient philosophies (which were developed before the discovery of cells, heredity, and DNA), the philosopher would not support capricious abortions. Conclusion: Neither science, nor medicine, nor religion, nor philosophy supports capricious abortions. In fact, there is a narrow band of belief in science, medicine, religion, and philosophy that life is valuable, should be supported, and should not be killed when the killing is reasonably avoided. In fact, those who believe strongly in science, in medicine, in religion, or in philosophy are some of the strongest opponents of abortion. Regarding Choice: Currently, some small groups run large campaigns to convince people that women have a "right to choose" to abort their babies. This is absurd. The choice comes in when the women decide to have risky sex. When people make choices, they must accept certain ramifications of these choices. Sometimes, people don"t want to accept the ramifications of their choices, and try to find an unethical means to avoid taking responsibility for their actions. (By the way, how can any woman with a conscience abort her baby?) Regarding Rights: No one is saying that babies should have "rights equal to or superior to a woman"s". That would be absurd. Pro-life proponents are simply saying that babies have a right to life. That is all. A right to life. If anyone can tell me how a baby having a right to life in any way makes its "rights equal to or superior to a woman"s", I would greatly appreciate being informed about this! Regarding Development: You imply that a fetus is not "a thinking, feeling, conscious human being." Current, valid science indicates that a fetus is not a senseless mass of tissue, as some people have believed in the past. According to Planned Parenthood, a fetus is "the organism that develops from the embryo at the end of eight weeks of pregnancy and receives nourishment through the placenta; the fetus continues to develop until the pregnancy ends." According to Merriam-Webster"s Collegiate® Dictionary, Tenth Edition, an organism is "an individual constituted to carry on the activities of life by means of organs separate in function but mutually dependent : a living being". In other words, Planned Parenthood admits that a fetus is an individual, and a living being! According to Dr. Ruth"s Encyclopedia of Sex, "The beginning of the fetal period [is] arbitrarily designated by most embryologists to occur eight weeks after fertilization. At this time, the embryo is nearly one and one-half inches long. Few, if any, major new structures are formed thereafter; development during the fetal period of gestation consists of the maturation of structures formed during the embryonic period." In other words, the basic structure of the baby has already been formed! Planned Parenthood admits this. Now, remember, this is still within the first "trimester"! The baby has a small brain. The baby can feel pain. The baby can feel vibrations. The baby has vague vision and hearing. The baby has reactions which indicate a simple intelligence. Who knows whether a baby is conscious at this point? Admittedly, the baby is undeveloped enough at this point that its sensations and thoughts are not similar to adults". However, the baby is a thinking, feeling human being, though admittedly undeveloped. Regarding Diminishment: For women to have the legal right to freely take the lives of their babies, whether on a whim, for their own selfish reasons, or for their own selfish comfort, "is arrogant and absurd". 4. Being a mother is the most important purpose of women. Regarding Women"s Freedom: Many are calling the 1990"s the "Me Decade." One aspect of this is some women who consider only their own needs and desires, and disregard the needs and desires of others. This is most obvious when women are willing to kill their own babies (either born or unborn) to fulfill their own selfish desires. Every possible reason for abortion (other than serious health issues for the mother or baby) is a selfish one. Everyone, including men, women, and babies (born and unborn) should have the right to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Regarding Mothering: No task is as crucial as that of parenting. Being a mother is the most important purpose of a woman. Being a father is the most important purpose of a man. Mothering (and Fathering) means having children and caring for them, often sacrificing one"s own desires in order to provide the needs and wants of the children. This is the true definition of "parent." Without sacrifice, love is meaningless. Regarding Choices: Women in Industrialized countries have many choices. Regarding Equality: The "political and economic equality for" men and women is not worth much if men and women do not share the responsibilities of parenting. In Conclusion: Wouldn"t it make better sense to consider the option of adoption, rather than the option of abortion? Waiting lists are never ending for adoptable newborns. Instead of losing his or her life, the baby instead gets a chance to have a good life with a married couple who highly desire a child to love, raise, and, in other words, parent. 5. Legal abortion is discriminatory. Low income women have much support and many options. Often, the families of the mothers are willing to assist the mother. Many government programs are also designed to help low income women throughout all phases of bearing and raising children. Finally, adoption is an excellent choice for those women who don"t have the financial strength to bear parenting. All expenses are paid, and more, for women who are willing to adopt out their newborn babies. Legal abortion discriminates against babies. Any law which allows the callous, cold blooded killing of a life must be considered as discriminatory (at the very least!). Even the cold blooded killing of animals is proscribed by law, yet some campaign for less restrictions on killing unborn babies! Legal abortion discriminates against fathers. 6. Legalized abortion is incompatible with a free society. How anyone can talk about "compulsory pregnancy laws" with a straight face is beyond me. Women who abort their babies were not compelled to become pregnant. Unless they are forced to engage in unprotected intercourse, they have many opportunities to avoid pregnancy. 7. Keep abortion legal, and more children will abort their children.The so called "penalty" should be enforced maintenance of any pregnancy which does not involve serious health risks to the mother or baby. "Enforced childrearing" is not condoned by anyone, and it is ridiculous to seriously consider "enforced childrearing". 8. Every child is a wanted child.Regarding the United States of America: People strongly desiring children are on lengthy waiting lists for the chance to adopt infants. In fact, adoptive parents pay tens of thousands of dollars in order to adopt, as well as submitting to various screening procedures. Adopted babies are treated almost as well as the biological children of married parents: they are not brutalized and abandoned. In general, the children which are seriously disadvantaged are those children who are fortunate enough to not have been aborted, but are unfortunate enough to be raised by the mother alone, without the father"s assistance. In these cases, adoption is a better solution, too. 9. Choice is good for families.Choice is good for families. A choice which is sometimes not given enough consideration is adoption. A choice which is often used unnecessarily is abortion. Family planning means contraceptive measures, awareness of the potential responsibilities of parenting, and, if necessary, adopting out the baby. Family planning does not mean that abortion is "the answer" to "unintended pregnancy". Rather, family planning is avoiding an unintended pregnancy and dealing with it if it happens. All options should be used. However, abortion should not be considered to be an option unless there are serious health risks to the mother or her unborn child.

father的读音是：英["fɑ?e?(r)]。father的读音是：英["fɑ?e?(r)]。father的详尽释义是n.(名词)父亲，爸爸祖先，前辈上帝，天父，圣父创始人，鼻祖神父设计者，发明者继父长辈，长者义父族长教父师傅修道院长。father的意思是n.父亲；神父；祖先；创始人；v.创造；当 ... 的父亲。一、详尽释义点此查看father的详细内容n.(名词)父亲，爸爸祖先，前辈上帝，天父，圣父创始人，鼻祖神父设计者，发明者继父长辈，长者义父族长教父师傅修道院长v.(动词)创立，创始，创办，创造，创作生（孩子）产生自认是...的父亲，像父亲一样对待，做...的父亲，当...的父亲，成为父亲自认是...的作者治理确定作者确定生父确定责任创立（新思想），发明（新方法）保护，培养，照顾，对待，抚养，养育，教养出为…负起责任，担任二、双解释义n.(名词)[C]父亲 male parent[P]祖先,先辈 ancestor[C]创始人,奠基人 found or first leader三、词典解释1.父亲;爸爸Yourfather is your male parent. You can also call someone yourfather if he brings you up as if he was this man.father什么意思e.g. Hisfather was a painter...他父亲是个画家。e.g. He would be a goodfather to my children.对我的孩子们来说，他会是个好父亲。2.成为…的父亲;是…的父亲When a manfathers a child, he makes a woman pregnant and their child is born.e.g. She claims Mark fathered her child...她宣称马克是孩子的父亲。e.g. He fathered at least three children by the wives of other men.他跟别人的老婆至少生了 3 个孩子。3.发明者;鼻祖;创始人;奠基人The man who invented or started something is sometimes referred to as thefather of that thing.e.g. ...Max Dupain, regarded as thefather of modern photography.被视为现代摄影之父的马克斯·杜培e.g. ...Mahatma Gandhi, the foundingfather of independent India.圣雄甘地，引领印度实现独立的国父4.神父In some Christian churches, priests are addressed or referred to asFather .e.g. I would like your advice on a matter of conscience,Father.我想就一件有关良心的事征求您的建议，神父。e.g. ...Father William.威廉神父5.(基督教)天父，上帝Christians often refer to God asour Father or address him asFather .e.g. ...OurFather in Heaven.我们的天父四、例句My father and mother went for a walk.爸爸妈妈去散步了。He modeled himself on his father.他把他的父亲作为自己的楷模。Father Donovan dropped his eyes.多诺万神父垂下了眼神。Father Dan entered with a big grin.神父丹带着灿烂的笑容进来。Our father handed down these customs to us.我们的祖先将这些风俗习惯传给了我们。The king is the father of his country.国王为该国之父。He has fathered an idea.他已经提出了一个想法。He has fathered three children.他已经三个孩子的父亲。五、词汇搭配用作名词 (n.)动词+～adore one"s father崇敬自己的父亲fear one"s father害怕自己的父亲hate one"s father恨自己的父亲have a father有父亲like one"s father喜欢自己的父亲look after one"s father照料自己的父亲lose one"s father丧父,失去父亲love one"s father爱自己的父亲obey one"s father遵从父命resembles one"s father长得像父亲respect one"s father尊敬父亲take after one"s father面貌像父亲take care of one"s father照顾自己的父亲形容词+～adoptive father养父dear father亲爱的父亲expectant father准爸爸founding father创建人ghostly father听忏悔的神父heartless father无情的父亲heavy father严父Holy F-教皇kind father慈祥的父亲loving father可爱的父亲miserly father悭吝的父亲natural father生父proud father得意的父亲spiritual father牧师strict father严厉的父亲thoughtful father体贴的父亲young father年轻的父亲名词+～city father市府委员～+名词the F- Christmas圣诞老人介词+～adopt sb as one"s father认某人为养父be handed down from father to son由父（亲）传（给儿）子like a father to sb像父亲一般对待某人～+介词father of one"s country国父father of radio无线电发明者六、情景对话A Heavy Smoker-(瘾君子)father在线翻译A：You really should stop smoking, you know.你知道，你真的应该戒烟了。B：I know. I know. I don"t smoke too much, though.我知道，知道。我的烟瘾也不是很重。A：How many cigarettes do you smoke a day?你每天抽多少根烟？B：About a pack, more if I drink.1包左右。如果喝酒的话，抽得多一点。A：Wow. You"re really a heavy smoker.哇，真是个瘾君子。B：No, I"m not. Myfather smoked two packs a day for forty years.我不是，我的父亲40年来每天抽两包。A：He died of lung cancer, right?他死于肺癌，是吗？B：Yeah…you"re right. I really should stop smoking.是…没错。我真的应该戒烟了。Psychological Counseling-(心理咨询)A：One of my students told me she was very depressed today.我的一个学生告诉我她今天心情很坏。father的近义词B：Why?怎么了？A：Herfather is dying.她的爸爸快死了。father的解释B：Oh, that"s very sad.哦，真令人难过。A：Yeah, she"s broken up about it, poor kid.是呀，她无法承受这件事，真可怜。B：What did you do?你怎么做的？A：I talked to her for a while, but she"s really depressed. So, I made an appointment with the school counselor for her.我跟她谈了一会儿，但是她还很沮丧。所以，我便为她约了学校的咨询顾问。B：That"s a good idea. The counselor is a psychologist. He"s better trained to handle these sorts of things.这个办法不错。顾问是心理学家。对于处理这些事情他受过良好的培训。A：Yeah, that"s what I told her. I"m glad she"s reaching out for help, instead of trying to deal with this on her own.是，我也是这样和她说的。我很高兴她可以求援而不是自己一个人承担了。B：Yeah, me too.是的，我也有同感。Living an Independent Life-(独立生活)A：Mom, I want to move out.妈妈，我想搬出去住。B：Hey, sounds great to me, kid. What kind of job did you find?嘿，听起来到很不错，孩子，你找到了什么工作？fatherA：Job?什么工作？B：Yes, job. If you"re going to live on your own, you have to pay for rent and everything else.是呀，工作。如果你想一个人住，你必须自己付房租，还有所有的一切。A：I thought I could just get you and Dad to pay for an apartment. I found a cheap one.我想让你和爸爸来付房租，我就找间便宜点的。father的近义词B：When you move out, yourfather and I aren"t paying your rent, young man. Get a job.你搬走的话，年轻人，你爸爸和我是不会给你付房租的，找一个工作吧。A：You"re right. If I"m going to live on my own, I have to be independent.没错。如果要一个人住的话，我要学会独立。fatherB：Well, the newspaper is over there. Look in the want ads, but I don"t know what you"re going to find without a college degree.哦，那边有报纸。看看招聘专栏，但是我不知道没有大学文凭你可以找到什么工作。七、词语用法n.(名词)father用作名词时意思是“生身之父”,也可用于指“丈夫之父”,即“公公”,或“妻子之父”,即“岳父”。是可数名词,用作对家人的称谓时,可视为专有名词,一般不用冠词。也可用于比喻,一般无冠词。father用于比喻可指“奠基人”“发明者”“根源”等。father第一个字母大写时,还可指“上帝”“神父”。father还可作“祖先”“前辈”,此时要用复数形式。father的相关临近词fathom、fateful、fatherly、father on、fatherless、father sib、fathership、fatherland、fatherlike、fatherhood、Father Day点此查看更多关于father的详细信息

题库内容：螟蛉的解释[adoptive child] 《诗经·小雅·小宛》 :螟蛉有子,蜾赢负之。螟蛉是一种 绿色 小虫,蜾赢是一种寄生蜂。蜾赢常捕捉螟蛉存放在窝里,产卵在它们身体里,卵孵化后就拿螟蛉作食物。古人误认为蜾赢不产子,喂养螟蛉为子,因此用螟蛉 比喻 义子 周侗 年迈 ,巴不得将 平生 一十八般武艺, 尽心 传授与螟蛉之子。—— 《说岳全传》 详细解释 (1).螟蛾的幼虫。泛指棉蛉虫、菜粉蝶等多种鳞翅目昆虫的幼虫。 《诗·小雅·小宛》 ：“螟蛉有子，蜾蠃负之。” 清 黄遵宪 《番客篇》 ：“螟蛉不抚子，犬羊且无鞹。” (2).蜾蠃常捕螟蛉喂它的幼虫，古人误认为蜾蠃养螟蛉为己子。后因以为养子的代称。 《旧唐书·昭宗纪》 ：“ 邠州 王行瑜 、 凤翔 李茂贞 、 华州 韩建 各上章，言 珂 螟蛉， 不宜 纘袭，请以 王珂 为 陕州 ， 王珙 为 河中 。” 宋 王楙 《野客丛书·螟蛉》 ：“今呼非所生之子为螟蛉。观 《南史》 ‘ 宋明帝 负螟之庆"，言 废帝 非所生也。 《北史》 ‘ 胡叟 养子字螟蛉"。又观 董仲舒 ‘断甲无子，养非所生"，引 《诗》 ‘螟蛉有子，蜾蠃负之"之义。知此说尚矣。” 明 沉鲸 《双珠记·卖儿系珠》 ：“拚舍这弱息螟蛉，要表我终身箕箒。” 茅盾 《童年·长寿夫妇的悲剧》 ：“我宁可抱个螟蛉，也不要你 潘 家装假胎。” 词语分解 螟的解释 螟 í 〔螟虫〕螟蛾的幼虫，有 许多 种，如“三化螟”、“玉米螟”等。危害农作物。 〔螟蛉〕.一种绿色小虫，螟蛉蛾的幼虫。.喻抱养的孩子。 部首 ：虫； 蛉的解释 蛉 í 〔白蛉子〕一种比蚊子小的小飞虫，喜吸人畜血液，能传染黑热病。 〔螟蛉〕见“ 螟”。 部首：虫。

在1901年12月，由法国人和伊朗人组成的一支考古队，在伊朗西南部一个名叫苏撒的古城旧址上，进行发掘工作。一天，他们发现了一块黑色玄武石，几天以后又发现了两块，将三块拼合起来，恰好是一个椭圆柱形的石柱。石柱两米半高.它的上方刻着两个人的浮雕像：一个坐着，右手握着一根短棍；另一个站着，双手打拱，好像在朝拜.石柱的下部，刻着像箭头或钉头那样的文字.经考证，这正是用楔形文字记录的法律条文－－《汉谟拉比法典》. 石碑由三块黑色玄武岩合成，高2.25公尺，上部周长1.65公尺，底部周长1.90公尺。石碑上部是太阳神、正义神沙马什授与汉谟拉比王权标的浮雕（高0.65公尺、宽0.6公尺）。浮雕下面是围绕石碑镌刻的法典铭文，共3，500行，楔形文字是垂直书写的。汉谟拉比法典是世界上所发现的最早的成文的法律条文，是人们研究古代巴比伦经济制度与社会法治制度的极其重要的文物；同时，它还是古代巴比伦艺术的代表，尤其因为古巴比伦王国流传下来的艺术品十分罕见，所以这个石碑就更加显得格外珍贵，石碑的雕刻比较精细，表面高度磨光。石碑上刻满了楔形文字，全文280条，对刑事、民事、贸易、婚姻、继承、审判制度等都作了详细的规定。法典的上部是巴比伦人的太阳神沙玛什向汉谟拉比国王授予法典的浮雕。太阳神形体高大，胡须编成整齐的须辫，头戴螺旋型宝冠，右肩袒露，身披长袍，正襟危坐，正在授予汉谟拉比象征权利的魔标和魔环；汉谟拉比头戴传统的王冠，神情肃穆，举手宣誓。太阳神的宝座很象古巴比伦的塔寺，表示上面所坐的是最高的神。《汉谟拉比法典》是古巴比伦王国第六代国王汉谟拉比（公元前1792年~1750年在位）颁布的一部著名法典。众所周知，古巴比伦王国位于幼发拉底河和底格里斯河流域，大体相当于今天的伊拉克，如果这部法典是“真身”，又怎么跑到苏撒去了呢？原来，公元前3000多年前，在今天伊朗迪兹富尔西南的苏撒盆地有一个强大的奴隶制王国，叫埃兰（又译“依兰”），古城苏撒就是埃兰王国的首都。公元前1163年埃兰人攻占了巴比伦之后，便把刻着汉莫拉比法典的石柱作为战利品搬回到了苏撒。埃兰王国后来被波斯灭亡。公元前6世纪波斯帝国国王大流士上台，又把波斯帝国的首都定在苏撒，这个石柱法典便又落到了波斯人手中。在石碑被“验明正身”之后，人们又出现了新的疑惑：发掘出来的圆柱正面7栏的文字怎么被磨光了呢？据史料记载，埃兰国王攻克了巴比伦后，自感成就非凡，不甘身死名逝，于是打算在这巨大的圆柱石碑正面上刻上自己的丰功伟绩。可是，毁去上面的字迹后并没刻上新字，这就不知为何了。多亏埃兰王“手下留情”，石碑原文保存良好，仅有35条被磨损。后来在苏撒、亚述等地发现了法典的泥抄本片断，从而使石碑被磨损的部分几乎全部得以补齐复原。否则“世界上迄今为止第一部较为完备的成文法典”之美名恐怕要“花落他家”了。这部法典由序言、正文（282条）和结语三部分（共3500行）组成。内容从道德说到国家义务，又说到私人社会生活的各个领域，其内容包括诬陷、盗窃、窝藏、抢劫、兵役、租地、关于土地的经济纠纷、果园、实物租赁、商贸、托送、人质、债务、寄存保管、婚姻、继承、收养、人身伤害、医疗、理发、建筑、船业、租业、委托放牧、雇工、关于奴隶的纠纷等等，涉及面之广，规定之细，令后人乃至现代人赞叹不已。法典中部分铭文（法典第66至100条）在古代就被磨损。据考证，埃兰王苏特鲁克纳惛特约于公元前1150年前后入侵巴比伦尼亚，将该法典石碑作为战利品运回苏撒。大概，他为了在石碑上刻记自己的功绩而使人磨损部分原文。但因某种原因（或许因他不久即逝世）而未能重刻。残缺的铭文部分是依据苏撒出土的法典复本断片复原，部分是依据在亚述古都尼尼微和两河流域其他城市遗址发现的泥板抄本予以补白。法典石碑石质坚硬，书法精工，属于巴比伦第一王朝的典型官方文献。石碑现藏法国巴黎卢浮博物馆。 序言：要让正义之光照耀大地，消灭一切罪与恶，使强者不能压迫弱者。1. If any one ensnare another, putting a ban upon him, but he can not prove it, then he that ensnared him shall be put to death.2. If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into theriver, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house.But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt,then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser.2.如果有人控告人，被告人去河边，跳进河里，如果他沉在河里原告可以占领他的房屋。但如果河证明被告无罪，他毫发无损，那么控告者应被处死，而他跳入河中采取了属于他的原告拥有这房子。3. If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death.4. If he satisfy the elders to impose a fine of grain or money, he shall receive the fine that the action produces.5. If a judge try acase, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judge"s bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgement.5.如果法官试例，作出决定，并提出书面判决书；如果以后误差应出现在他的决定，它是通过他自己的过错，他将付十二倍的罚款由他当时的情况，他应公开从法官席的去除，再也不他要在作出判决。6. If anyone steal the property of a temple or of the court,he shall be put to death,and also the one who receives the stolen goods from him shall be put to death.6.任何窃取寺庙或者皇宫的财产的人将被处以死刑，而从他那里接受到赃物的人也一并处以死刑。7. If anyone buy from the son or the slave of another man,without witnesses or a contract,silver or gold,a male or female slave,an ox or a sheep,an ass or anything,or if he take it in charge,he is considered a thief and shall be put to death.7.任何在没有证人或者合同文书的情况下，于他人的儿子或者奴隶处购买白银、黄金、男女奴隶、斧头或者是羊、驴以及其他任何东西的人，或者为此负责的人，都将被视为盗贼且判处死刑。8. If anyone steal cattle or sheep,or an ass,or a pig,or a goat,if it belong to a god or to the court,the thief shall pay thirty-fold therefore; if they belonged to a freed man of the king,he shall pay ten-fold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay,he shall be put to death.8.如果被盗窃的牛、羊、驴或者是猪属于寺庙或者皇室，盗窃者将偿付三十倍的赔偿；如果它们属于国王的公民，盗窃者将作出十倍赔偿；如果窃贼无力赔偿，将以死抵罪。14. If anyone steal the minor son of another,he shall be put to death.14.拐带他人幼子之人，将被判处死刑。15. If anyone take a male or female slave of the court,or a male or female slave of a freed man,outside the city gates,he shall be put to death.15.任何将皇宫以及公民的男女奴隶带出城邑的人将被判处死刑。18. If the slave will not give the name of the master,the finder shall bring him to the palace; a further investigation must follow,and the slave shall be returned to his master.18.如果这个奴隶拒不说出主人的名字，发现者必须把他带到宫殿， 并做进一步的调查，而且这个奴隶将被遣返给他的主人。19. If he hold the slaves in his house,and they are caught there,he shall be put to death.19.窝藏他人奴隶并且被抓获者将被处以死刑。20. If the slave that he caught run away from him,then shall he swear to the owners of the slave,and he is free of all blame.20.若被抓获的奴隶逃跑，而抓获者向奴隶所有者起誓承诺（不是有意放走），则将免于处罚。21. If anyone break a hole into a house (break-in to steal),he shall be put to death before that hole and be buried.21.如果打破房子利用裂缝强行进入住宅偷窃，他必须在那个洞前处以死刑和埋葬。22. If anyone is committing a robbery and is caught,then he shall be put to death.22.正在实施抢劫的抢劫犯一旦被抓获将被处以死刑。29. If his son is still young,and cannot take possession,a third of the field and garden shall be given to his mother,and she shall bring him up.29.若因其子年幼无承担能力，其母将获得三分之一的田地以及庭院，并且抚养幼子成人。51. If he have no money to repay,then he shall pay in corn or sesame in place of the money as rent for what he received from the merchant,according to the royal tariff.51.根据皇家税法，如果欠债者无力偿还债务，则必须利用小麦或者芝麻来代替从商人那里得到的租金。54. If he be not able to replace the corn,then he and his possessions shall be divided among the farmers whose corn he has flooded.54.如果他不能偿还这些小麦，就将他和他的财产都分发给遭受水灾之苦的其他农民。55. If anyone open his ditches to water his crop,but is careless,and the water flood the field of his neighbor,then he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss.55.如果任何人开挖沟渠以浇灌田地，但是不小心淹没了邻居的田，则他将赔偿邻居小麦作为损失。61. If the gardener has not completed the planting of the field,leaving one part unused,this shall be assigned to him as his.61.如果一个园丁没能完成这个田地的播种栽种，则其将负全责。109． If conspirators meet in the house of a tavern-keeper,and these conspirators are not captured and delivered to the court,the tavern-keeper shall be put to death.109．如果在旅店主发现阴谋者，但却没有将其抓获并移送法办，则店主将被处死。110． If a sister of a god open a tavern,or enter a tavern to drink,then shall this woman be burned to death.110．如果修女开设酒店，或者进入酒店喝酒，则这个女人将被烧死。130． If a man violate the wife (betrothed or child-wife) of another man,who has never known a man,and still lives in her father"s house,and sleep with her and be surprised,this man shall be put to death,but the wife is blameless.130．如果一个男人强迫另一个男人的未婚妻（这个女子仍是处女且居住在她父亲的家中）和他发生性关系，被逮捕后，这个男人将被处以死刑。但是，女性可以免责。135． If a man be taken prisoner in war and there be no sustenance in his house and his wife go to another house and bear children; and if later her husband return and come to his home,then this wife shall return to her husband,but the children follow their father.135．如果男人在战争中被俘而他的房子中没有食物，而他的妻子改嫁并生下小孩，之后她的原夫回到家中，这个妻子将回到她原来的丈夫身边，但是，孩子们跟随他们（各自）的亲生父亲。142． If a woman quarrel with her husband,and say: You are not congenial to me. Therefore reasons for her prejudice must be presented. If she is guiltless,and there is no fault on her part,but he leaves and neglects her,then no guilt attaches to this woman,she shall take her dowry and go back to her father"s house.142．如果一个女人与她的丈夫争吵，并且说：“我们性格不合。”必须提供相应的证据、理由。如果她没有犯过罪，而且并无过错，但是男性离开和忽视她，则女性免罪，她将拿回她的嫁妆并回到她父亲的家。143． If she is not innocent,but leaves her husband,and ruins her house,neglecting her husband,this woman shall be cast in to the water.143．若女子犯罪，毁家弃夫，则投之水中。144． If a man take a wife and this woman give her husband a maid-servant,and she bear him children,but this man wishes to take another wife,this shall not be permitted to him; he shall not take a second wife.144．如果男人娶妻，妻子为丈夫带来陪嫁女仆，并为他生养孩子，那么这个男人将不被允许纳娶第二名妻子；他不应娶第二个妻子。145． If a man take a wife,and she bear him no children,and he intend to take another wife: if he take this second wife,and bring her into the house,this second wife shall not be allowed equality with his wife.145．如果男人娶妻，妻子却无法为丈夫诞下子嗣，他会想娶第二个妻子；如果他另娶妻子，并带她回家，第二个妻子将不被承认与第一个妻子有同等地位。147． If she have not borne him children,then her mistress may sell her for money.147．如果陪嫁女仆不能给男主人生孩子，那么女主人可以卖掉她。 149． If this woman does not wish to remain in her husband"s house,then he shall compensate her for the dowry that she brought with her from her father"s house,and she may go.149．如果女人希望离开她丈夫的家庭，那么丈夫对其嫁妆进行赔偿后，她就可以离开。150． If a man give his wife a field,garden,and house and a deed there for,if then after the death of her husband the sons raise no claim,then the mother may bequeath all to one of her sons whom she prefers,and need leave nothing to his brothers.150．在丈夫去世后，如果他的儿子没有异议，那么他生前赠与妻子的田地、庭院以及屋子可以被妻子全部赠与她最喜欢的儿子，而不需要留给其他兄弟。153． If the wife of one man on account of another man has their mates (her husband and the other man"s wife) murdered,both of them shall be impaled.153．如果一个有夫之妇和一个有妇之夫共谋杀害他们的伴侣（她的丈夫和他的妻子），二人将被刺死。154． If a man be guilty of incest with his daughter,he shall be driven from the place (exiled).154．如果一个男人与他的女儿乱伦，他将被驱逐出当地。155． If a man betroth a girl to his son,and his son have intercourse with her,but he (the father) afterward defile her,and be surprised,then he shall be bound and cast into the water (drowned).155．如果一个男人为他的儿子订了一门亲事，且他的儿子与女方已有肌肤之亲，后来他（这个父亲）却染指儿媳，他会被捕且被五花大绑扔进水中淹死。157． If anyone be guilty of incest with his mother after his father,both shall be burned.157．如果任何人在父亲死后与母亲乱伦，二人将被烧死。186． If a man adopt a son,and if after he has taken him,he injure his foster father and mother,then this adopted son shall return to his father"s house.186．如果一个人领养了一个儿子，养子却对其养父母造成伤害，则这个养子将回到他的原来的家庭。192． If a son of a paramour or a prostitute say to his adoptive father or mother: You are not my father,or my mother. His tongue shall be cut off.192．如果情妇或者妓女所生子对他养父或者养母说：“你（们）不是我的父亲，或者我的母亲。”将被割掉舌头。193． If the son of a paramour or a prostitute desire his father"s house,and desert his adoptive father and adoptive mother,and goes to his father"s house,then shall his eye be put out.193．如果情妇或者妓女所生子希望回到生父的家庭并抛弃了养父母，将被挖出眼睛。195． If a son strike his father,his hands shall be hewn off.195．打自己父亲的人要被砍断双手。196． If a man put out the eye of another man,his eye shall be put out.196．挖去别人眼睛的人也要被挖出眼睛。197． If he break another man"s bone,his bone shall be broken.197．打断别人骨头的人也要被打断骨头。199． If he put out the eye of a man"s slave,or break the bone of a man"s slave,he shall pay one-half of its value.199．挖出奴隶眼睛或是打断奴隶骨头的人要赔偿奴隶价格的一半。200. If a man knock out the teeth of his equal,his teeth shall be knocked out.200．打掉同等地位者牙齿的人将会被敲掉牙齿。218． If a physician makes a large incision with the operating knife,and kill him,or open a tumor with the operating knife,and cut out the eye,his hands shall be cut off.218．如果在给人做手术的过程中致其死亡，或是用手术刀挖去人的眼睛，医生将被剁手。219． If a physician makes a large incision in the slave of a freed man,and kill him,he shall replace the slave with another slave.219．如果医生在自由人的奴隶的身体里做大型手术，致奴隶死亡，他将必须将另一个奴隶作为补偿。220． If he had opened a tumor with the operating knife,and put out his eye,he shall pay half his value.220．如果用手术刀医治肿瘤的医生将奴隶的眼睛挖出，必须赔偿奴隶价格的一半。244． If anyone hire an ox or an ass,and a lion kill it in the field,the loss is upon its owner.244．如果一个人租借公牛或者驴子，然而狮子却在田野中杀死它们，它们的所有者自担损失。245． If anyone hire oxen,and kill them by bad treatment or blows,he shall compensate the owner,oxen for oxen.245．租用他人的牛却将牛虐待或殴打致死者必须赔偿一头牛。246． If a man hire an ox,and he break its leg or cut the ligament of its neck,he shall compensate the owner with ox for ox.246．若租借公牛却弄断牛腿或者脖子韧带的人，要赔偿一只牛。247． If anyone hire an ox,and put out its eyes,he shall pay the owner one-half of its value.247．租借公牛却挖出其眼睛者将赔付牛价的一半。249． If anyone hire an ox,and God strike it that it die,the man who hired it shall swear by God and be considered guiltless.249．若有人租用公牛，该牛却因非人为原因死亡，租借者向神灵起誓自己没有过错以后可以被免罪。282． If a slave say to his master: You are not my master. If they convict him his master shall cut off his ear.282．若奴隶忤逆主人，一经定罪，主人可以割下他的耳朵。 一、关于诉讼审判的规定（1至5条）：其中第二条规定十分有趣，在法庭上，当一方控告另一方犯有某种罪行，然而提不出证据，被告一方也拿不出反驳的证据。这时，法官便会宣布把被告一方扔进幼发拉底河中，如果沉溺了，证明被告一方有罪。没收其全部家产归原告一方；假如不被淹死，则证明无罪。那就处死原告一方，同时把原告一方的财产没收归被告一方所有。这叫做交河神审判。二、关于保护私有财产的规定（6至126条）：其中规定盗窃或隐藏他人奴隶的人处以死刑；欠债到期不还的人，责令其妻子和儿子两人到债主家里充当奴隶三年，第四年恢复自由。三、关于婚姻、家庭与财产继承（127至195条）。四、关于人身保护和“同态复仇法”（196至214条）：其中规定“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”。打瞎奴隶的眼睛同打瞎耕牛的眼睛一样处理，杀死奴隶同杀死耕牛一样不偿命，只赔偿经济损失。建筑设计师设计的房屋倒塌，若压死了屋主，把建筑师处死，若压死的是房主的妻子或儿子，就把建筑师的妻子或儿子处死。五、关于劳动、报酬、工具和责任事故的追究（215至241条）。六、租赁牲畜、船只以及佣工和报酬（242至；277条）。七、关于奴隶的规定（278至282条）：法典明确规定：奴隶是不受法律保护的工具和财产，奴隶不属于人的范畴。法典还规定：在自由民中间也有严格的等级贵贱的区别。有权的自由民称“阿未路”，无权的自由民称“木什京路”。

汉谟拉比法典》是古巴比伦国王汉谟拉比颁布的一部法律，被认为是世界上最早的一部比较系统的法典。法典全文用楔形文字铭刻，除序言和结语外，共有条文282条。包括诉讼手续、损害赔偿、租佃关系、债权债务、财产继承、对奴隶的处罚等。其中的第127条至195条是关于婚姻、家庭与财产继承，我想可能会有你想要得答案。130. If a man violate the wife (betrothed or child-wife) of another man, who has never known a man, and still lives in her father"s house, and sleep with her and be surprised, this man shall be put to death, but the wife is blameless. 130 .如果男人亵渎另一个男人的这个妻子， 而他从未认识这男人， 且仍然居住在她父亲的房子，也和她一起睡， 被逮捕后， 这个男人将被处以死刑，但是， 这个妻子可以全然没有责备。 135. If a man be taken prisoner in war and there be no sustenance in his house and his wife go to another house and bear children; and if later her husband return and come to his home: then this wife shall return to her husband, but the children follow their father. 135 .如果男人在战争中被囚禁而他的房子中没有食物，而他的妻子改嫁并生下小孩; 过了不久，当她的丈夫回来到他的家，这个妻子将回到她原来的丈夫身边， 但是， 孩子们跟随他们的亲生父亲。 142. If a woman quarrel with her husband, and say: "You are not congenial to me," the reasons for her prejudice must be presented. If she is guiltless, and there is no fault on her part, but he leaves and neglects her, then no guilt attaches to this woman, she shall take her dowry and go back to her father"s house. 142 .如果一个女人与她的丈夫争吵， 并且说: " 你跟我是不同类的， " 必须提供她的偏见原因。 如果她是没有犯罪的，而在她的部分上没有错误， 但是他离开和忽视她， 则这女人没有任何罪则， 她将拿回她的嫁妆和回到她父亲的家族。 143. If she is not innocent, but leaves her husband, and ruins her house, neglecting her husband, this woman shall be cast into the water. 143 .如果她不清白， 但是， 离开她的丈夫， 毁灭她的家，忽视她的丈夫， 她将被丢到水里面。 144. If a man take a wife and this woman give her husband a maid-servant, and she bear him children, but this man wishes to take another wife, this shall not be permitted to him; he shall not take a second wife. 144 .如果男人娶个妻子，且这个女人为她的丈夫做牛做马像个女仆，扶养他的孩子们， 但是这个男人却想要娶另一个妻子， 这是不允许的; 他无法娶第二个妻子。 145. If a man take a wife, and she bear him no children, and he intend to take another wife: if he take this second wife, and bring her into the house, this second wife shall not be allowed equality with his wife. 145 .如果男人娶妻， 她却没为他生孩子， 而他想娶第二个妻子， 当他打算娶另一个妻子，并带她回家， 这第二个妻子将不被承认具有与第一个妻子的平等性。 147. If she have not borne him children, then her mistress may sell her for money. 147 .如果她没为他生育孩子们， 则她的女主人可以用钱卖掉她。 149. If this woman does not wish to remain in her husband"s house, then he shall compensate her for the dowry that she brought with her from her father"s house, and she may go. 149 .如果这个女人不想要留在她丈夫的房子中， 则他必须补偿她从父亲的家族那里带来的嫁妆给她， 而她可以回去。 150. If a man give his wife a field, garden, and house and a deed therefor, if then after the death of her husband the sons raise no claim, then the mother may bequeath all to one of her sons whom she prefers, and need leave nothing to his brothers. 150 .如果男人给予她的妻子田地， 花园， 和房子，则当她的丈夫死后， 儿子若不提出要求， 则母亲可以遗留她比较喜欢其中的一部分， 且不需要留下任何东西给他的兄弟。 153. If the wife of one man on account of another man has their mates (her husband and the other man"s wife) murdered, both of them shall be impaled. 153 .如果由於一个男人的另一个男人的妻子合作共同谋杀他们的另一半 (她的丈夫和另一个男人的妻子) ， 他们两个人将被刺穿。 154. If a man be guilty of incest with his daughter, he shall be driven from the place (exiled). 154 .如果一个男人对他的女儿犯了乱伦罪， 他将从这个地方被流放 。 55. If a man betroth a girl to his son, and his son have intercourse with her, but he (the father) afterward defile her, and be surprised, then he shall be bound and cast into the water (drowned). 155 .如果男人对他的儿子订婚女友， 且他的儿子已经与她发生关系， 但是， 他 这个父亲却染指她， 在被捕之后， 则他会被五花大绑并扔进水中淹死 。 157. If any one be guilty of incest with his mother after his father, both shall be burned. 157 .如果任何人在他的父亲之后与他的母亲乱伦， 二人将被烧死。 186. If a man adopt a son, and if after he has taken him he injure his foster father and mother, then this adopted son shall return to his father"s house. 186 .如果一个男人领养一个儿子， 当他使他的养父和养母， 则这个养子将回到他的原来的家庭。 192. If a son of a paramour or a prostitute say to his adoptive father or mother: "You are not my father, or my mother," his tongue shall be cut off. 192 .如果情妇或者妓女的儿子对他养父或者养母说: " 你(们)不是我的父亲， 或者我的母亲， " 将割掉他的舌头。 193. If the son of a paramour or a prostitute desire his father"s house, and desert his adoptive father and adoptive mother, and goes to his father"s house, then shall his eye be put out. 193 . 如果情妇或者妓女的儿子希望回到原来的家庭， 并且抛弃他的养父亲和养母， 则将挖出他的眼睛。 195. If a son strike his father, his hands shall be hewn off. 195 .如果一个儿子胆敢袭击他的父亲， 他的手将被砍断 。

选项A. Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.意思是：一些猩猩降低叫声的音量，目的是不让其他动物知道它发现了食物。keep...away from使...远离选项B. The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner"s hand.意思是：打斗输了的猩猩通过抓住胜者的手来赢得胜利。你所说的倒数第三段最后一句你理解错了After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner"s hand and start fighting again.意思是：打斗后，输 了的猩猩会把手递给对方。获胜方也会伸出手，两个猩猩便重归于好了。可是动物专家曾经看到过打输了的猩猩拉起胜方的手后，再次开打。明白了意思，你还认为B对吗？

词典释义讲解0:40n.义务;职责;责任;(已承诺的或法律等规定的)义务CET6 / 考研 / IELTS / TOEFL / TEM8 / GRE变形名词复数:obligations 双语例句全部债务义务责任证券契约恩惠1.The United States will do that which is necessary to meet its obligations to its own citizens美国将为自己的公民尽其应尽的义务。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》2.If you are selling your property, why not call us for a free valuation without obligation?如果您打算出售房产，何不打电话让我们作免费估价呢？《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》3.Ministers are under no obligation to follow the committee"s recommendations.部长不必非得听从委员会的建议。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》4.I have an ethical and a moral obligation to my client.我对我的当事人负有道义上的责任。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》5.His commitments to the stepchildren will not reduce his obligation to his natural children.他对继子女的关爱和投入不会减少他对亲生孩子的责任。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》6.South Carolina claimed the power to exempt its citizens from the obligation to obey federal law南卡罗来纳州声称有权力免除该州公民遵守联邦法规的义务。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》7.We are all prisoners of our childhood and feel an obligation to it我们都无法忘记自己的童年时代，觉得仍然为它所缚。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》8.When teachers assign homework, students usually feel an obligation to do it.当老师布置家庭作业的时候，学生们通常觉得做作业是分内之事。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》9.They are under to obligation to repay debts incurred by the old regime.他们没有偿还旧债的义务。《汉英大词典》10.Co-operation was more than just an attractive option, it was an obligation合作不仅仅是诱人的选择，它也是一种责任。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》11.They felt under no obligation to maintain their employees.他们觉得没有义务为员工提供生活费。《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》12.The sons and daughters all consider it a moral obligation to look after their parents.;儿女们都认为应当孝敬父母。《汉英大词典》13.It is the obligation of citizens to perform military service.依照法律服兵役是每个公民的义务。百度翻译例句库14.She is under an obligation to her adoptive mother.她有义务赡养她的养母。百度翻译例句库15.I"m under no obligation to do it.我没有义务去做那件事。百度翻译例句库16.His social obligation compels him to make a round of visits.他的社会职责使得他不得不进行一系列访问。百度翻译例句库17.Every player is under an obligation to keep the rules.每个选手都必须遵守这些规则。百度翻译例句库以下例句来源于网络，仅供参考18.However, not all the countries that have signed the treaty have fulfilled this obligation.然而并不是所有签署了这项协约的国家已经完全履行了这一义务。www.douban.com19.It should be said that is a responsibility and obligation to it!应该说，这是一种责任和义务吧！word.hcbus.com20.You have an obligation to your family.你对你的家有责任。provided by jukuu

我更相信1L是扒的文章鄙视抄袭！！

链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/189Lg1V7lHLC_py36C6FFtQ 提取码: egvq《夜半惊心 Tersanjung: The Movie》导演: Pandu Adjisurya、哈农·布拉曼蒂约、Nur Jihat Hisyam编剧: 哈农·布拉曼蒂约、Pandu Adjisurya主演: 克拉拉·伯纳迪斯、Giorgino Abraham、Kevin Ardillova、Nugie、吉娜罗西、Allya Syakila、Ernanto Kusuma、Sacha Stevenson、Febby Febiola、阿瑞.威博沃、马丁·廖、Djenar Maesa Ayu、Enditha、Jenny Chang、Bebe Gracia类型: 剧情、爱情制片国家/地区: 印度尼西亚语言: 印度尼西亚语上映日期: 2021-04-01(印度尼西亚)片长: 114分钟又名: TersanjungYura (Clara Bernadeth), a poor girl who lives with adoptive parents, is lulled by hopes for life. She faces the complicated love triangle between Oka (Kevin Ardilio) and Christian (Giorgino Abraham). The story of dreams, romance, and emotions raging together.

= = 你这是要闹甚呀 找百科 自己翻译 不行有词霸 这翻译要翻译死人的好吧 并且100-200词翻译不下来

影片《大闹天宫》将孙悟空这一中国式的神话英雄，生动地再现于银幕，影片色彩浓重，造型奇异，场面宏伟，将神佛等在传统造型的基础上做了夸张处理，突出了形象的装饰性和性格的典型性。

答：溦....信人工.客服.24小.时致.电。: 0755-8899-1693.....also very good, you can"t just look at this, personality and realistic factors to consider, too水瓶座1月20日~2月18日思想超前，理性自重的星座。一样的不爱受约束，一样的博爱，但他们还是不同射手座;他们较著重于精神层次的提升，是很好的启发对象。双鱼座2月19日~3月20日多愁敏感，爱作梦、幻想的星座。天生多情，使他们常为情字挣扎，情绪的波动起伏也跟脱不了关系;但他们生性柔弱，很喜欢奉献，也不会随意伤人。白羊座3月21日~4月19日精力旺盛、活力充沛的星座。性格与爱情多数“横冲直撞”，但纯真的个性里没有杀伤力，所以不用太担心。金牛座4月20日~5月20日慢条斯理的星座。凡事总是考虑后再过滤，属于大器晚成型，情思也比较晚开。他们有超人的稳定性，一旦下赌注，就有把握赢。双子座5月21日~6月21日变化速度快如风的星座。双子的双重性格常搞的别人和自己头痛万分，对于事业与爱情，如果肯多花点心思经营，应该会是很好的，但...他们实在是太机灵了。巨蟹座6月22日~7月22日非常需要爱与安定的星座。爱猜疑的个性，使他们在人生旅途上处处显得缺乏安全感。但是带著母爱光辉的巨蟹，为了所爱倒是心甘情愿的付出。

一、未添加银行卡：可使用零钱资金进行转账，限额是单笔单日200元，收款方单笔单日3000元； 　　二、已添加银行卡：可以使用零钱或银行卡资金进行转账，限额为：单笔单日限额50000元，收款方无限额。 　　用微信转账免手续费，不过有限额，如果超出了限额，可以更换其他银行支付，或者第二日再操作，因为限额只限一天内的资金总额，没有设置月额度。

绑定了他人身份信息，没绑卡，10-20万零钱限制，降低金额，都是可以技术取出来的

这句子不通顺

　　在英语四六级考试中，阅读理解占据的比重大且相对于其他部分来说也容易得分，所以从阅读理解开始突破是最快捷的提分方式。以下是四级阅读理解技巧，一起来阅读参考吧！ 　　四级阅读理解技巧【1】 　　 筑稳基础，重视词汇不常用的含义 　　英语四六级考查词汇不是像高考一样直接出现词汇或语法的单项选择题，而是把词汇放到阅读理解当中去考查，这样一来，考查的难度就增加了，考生单认识这个单词还不足以理解整篇文章。英语四六级考试的大纲词汇数量还是比较多的，考生如果没有完全掌握这些大纲词汇，那么考试的时候在阅读部分势必要感到很吃力，但是，通常考生把大纲词汇过滤一遍以后心里都会有一个大概的印象，可是考试的时候再遇到这些单词，按它们常用的词义来翻译似乎又是解释不通的，之所以会这样是因为许多常用词在特定文章语境中使用的可能是我们并不常见的含义，如果考生在复习词汇时没有注意这些不常用含义，在考试时遇到了就很容易造成理解错误而选错答案。 　　 合理培养做题习惯，避免浪费时间 　　四六级考试时，很多考生都会觉得时间紧迫，一不小心就答不完题，这其中很大一部分原因是在我们自身的，比如，有些考生在阅读时喜欢逐字逐句的翻译，这样虽然准确度较高，但是会浪费大量时间，最终导致考生得不偿失;还有一些考生在阅读时碰到一时不理解的句子就容易反复琢磨，重复阅读，其实这样并没有必要，一句话理解不清楚不会影响我们对整个文章的理解，做阅读只要抓住文章主要内容和每一题对应的文中关键句的含义就足够了。 　　 扩展知识面，了解热点信息 　　近几年各种各样的考试都越来越喜欢紧跟时政，考查书本以外的很多知识，英语四六级也不例外。在近几年的英语四六级考试中就曾出现过节约能源、经济危机、社交网站等紧跟时政热点的话题。所以这就要求我们的考生在复习时目光不能仅仅集中在英语练习题上，还要额外了解一点社会方方面面的知识，扩展自己的知识面才能更加轻松应对一路改革的英语四六级。 　　以上是为大家总结的英语阅读理解高分突破技巧，希望考生在接下来的复习中可以加以运用，考试在即，广大考生要继续努力备战，争取顺利过关! 　　四级阅读理解技巧【2】 　 　一、原选择题型的篇章阅读理解 　　新四级的仔细阅读增加了文章的长度和段落数量，题型向细节性方向发展。仔细阅读要求做到“三精读一略读”。一是精读文章首段和每段第一次出现的结论句，了解文章的主题和结构。二是精读关键词定位的地方，请注意，细节题题干都是相应原文的变形（如同义改写、词性转换等），因此要找到答案一定要找到题干在原文中的出处，再把原文和选项相比较，正确选项应该是对原文的精确改写，应该符合两点特征：形式对应和含义对应，比如原文中出现比较，那么正确选项中也应该对应出现相应形式，同时含义应该是原文的同义替换，相同的意思换了一种表达方式。三是精读重要考点，比如：转折、比较、因果、结论或总结。略读就是略读甚至不读其他细节性信息，因为干扰选项往往来自于这些地方，精读后反而会增加干扰选项的迷惑度，避免被迷惑信息干扰的最好方法就是不去面对诱惑。需要注意的是与原文极其相似的选项一定要慎选。 　　四级阅读考查的题型主要是细节题，另外还会涉及态度题，主旨题，推理题，结论观点题，词汇题等。各类题型表现形式不同，考查重点各异，解题方法有别。 　　 1、细节题 　　(1)、细节题表现形式 　　这类题在四级考试中题量较大，占到60%——70%的题量，可以说是四级考试成败的关键这类题特点是题干的信息比较具体，考查文章中的重要细节。如2005年1月份考题：“Free play has been introduced in some Japanese kindergartens in order to”， 　　本题通过“free play”，“some Japanese kindergartens”反映了原文考查对象，题干内容比较具体，属于细节分析。又如2005年6月份出现的题目：“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”本题handball player 是中心话题，when引导状语从句，这两部分明确指定了考查的细节内容，在原文中找答案十分方便。 　　(2)、细节题解题方法 　　细节题考查信息查找能力和句子的理解能力。由于考试时间非常紧张，对于考生来说，做好细节题，首先是要在原文找到相关信息。正是由于这点，我们看文章需要目的。有同学先看文章再做题，导致做题时还得回去在文章中寻找相关内容，或者干脆凭着对文章的主观印象匆忙求解，结果是浪费时间或者错误较多。建议考生先看题干再看文章，这样就会有方向感，目的感。所以，细节题的重要做题方法就是：先看题干，再看原文，带着题干个别的特有信息或者带着题干的中心话题在原文定位。如“What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? ”就可以结合handball player这个中心话题在原文找答案。 　　四级细节题干有时会有比较明显的信息，如时间数字，专有名词，中心名词。如2005年1月考题：What was confirmed by the Boston University Medical Center"s study?题干中Boston University Medical Center这个专有名词可以让考生迅速找到考到的原文内容。如果用题干信息在原文找答案没有结果，可以根据题目的先后顺序来确定大概范围(除个别例外，四级细节题大体上还是按照出题的先后顺序找答案的)。以2001年1月份考题为例说明： 　　24.Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters? 　　25.When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner____. 　　做24题过程中，考生可以通过performing tricks 比较容易在原文倒数第二段最后一句话定位找答案；这时，可以大胆预测，25题考最后一段内容。 　　(3)、细节题注意点 　　考生做细节题时，要注意合理但不正确的选项。很多考生在做题时，忽视了题目与原文的`联系，凭着合理性的主观猜想选择答案。结果很多考生感觉做得很好，但对答案时发现错了很多。另外，很多表示程度、范围、频率等的副词或形容词可能会导致选项错误，如2002年1月考题出现一个干扰选项是“keep in constant touch with the computer center”,其中的constant就是选项错误的关键。所以，细节题要求考生非常细心。 　 　2、态度题 　　(1)、态度题表现形式 　　态度题一般提问方式是：The author"s attitude towards ┄ is _____. 或者是What is the author"s attitude towards _______? 　　(2)、态度题解题方法 　　从原则上来讲，态度题可以考查作者对一个中心话题的看法，也可以考查作者对某一具体细节的态度，但是从历年考法来看，四级阅读更加注重考查文章中心话题。所以，态度题经常可以通过文章主题来判断作者的态度。如2003年6月考题， 　　原文首句：It"s no secret that many children would be healthier and happier with adoptive parents than with the parents that nature dealt them. 　　题目：The author"s attitude towards the judge"s ruling could be described as______. 　　A) doubtful B) critical C) cautious D) supportive 　　全文首句可以体现文章讨论的中心话题，它明确道出了作者的观点：有时小孩与养父母在一起比与亲生父母在一起更好。而原文中judge"s ruling的结果就是把小孩判给了养父，所以作者一定会持支持态度，故选D。 　　(3)、态度题注意点 　　考生应该熟练掌握在态度题中经常出现的单词，如positive, negative, optimistic, pessimistic, approving, concerned, objective, compromise等。另外，从以前四级考试的情况来看，作者的态度一般是或褒或贬，或乐观或担忧，中性评价为正确答案的较少。 　 　3、主旨题 　　(1)、主旨题表现形式 　　四级阅读中，主旨题主要可以表现为“What"s the best title for this passage”；“What is the main idea of the passage”；“The author"s purpose of writing this passage is to _____”。当然，这些提问方式可以有很多微小的变化，比如问“The passage is mainly about___”等等。 　　(2)、主旨题解题方法 　　从理论上来讲，主旨题是四级各类题型中要求最高的，因为它要求考生看完文章后，能对文章的大概框架作一个宏观把握，从而解答后面的题目。但是把握文章框架对很多考生来说，是不能做到的。庆幸的是，一般的四级文章，都可以找到文章主题句，或者是可以体现文章主题的句子或单词。 　　文章主题一般在前两段出现，所以考生要比较关注前两段结论性的语言。四级阅读在全文首句出现文章主题的情况比较多见。另外，第一段转折性的语言，通常也能体现作者的观点偏好。 　　(3)、主旨题注意点 　　如果是考文章主题，那么正确答案一定具有概括性和结论性，细节性的选项肯定是错的。如2005年考题， 　　What is the author"s purpose in writing this article? 　　A)To justify the study of the Boston University Medical Center. 　　B)To stress the importance of maintaining proper weight. 　　C)To support the statement made by York Onnen. 　　D)To show the most effective way to lose weight. 　　一看这四个选项，就可以发现A和C里面包含十分具体信息“the Boston University Medical Center”和“York Onnen”，是利用原文中的具体话题，某个细节内容而设计的干扰选项。 　　值得注意的是很多干扰选项还以“以偏概全”的形式出现的，所以分析时要注意正确答案概括的全面性。而利用扩大主题的范围来设计干扰选项的方式，在四级中相对较少。为了说明主题，为了论证，作者会引用一些人讲的话，而这些观点也很可能被考到。 　 　4、推理题 　　(1)、推理题表现形式 　　推理题提问的方式有很多，比如suggest，imply，indicate，conclude，infer等。然而，suggest，imply和indicate这些单词提问，这个题目往往按照细节题的方法来处理即可，真正难把握的是conclude和infer两个单词，这也是四级阅读推理题经常用来提问的方式。 　　(2)、推理题解题方法 　　推理题难度高，不在于推理难，而在于找答案没有方向。比如，题目可能会问What can be inferred from the passage? What can be concluded from the passage? 如果我们对历年考题作一个仔细分析，可以发现conclude和infer还是有些答案查找的方向的。 　　Conclude提问的题目，一般会涉及原文中结论性，观点性的语言，尤其是段落首末的句子。而infer提问的题目，如果题干信息比较多比较具体，一般可以当作细节题来处理，如果题干信息比较少，则考查原文观点结论的语言比较多，甚至考文章主题。 　　(3)、推理题注意点 　　很多考生在做推理题时，有一种思维误区，认为一个选项与原文相去越远，就越可能是正确答案，所以在找不到原文的依据时，就随心所欲地推导。其实，很多情况下，推理题的正确答案相差并不大，不应把这类题想得太难了。比如2002年1月份题目： 　　It can be inferred from the passage that____. 　　A)killing foxes with poison is illegal 　　B)limiting the fox population is unnecessary 　　C)hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent 　　D)fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich 　　正确答案选择C，而原文相关信息是：┄ because they think it is brutal(残酷的) ┄ 　　(原文已经给出brutal的含义)。可见两者相差并不大。 　 　5、词汇题 　　(1)、词汇题表现形式 　　词汇题一般会明确地告诉考生出题点在哪里，不需要考生查找所考查内容。它可以考一个单词的含义，一个词组的意思，或者考一个句子的弦外之音。 　　(2)、词汇题解题方法 　　词汇题是考生得分率较低的一类题，因为它需要考生从上下文中进行分析，推敲单词背后的意思。问单词或词组的意思，加强调上下文逻辑分析；有时用转折逻辑，但更多是利用并列逻辑，比如1997年1月份考题， 　　原文：This is the Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. 　　60. “Shadowland”in the last sentence refers to____ . 　　A) the wonderland one often dreams about 　　B) the bright future that one is looking forward to 　　C) the state of uncertainty before one"s final goal is reached 　　D) a world that exists only in one"s imagination 　　此题解法有多种，其中可以利用并列关系来求解。首先，and后面的句子告诉我们“任何有梦想的人必须要学会在那里生活”，这暗含了“那里”不好的环境。再从and可知，两个分句的逻辑是一致的，据此Shadowland也应该是不利的环境，故选择C项。 　　考句子的含义，查找答案的方向还得做一个细分：如果句子简单，一般在上下文中寻找答案；如果句子复杂，则更加倾向于在句子内部找答案。 　　(3)、词汇题注意点 　　如果考简单单词，正确答案会与该单词的常用意思没有多大关系；如果考难词，感觉很难有分析的线索时，就把四个选项代到原文中，使得原文逻辑正确，意思同学的为正确答案；如果考句子的含义而导致分析完全没有思路时，不妨结合文章问题来分析，可以体现主题，或与主题的逻辑一致，一般就是答案。

这个去那些英语学习网站网站，（在 hao123 里有很多）都可以找得到