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英语单词转化(副词、形容词、现在分词、过去式)等等所有的词类方法

2023-07-24 09:17:56
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苏州马小云

英语的构字方法主要有三类:派生法、转化法与合成法。派生法是字根加上字首或字尾,加字首的时候,词性是不变的,加字尾的时候词性一般改变,转化法是词性改变,但字形是不变的,合成法是把一个字加到另一个字上面,前一个字修饰,限定后一个字。

英语字根大多来自拉丁文或希腊文,比如:psycho- 心理的(来自希腊文ψυχο-),Anglo- 英国的,socio- 社会的,vice- 副等。

字根加上字尾,有时拼法会发生变化,如:y变成i,如friendliness、happily,双写,如reddish、panicky,不发音的字母e去掉,如:causation,简化,如:fully。

英语当中最常用的构字方法是派生法。拿副词来说,多数副词是在形容词和分词后面加上字尾-ly构成的,如oddly 奇怪地,interestingly 有趣地,determinedly 决意地,以辅音加-y(这个-y常常念作短元音的/u026a/)结尾的形容词变成副词时,须把y变为i,再加-ly,如:easily、happily、以-ll结尾的形容词变成副词时,只加-y,如:fully、dully,以辅音加-le结尾的形容词变为副词时,需省去-e,再加-y,如:ably、idly、singly、simply、subtly,以-ue结尾的形容词变为副词时,省去-e再加-ly,如:truly、duly,以-ic结尾的形容词变为副词时,须加-ally,如:heroically,domestically、tragically等。

副词除了常用的字尾外,还有一些其它字尾,如:-wise、-wards、-fashion、-ways、-style等,如:clockwise、northwards、schoolboy-fashion、sideways、cowboy-style等。有一些副词带有字首a-,如:aboard、afoot、ahead、aloud。个别形容词也可以转换为副词,如:fast、hard等。

形容词可以用名词、动词加上一些字尾来构成形容词,如:-ed、-ful、-ish、-less、like、-ly、-y、-some、-worthy、-al、-esque、-ic、-ous、-able和-ive,如:

wooded 树木繁茂的

useful 有用的

Swedish 瑞典的,瑞典人的,瑞典语的

careless 粗心的

childlike 像孩子似的

manly 有男子汉气概的

sandy 沙质的

burdensome 沉重的

praiseworthy 值得赞扬的

accidental 偶然的

Romanesque 罗马式绘画雕刻的

Arabic 阿拉伯的,阿拉伯人的,阿拉伯语的

desirous 向往的

untranslatable 不宜翻译的

attractive 吸引人的

此外,用作表语和定语的名词可以转化为形容词:a brick garage,reproduction furniture,又如:His accent is very Mayfair.

现在分词一般由动词原形加上词尾-ing构成,如:going、standing、asking、answering、studying、being、seeing等。但是以不发音的e结尾的动词,要去掉e再加上-ing。如:coming、writing、becoming、taking等。动词为重读闭音节结尾的字,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,这个辅音字母要双写,再加-ing,如sitting、running、stopping、beginning、admitting和forgetting。少数几个以-ie结尾的单音节动词,需变-ie为y,再加-ing,如:dying、tying、lying等。

动词的过去式和过去分词的构成有规则的和不规则的两种,规则动词的过去式和过去分词的变化如下:

在动词后加-ed,如:worked、followed、wanted。

在以-e结尾的动词后加-d,如:hoped、agreed。

在以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词后,先把y变为i再加-ed,如:carried、studied、tried、copied。

以重读闭音节或-r音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写这个辅音字母再加上-ed,如:clapped、planned、admitted。比较:一些双音节动词,重音在第一个音节,这时辅音字母不需要双写:traveled、worshiped、entered。注意以-ic结尾的动词,变成过去式和过去分词时,要先加上k,再加上-ed,如:panicked、trafficked、picnicked。不规则动词则不以加-ed的方式构成过去式与过去分词,可以分为下列五类:

动词原形,过去式与过去分词同形:burst-burst-burst。

过去式与过去分词同形:bend-bent-bent。

动词原形、过去式和过去分词都不一样:arise-arose-arisen。

过去分词与原形相同:come-came-come。

过去式与原形相同:beat-beat-beaten。

希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。

cloud123

你好希望能给予你帮助

一、过去式和过去分词

(a)原形动词词尾+“ed”。

rain →rained (下雨)

walk →walked(走)

need →needed (需要)

(b)原形动词词尾为“e”时,加“-d”。

live →lived (住)

like →liked (喜欢)

(c)原形动词词尾为“辅音字母+y”时,去“-y”后加“-ied”,若是词尾为“元音字母+y”,只加“-ed”。

study →studied (学习)

play→played (游戏)

(d)原形动词词尾为“短元音+辅音字母”时,先双写该辅音字母后再+”-ed“。

chat →chatted (闲谈)

kid →kidded (开玩笑)

beg →begged (恳求)

stop →stopped (停止)

bud →budded (萌芽)

注:双音节动词若其词尾的词形如本项的情形,但重音落在第一音节者直接加“-ed”,若是重音落在第二音节者,则依本项规则双写该辅音字母后再+”-ed“。

visit →visited (访问)

omit →omitted (省略)

(e)原形动词词尾为“元音+l,r”并为重读音节时,常双写词尾后再加“-ed”。

compel →compelled

prefer→preferred

英语字母“c”后面接“e,i”时通常都发音,例如:

“face;city”。

因此,如picnic作动词使用时,其词形变化为了要保住其词尾的音,通常都先加“-k”之后再加“-ing”或“-ed”。例如:

We went picnicking last Sunday.

(上星期天我们野餐去了)。

We picnicked in a park by a lake.

(我们在湖边的一处公园野餐了。)

过去式“-ed”的发音规则

(1)动词词尾为“-t,-d”时,“-id”发音,并自成一个音节。因此,单音节动词加了“-ed”便成为双音节动词并有重音。

want →wanted (要)

need →needed (需要)

(2)动词词尾为清辅音时,“-ed”发音t。

help →helped (帮助)

laugh →laughed (笑)

look →looked (看)

kiss →kissed (吻)

wash →washed (洗)

watch →watched (注视)

(3)动词词尾为以外之浊辅音或元音时,“-ed”发音d。

call →called (叫)

rain →rained (下雨)

stay→ stayed (停留)

cry→ cried (哭)

二、形容词变为副词的方法

一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词。例如:quick—quickly, slow—slowly, loud—loudly, sudden—suddenly 等。但是,以下几点值得注意:

1. 一些以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly。例如:happy—happily, angry—angrily, lucky—luckily, heavy—heavily, noisy—noisily 等。

2. 有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y。例如:possible—possibly, terrible—terribly等。

3. 少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly。例如:true—truly等。但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly。例如:polite—politely, wide—widely等。

4. 以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时仍然要在词尾加-ly,而不是只加-y。除非是以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y。例如:usual—usually, careful—carefully, useful—usefully, full—fully等。

tt白

去词典里查他的词性

左迁

做任务。。。飘过~

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制造业回流美国,没有想象中那么容易

“制造业回流美国”,是美国政客长期挂在嘴边的一个口号。不止特朗普高举这面大旗,远在奥巴马12年前竞选时,打的口号也是“买美国制造,投奥巴马”,在其执政时期还提出了“美国再工业化”计划。 然而,制造业回流美国,终归是一场梦。或者说,那根本就是缘木求鱼;更或者说,那根本就是忽悠底层选民的一个口号而已。 因为,以金融资本和高 科技 为支柱的美国经济生态,已经不是适宜制造业生存的土壤了。 制造业是实体经济之本。从古典经济学来说,只有像制造业这样的经济活动,才创造真实价值。 美国还没崛起为世界经济霸主时,曾经踏踏实实地在工业和制造业上下过苦功夫。众所周知,工业革命率先在英国发源,英国首先成为世界工厂。二十世纪初,美国接过电气技术革命的第二波工业革命浪潮,各种工业发明领先世界。在世界忙于一战时,美国躲在一边“闷声发大财”,迅速成为世界经济强国,一战后彻底取代英国、德国等老牌资本主义强国,稳稳占据世界经济第一的宝座。 到二战结束的时候,美国的GDP几乎占全世界的三分之一,而美国制造业产值,按联合国1948年发布的《世界经济报告》,全球制造业产值美国几乎和“其他国家”两分天下。 美国延续其在 科技 创新方面的领先地位,上世纪60年代以来继续引领以计算机、互联网为标志的信息革命浪潮,进一步巩固了世界经济霸主地位。 伴随美国经济在全球地位的崛起,从二战后的“布雷顿森林体系”开始,美国一手打造了美元在国际货币体系的霸主地位,美元成为世界货币,从此,全球经济、贸易、投资建立在美元体系之上。 与此同时,以全球投资为特征的全球化潮流席卷世界。美国金融资本与工业资本携手走向世界,美国的制造业开始向劳动力成本更低的其它国家转移,并寻求更大的市场。美国的工业资本在世界获取了超额垄断利润,这进一步加剧了制造业的外流,也由此形成了美国工业的“空心化”。如今,美国制造业产值在GDP中占比仅在11%上下。 伴随制造业的外流,传统的美国工业地区如今成为了“铁锈带”。一个典型的例子是,随着三大 汽车 巨头的相继迁离,美国曾经引以为傲的“世界 汽车 之都”底特律一度陷于破产境地。美国民众看到的是,外国进口的商品占满几乎所有市场的货架,挤掉了他们曾经生产的货品。 有人会说,美国依然是世界制造业强国,并拿出美国在世界500强中制造业巨头数量和影响力作为证明。但如果你看美国这些制造业巨头的生产基地,其实是遍及世界各地。它们与其说是美国的制造业,毋宁说是挂着美国标签的世界化工厂。 美国早已不靠传统制造业赚辛苦钱了,而是通过高 科技 和金融在全球的垄断地位赚取“聪明钱”。 美国是全球创新中心,特别是在原发型创新方面领先世界。自由的研究氛围,深厚的科研基础,使美国成为全球顶尖 科技 人才的集中地。这使得美国一直引领现代 科技 的潮流,美国的芯片技术、航天技术至今独步天下。美国凭借 科技 原发优势,占据世界 科技 创新的制高点,通过技术垄断,获取全球价值链最顶端的研发、设计收益,并锁定超额的利润。 而随着美元长期主导全球货币体系,美元的世界货币地位更使美国拥有了无敌的“嚣张特权”。“储备货币赋予一个国家不可思议的力量。凭借美元的世界储备货币地位,美国有权将所需要的美元交到美国人的手中”(达利欧)。利用美元特权,它可以在全世界剪羊毛,像吸血一样榨取他国财富,让美国大饱私囊。 自从拥有了美元这一利器,特别是美元与黄金脱钩之后,世界再也无法阻挡美国印钞的脚步。2008年美国金融危机以后,量化宽松成为美国解决危机的不二法门。在2020年应对疫情危机中,美国更是把印钞的绝技运用到无底线的地步,短短几周内美联储发行的基础货币就超过3万多亿美元,相当于中国十几年积累的外汇储备,或英国全年的总产值。 美国一手发债、一手印钞的操作,保证了美国从不用担心“缺钱”的问题。借助美元的特殊地位,美国实际上是在躺着挣钱。 美国金融业的影响力迅速膨胀,成为对美国经济贡献最大的第一产业,以华尔街为代表的美国金融资本逐步成为美国经济、政治的主导力量。他们可以用金融的力量和资本的运作,轻松地在全世界赚“快钱、巧钱”。 随着美国经济的金融化,股市在美国经济中越来越扮演举足轻重的角色,股市投资成为美国人创富的又一捷径。以2020年末美国股市估值来算,美国股市总市值已接近美国GDP的200%(全球股市市值与全球GDP之比约100%)。而股市与美国实体经济表现也越来越背离,美国经济日益脱实向虚。 美国经济以高 科技 和金融作为支撑的特点,决定了美国无需以庞大制造业作为基础,美国制造业外流也就是必然了。 美国通过高 科技 创新,获取产业链最高端的收益,而将低附加值的生产、制造等布局在劳动力成本更低、产业链配套更齐全的其它地区,对于资本来说是绝佳选择。 而美元作为世界货币的属性,全球依赖美元作为对外贸易的计价与结算货币、投资货币和储备货币,决定了美元必须持续对外输出,才能保证世界其它国家能够持有美元。美元的持续输出,要求美国必须大量进口并长期保持贸易逆差。美国必须源源不断输出美元,而世界必须源源不断向美国输入商品,这是美元作为世界货币的前提。也就是说,美元作为世界货币的属性,与生俱来就带着排斥制造业的基因。 制造业成就了美国经济霸主地位,把美元推向了世界货币的“宝座”;而美元作为世界货币,却天然要求美国不能成为制造业大国。二者不可得兼,制造业终被美元反噬。笔者把这称为“美元的诅咒”,也是制造业回流美国无法逾越的内在矛盾。 2020年新冠疫情在中国爆发时,美国商务部长罗斯曾幸灾乐祸地说,“这有助于加速制造业向美国回流”。美国白宫贸易顾问纳瓦罗更是提出,美国政府可以为美国企业撤离中国的成本“买单”。 政客的话管不了企业的脚。2020年12月,中国外交部公布的一项调查数据显示,约82%的美企表示未来3年不会将生产迁出中国。对此,美国有线电视新闻网说的很实在:搬迁并不是将各种设备打包装箱,运到太平洋另一头那么简单。相反,企业要为此付出高昂的转移生产的成本。 跨国公司的产业链是经过长期生产经营的磨合与打造形成的,也是由市场潜力、产业配套能力、劳动力素质、基础设施成熟度等综合因素决定的。这不是一家两家工厂那么简单,而是一套完整的产业生态。 不是没有企业尝试赴美投资设厂,比如富士康。在特朗普几番盛邀之下,2017年7月富士康宣布未来4年在美国投资100亿美元,生产10.5代液晶显示屏,项目将最高满足13000人就业。作为“制造业回归”的象征,这个项目被特朗普寄予厚望,甚至将该项投资赞誉为“世界第八奇迹”,2018年工厂开始建设时还亲自跑去为工厂奠基。然而3年过后,工厂所在地只有一座毛坯厂房。 首先遇到的是产业链配套问题,由于美国特殊玻璃制造商康宁公司不乐意跟着在威斯康星建厂,也没有其他相关零配件的上游供应链产业集群,原先计划的10.5代只能缩水为6代。此外工厂还需面对征地谈判、环保组织反对、当地政府换届导致建厂协议与政府优惠政策取消等棘手纠纷。原本计划2020年开工的富士康威斯克星工厂至今仍然是一座孤零零的厂房。 更典型的例子是苹果。2012年苹果CEO库克宣布将在美国生产高配的Mac电脑,这将是首个由美国工人生产的苹果产品。当苹果公司开始在得克萨斯州奥斯汀生产这款售价3000美元的电脑时,没想到一颗小小的螺丝让苹果公司费尽周折。苹果公司在中国的供应链工厂能在短时间内生产大量定制螺丝,但在得州与苹果合作的工厂一天最多生产1000颗螺丝。最终,苹果公司不得不从中国订购大批螺丝。 这也正是从奥巴马到特朗普一再施压要求苹果公司将手机生产线迁回美国,但始终被苹果公司一口回绝的原因。 苹果表示,中国制造不可替代,如今苹果产品的大部分零件都是在中国制造,中国拥有最完整的工业体系、足够多的劳动力以及足够达到苹果要求的制造水平,能让苹果在最短的时间内量产数量足够的iPhone产品。库克指出:“我们的产品需要最好的工具,再加上材料,它会成为艺术,中国的技能非常高,我不知道在美国能不能满足这个要求。” 别说美国,就连苹果手机尝试在中国之外如印度和越南设立生产车间,在投产后也发现困难重重。富士康前高管表示,印度和越南与中国的差距是全方位的。 这也解释了特斯拉为什么一定要到中国设厂的原因。特斯拉原本在美国生产,但受困于供应链成本高昂,产能问题始终不能解决,还面临坏品率低、产品退订等诸多麻烦,经营长期亏损,濒临破产边缘。去年以来美国疫情蔓延,特斯拉在美国的多间工厂被迫停产。 2018年6月特斯拉宣布在上海建厂,2020年1月7日,特斯拉上海超级工厂项目建成投产,第一批国产版Model3正式交付,ModelY项目也开始启动。中国供应链的完整和成熟是特斯拉特别看重的,比如其所在的临港新区聚集了一大批本地供应商,能够满足大部分配件需要,仅此一项就能节省大量成本。落地中国使亏损了十几年的特斯拉终于翻身,并一举把马斯克推上世界首富宝座。 几十年的制造业外流,导致美国重振制造业的产业链基础已经不复存在。要再造完整配套的产业链生态,岂是朝夕之功? 与此相关的还有基础设施老旧问题。一场暴风雪使美国德克萨斯州电力供应瘫痪,数百万人数日内在严寒、饥饿、缺水中遭受煎熬而叫苦无门,暴露了美国电力设施的脆弱。实际上,不止电力系统,美国的公路、铁路、机场、通讯等基础设施都已年久失修,状况堪忧。特朗普曾批评美国的基础设施好比“第三世界”,奥巴马政府一份《交通基础设施投资经济分析报告》指出,美国约有65%的主要道路亟待维护或重修,25%的桥梁无法满足交通需求。 美国是服务业占主导的 社会 ,美国服务业就业人员占比基本在83%左右。美国发展制造业所需的适宜的劳动力数量和素质均难以满足。 如今的工业制造体系,早已不是上世纪那种劳动力密集的手工作坊式工厂,而是高度自动化、专业化、信息化的生产线。要维持这样的高 科技 生产线的运转,需要大量掌握一定专业和操作技能的熟练工人以及工程技术人员。 对于苹果公司为什么拒绝将生产线从中国迁回美国,苹果CEO库克表示:“生产苹果产品需要最先进的机器和许多懂技术会操作的工人。在美国,你和模具工程师开会时,不知道能不能坐满一个房间;但在中国,可以填满好多个足球场。” 苹果的中国供应链可以一次性提供至少25万名技术熟练的装配工人,这在美国绝无可能。富士康在美设厂就遭遇招工难,不仅报名者寥寥,而能够通过必要技能考试的应聘者更是少得可怜。 美国的一般劳动阶级,更愿意选择技术要求和劳动强度不高的简单服务行业,如果要他们学习操作技术,还需要一丝不苟地趴在复杂生产线上劳动,他们宁肯待在家里享受失业救济。 美国高等教育阶层热衷于商科和金融,最受大学生青睐的前10大本科专业,没有一个是STEM(科学、技术、工程和数学)相关学科。学STEM,那是留学生的事。加之美国本土的制造业规模较小,缺乏足够的就业机会来养成大量的工程师。 劳动力素质和数量还仅是问题的一小部分,更令美国制造企业伤脑筋的是强大的工会力量和难缠的劳资关系。 美国的工会体系,经过长期发展,已经不再是当年单纯为工人争取合法权益的组织了,而已经成为了一种特殊的利益组织,给企业带来了巨大的压力。工会制度加剧了劳资双方的矛盾,阻碍了美国制造业的发展。 而作为美国制造业重要代表的 汽车 工业,则不仅被阻碍了发展,而是险些被断送。美国 汽车 工人联合会(UAW)是美国最大的工会组织,通过组织大规模罢工和暴力冲突,与美国三大 汽车 巨头进行长期博弈,且每每占据上风。 最近的一次大罢工,是2019年9月16日由UAW组织的美国通用 汽车 工人大罢工,在美国的通用 汽车 33个工厂和22个仓库的约4.9万名工人参加。这次罢工导致通用 汽车 在美国的工厂全部瘫痪,造成36亿美元的巨额损失。最终通用 汽车 不得不妥协,为达成协议,通用 汽车 每年将增加1亿美元劳动力成本。 由于工会的保护,美国 汽车 工业体系里的工人,不仅享受着高时薪、高福利,还能获得可观的年度利润分成。数据显示,2006 年美国三大 汽车 公司工人的平均年薪超过了14 万美元,比同期美国大学教授的平均年薪(9.6 万美元)还高出46%。 为保住会员的高工资、高福利和工作岗位,UAW不允许美国 汽车 公司为提高效率、降低成本而进行业务重组、引入新技术,裁员就更难。而且即使裁员,被裁员工享受的待遇也几乎没有什么变化,被裁工人可拿到95%的工资,福利不变且没有时间限制。 强大的工会力量导致美国 汽车 工业的高成本,最终使美国车企在激烈的市场竞争中败下阵来。2009年4月30日,克莱斯勒 汽车 宣告申请破产保护,最终被意大利的菲亚特 汽车 集团合并整合为菲亚特-克莱斯勒。2009年6月1日,通用 汽车 公司申请破产保护并组织重整,由美国和加拿大两国政府接管。福特虽然没有申请破产保护,但也元气大伤,其在2008年2月通过提前退休裁员9000人,再加上2006年和2007年的裁员,福特总裁员人数达到了3.36万人,并因此付出了153亿美元的代价。 因此,马斯克直接把美国 汽车 工人联合会指为“摧毁了曾经辉煌的美国 汽车 制造业的刽子手”。 美国 汽车 工会是美国工会组织的一个代表,美国 汽车 业遭遇的困境也是美国制造业现实窘境的一个缩影。美国有两万多个地方工会,如今,工会组织已经演变成一股极为强大的力量,成了为工人提供铁饭碗的强势组织。劳工关系成为美国投资制造业必须面对的棘手难题。 美国经济以高 科技 和金融业作为支撑,习惯于赚“聪明钱”和“巧钱”,只能是极少数精英人士的 游戏 ,与一般大众无缘。 科技 创新属于以硅谷为代表的 科技 精英,而金融是以华尔街为代表的金融资本精英的专利。美国的财富日益集中在极少数精英分子手中。 美国中产阶级和底层民众没有能力跻身 科技 和金融的殿堂,也就无法参与美国如火如荼的创富活动,无缘享受美国财富快速增长的成果。他们的收入增长有限,生活水平没有大的改观。他们成为了被财富“抛下”的群体。 普林斯顿大学的经济学家安妮·凯斯(Anne Case)和安格斯·迪顿(Angus Deaton)研究指出,在过去30年里,在主要发达国家中,美国是唯一一个收入排名在后50%的就业群体实际收入出现下降的国家。美国的这一现象导致“绝望”情绪在白人劳工群体中蔓延,他们成为反全球化的拥趸。 即便是美国中上阶层(资产净值超过全美50%人群,但低于10%人群),也感受到了收入停滞带来的压力。他们的收入增长率开始落后于 社会 经济阶梯上其他较低阶层和较高阶层的收入增长率。 美国曾经标榜和津津乐道的 社会 “橄榄形”结构已经改变。这正是几年前“占领华尔街”运动兴起的原因,也是美国民粹主义、反全球化思潮的 社会 基础。 “制造业回流美国”是个不可能的任务。它不过是政客们争取选民的口号而已。今天的美国,像极了一个吃青春饭的失足女子,眼看青春不再,原来的生计维持不下去了,才想起自力更生,却发现早已四体不勤,又身无别艺。一入风尘深似海,回头已是百年身。从良哪有那么容易? 【 钛媒体作者简介: 高德胜,资深金融业者,经济学者。西安交通大学工学学士,北京大学经济学硕士,伦敦CityUniversity 金融EMBA。专注于中国宏观经济、世界经济、国际金融研究,在《世界经济》、《中国金融》、《中国发展观察》、《 财经 》等核心期刊及《经济日报》、《环球时报》、《金融时报》等国家级媒体发表研究文章数十篇。】
2023-07-24 04:08:482

急求英文高手翻译国际贸易的重要性及定义!!

楼上的请自重了啦。翻译机水平还说什么人在美国。。。1.theimportanceofinternationaltradeFromtheviewofacountry,internationaltrademeansexternal/foreigntrade.Foreigntradeiscloselyrelatedwiththeeconomicgrowthofacountry.Itisabletostimulateandpromotethegrowthofacountry"seconomy.It"smainfunctionistoexportoverplusgoodsandimportgoodsneededdomestically.Soastobalancethetradeandincreasethecountry"sincome.2.DefinitionofinternationaltradeTradeisavoluntaryexchangeofgoodsorservices,whichisalsocalledbusiness/commerce.Tradeiscarriedoutinamarket.Theoriginaltradeistobarter,whichmeanstoexchangegoodsorservicesdirectly.Whileintheinternationaltrade,theexchangesofgoodsandservicesareacrosstheboundariesofstatesorsectors.Inmostcountries,it"sanimportantpartofGDP.不好意思,你汉语只有这么点。英语翻译过来也达不到你100字的要求。
2023-07-24 04:09:241

法律英语翻译(英译汉)Trade Law, Labor and Global Inequality

i. 贸易法的范围Trade法律设置跨越边界交易的法律体系。 贸易法在政府之中的全球性,地方和分区安排有成效。 在same时间,所有国家维护在贸易的国内法和贸易law"sapplication介入和解矛盾的超国家的规则和国内法规。Domestically,美国有法律治理的国际性组织一个广泛的系统 trade. 首先和完全,美国法律设置了的进口关税进入美国。 许多people不知道20世纪30年代的臭名昭著和高Smoot-Hawley关税是在书的still。 他们由WTO"s最惠国的应用代替 (MFN)规则,要求WTO成员必须延伸到所有的贸易对象tariff水平被授予他们的唯一“most-favored”成为伙伴。 这就是为什么的MFN状态当中国不是a, China是这样一个引起争论的问题通过许多20世纪90年代WTO成员和国会必须年年行动授予MFN状态中国。 如果MFN没被授予的were的进口关税从中国将攫取对Smoot-Hawley水平,高费用making中国的产品。Congress最后授予永久MFN状态中国避免每年吵闹,在过程拥护者的though从“most-favored-nation” 改变了命名原则避免的to “normal商业relations” (NTR)给中国得到的印象some种类有利治疗。 NTR现在成为了艺术的期限在美国贸易的MFN原则的discourse,和在世界其他地方风行。对布什总统的In 2002年国会被授予的贸易谈判的当局在什么之下使用了to称“fast track”期限,执行委员谈判一完全商业与贸易对象或小组的agreement伙伴和国会迅速投赞成票或no,没有校正,在最后的成交。 良好的跑道当局及早被否认了在关心的President大克林顿劳工标准和环境保护在立法不充分地演讲的were。
2023-07-24 04:09:472

英语翻译

你确定你没漏打或打错字母?
2023-07-24 04:10:073

翻译成英文

Beijing Hualinwei industry 1.Company nature Beijing Hualinwei industry companies known as the Beijing Hualinwei cause electroplating equipment Limited (business registration), is a joint-stock enterprises, the time for registration on June 25, 2001, the registered capital of 500,000 yuan, now fixed assets amounted to 200 million RMB. Electroplating gold sales to companies weigh-off production lines, electroplating equipment, waste treatment equipment, environmental protection equipment-based. Since 2002 sales of semiconductor cleaning equipment and additional production projects external to the electronic equipment industry Beijing Hualinwei Limited over all relevant operational, the company financial situation and framework are all Hualinwei cause electroplating equipment for the main Limited, the company called Beijing Hualinwei industry. 2.Company size and framework Hualinwei industry companies covering over 7,000 square metres, with more than 2,200 square metres of production plants, and more than 60 employees to provide small and medium enterprises. Companies team average age is 32 years old, is a dynamic and energetic young workers. Main sectors : General Manager Room (3), the Ministry of Finance (3), the Engineering Design Department (11), the Ministry of production (40), market sales promotion department (3), after-sale Department (5). 3.Companies engaged scope Hualinwei industry companies for the production-oriented enterprises, mainly in three large production projects. Semiconductor equipment (cleansing techniques based) : 1.Quartz and cleansing machine (straight, vertical, fully automatic, semi-automatic and manual)2.Chip cleansing machine ().3.Silicon cleansing machine ()4.Quartz and acid dwell cleansing machine () 5.Silicon corrosion plane () 6.Wet Taiwan. 7.Blue Site, suits cleansing machine () 8.How machines. 9.Jimmy (with) the films. 10.While cleaning machine 11.trillion Ventilation window 12.Nitrogen storage machines 13.Silicon Electroplating equipment :1.Specifications of the computer-controlled automatic plating electroplating production line 2.Electroplating whole plant equipment 3.Cathode and anode electrophoresis Tuzhuang production line 4.Aluminium oxide disc production lines 5.pieces of aluminum oxide production line.Specifications roll plating production line and roll-plated machine 6.Chemical plating production line 7.All varieties, specifications implant shafts 8.Waste handling equipment Engineering plastics design and processing :1.Made in China PVC,UPVC,PP,PE, plate processing (welding equipment and materials are imported) 2.German imports PP,PVDF,PVC,CPVC (welding equipment and materials are imported) 3.Import engineering plastics plate, cotton, steel tubes, reach Acting sales. 4.Production companies Hualinwei electroplating equipment and semiconductor industry companies with the production-based equipment. Electroplating equipment with an annual value (03 May to 04 years in May), 3.9 million yuan, design electroplating production line is a line containing fully automatic 4, three sets of wastewater treatment systems, electroplating equipment design a whole plant (design), three sets of copper extraction mixing system (exports Zambia). Semiconductor production equipment value (03 May to 04 May), over 5.7 million 10,000 yuan, design and production of quartz cleaning machine 27 Taiwan (including two fully automatic), silicon cleaning machine 29 Taiwan (including four fully automatic), wet Taiwan Wutai, a blue cleansing machines one Taiwan, silicon corrosion plane two, for films plane two (production). Comprehensive production capacity is expected to electroplating equipment 10 sets, 150 Taiwan semiconductor cleaning equipment, output 12 million. 5.Companies market feedback Product quality standards are achieved using units, anti-revisionism rate of 7%, short production cycle, quality, fair price, after-sale customer support is a good evaluation. 6.Company performance Beijing Hualinwei industry is Beijing electroplating Association Limited. Beijing Hualinwei Industry Association Limited is a Chinese semiconductor industry. 7.Companies with similar companies more Hualinwei industry prior to electroplating equipment companies and semiconductor production equipment downstream parts production enterprises, the development of independent research and development, design, production, processing integrated production-oriented enterprises, after four years, the flexible, rapid adaptation to market dynamics control situation, the customer needs is one of the necessary conditions for the rapid development of the Division. At the same time, short production cycle, quality, fair pricing, good after-sale support is a solid foundation for winning their enterprises. Similar thoroughly from the bloated state-owned enterprises, slow, not pragmatic style, cost control, such as the deployment of personnel have been different. 8.Companies philosophy People-oriented, and scientific and technological innovation, customers and excellence 9.Firms purposes To standardize, rationalize, standardization, efficiency, and guidelines to provide quality products and good service .
2023-07-24 04:10:198

2020-02-16 reading 14

Reading 14. Aggregate output, prices and economic growth 14a. Calculate and explain GDP using expenditure and income approaches. GDP is the total market value of goods and services produced in a country within a certain time period. -most widely used measure of the size of a nation"s economy. -includes only purchases of newly produced goods and services -transfer payment made by government政府转移性之处 (失业率、退休、福利政策)不属于economic output,不包括在GDP的计算中 value used in计算GDP,是market values of final goods and services -that is, goods and services not be resold or used in the production of other goods and service. GDP仅仅包括购买最终生产的产品和服务。在之前环节生产的商品的销售和再销售不计入GDP. 政府提供的产品和服务,即使在市场上没有明码标价,计入GDP。 eg. 警察和法官提供的服务,公路和基础设施等产品得到改善,都计入GDP. GDP包括自有住房价值,正如租房服务价值。 不计GDP,不在市场上进行买卖的劳动力价值。 不计GDP,生产过程中产生的副产品。 GDP的计算可以通过对购买最终产品和服务需要花费的支出加总来计算,也可以通过因生产这些产品和服务所获得的销售收入总和的。 the sum of all the spending on newly produced goods and services, or as the sum of the income received as producing these goods and services. a.收入计算法expenditure approach GDP is calculated by summing the amounts spent on goods and services produced during the period b. income approach GDP is calculated by summing the amounts earned by households and companies during the period, including wage income, interest income and business profits. For the whole economy, total expenditures=total income,这样两种方法才能得出同样的结论。实际上,得出不一样的结果。 14b. Compare the sum-of-value-added and value-of-final-output methods of calculating GDP. a. Value-of-final-output method.最终产出价值法-属于expenditure method sum the values of all final goods and services produces b.sum-of-value-added method增加值加总法 -sum the additions to value created at each stage of production and distribution 14c. Compare nominal and real GDP and calculate and interpret the GDP deflator. Nominal GDP: the total value of all goods and services produced by an economy,valued at current market prices. 当前市场价格计算的所有最终生产的商品和服务的价值总额。 Real GDP真实GDP measures the output of the economy using prices from a base year, removing the effect of changes in prices -inflation不被计入economic growth 指基期价格计算的经济产出价值,剔除了价格变动的营销,使通货膨胀没有计入经济增长中。 -relative to a base year real GDP growth reflects only increases in total output, not simply increases in the money value of total output. 真实GDP的增长仅仅反映了总产出的增加,而不是简单的体现了总产出货币价值的增加。 GDP deflator-ia a price index-used to convert nominal GDP into real GDP take out the effects of changes in the overall price level -base on the current mix of goods and services, using prices at the beginning and end of the period. =(nominal GDP in the year t/value of year t output at base year price )*100 per-capital real GDP人均真实GDP =real GDP/population -用于衡量一个国家居民经济状况 14d. Compare GDP, national income, personal income and personal disposable income. a.Under expenditure approach, major components of real GDP are consumption,investment,government spending and net exports(出口减进口) GDP=C+I+G+(X-M) =(C+GC)+(I+GI)+(X-M) GC=government consumption GI=government investment (capital goods, inventories) b.Under income approach, GDP=national income +capital consumption allowance+statistical discrepancy =国民收入+资本消耗扣除+统计误差 capital consumption allowance(CCA) 资本小猴扣除 measures the depreciation of physical capital from the production of goods and services over a period. -be reinvested to maintain the productivity of physical capital from one period to the next statistical discrepancy -adjustment for the difference between GDP measured under两种不同的方法,they use different data. National income-sum of income received by all factors of production that go into the creation of final output. =compensation of employees(wages and benefits) 劳动补偿 +corporate and government enterprise profits before taxes 公司和国有企业税前利润 +interest income 利息收入 +unincorporated business net income(business owners" incomes) 独资公司净收入 +rent 租金 +indirect business taxes 间接商业税 -subsidies(taxes and subsidies that are included in final prices) -补贴 Personal income居民收入 -measure of pretax income received by households -determinant of consumer purchasing power and consumption -不同于national income 包括households receive, government transfer payments Household disposable income /personal disposable income 税后的 -measures households have available to either save or spend on goods and services -important economic indicator of ability of consumers to spend and save. 居民收入=国民收入+对居民的转移支付-间接商业税收-企业收入所得税-未废品的公司红利 居民可支配收入=居民收入-居民税收 14e. Explain the fundamental relationship among saving, investment, the fiscal balance and the trade balance. GDP=C+S+T =consumption spending + household and business savings+net taxes S=I+(G-T)+(X-M) =private savings =private investment +government borrowing-government savings -trade deficit +trade surplus (G-T)-fiscal balance-difference between government spending and tax receipts 财政收支余额,政府支出和税收的差额 (X-M)-trade balance-net exports 净出口,贸易收支余额 (G-T)=(S-I)-(X-M) 这个等式体现私人储蓄=私人投资+政府借款或者扣除政府储蓄,并且-贸易赤字+贸易顺差 government deficit(G-T大于0) must financed by some combination of a trade deficit(X-M小于0)or an excess of private saving over private investment(S-I大于0) 14f. Explain the IS and LM curves and how they combine to generate the aggregate demand curve. each components of GDP: a. consumption is a function of disposable income. 个人收入的增长或税收降低都会增加消费或储蓄的水平。额外的可支配收入的增加会被消费或储蓄起来。 额外增加的收入中,用来消费的部分被称为边际消费倾向,用来储蓄的部分,叫边际储存倾向。 MPC-marginal propensity to consume边际消费倾向 MPS-marginal propensity to save边际储蓄倾向 MPC+MPS=100% b. Investment is a function of expected profitability and cost of financing. 投资是期望收益率和融资成本 Expected profitability depends on the overall economic output. Financing costs are reflected in real interest rates--nominal interest rates减去expected inflation rate c. Government purchases 政府购买在一定程度上可以看做是独立于经济活动的,但是政府的税收收入和财政收支余额时经济产出。 d.Net exports are function of domestic disposable income, foreign disposable incomes and prices of goods in foreign and domestic markets. 1.IS curve(income-savings)-揭示了negative relationship between real interest rates and real income for equilibrium in the goods market. 实际利率和实际收入负相关。IS曲线上的点,为在均衡的商品市场中,实际利率和收入的组合。 2.LM curve(liquidity-money)--揭示了positive relationship between real interest rates and income consistent with equilibrium in the money market. 正相关。 货币市场的均衡需要通过在提供实际利率的同时提高收入来实现。 有收入增加导致的货币需求量高,将抵消由实际利率的上升导致的对货币需求量的减少,从而使市场重新恢复均衡。 The Aggregate Demand Curve AD curve shows relationship between the quantity of real output demanded(=real income) and price level. -slopes downward higher price levels(holding the money supply constant) reduce real wealth, increase real interest rates- make domestically produced goods more expensive compared abroad. 由于更高的价格会降低实际财务水平,会增加实际利率, 使国内产出的商品价格比国外更昂贵,这一切都会降低国内总产出的需求,因此总需求曲线是向下倾斜的。 14g. Explain the aggregate supply curve in the short run and long run. aggregate supply(AS) curve -describe the relationship between the price level and quantity of real GDP supplied. -represents the output that firms produce at different price level aggregate supply curves with different time frames: a.very short run aggregate supply (VSRAS)curve 非常短时期内的总供给曲线 firms adjust output without changing price by adjusting labor hours and intensity of use of plant and equipment in demand. 为应对需求的变化,企业可以通过调整劳动时间和厂房设备使用率等方法,来达到调整产出的同时不调整价格的目的 b.short-run aggregate supply (SRAS)curve the curve slopes upward 因为input prices will change as production is increased or decreased. 假设在短期产出的价格水平会随着价格水平成比例地变化,但是至少部分投入要素的价格是有粘性的,-短期内不会随着价格调整变化。 当产出价格水平上升时,价格也上升,但是厂商短期不会发现投入要素价格的变化。厂商通过增加产出,应对遇见到的更高产出价格,带来的更高利润水平,结果是一条向上倾斜的短期总供给曲线。 c.long run aggregate supply (LRAS) curve 长期,所有投入要素的成本都会变化。长期总供给曲线是完全无弹性的。 在长期,工资水平和其他投入要素的价格会随着价格成比例变化,所以价格不影响总供给的大小。称为potential GDP或full-employment GDP充分就业的国民生产总值。 14h. Explain causes of movements along and shifts in aggregate demand and supply curves. aggregate demand(AD) curve 总需求曲线的移动 -reflects the total level of expenditures in economy by consumers,businesses, government and foreigners.总支出水平 a change in the price level is represented as a movement along the AD curve, not a shift in the AD curve. For changes in each factors that increase aggregate demand (shift AD to the right), identify the component of expenditures is increased. 很多因素的变动会影响总支出水平并引起总需求曲线的位移。 价格水平的变动在总需求曲线上表示为点的移动而不是曲线的平移。 以下因素的变动,导致总支出的增加增加!: 1.Increase in consumers" wealth 随着居民财富增加,收入用于储蓄的部分会降低,用于支出的部分会增加,因此总需求会增加。 2.Business expectations 当厂商对未来销售情况更乐观时,他们会增加厂房、设备、存货上的投资 3.Consumer expectations of future income 当消费者由于相信未来工作的稳定性增加或薪酬增加而预期未来会有更高收入, 会增加现时的消费,减少未来的储蓄
2023-07-24 04:10:461

跪求高手用英语专业翻译下列文字:有重谢!!急急急急急。。。

Since 2009, the content networking concept in the global and domestic has become a boom, content is become the computer networking, Internet information industry after the world third wave. This paper first introduces the definition of things networking, this paper expounds the content networking at home and abroad, and then explains that the key technology of networking, based on this and found things networking in the process of the development of a series of meet problems, and put forward some feasible solutions.
2023-07-24 04:10:544

请高人帮助翻译以下文章...不要机译,请注意语法正确,非常感谢

The
2023-07-24 04:11:044

宏观经济学问题(英语)

1. Three explanations for the negative slope are: a. Interest rate effect b. Real balance effect c. Foreign purchases effect Aggregate demand (AD) is a curve showing the total amount of goods and services (real GDP) that will be purchased at different price levels. a. Interest rate effect: As price level (P) rises, the real money supply (=nominal money supply/P) falls. This leads to an increase in interest rate. As interest rate rises, investment spending falls because of the increased cost of borrowing to finance investment. As investment falls, aggregate expenditure (AE) falls, in turn leading to a fall in real GDP (or Y). (Hence we see as P increases, Y decreases.) Try picturing this in terms of the IS-LM model too. The fall in the real money supply, which leads to an increase in interest rate, causes the LM curve to shift leftwards. Along an unchanged downward sloping IS curve, this results in a fall in equilibrium real GDP because of an upward movement** along the IS curve (**we say upward movement because as interest rate rises, investment spending falls, AE falls and hence real GDP falls). This confirms our conclusion that a rise in P leads to a fall in real GDP.NOTE: The interest rate effect is by far the dominant reason for a downward sloping AD curve. b. Real balance effect (also known as real wealth effect or real money balances effect): It operates through consumption. As price level rises, purchasing power of money balances falls. As our real wealth falls, we will cut back on our consumption spending; hence autonomous consumption (Co) falls. This results in a decrease in AE and hence a decrease in real GDP. We can also picture this in terms of the IS-LM model. The fall in AE leading to a decrease in real GDP occurs at an assumed unchanged interest rate. This shifts the IS curve leftwards from IS(0) to IS(1). With an unchanged upward sloping LM curve, the fall in real GDP lowers transactions demand for money and hence total money demand (which comprises both transactions demand and asset demand components). This in turn lowers interest rate (that is, a downward movement along the LM curve). As interest rate falls, we know that investment spending will rise and hence AE and real GDP will rise (that is, a downward movement along IS(1)). [Of course, this rise in real GDP is not enough to offset the original fall in real GDP because to the downward sloping nature of the LM curve.] This ensures attainment towards simultaneous equilibrium in money market and output market. Overall, we trace that a rise in P leads to a fall in Co, AE, and hence Y. c. Foreign purchases effect: It is applicable only to open economies with foreign trade being introduced into our explanation. With an increase in domestic price level relative to those of trading partners, domestic consumers will spend less on domestically produced goods and services and more on imports (M). Also, foreigners will buy less of our exports (X). The increase in M and decrease in X (that is, a decrease in net exports) means a decrease in real GDP. In terms of our IS-LM model, the decrease in net exports causes a fall in AE, a fall in real GDP and hence a leftward shift in the IS curve. With an unchanged LM curve, we notice an overall fall in both interest rate and real GDP (as we have explained in our "real balance effect"). It is conclusive that a rise in P leads to a fall in Y. Ref: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070713193824AASdcb12. The sticky-wage model of the upward sloping short run aggregate supply curve is based on the labor market. In many industries, short run wages are set by contracts. That is, workers are paid based on relatively permanent pay schedules that are decided upon by management or unions or both. When the economy changes, the wage the workers receive cannot adjust immediately. Given that wages are sticky, the chain of events leading from an increase in the price level to an increase in output is fairly straightforward. When the price level rises, the nominal wage remains fixed because this is solely based on the dollar amount of the wage. The real wage, on the other hand, falls because this is based on the purchasing power of the wage. A higher price level means that a given wage is able to purchase fewer goods and services. PARAGAPH When the real wage that firms pay employees falls, labor becomes cheaper. However, since the amount of output produced for each unit of labor is still the same, firms choose to hire more workers and increase revenues and profits. When firms hire more labor, output increases. Thus, when the price level rises, output increases because of sticky wages. Let"s summarize the chain of events that leads from an increase in the price level to an increase in output in the sticky-wage model. When the price level rises, real wages fall. When real wages fall, labor becomes cheaper. When labor becomes cheaper, firms hire more labor. When firms hire more labor, output increases.Ref:http://www.sparknotes.com/economics/macro/aggregatesupply/section2.rhtml3. The worker-misperception model of the upward sloping short- run aggregate supply curve is again based on the labor market. This time, unlike in the sticky-wage model, wages are free to move as the economy changes. The amount of work that an employee is willing to supply is based on the expected real wage. That is, workers know how many dollars they are being paid, the nominal wage, but workers can only guess at how much goods and services they can purchase with this wage, the real wage. In general, the higher the real wage, the more work that workers are willing to supply. Now let"s say that the price level increases. Because we assume that firms have more information than workers do, firms will give workers a raise so that their nominal wage increases with the price level. But since the workers do not realize that the price level increased, they will believe that their real wage increased, not just their nominal wage. At a higher real wage, workers are induced to work more. When workers work more, output increases. Thus, when the price level increases, output also increases because of worker-misperception. Let"s summarize the chain of events that leads from an increase in the price level to an increase in output in the worker-misperception model. When the price level rises, firms increase nominal wages. When nominal wages increase, workers--due to misperceptions--believe that real wages also increase. When workers believe that real wages increase, workers provide more labor. When workers provide more labor, output increases. Ref:http://www.sparknotes.com/economics/macro/aggregatesupply/section2.rhtml 这几个答案写的挺不错的而且解释的很详细,是网上就能找得到的答案,因为写的很详细解释的也很清楚就没有自己写给你。但是如果这是大学的assignment作业题的话,建议读一下这个答案然后明白了之后用自己的话写一遍,因为很有可能许多人都搜这个,被抓到就shi了。如果需要相关资料的话,每个答案底下有我找到这个答案的网址,可以点进去再细看。尤其是后面这个,他对总供给曲线为什么slope是上行的几种模式解释的挺全。 =)希望对你有帮助
2023-07-24 04:11:141

请问下列句子用英语怎么说?要求用地道的口语!

1.待遇怎么样?How"s the salary? 2.我不知道那东西有多值钱? I"ve no idea how worthy is it?3.我有事先走了 I have to go!4.这不能代表中国 It doesn"t represent China!5.没有意义 It makes no sense.6.国内是行不通的 It doesn"t work in China7.一遍不行两遍 Try it again if failed8.上早班 Take morning shift9.算你狠 You cruel man!10.陪我聊聊天 Have a chat with me.
2023-07-24 04:11:225

专业英语翻译高手进

During the past 5 years, Chengdu is able to stretch economic growth both good and quick. The mansion may use general area to reach 200,000 flat rice , that the year is held is able to show festival exercising more than 280 , yearly, general area of exhibition reaches more than 1,500,000 flat rice , play moving more than 20,000,000,000 yuan of economy. Especially important being, effect that can stretch economy has got sufficient bringing into play and has embodied. Xibo economy and trade that can hold as well as Chengdu unites with cities such as Shenzhen , Guangzhou , Qingdao stretches, be drive the Chengdu economic zone city to unify, regional economic cooperation , the level expanding domestic demand , improving trade all round long with pearl triangle economy circle together, triangle economy circle , ring the Bohai Sea economy circle are carried out numerous and repeated have built up important platform. Soft consulting on exhibitions such as meeting , furniture exhibition , gourmet festival may be that system plays have arrived at obvious boosting role build establish all modern city region estate. The candy cocktail party , medicine have a wide knowledge of significant exhibition of international in the homeland meetings such as meeting , Asia-Europe disaster alleviation ability construction discussion, be play moving consumption , lifting Chengdu international in the homeland influence, consolidate the Chengdu position as "Chinese southwest area logistics commerce and trade centre , science and technology centre , banking centre and traffic communication key position " further having brought the important effect into play.
2023-07-24 04:11:4015

经济常识中的术语概念

1.经济发展中术语有哪些 失业率 Unemployment 它作为反映一国宏观经济发展的晴雨表,预示着该国经济当前与前景发展的好坏,势必影响了货币政策的制定,对汇率产生重大影响。 非农就业人口 Nonfarm payroll employment 美国的就业报告数据,与失业率一同公布。通常公布时间为每月第一周的周五。 国民生产总值 GNP 目前各国每季度公布一次,它以货币形式表现了该国在一个时期内所有部门的全部生产与服务的总和,是不同经济数据的综合表现,反映了当前经济发展的状况 国内生产总值 GDP 目前各国每季度公布一次,显示了该国在一定时期境内的全部经济活动,包括外国公司在其境内投资建立子公司所产生的营利。 生产价格(物价)指数 PPI 显示了商品生产的成本(生产原材料价格的变化),对未来商品价格的变化,从而影响了今后消费价格、消费心理的改变。 消费物价指数 CPI 反映了消费者目前花费在商品、劳务等的价格变化,显示了通货膨胀的变化状况,是人们观察该国通货膨胀的一项重要指标。 个人收入 Personal Ine 包括一切从工资及社会福利所取得的收入,反映了该国个人的实际购买力水平,预示了未来消费者对于商品、服务等需求的变化。个人消费支出 Personal Consumption Expenditures 包括个人购买商品和劳务两方面的支出,是衡量居民消费支出的重要指标。 消费信心指数反映该国国民对其经济发展的看好程度,预示了未来消费支出的变化。 工业生产指数 Industrial Production 工业生产指数反映该国生产和制造业的总生产情况。 住房开工率 Housing Starts 衡量该国建筑业活跃程度的指标,由于建筑业为经济发展变化周期中的先导产业,预示未来经济的变化。 采购经理人指数 PMI 反映制造业在生产、订单、价格、雇员、交货等各方面综合发展状况的晴雨表,通常以50%为分界线,高于50%被认为是制造业的扩张,低于50%则意味着经济的萎缩。 全美采购经理人协会指数 NAPM 美国的采购经理人指数,与芝加哥采购经理人指数在前后两天公布。 零售销售指数 Retail Sales Index 反映了不包括服务业在内的零售业以现金、信用卡形式的商品交易情况。 批发物价指数 Wholesale Price Index 反映了不包括劳务在内的大宗物资批发价格,如原料、中间商品、最终产品和进出口品等。 对外贸易(贸易收支)反映了该国在一个时期对外贸易总额的收入与指出的对比,即货币流入、流出的情况,此数据对各国汇率的重要性一般情况下依次为日本、英国、欧元区、美国。 工厂订单 Factory Order 反映了消费者、厂商或 *** 对未来商品产出的需求。 耐久商品订单 Durable Good Orders 指不易损耗商品的订购,如车辆、电器等,反映了短期内制造商生产和投资支出情况。 设备使用率 Capacity Utilization 工业生产中对设备使用的比率,通常80%的设备使用率被认为是工厂和设备的正常闲置。 经常帐 Current Account 指该国与外国进行商品、劳务进出口、投资等所产生的资金流入、流出情况。 商业库存 Business Inventory 反映商业部门对短期信贷的需求。 商业库存增加,可能带动短期利率的上升,经济发展减缓,表明经济可能进入停滞状态。 消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index),英文缩写为CPI,是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标,通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。 如果消费者物价指数升幅过大,表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素,央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险,从而造成经济前景不明朗。因此,该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。 例如,在过去12个月,消费者物价指数上升2。3%,那表示,生活成本比12个月前平均上升2。 3%。当生活成本提高,你的金钱价值便随之下降。 也就是说,一年前收到的一张100元纸币,今日只可以买到价值97。70元的货品及服务。 一般说来当CPI>3%的增幅时我们称为Inflation,就是通货膨胀;而当CPI>5%的增幅时,我们把他称为Serious Inflation,就是严重的通货膨胀。 主要价格指数有三个:消费者价格指数CPI(Consumer"s Price Index),生产者价格指数PPI(Producer"s Price Index),GNP缩减指数(GNP Deflator)。 三种价格指数的计算方法基本一样,即各种商品的价格变化程度的加权平均。不过,每一种价格指数计算中选择的商品篮子不一样。 计算消费者价格指数时,商品篮子中包含的典型市民的消费篮子。所以,消费者价格指数也被称为生活成本指数。 生产者价格指数计算时,选取的商品篮子中包含的是生产资源。GNP缩减指数则是一个更具综合性的指数,其计算中选取的商品篮子既包含消费品,也包含生产资源。 可以这样说,CPI是一个同步经济指标,PPI是一个先行经济指标。一般来说生产者价格指数领先于经济3个月到半年,消费者滞后于经济3个月到半年。 CPI可以显示目前经济状况,而PPI可以显示未来经济状况。PPI计算的是厂商出售的价格,而CPI计算的是消费者购买的价格。 1857年,德国统计学家恩格尔在研究了当时西欧某些居民家庭的收入和食物消费支出的关系后,提出了这样一个观点:一个家庭收入越少,总支出中用来购买食物的费用所占的比例越大。这一观。 2.经济的术语解释 CEO及CFO楼上解释过了,我不做多余解释. 不过,COF嘛,我所知道的是英国的黑金属乐队.Cradle of filth,简称COF.有一单曲<<From cradle to enslaves>>;是非常出名的喔. VC的话,如果你是学计算机的,那VC是一种开发环境.但是,如果你是经商的,那VC,就是风险投资(Venture Capital)的简称 PC,一般情况下,是指电脑的意思.即PC(Personal puter).不过我记得好象以前在看海关报关单的时候,有见过PC,PVC一类的材料称呼.当时询问过一下,大概意思是指类塑料一类的材料.至于经济方面,经济学术里泡了也有些年头了,没听过类似的词语. 最好是找到你当时看见这些简称的地方,这样才能给出最精确的答案. 当然,最佳的方式,是自己通过学习去了解.最后.GOOD LUCK. 3.经济学有关术语及解释 下面是个人收集的几方面: 经济学术语解释 1、什么是CPI、通货膨胀、PPI和GNP缩减指数? 消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index),英文缩写为CPI,是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标,通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。 如果消费者物价指数升幅过大,表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素,央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险,从而造成经济前景不明朗。因此,该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。 例如,在过去12个月,消费者物价指数上升2。3%,那表示,生活成本比12个月前平均上升2。 3%。当生活成本提高,你的金钱价值便随之下降。 也就是说,一年前收到的一张100元纸币,今日只可以买到价值97。70元的货品及服务。 一般说来当CPI>3%的增幅时我们称为Inflation,就是通货膨胀;而当CPI>5%的增幅时,我们把他称为Serious Inflation,就是严重的通货膨胀。 主要价格指数有三个:消费者价格指数CPI(Consumer"s Price Index),生产者价格指数PPI(Producer"s Price Index),GNP缩减指数(GNP Deflator)。 三种价格指数的计算方法基本一样,即各种商品的价格变化程度的加权平均。不过,每一种价格指数计算中选择的商品篮子不一样。 计算消费者价格指数时,商品篮子中包含的典型市民的消费篮子。所以,消费者价格指数也被称为生活成本指数。 生产者价格指数计算时,选取的商品篮子中包含的是生产资源。GNP缩减指数则是一个更具综合性的指数,其计算中选取的商品篮子既包含消费品,也包含生产资源。 可以这样说,CPI是一个同步经济指标,PPI是一个先行经济指标。一般来说生产者价格指数领先于经济3个月到半年,消费者滞后于经济3个月到半年。 CPI可以显示目前经济状况,而PPI可以显示未来经济状况。PPI计算的是厂商出售的价格,而CPI计算的是消费者购买的价格。 2、什么是恩格尔系数?简单了解 1857年,德国统计学家恩格尔在研究了当时西欧某些居民家庭的收入和食物消费支出的关系后,提出了这样一个观点:一个家庭收入越少,总支出中用来购买食物的费用所占的比例越大。这一观点被称为“恩格尔定律”,即恩格尔系数。 用公式表示为: 恩格尔系数(%)=(食物支出额÷消费支出总额)*100% 恩格尔定律主要表述的是食品支出占总消费支出随收入变化而变化的一定趋势。揭示了居民收入和食品支出之间的定量关系和相关关系,用食品支出占消费总支出的比例来说明生产发展、收入增加对生活消费的影响程度。 众所周知,吃是人类生存的第一需要,在收入水平较低时,其在消费支出中必然占有重要地位。随着收入的增加,在食物需求基本满足的情况下,消费的重心才会开始向穿、用等方面转移。 因此,一个国家或家庭生活越贫困,恩格尔系数就越大;反之,生活越富裕,恩格尔系数就越小。 恩格尔定律和恩格尔系数一经提出,就得到西方经济学界的广泛接受和确认,认为它具有普遍的适用性。 恩格尔定律和恩格尔系数是较早引入我国的西方经济学和统计学的概念。 国际上常常用恩格尔系数来衡量一个国家和地区人民生活水平的状况。 根据联合国粮农组织提出的标准,恩格尔系数在59%以上为贫困,50-59%为温饱,40-50%为小康,低于40%为富裕,30%以下为最富裕。在西方,个人消费包括了住房、医疗、卫生、交通等全部支出。 而在我国,特别是城市实行公费医疗、低房租和食品、燃料、水等多种补贴,这些政策性因素对消费结构产生了一定的影响。因此,在比较分析尤其是进行国际对比和城乡对比时,要剔除不可比因素。 我国运用这一标准进行国际和城乡对比时,要考虑到那些不可比因素,如消费品价格比价不同、居民生活习惯的差异,要注意政策性影响的计算和分析及由社会经济制度不同所产生的特殊因素。对于这些不可比问题,在分析和比较时应做相应的剔除。 另外,在观察历史情况的变化时要注意,恩格尔系数反映的是一种长期的趋势,而不是逐年下降的绝对倾向。它是在熨平短期的波动中求得长期的趋势。 3、什么是GDP?什么是GNP?二者有什么区别? GDP即英文“Gross Domestic Product”的缩写,也就是国内生产总值。它是对一国(地区)经济在核算期内所有常住单位生产的最终产品总量的度量,常常被看成显示一个国家(地区)经济状况的一个重要指标。 生产过程中的新增加值,包括劳动者新创造的价值和固定资产的磨损价值,但不包含生产过程中作为中间投入的价值;在实物构成上,是当期生产的最终产品,包含用于消费、积累及净出口的产品,但不包含各种被其他部门消耗的中间产品。 GDP的测算有三种方法:生产法:GDP=∑各产业部门的总产出-∑各产业部门的中间消耗:收入法:GDP=∑各产业部门劳动者报酬+∑各产业部门固定资产折旧+∑各产业部门生产税净额+∑各产业部门营业利润;支出法:GDP=总消费+总投资+净出口。 GNP is the market value of all final goods and services produced by domestically owned factors of production within a given time period。 国内生产总值(GDP)与国民生产总值(GNP)是两个既有联系又有区别。 4.知识经济的名词含义 什么是知识经济 知识经济(Knowledge Economy),又作"基于知识的经济(Knowledge based Economy)",是一种正在形成中的崭新的经济形态,它对我国甚至世界的经济、科技、教育、文化等会产生重大的影响。 当今知识经济正开始替代工业经济。 软件知识产业的勃兴是当今世界知识经济初具框架的标志;以知识作为资本发展经济,知识将作为生产要素中最重要的一个组成部分;软(件)的比例在整个经济中的份额大大增加,包括专利、商标等在内的无形资产在整个经济资产中的比例大大上升,咨询业日见兴盛,作为工业经济主干的制造业已注入越来越多的新科技知识。 信息是知识经济发动机的燃料。在知识经济社会里,我们必须熟悉半导体、芯片、光盘、计算机软件的发展、网络的产生、虚拟技术等的广泛应用。 知识经济的悄然兴起可以说是一场无声的革命,它对我们现有的生产方式、生活方式、思维方式,包括教育、经营管理乃至领导决策等活动都将产生重大的影响。 在工业经济时代,可以设置各种壁垒来保持竞争的一方,在知识经济时代,不再有壁垒可以保护落后。 来源 。 5.关于经济术语 中国人民银行将我国货币供给量指标划为四个层次: M0,指现金或流通中的货币。即中国人民银行历年货币发行总额。 M1,指M0+企业活期存款+机关团体存款+农村集体存款。亦称为“狭义货币供给量”。 M2,指M1+单位定期存款+自筹基建存款+居民储蓄存款+其他存款(财政存款除外)。亦称为“广义货币供给量”。 M3,指M2+债券、财政存款+其他金融机构存款+货币银行同业存款。而M3是考虑到金融创新的现状而设立的,在我国目前暂不测算。 M4,即:M4=M3+其它短期流动资产 央行票据即中央银行票据,是中央银行为调节商业银行超额准备金而向商业银行发行的短期债务凭证,其实质是中央银行债券。之所以叫“中央银行票据”,是为了突出其短期性特点(从已发行的央行票据来看,期限最短的3个月,最长的也只有1年)。 但央行票据与金融市场各发债主体发行的债券具有根本的区别:各发债主体发行的债券是一种筹集资金的手段,其目的是为了筹集资金,即增加可用资金;而中央银行发行的央行票据是中央银行调节基础货币的一项货币政策工具,目的是减少商业银行可贷资金量。商业银行在支付认购央行票据的款项后,其直接结果就是可贷资金量的减少。 增加就业是要扩大生产 比如增加对农业发展的支持 提高农村经济的潜力 引导农村就业的增加 还可以鼓励民营经济 私营企业的发展 尤其是加快中小企业发展 将增加大量的就业机会 我国70%左右的机会是由中小企业提供的 纠正下你的认识 我国经济没有在滞涨的边缘 我国1季度GDP增长10.6% 依然是高速 3月CPI较2月已经小幅回落 通胀形势没有加大 6.高中政治经济、哲学、政治常识的详细答题术语 辩证法:1事物的联系是普遍的客观的 2把握因果联系的重要性 3整体和部分的辩证关系 4要用发展的观点看问题 5认识和利用规律,按客观规律办事 6坚持矛盾的分析方法7具体问题具体分析 8内因和外因 9量变和质变 10事物发展的趋势 11辩证法和形而上学的对立 辩证唯物主义:1主观能动性的发挥受主客观因素的制约 2客观规律与主观能动性的辩证关系 3现象与本质的关系 4感性认识上升到理性认识 5认识是不断深化 扩展 向前推移的 6创造性思维与合理想象 7实践与认识的辩证关系 8科学理论对实践的指导作用深化认识发展认识 历史唯物主义:1社会存在决定社会意识,社会意识对社会存在有反作用 2社会存在决定价值观价值观对社会存在有导向作用 3坚持集体主义价值观,正确解决个人利益与集体利益的关系 6人生的价值观 7个人与社会的关系 唯物论:1马克思主义哲学是科学的世界观和方法论的统一 2物质决定意识意识对物质有能动作用 3尊总规律与发挥人的主观能动性的辩证关系,按客观规律办事 4一切从实际出发,实事求是,具体问题具体分析 5自然界社会的存在及其发展是客观的(自己总结出来的,望采纳)
2023-07-24 04:12:081

麻烦翻译几个标题,非常感谢~

Summary1. Research Background2. Domestic Research on the Amazon"s Difficulties in China3. Overseas Research on the Amazon"s Difficulties in China4. Evaluation on the Summary of Both Domestic and Overseas Scholars on the Amazon"s Difficulties5. Defects of the Current Research
2023-07-24 04:12:176

经济学问题(英语)清用英语回答,高分悬赏

问的是为什么总需求曲线是向下倾斜的。这个是个基本问题啊,任何教科书上都有,找一本英文教科书不就有答案了。
2023-07-24 04:12:594

飞机上的“黑匣子”英文术语怎么写?

black box.
2023-07-24 04:13:084

"a country is better off running a current account surplus rather than a current account deficit."

一个国家运行一个更好的经常账户盈余,而不是经常帐户赤字。”你同意或不同意?请解释说明
2023-07-24 04:13:164

内销和外销怎么翻译?

分类: 教育/科学 >> 外语学习 解析: 内销: 1.sale in domestic market 2. domestic sale 3. market products inside China4. domestic sales 5. for the domestic market 6. sold inside the country 7. market domestically 8. sale on domestic market 外销: 1. export 2. export sales 海外销售是我们问题最大的地方(领域)之一。 Overseas sale is one of our biggest problem area. 国内销售: home sales 内销商品: modities for the home market 外销货: export goods 外销员: export sales staff
2023-07-24 04:14:101

用英语介绍庐山的文章,并有翻译

Mount Lu (simplified Chinese: 庐山; traditional Chinese: 庐山; pinyin: Lúshān; also known as Mount Lushan) is a mountain in the People"s Republic of China, situated south of the city of Jiujiang in Jiangxi Province, near Lake Poyang. Its highest point is the Dahanyang Peak (1.5 km above sea level). The mountain is a prominent tourist attraction, especially domestically.庐山坐落于中国江西省九江市,鄱阳湖边。它的最高点是大汉阳峰(海拔1500米)。庐山是中国境内的主要旅游景点。The northwest slope is where Hui-yuan founded Pure Land Buddhism in 402, and features the Donglin Temple. 山的西北侧有慧远(音译,你自己查证一下)于公元402年创建的东林寺。Lushan National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (cultural) whereas Lushan Quaternary Glaciation National Geopark is a member of UNESCO Global Geoparks Network. 庐山被列为世界文化遗产,并入选世界地理公园。The Lushan Botanical Gardens features tens of thousands of plant species. Below the Five Old Men Peak is the White Deer Grotto Academy, named after the poet Li Bo(Chinese: 李渤) (not to be confused with the famous poet Li Bai), who raised white deer there. It is amongst the oldest institutes of higher learning in ancient China. 庐山植物园有上万种植物。West is the Flower Path which provided inspiration to Bai Juyi, a famous poet who lived during the Tang Dynasty. Between the Yangtze River and Lake Poyang lie the Greater and Lesser Tianchi Lakes, the Jingxiu Valley, and Lulin Lake. On the north bank of the latter is the Lushan Museum, which features pottery and bronzes dating from various periods of ancient China, as well as calligraphic works from the Tang Dynasty and paintings from the Ming and Qing dynasties. At the centre (between three peaks), and at an altitude of over 1 kilometer above sea level, is the town of Guling, which is linked by a mountain highway to neighboring spots in the region. 对庐山的景点不是很了解,翻起来好累。后面部分你查查中文网站,自己翻译一下吧。
2023-07-24 04:14:201

请问经济学中的英文缩写,谢谢!!

  西方经济学英文缩写名词解释  第一章  略  第二章  D Demand 需求  S Supply 供给  P Price 价格  Q Quantity 数量  Ed Price elasticity of demand 需求价格弹性  EM income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性  M money 收入  EAB Cross price elasticity of demand 需求交叉价格弹性  Es Price elasticity of supply 供给价格弹性  第三章  TU Total utility 总效用 TU=f(Q)  MU Marginal utility 边际效用  MRSXY Marginal rate of substitution 商品边际替代率  第四章  L Labour 劳动  K Capital 资本  TC total cost 总成本 TC=f(Q) 4.1  AC average cost 平均成本  MC marginal cost 边际成本  FC Fixed cost 不变成本 FC=常量 4.4  VC Variable cost 可变成本 VC=f(Q) 4.5  TR Total revenue 总收益 TR=f(Q)=P×Q  AR Average revenue 平均收益  MR Marginal revenue 边际收益  π 利润 π=TR-TC 4.6  TP Total product 总产量 TP=f(L) 4.7  AP Average product 平均产量  MP Marginal product 边际产量  MRTSLK Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率  STC Short-run total cost 短期总成本 STC=f(Q)=FC+VC  STFC(FC) Short-run total fixed cost 短期总不变成本(固定成本) STFC=常量 STVC  (VC) Short-run total variable cost 短期总可变成本(可变成本) STVC=f(Q) SAC  (ATC) Short-run average cost 短期平均成本  SAFC  (AFC) Short-run average fixed cost (短期)平均固定成本  SAVC  (AVC) Short-run average variable cost (短期)平均可变成本  SMC Short-run marginal cost 短期边际成本  LTC Long-run total cost 长期总成本 LTC=f(Q)  LAC Long-run average cost 长期平均成本  LMC Long-run marginal cost 长期边际成本  第六章  VMP Value of marginal product 边际产品价值  MRP Marginal revenue product 边际收益产量  W Wage 工资  第九章  GDP Gross demestic product 国内生产总值  C Consumption 消费 C=f(Y)=C0+bY 9.1  I Investment 投资  G Government payment 政府购买  NX Net export 净出口 NX=X-M  X export 出口  M import 进口  NDP Net domestic product 国内生产净值  NI National income 国民收入  PI Personal income 个人收入  PDI Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入  GNP Gross national product 国民生产总值  第十章  Y 总量  APC Average propensity to consumption 平均消费倾向 MPC marginal propensity to consumption 边际消费倾向 S Save 储蓄  APS Average propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向  MPS marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向  AD Aggregate demand 总需求 AD=C+I+G+X  AS Aggregate supply 总供给 AS=C+S+T+M  T tax 税收  K multiplier 乘数  第十一章  MEC Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率 L Demand for money 货币需求 L=L1(Y)+L2(R)  R Rate 利率  M Money supply 货币供给  第十三章  CPI Consumer price index 消费物价指数  第十四章  KG Government expenditure multiplier 政府购买支出乘数 KTR Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数 14.2 TR transfer 转移支付  KT Tax multiplier 税收乘数  KB Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数  第十五章  Mh Money base 基础货币(高能货币) Mh=M0+RE 15.1 Ke Deposit expansion multiplier 存款乘数  Km Money multiplier 货币乘数  第十六章  M import 进口 M=M0+mY  KX Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数  第十七章  G rate of growth 经济增长率  Gt 实际增长率  Gw Warranted rate of growth 合意增长率 Gn Nature rate of growth 实际增长率
2023-07-24 04:14:492

翻译成英语。。。

Dingzhou stuffed sausage Dingzhou stuffed sausage is one of the most famous specialties in Dingzhou, Hebei. The Northerners often regard the stuffed sausage as part of the Hejian-style donkey meat cuisine, which has pork skin jelly, adding texture and flavour to the meat. In fact, Dingzhou stuffed sausage is not of the same style. It is actually a meatloaf, like ham, made out of refined meat and has a distinct flavour. Therefore, it is said that the Dingzhou stuffed sausage is renowned.Dingzhou handmade sausageLocals from Dingzhou often refer the handmade sausage as just the sausage. When this sausage is shipped to other regions domestically, then it is called the "handmade sausage". The Dingzhou handmade sausages are often bright red in colour, and with a distinct aroma. It is also made with refined meat with various kinds of herbs and spices. Its appearance is more appealing then ordinary sausages. Also, it is a good tonic food for better health.Wangzong smoked sausage (Xinzong smoked sausage)The making of smoked sausage is a traditional craft, from secret recipes handed down from generation to generation (Dingzhou West Village). The ingredients include flavorful broth and fresh pork, going through cooking and simmering, then soaking and smoking altogether. It is bright in color, tasty but not greasy, and bears a unique flavor. Smoked products include pork knuckles, pig"s trotters, ducks, chicken, pig"s ears and donkey meat, etc.
2023-07-24 04:14:592

关于国际贸易融资的翻译(跪求高手帮忙)-英翻中

这么专业的文章翻译,建议你找美东旭翻译公司吧,他们是来自美国的翻译公司, 有15年的翻译行业经验,翻译实力非常强的~
2023-07-24 04:15:073

经济报告中常出现的缩写代表什么意思?请教高人,谢谢!

第一个是同比增长的意思第二个看是在哪里出现的,是否具有普遍的通适性最后一个 (反映) 中国经济气候的主要指标比如CPI PPI
2023-07-24 04:15:172

求高手帮忙翻译,谢谢

  (因为我忘了问你如何用英语拼写你的名字,我开始用中国的汉字写你的名字),这次通过电话与你交谈很愉快。我的名字是荒井克彦,全球营销与SPS有限公司经理,关于你的简历和自我介绍我有几个问题。我将列出以下,请逐一回答。  1。为什么你决定去日本留学?您是否考虑过到除日本以外的国家出国留学,例如,美国,加拿大,英国等  2。请详细描述关于您在Syuto Diegaku大学学习的情况。  3。你如何解决出现在工作中的冲突?  4。你为什么要在日本工作?  5。你需要协助在日本的工作签证?  6。你为什么选择在“Shyuto Diegaku大学的国际贸易业务作为你的研究领域?  7。你认为你在大学的研究直接有助于在SPS有限公司销售?例如,我们专门经营在建筑工地应用的混凝土泵和混凝土搅拌车。你以为你就可以开始与SPS顾问业务为在国内和国际建筑行业提供分析和统计?如果你这样做,请说明如何可以实现它。  这些都是问题,我想问一下你的英语。我期待着在几天内听到您的声音。谢谢。  此致太安!
2023-07-24 04:15:373

急求这几个经济学英语翻译,求高手翻译谢谢! 十分感谢

The introduction of community indifference curves into the trade model permits International Economics 5 two questions to be answered: (1) At what point on its production possibilities curve will a country choose to locate in the absence of trade?对社会无差异曲线将允许国际贸易模型引入经济学5两,回答问题:(1)在什么就其生产可能性曲线点将一个国家选择定位在贸易的情况下? (2) At what point along the terms-of-trade line will a country choose in a trading situation? (2)在什么条件沿对贸易行点将一个国家选择一个交易情况? 3.Under increasing cost conditions, the slope of a country"s production possibilities curve, which indicates the relative cost of one product in terms of another product, varies at each point along the curve. 3.Under增加成本的条件下,一个国家的生产可能性曲线,这表明了一个产品的成本相对其他产品而言,坡度变化曲线在沿线各点。 In autarky, a nation is in equilibrium when its community indifference curve is tangent to its production possibilities curve.在自给自足,一个民族是当它的社会无差异曲线相切的生产可能性曲线的平衡。 Two nations having identical production possibilities curves, but different community indifference curves, would have different equilibrium points and therefore different price (cost) ratios for the two goods.两个国家有相同的生产可能性曲线,但不同的社会无差异曲线,将有不同的平衡点,因此,不同的价格(成本)为两种商品的比率。 4. 4。 The gains a country enjoys from free trade depend on the equilibrium terms of trade, which is determined by world supply and demand conditions.一个国家的收益从自由贸易享有依赖于贸易,它是由全球供应和需求状况决定的均衡条件。 By recognizing only the role of supply, Ricardo was unable to determine the equilibrium terms of trade.通过承认只有供应的作用,里卡多是无法确定的贸易平衡条件。 7. 7。 If a nation is to enjoy gains from trade, it must be able to sell its export product overseas at a higher price than could be obtained domestically.如果一个国家从贸易中获得享受,它必须能够以更高的价格卖出可以得到比国内产品出口海外。
2023-07-24 04:15:441

求英文翻译(中译英), 谢谢大家了

服务器设立在上海, 日常维护将变得简单而快捷 The established of Server in shanghai,routine attention will be easy and fast。
2023-07-24 04:15:535

请英语高手帮忙翻译一段论文摘要(汉译英)比较急!!!万分感激!!!

Abstract: in an increasingly competitive global economic environment, business leaders a comprehensive capacity-to-business survival and development. In this paper, both at home and abroad to conduct in-depth analysis of research on the basis of leadership and management to our business leaders as the overall capability of the two dimensions, a leader in building a comprehensive measure of ability to model complex, and then analyzed the ability of a leader in integrated to enhance the five paths, and the corresponding strategy. Keywords: business leaders capable of leading an integrated power measurement and management of complex model of power
2023-07-24 04:16:124

英语作文,写superman,spiderman,tom and jerry(猫和老鼠)的情节,每

Tom And Jerry(汤姆和杰瑞,及猫和老鼠)Tom and Jerry is a series of animated theatrical shorts created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer that centered on a never-ending rivalry between a housecat (Tom) and a mouse (Jerry) whose chases and battles often involved comic violence. Hanna and Barbera ultimately wrote and directed one hundred and fourteen Tom and Jerry cartoons at the MGM cartoon studio in Hollywood, California between 1940 and 1957, when the animation unit was closed. The original series is notable for having won the Academy Awards for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) seven times, tying it with Walt Disney"s Silly Symphonies as the most-awarded theatrical animated series.Beginning in 1960, in addition to the originals MGM had new shorts produced by Rembrandt Films, led by Gene Deitch in Eastern Europe. Production of Tom and Jerry shorts returned to Hollywood under Chuck Jones"s Sib-Tower 12 Productions in 1963; this series lasted until 1967, making it a total of 161 shorts. The cat and mouse stars later resurfaced in television cartoons produced by Hanna-Barbera and Filmation Studios during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, a feature film, Tom and Jerry: The Movie, in 1992 and released domestically in 1993 and in 2000, their first TV special, Tom and Jerry in: The Mansion Cat for Cartoon Network.Today, Time Warner (via its Turner Entertainment division) owns the rights to Tom and Jerry, and also produced the series, Tom and Jerry Tales for The CW"s Saturday morning "The CW4Kids" lineup, as well as the recent Tom and Jerry short, The KarateGuard, in 2005 and a string of Tom and Jerry direct-to-video films.
2023-07-24 04:16:211

perceived是什么意思

perceived valuen.感知价值; 例句:1.The fact that an e-book can"t be sold or given away after it"s read also reduces the perceived value of the product. 事实上,电子书在读完后不能被卖掉或送人,这也降低了该产品在人们眼中的价值。
2023-07-24 04:16:303

求翻译一篇英语阅读

世界储蓄银行协会是全球储蓄业务和小额银行存放业务的代表。它代表着来自92个国家的储蓄银行和小额存放银行。协会与国际金融组织保持着密切联系,并代表着协会成员在国际水平上的利益。协会的使命是影响所有协会成员的名声、发展和能力,使得它们在国内和国际上都被认可为操作熟练和效率优秀的银行机构。
2023-07-24 04:16:572

在西方人们为什么要在圣诞节送给人苹果?要英语解释。

apples are a kind of fruit for "safe", people want others to be peaceful all the time. so this express a kind and friendly meaning.
2023-07-24 04:17:043

请亲们帮我用英文介绍下韩国sm yg jyp公司

Shinee, f(x), EXO, Girls" Generation,sj,还有什么来着
2023-07-24 04:17:262

悬赏100分,英译中,很急的~~~~~~

CDC是上海一家基础艺术及室内设计顾问公司。2002年公司在新加坡成立,为了更好的服务快速增长的中国市场,2005年迁移至上海。CDC培养了天才的艺术家和工匠,并为国内和国外的艺术画廊提供最好的艺术品和制品,来适合整个室内设计概念和空间。我们接受委托作品定制以满足客户和室内设计师较高的标准和期望。我们深谙在室内设计领域,使得我们有着理解和沟通的优势。我们的目标是以感官乐趣来提高空间和其内部的主题与传感器的乐趣。 希望自己想。
2023-07-24 04:17:387

goods and services是什么意思

物品和服务
2023-07-24 04:17:533

求一篇英语作文关于西方节日对青年人的影响的

In the 20-odd years since implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, Chinese youth has ostensibly embraced Western culture. They eat at any one of the 600 McDonald"s or 1,000 KFCs in China, flock to NBA League and Italian Soccer League matches and watch Hollywood rather than domestically produced films. Hollywood earns 1 billion yuan, the greatest part of Chinese film market, while Chinese cinema goers spend a measly 20 million or so yuan on locally made films. The CCTV sports channel showed live broadcasts of the NBA league tournament matches almost every evening, and all young Chinese basketball fans are avid readers of NBA Magazine and Slam. In a coastal survey among middle school students on the most popular sports and entertainment personalities, Michael I. Jordan came first (26 percent), followed by Jackie Chan (18.6 percent), and in a further three surveys between 2002 and 2003 Hong Kong"s Andy Lau and Jackie Chan and British footballer David Beckham came top.The youthful preference for Western leisure pursuits extends to holiday celebrations. Of China"s numerous traditional festivals, only Spring Festival is unanimously observed by young and old. Others, such as the Lantern Festival and Dragonboat Festival, are overshadowed by Father"s Day, Mother"s Day, Valentine"s Day and Christmas. Parents are, in addition, more than a little alarmed at how readily their offspring accept Western concepts of marriage and sex. According to a survey among young Beijingers in 2000, only 30 percent of respondents disagreed with the statement "It"s fine for lovers to have sex whether or not they intend to marry." Furthermore, the proportion of participants under the age of 20 agreeing with this sentiment was 16 percent higher than those above the age of 30. There is genuine concern about Chinese youth"s apparently unconditional acceptance of Western culture; many fear it may lead to moral degeneracy.
2023-07-24 04:18:001

求一篇英语文章,关于人民币升值对经济发展速度影响的!急用,追加50

搜一下:求一篇英语文章,关于人民币升值对经济发展速度影响的!急用,追加50
2023-07-24 04:18:082

跪求英语翻译:World Trade

例如,美国是一个主要的咖啡消费国,但是它没有气候生产或其自己的。所以,美国必须从种植咖啡足够多的国家(如巴西,哥伦比亚和危地马拉)进口咖啡。另一方面,美国有大型的工厂,能够生产各种各样产品,如化工产品和飞机等,可以卖给需要的国家。如果国家间进行物物交换,比如用一辆汽车换10000袋咖啡,那么对外贸易将会非常的笨重和受限制。因此,这是货物贸易没有金钱的交换,美国在交易中支付相应的付款给卖给他东西的人,它支付的巴西咖啡美元,巴西可以用它来购买来自澳大利亚的羊毛,反过来又可以买大不列颠的纺织品,然后可以用纺织品从美国买烟草。 第三,一个国家可以卖一些成本比其他国家要低的东西。日本已能出口大量的收音机、电视机,因为它生产的效率比其他国家高。美国从日本购买这些产品比他们自己生产制造的更加便宜。根据经济学的理论,日本应该生产和出口这些物品,推广出更多的优势。它也应该购买和进口它想要的物品从这些具有相对优势的国家。 最后,创新或风格会产生对外贸易。尽管美国比其他任何的国家生产更多的汽车,它还大量进口来自德国、日本和瑞典的汽车,主要因为在美国有市场。 对大多数国家来说,出口和进口是最重要的国际活动。当国家的出口比他们的进口多时,是贸易顺差。当他们的进口超过他们的出口时,就存在一个贸易逆差。国家要尽力保持贸易顺差,以保证他们购买所需进口的能力。
2023-07-24 04:18:165

宏观经济学常用的英文缩写及其中文意思

书后面不是有吗????
2023-07-24 04:18:332

求英语高手把中文翻译成英文,不要使用翻译工具!!!

Online shopping is becoming popular among the customers for the merits of variaty, covenience and favorable price. Although a later start in China, the developemnt of online shopping is rapid especially during the university students. This article is based on the dialogues and data analysis to the students in xxx college, in conjuction with questionaire investigation, typical intervews and expert intervews, disccussion on the problems existing in online shopping for university students and relative suggestion.
2023-07-24 04:18:404

请翻一段英文

After our country joins WTO, may enjoy a series of rights, but at the same time, we also must undertake the suitable duty. But in the law, how the question which we first faces is causes our country law laws and regulations and the WTO series stipulation does not conflict. The people are called frequently the international law "are soft method", because the international law observes mainly is forms through the international society public opinion, takes advantage of the people innermost feelings the faith, morality and justice strength realizes, is one kind of inaccurate standard. In addition, the various countries for each other respect, the contact are convenient and the friendship and cooperation, often mutually between also adopts each kind of comity of nations. But these once conflict with some national actual benefit, then the benefit supreme principle, can obstruct the international law potency the realization. At the same time, is concerned the country not to undertake any legal liability. Speaking of this on the one hand, it such does not have the safeguard and the powerful measure like the national law which forces to implement, is truly "is soft method". But in fact, since the last two centuries, the international law continuously in took in the international contact has the legal binding force the behavior rule but to develop unceasingly. The various countries not only through its parliament and the government declared is willing to observe takes the international behavior rule the international law, moreover various countries in order to cause the international law to be better domestically because of effective perform to be suitable, is not the use "the transformation" the way causes the international law to turn the national law the concrete rule, is the use "merges" the way acknowledges the international law directly in the constitution the potency. Our country"s procedure is "the transformation" the law and "merges" the law concurrently to use. Our country"s constitution although has not made the general on the international law in domestic being suitable with the status stipulation, but has been equipped with the special provision in certain family rules and regulations for this. Like "General provisions of the civil law" the eighth chapter "touches on foreign affairs the civil relational law to be suitable" center stipulated that, Our country concludes or the participation international convention has the different stipulation with our country"s civil law, "is suitable the international convention the stipulation", our country law and our country conclude or the participation international convention stipulation, "may be suitable the international convention". In addition, in order to fulfill the international convention which our country joins, but also has formulated some special rules, in order to the international law "the transformation" is the national law. Our country for fulfills two Vienna joint pledge which the related diplomatic relations and consul relates but to draw up "Diplomatic privilege And Exemption Rule" and "Consul Privilege And Exemption Rule", is this aspect typical example. (5) Obviously, our country is observes the international law the stipulation. WTO took an international organization, its formulation rule also is our country respects and the execution. In fact, takes the corresponding legislation measure according to the World Trade Organization"s rule with to establish and to consummate our country market economy the legal system goal is consistent. Only was joins WTO to our country present law revision, the supplement set quickly a more comprehensive request. Time China deepens unceasingly in the reform, in feels in the long-term practice which the stone crosses river, already profound understanding to instead dumping method necessity: 1st, since 1948 always reached an agreement the text becoming effective, instead has dumped the measure already by the present international trade system confirmation is one reasonable legitimate protection domestic correlation industry method. 2nd, instead dumps the law to take the maintenance international trade order, protects the home industry one legitimate method, with other the counter- subsidy law, Anti-trust laws, the safeguard provision which approves and so on is compared similarly, has the function which it cannot be substituted. 3rd, instead the dumping method implementation may effective preventing dump the violation with the elimination which creates. It causes the article of importation at not under the dumping influence premise, enters the Chinese market. Causes the article of importation to manifest the market price truly, participates in the market fair and the right competition. 4th, instead is dumping becomes effective the period, further enhances the Chinese enterprise own competition strength. On objective, the overseas article of importation because it is drafted has instead dumps the tax, but can not but enhance the product price. This to doubles the China home industry which harms was said, for a their respite with adjustment opportunity.
2023-07-24 04:18:481

开机时弹出an unknown error occurred while accessing C:Program Files怎样解决?

把那个unikeyword的文件夹删掉就行
2023-07-24 04:12:464

windows iperf3 不是命令

windowsiperf3是网络测试工具,操作方式如下:首先检查一下下载下来的软件是否包含两个文件,将这个文件夹放置到一个全英文路径里面,打开cmd,最核心的一步 改变cmd正在操作的目录。
2023-07-24 04:12:461

TheSwede made no answer,did he / she? 对吗 ? made no answer怎么翻译

没做回答
2023-07-24 04:12:463

带投影仪功能的手机有哪些?

三星Beam2Holofone Phablet三星I8530投影手机是指集成了投影功能的手机。鉴于微型投影技术已发展数年,技术相对稳定成熟,即便手机增添了投影这个功能,外形却无明显变化。缺陷:1.电池续航能力 就如同现在的智能手机,大屏,多功能,使得电池的小容量瓶颈更加的凸显,加入投影功能之后,如果客户上了兴致,一两个大片手机便自动关机了。2.亮度不尽人意 由于LED的光源制约,以及对电源的考虑,投影手机的亮度一般在50流明以下。3.散热问题 手机内没有散热装置,长时间的工作会导致发光元器件损害,减少LED寿命。
2023-07-24 04:12:492

comfort的名词形式

作名词n: 舒适, 安慰作动词vt:.安慰(及物动词)动词过去式: comforted 过去分词: comforted 现在分词: comforting 第三人称单数: comforts后缀able(comfortable) 变成adj :.舒服的, 轻松的
2023-07-24 04:12:431

为什么我买的平板手机字幕显示不出来

操作桌面找到settings(设置)进入找到 Language & input (语言与输入法)进入到 Language(语言)找到 简体中文 时点击下就可以了。 如果不行就刷机试试,还不行建议联系卖家或售后人员处理下平板手机(Phablet,Phone and Tablet)的屏幕尺寸介于典型智能手机和平板电脑之间,一般被认为在5.3英寸至7英寸。平板手机结合了智能手机和迷你平板电脑的功能。牛津词典在线版在2013年8月收录了这个新名词。近年以来,大屏幕平板手机(phablet)逐渐成为主流,到了2014年出货量甚至超越小型平板电脑。
2023-07-24 04:12:411

什么是“ SC、 CC、 FC、 WC”线管?

建筑电路安装上的“SC、CC、FC、WC”分别代表:穿钢管敷设、沿楼顶顶棚敷设、沿楼板地面敷设、沿楼板地面敷设。具体情况:SC:焊接钢管;线管后面的CC、WC、FC,则是线管的敷设方式;CC:暗敷设在屋面或顶板内;WC:暗敷设在墙内;FC:地板或地面下敷设。常见的线管类型及字母符号有:RC:镀锌钢管;JDG:套接紧定式镀锌钢导管;KBG:扣压式薄壁镀锌钢管;PC-PVC:硬质塑料管。
2023-07-24 04:12:401

台式机和笔记本使用iperf结果不一致什么原因

想要知道网速的情况,可以使用腾讯电脑管家里的“网速测试”进行查看,建议多次测试后取平均值,也可分时段进行测试,如每日早晚进行测试取平均值,网速测试同时会受硬件和宽带的影响。
2023-07-24 04:12:391