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辛丑条约时间内容

2023-07-29 20:19:47
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[编辑本段]条约简介

《辛丑条约》即《辛丑议定书》或《辛丑各国和约 》 19世纪末帝国主义列强激烈争夺和瓜分中国,造成中国空前严重的民族危机。这种危机感促成了人们的觉醒,救亡图存成了当时最紧迫的要求。1898年资产阶级改良派的维新运动失败了,1900年又爆发了以农民为主体的轰轰烈烈的反帝爱国的义和团运动。义和团运动起自山东,迅速发展到直隶、天津、北京,引起帝国主义列强的恐慌。它们决定亲自出兵镇压义和团,英、美、日、俄、法、德、意、奥八国组织联军侵入中国,8月攻入北京。慈禧太后携带光绪皇帝及亲信臣从仓皇出逃西安。清王朝被迫向帝国主义求和。

[编辑本段]历史经过

参与八国联军的日本、法国、德国、意大利、俄国都有分割中国领土的想法。而俄国志在用其它条约获得中国的东北的领土。英美则以商业利益为重,希望保持中国门户开放,并对日、俄的野心感到不安。最后达成的协议,没有要求清政府割地,而只要求巨额的赔款。

当时清朝政府内部有建议将首都迁往内地(西安)继续与联军作战的建议。但是当时的清政府实际上已经没有可靠的军队了。义和团已经被战败,山东以南省份的总督们早在义和团期间就已经与外国达成地方上的协议,违抗清政府支持义和团的决定。因此清政府决定签署这个条约来保存自己。

1900年10月,法国率先提出惩治祸首、赔款、拆除大沽炮台等六项要求,作为与清政府谈判的基础。经各国公使多次会议加以补充、修改,12月24日11国(八国之外加上比利时、西班牙和荷兰)共同向清廷提出《议和大纲》12条。清政府完全接受。1901年(光绪二十七年)9月7日,奕劻、李鸿章全权代表清政府,同这11个国家在北京正式签订丧权辱国的《辛丑各国和约》,简称《辛丑条约》(因这一年是农历辛丑年而得名)。

协定的正式名称为Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherland, Russia, Spain, United States and China —Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900"(中国与十一国关于赔偿1900年动乱的最后协定)。原文是以法文为准。在国际法上,因为中国不承认与各国有正式交战,事件是出于义和团的暴乱。故此辛丑条约只属于一个协定,而并非和平条约。

[编辑本段]主要内容及影响

《辛丑条约》共12款,另有19个附件,主要内容有:

1.赔款。中国赔款白银4.5亿两,分39年还清,年息4厘,本息共计9.8亿两,以海关税、常关税和盐税作担保。

2.划定使馆区。将北京东交民巷划定为使馆区,成为“国中之国”。在区内中国人不得居住,各国可派兵驻守。

3.拆炮台、驻军队。拆除大沽及有碍北京至海通道的所有炮台,帝国主义列强可在自山海关至北京沿铁路的12个地方驻扎军队。

4.胁迫清政府承诺镇压反帝斗争。永远禁止中国人民成立或加入任何“与诸国仇敌”的组织,违者处死。各省官员必须保证外国人的安全,否则立予革职,永不录用。凡发生反帝斗争的地方,停止文武各等考试5年。

5.对德、日“谢罪”。清政府分派亲王、大臣赴德、日两国表示“惋惜之意”,在德国公使克林德被杀之处建立牌坊。

6.惩治附合过义和团的官员。从中央到地方被监禁、流放、处死的官员共百多人。

7.设立外务部。将总理衙门改为外务部,班列六部之首,成为清政府与列强交涉的专门机构。

《辛丑条约》的签订,给中国造成了严重危害:

一、巨额的赔款,是列强对中国空前的大规模勒索;为支付这笔赔款,清政府加紧搜刮人民,使中国人民生活更加贫困,社会经济更加凋敝。

二、在北京设立的“使馆界”,实际上是“国中之国”,是帝国主义策划侵略中国的大本营。外国侵略者控制京津地区,使清政府完全处于军队的控制之下,便于侵略者直接派兵镇压中国人民的反帝斗争。

三、按照条约规定,清朝官吏严厉镇压中国人民的反帝斗争,进一步成为帝国主义帮凶。

四、该设外务部的规定,便于清政府能够按照外国侵略者的意旨实行卖国的外交政策。

《辛丑条约》是中国近代史上赔款数目最庞大、主权丧失最严重、精神屈辱最深沉,从而给中国人民带来空前灾难的不平等条约。确立了清政府为资本主义列强的忠实走狗的地位,从此,清政府成为资本主义列强统治中国的工具。它的签订,标志着中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会。

[编辑本段]条约原文

一九零一年九月七日,光绪二十七年七月二十五日,北京。右起:庆亲王、李鸿章、右侍郎联芳

大清钦命全权大臣便宜行事总理外务部事务和硕庆亲王;

大清钦差全权大臣便宜行事太子太傅文华殿大学士北洋大臣直隶;

总督部堂一等肃毅伯李鸿章;

大德钦差驻扎中华便宜行事大臣穆默;

大奥钦差驻扎中华便宜行事全权大臣齐干;

大比钦差驻扎中华便宜行事全权大臣姚士登;

大日钦差驻扎中华全权大臣葛络干;

大美国钦差特办议和事宜全权大臣柔克义;

大法钦差全权大臣驻扎中国京都总理本国事务便宜行事鲍渥;

大英钦差便宜行事全权大臣萨道义;

大意钦差驻扎中华大臣世袭侯爵萨尔瓦葛;

大日本国钦差全权大臣小村寿太郎;

大和钦差驻扎中华便宜行事全权大臣克罗伯;

大俄钦命全权大臣内廷大夫格尔思;

今日会同声明,核定大清国按西历一千九百年十二月二十二日,即中历光绪二十六年十一月初一日文内各款,当经大清国大皇帝于西历一千九百年十二月二十七日,即中历光绪二十六年十一月初六日,降旨全行照允,足适诸国之意妥办(附件一)。

第一款 一、大德国钦差男爵克大臣被戕害—事,前于西历本年六月初九日即中历四月二十三日,奉谕旨(附件二)亲派醇亲王载沣为头等专使大臣;赴大德国大皇帝前,代表大清国大皇帝暨国家惋惜之意。醇亲王已遵旨于西历本年七月十二日即中历五月二十七日,自北京起程。二、大清国国家业已声明,在遇害该处所竖立铭志之碑,与克大臣品位相配,列叙大清国大皇帝惋惜凶事之旨,书以拉丁、德、汉各文。前于西历本年七月二十二日即中历六月初七日,经大清国钦差全权大臣文致太德国钦差全权大臣(附件三)。现于遇害处所建立牌坊一座,足满街衢,已于西历本年六月二十五日即中历五月初十日兴工。

第二款 一、惩办伤害诸国国家及人民之首祸诸臣。将西历本年二月十三、二十一等日即中历上年十二月二十五日本年正月初三等日,先后降旨,所定罪名,开列于后(附件四、五、六)。端郡王载漪,辅国公载澜,均定斩监候罪名,又约定如皇上以为应加恩贷其一死,即发往新疆永远监禁,永不减免;庄亲王载勋,都察院左都御史英年,刑部尚书赵舒翘,均定为赐令自尽;山西巡抚毓贤,礼部尚书启秀,刑部左侍郎徐承煜,均定为即行正法,协办大学士吏部尚书刚毅,大学士徐桐,前四川总督李秉衡,均已身死,追夺原官,即行革职。又兵部尚书徐用仪,户部尚书立山,吏部左侍郎许景澄,内阁学士兼礼部侍郎衔联元,太常寺卿袁昶,因上年力驳殊悖诸国义法极恶之罪被害,于西历本年二月十三日即中历上年十二月二十五日奉上谕开复原官,以示昭雪(附件七)。庄亲王载勋已于西历本年二月二十一日即中历正月初三日、英年赵舒翘已于二十四日即六日均自尽。毓贤已于念二日即初四日、启秀徐承煜已于念六日即初八日均正法。又西历本年二月十三日即中历上年十二月念五日上谕将甘肃提督董福样革职,俟应得罪名,定谳惩办。西历本年四月念九日、六月初三□月□□等日即中历三月十一、四月十七□月□□等日先后降旨,将上年夏间凶惨案内所有承认获咎之各外省官员,分别惩办。二、上谕将诸国人民遇害被虐之城镇停止文武各等考试五年(附件八)。

第三款 因大日本国使馆书记生杉山彬被害,大清国大皇帝从优荣之典,已于西历本年六月十八日即中历五月初三日降旨简派户部侍郎那桐为专使大臣,赴大日本国大皇帝前,代表大清国大皇帝及国家惋惜之意(附件九)。

第四款 大清国国家允定在于诸国被污渎及挖掘各坟墓建立涤垢雪侮之碑,已与诸国全权大臣合同商定,其碑由各该国使馆督建,并由中国国家付给估算各费银两,京师一带,每处一万两,外省每处五千两。此项银两,业已付清。兹将建碑之坟墓,开列清单附后(附件十)。

第五款 大清国国家允定不准将军火暨专为制造军火各种器料运入中国境内,已于西历一千九百一年八月十七日即中历本年七月初四日降旨禁止进口二年。嗣后如诸国以为有仍应续禁之处,亦可降旨将二年之限续展(附件十一)。

第六款 上谕大清国大皇帝允定付诸国偿款海关银四百五十兆两,此款系西历一千九百年十二月二十二日即中历光绪二十六年十一月初一日条款内第二款所载之各国各会各人及中国人民之赔偿总数(附件十二)。(甲)此四百五十兆系海关银两,照市价易为金款,此市价按诸国各金钱之价易金如左:海关银一两,即德国三马克零五五,即奥国三克勒尼五九五,即美国圆零七四二,即法国三佛郎克五,即英国三先令,即日本一圆四零七,即荷兰国一弗乐零七九六,即俄国一卢布四一二。俄国卢布,按金平算即十七多理亚四二四。此四百五十兆,按年息四厘正,本由中国分三十九年按后附之表各章清还(附件十三)。本息用金付给,或按应还日期之市价易金付给。还本于一千九百零二年正月初一日起至一千九百四十年终止。还本各款,应按每届一年付还,初次定于一千九百零一年正月初一日。付还利息,由一千九百零一年七月初一日起算。惟中国国家亦可将所欠首六个月至一千九百零一年十二月三十一日之息,展在自一千九百零二年正月初一日起,于三年内付还。但所展息款之利,亦应按年四厘付清。又利息每届六个月付给,初次定于一千九百零二年七月初一日付给。(乙)此欠款一切事宜,均在上海办理。如后诸国各派银行董事一名会同将所有由该管之中国官员付给之本利总数收存,分给有干涉者,该银行出付回执。(丙)中国国家将全救保票一纸交驻京诸国钦差领衔手内。此保票以后分作零票,每票上各由中国特派之官员画押。此节以及发票一切事宜,应由以上所述之银行董事各遵本国饬令而行。 (丁)付还保票财源各进款,应每月给银行董事收存。(戊)所定承担保票之财源,开列于后:一、新关各进款,俟前已作为担保之借款各本利付给之后,余剩者又进口货税增至切实值百抽五,将所增之数加之。所有向例进口免税各货,除外国运来之米及各杂色粮面并金银以及金银各钱外,均应列入切实值百抽五货内。二、所有常关各进款,在各通商口岸之常关,均归新关管理。三、所有盐政各进项,除归还泰西借款一宗外,余剩一并归入,至进口货税增至切实值百抽五。诸国现允可行,惟须—二端:一将现在照估价抽收进口各税,凡能改者皆当急速改为按件抽税几何。改办一层如后,以为估算货价之基、应以一千八百九十七、八、九三年卸货时各货牵算价值,乃开除进口及杂费总数之市价。其未改以前,各该税仍照估价征收。二北河黄浦两水路,均应改善,中国国家及应拨款相助。至增税一层,俟此条款画押两个月后,即行开办,除在此画押日期后至迟十日已在途间之货外,概不得免押。

第七款:大清国国家允定各使馆境界以为专与住用之处。并独由使馆管理。中国民人,概不准在界内居住。亦可由行防守,使馆界线于附件之图上标明如后(附件十四):东面之线,系崇文门大街,图上十、十一、十二等字;北面图上系五、六、七、八、九、十等宇之线,西面图上系一、二、三、四、五等宇之线;南面图上系十二、一等字之线,此线循城墙南址随城垛而画。按照西历一千九百零一年正月十六日即中历上年十一月二十六日文内后附之条,中国国家应允诸国分应自主,常留兵队分保使馆。

第八款 大清国国家应允将大沽炮台及有碍京师至海通道之各炮台一律削平,现已设法照办。

第九款 按照西历一千九百零一年正月十六日即中历上年十一月二十六日文内后附之条款,中国国家应允由诸国分应主办,会同酌定数处留兵驻守,以保京师至海通道无断绝之处。今诸国驻防之处,系黄村、郎坊、杨村、天津军粮城、塘沽、芦台、唐山、滦州、昌黎秦王岛、山海关。

第十款 大清国国家允定两年之久,在各府厅州县将以后所述之上谕颁行布告:一、西历本年二月初一日即中历上年十二月十三日上谕以永禁或设、或入与诸国仇敌之会,违者皆斩(附件十五)。二、西历本年□月□□日即中历□月□□日上谕一道,犯罪之人如何惩办之处,均一一裁明。三、西历本年□月□□日即中历□月□□日上谕,以诸国人民遇害被虐,各城镇停止文武各等考试。四、西历本年二月初一日即中历上年十二月十三日上谕,各省抚督文武大吏暨有司各官,于所属境内均有保平安之责,如复滋伤害诸国人民之事,或再有违约之行,必须立时弹压惩办,否则该管之员,即行革职,永不叙用,亦不得开脱别给奖叙(附件十六)。以上谕旨现于中国全境渐次张贴。

第十一款 大清国国家允定将通商行船各条约内,诸国视为应行商改之处,及有关通商各他事宜,均行议商,以期妥善简易。按照第六款赔偿事宜,约定中国国家应允襄办改善北河黄浦两水路,其襄办各节如左: 一、北河改善河道,在一千八百九十八年会同中国国家所兴各工,尽由诸国派员兴修。一俟治理天津事务交还之后,即可由中国国家派员与诸国所派之员会办,中国国家应付海关银每年六万以养其工。一、现设立黄浦河道局经管整理改善水道各工所,派该局各员,均代中国及诸国保守在沪所有通商之利益。预估后二十年,该局各工及经管各费应每年支用海关银四十六万两,此数平分,半由中国国家付给,半由外国各干涉者出资。该局员差并权责进款之详细各节,皆于后附文件内列明(附件十七)

第十二款 西历本年七月二十四日即中国六月初九日降旨,将总理各国事务衙门按照诸国酌定改为外务部,班列六部之前。此上谕内已简派外务部各王大臣矣(附件十八)。且变通诸国钦差大臣觐见礼节,均已商定由中国全权大臣屡次照会在案。此照会在后附之节略内述明(附件十九)。

兹特为议明以上所述各语,及后附诸国全权大臣所复之文牍,均系以法文为凭。大清国国家既如此按以上所述,西历一千九百年十二月二十二日,即中历光绪二十六年十一月初一日,文内各款,足适诸国之意妥办,则中国愿将一千九百年夏间变乱所生之局势完结,诸国亦照允随行。是以诸国全权大臣奉各本国政府之命代为声明,除第七款所述之防守使馆兵队外,诸国兵队即于西历一千九百零一年□月□□日即中历□月□□日全由京城撤退。并除第九款所述各处外,亦于西历一千九百零一年□月□□日即中历□□年月□□日由直隶省撤退。今将以上条款缮定同文十二份,均由诸国全权大臣画押,诸国全权大臣各存一份,中国全权大臣收存一份

附件一,光绪帝批准签署条约的圣旨。

附件二,光绪帝派醇亲王载沣赴德的旨意。

附件三,光绪帝命令为被杀德使建碑的旨意。

附件四,光绪帝命令惩办亲王载勋等皇亲的旨意。

附件五,光绪帝命令惩办启秀等大臣的旨意。

附件六,光绪帝命令加重上述惩罚的旨意。

附件七,光绪帝命令徐用仪等复职的旨意。

附件八,光绪帝命令在一些外国人被杀的县五年内不进行科举考试的旨意。

附件九,光绪帝命令那桐着赴日道歉的旨意。

附件十,被损外国坟墓单。

附件十一,光绪帝命令禁止进口军火的旨意。

附件十二,中国对各国承认战争赔偿的照会。

附件十三,同上。

附件十四,使馆区界线。

附件十五,光绪帝禁止抗外行动的旨意。

附件十六,同上。

附件十七,中国改善水路河道的计划。

附件十八,光绪帝设立黄浦河道局的旨意。

附件十九,中国对各国就设立外务部的照会。

第六款之赔款称庚子赔款。1900年乃中历庚子年。

[编辑本段]特点

第一、惩罚对象主要是中国人民。

列强要求赔款4亿5千万两,当时中国人口4亿5千万,用意是要每个中国人都要向他们交1两白银的“罚金”,借此惩罚、侮辱所有的中国人;发生过反帝斗争的城镇,一律停止科考五年。

第二、没有割地等相关条款。

帝国主义很想瓜分中国,而清政府的腐朽至极也是实行瓜分的有利时机,但由于帝国主义各国矛盾错综复杂,使他们不得不暂时放弃了对中国领土的割占要求。

第三、既维护清政府的反动统治,又加以严格控制。

此条约惩办义和团运动中参加反帝斗争的官吏,对反帝运动镇压不力的官吏,“即行革职,永不叙用”。但丝毫未涉及处置慈禧太后。相反,继续推行“以华治华”的策略,确立清政府继续充当他们在华的代理人。

第四、使中国长期陷入被动状态

此条约中白银4.5亿两的数字已然天价,中国显然不可能一次性还清,所以,这些银两总共分39年才还清,本息共计9.8亿两白银,翻了一倍多,也使得中国在后来的几十年中的经济跌入低谷。

为了使清政府完全成为“洋人的朝廷”,又从经济、政治和军事等方面加强了对清政府的控制。《辛丑条约》规定,以海关税及盐税作为偿还赔款之用,但这两项税收为清朝政府最主要的一项财政收入。控制海关就基本上能够左右中国财政。列强在北京强行划定的“使馆区”,由各国派兵保护。以武力为后盾的公使团成了清朝的太上皇。将大沽炮台和从大沽到北京的沿线炮台“一律削平”。准许各国派兵驻扎在北京和山海关铁路沿线12个战略要地。随时对清政府进行军事控制。这样在政治、经济和军事上都加强了对清政府的控制。

《辛丑条约》是列强加给中国的空前严重的不平等条约,给中国带来了严重危害。列强勒索的巨额赔款,加剧了中国的贫困和经济衰败;外国军队长期驻扎在中国的战略要地,严重破坏了中国的主权完整和国防安全;设置使馆区,以武力为后盾的公使团,开始凌驾于清政府之上;改变清政府外交机构的地位,更加强了列强向中国勒索、发号施令的权利;禁止中国人民的反帝斗争,使清政府成为帝国主义的“工具”。《辛丑条约》的订立,标志着中国半殖民地半封建社会完全形成。

[编辑本段]影响

辛丑条约的影响:《辛丑条约》是列强加给中国的空前严重的不平等条约。列强勒索了巨额赔款,加剧了中国的贫困和经济衰败;外国军队长期驻扎在中国的战略要地,严重破坏了中国的主权完整和国防安全;设置特殊性质的使馆区(租界),以武力为后盾的公使团,开始凌驾于清政府之上,对政府发号施令;改变清政府外交机构的地位,加强了列强向中国勒索、发号施令的权利;严厉“惩凶”以及为德公使建立牌坊等,极大地损害了中国人的民族自尊心和自信心;禁止中国人民的反帝斗争,企图永远奴役中国人民。这个条约的订立,标志着中国半殖民地半封建社会完全形成也标志着清政府完全成为帝国主义列强在中国的代理人。同时中国的先进分子也开始放弃对清政府所报有的幻想,以“驱除鞑虏”为目标的资产阶级革命开始在全国如火如荼的展开。

[编辑本段]辛丑条约中国实际支付的赔款数额

《辛丑条约》中的所涉及的赔款,因为是针对1900年(庚子年)的义和团运动而规定,所以也叫庚子赔款。赔款按中国当时人口计算,每人一两,共计4.5亿两,分39年还清,年息四厘,本息共计高达9.82多亿两,各省"地方赔款"还有0.2亿两以上。因此,总数达白银10亿两以上。这笔巨款相当于清政府财政收入的12倍。各国要求赔款的数目如下:俄国130371120两、德国90070515两、法国70878240、英国50620545两、日本34793100两、美国32939055两、意大利32939055两、比利时8484345两、奥地利4003920两、荷兰782100两,其余的43万余两由西班牙、葡萄牙、瑞典、挪威等国分享。年息4厘,分39年还清,利息共500003000两。本息合计900008000两,以海关税、盐税担保。

条约签字以后,清政府按期给列强赔款。但到1904年以后,银价下跌,而庚子赔款是按银价算的,于是,列国在1905年7月2日,强迫清政府将庚子赔款改为金货债务,并将已经用银偿付的赔款按金价折算,补偿了约8000000两。

这笔巨款还款方法大约有以下三种形式:

1.债券:由清政府发出五种债券,按分摊数额交给各国收执,并以关税、盐税和常关税作为担保。帝国主义遂将各通商口岸50里内的常关税也划归外国人管理的海关税务司管理。

2.额外款:"镑亏借款"。《辛丑条约》规定,赔款数目虽按银两计算,因帝国主义国家的货币用金,还须按照白银市价折合为金币,这样亏损很大,这种亏损称为"镑亏"(以英国货币金镑为代表)。清政府为筹付这笔额外支出,1905年4月又向汇丰银行订借英金一百万镑,借款利息五厘,期限20年。

3.庚款办学:是以美国为代表的帝国主义国家利用"庚子赔款"对中国进行精神、文化侵略的重要活动之一。在中国从事传教、经商30余年的史密斯,曾于1906年向美国总统建议"退还庚款"来培植中国学生。1907年美国国会通过了用"退还庚款"来教育中国学生的提案,1909年付诸实施。从1923年起英、法、意、比、荷各帝国主义国家也竞相效仿,用此款办起了大、中、小学,甚至幼儿园。

这笔巨款到底还完了没有?

没有还完,主要原因有:

1.一战影响:第一次世界大战期间,中国加入协约国参战,作为战胜国,停止对战败的德、奥赔款支付;十月革命胜利后,俄国部分的庚款余额,苏俄亦在1920年宣布放弃;美、英、日、荷四国部分的庚款余额则改订偿付办法。

2.抗日战争影响:1937年7月7日,抗日战争全面爆发。中国停止对日赔款。随着日本侵略中国的加剧,英美等帝国主义国家与日本在中国的既得利益冲突尖锐化,中国也无力赔款。于是英、美等国于1938年纷纷停止"庚子赔款"。至此,中国共赔款白银已近6.532亿两,折合银元近10亿元。

小教板

1901年(农历辛丑年)9月7日,西方诸国强迫清政府签订了丧权辱国的《辛丑条约》。内容包括:惩办“得罪”列强的官员;派亲王、大臣到德国、日本赔罪;清政府明令禁止中国人建立和参加抵抗侵略军的各种组织;赔款4亿5千万两白银,分39年付清,本息9亿8000万两白银;在北京东交民巷一带设使馆区,各国可在使馆区驻兵,中国人不准在区内居住;平毁大沽炮台以及北京至天津海口的炮台;各国可以在北京至山海关铁路沿线驻兵。《辛丑条约》使中国的主权进一步沦丧。北京的使馆区内列强驻兵、行政独立,成了“国中之国”。外国取得北京至山海关的驻兵权,使中国京师关防洞开、无险可守。《辛丑条约》签订后,中国完全沦为半殖民地。

牛云

条约简介

《辛丑条约》即《辛丑议定书》或《辛丑各国和约 》 19世纪末帝国主义列强激烈争夺和瓜分中国,造成中国空前严重的民族危机。这种危机感促成了人们的觉醒,救亡图存成了当时最紧迫的要求。1898年资产阶级改良派的维新运动失败了,1900年又爆发了以农民为主体的轰轰烈烈的反帝爱国的义和团运动。义和团运动起自山东,迅速发展到直隶、天津、北京,引起帝国主义列强的恐慌。它们决定亲自出兵镇压义和团,英、美、日、俄、法、德、意、奥八国组织联军侵入中国,8月攻入北京。慈禧太后携带光绪皇帝及亲信臣从仓皇出逃西安。清王朝被迫向帝国主义求和。

[编辑本段]历史经过

参与八国联军的日本、法国、德国、意大利、俄国都有分割中国领土的想法。而俄国志在用其它条约获得中国的东北的领土。英美则以商业利益为重,希望保持中国门户开放,并对日、俄的野心感到不安。最后达成的协议,没有要求清政府割地,而只要求巨额的赔款。

当时清朝政府内部有建议将首都迁往内地(西安)继续与联军作战的建议。但是当时的清政府实际上已经没有可靠的军队了。义和团已经被战败,山东以南省份的总督们早在义和团期间就已经与外国达成地方上的协议,违抗清政府支持义和团的决定。因此清政府决定签署这个条约来保存自己。

1900年10月,法国率先提出惩治祸首、赔款、拆除大沽炮台等六项要求,作为与清政府谈判的基础。经各国公使多次会议加以补充、修改,12月24日11国(八国之外加上比利时、西班牙和荷兰)共同向清廷提出《议和大纲》12条。清政府完全接受。1901年(光绪二十七年)9月7日,奕劻、李鸿章全权代表清政府,同这11个国家在北京正式签订丧权辱国的《辛丑各国和约》,简称《辛丑条约》(因这一年是农历辛丑年而得名)。

协定的正式名称为Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Netherland, Russia, Spain, United States and China —Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900"(中国与十一国关于赔偿1900年动乱的最后协定)。原文是以法文为准。在国际法上,因为中国不承认与各国有正式交战,事件是出于义和团的暴乱。故此辛丑条约只属于一个协定,而并非和平条约。

[编辑本段]主要内容及影响

《辛丑条约》共12款,另有19个附件,主要内容有:

1.赔款。中国赔款白银4.5亿两,分39年还清,年息4厘,本息共计9.8亿两,以海关税、常关税和盐税作担保。

2.划定使馆区。将北京东交民巷划定为使馆区,成为“国中之国”。在区内中国人不得居住,各国可派兵驻守。

3.拆炮台、驻军队。拆除大沽及有碍北京至海通道的所有炮台,帝国主义列强可在自山海关至北京沿铁路的12个地方驻扎军队。

4.胁迫清政府承诺镇压反帝斗争。永远禁止中国人民成立或加入任何“与诸国仇敌”的组织,违者处死。各省官员必须保证外国人的安全,否则立予革职,永不录用。凡发生反帝斗争的地方,停止文武各等考试5年。

5.对德、日“谢罪”。清政府分派亲王、大臣赴德、日两国表示“惋惜之意”,在德国公使克林德被杀之处建立牌坊。

6.惩治附合过义和团的官员。从中央到地方被监禁、流放、处死的官员共百多人。

7.设立外务部。将总理衙门改为外务部,班列六部之首,成为清政府与列强交涉的专门机构。

《辛丑条约》的签订,给中国造成了严重危害:

一、巨额的赔款,是列强对中国空前的大规模勒索;为支付这笔赔款,清政府加紧搜刮人民,使中国人民生活更加贫困,社会经济更加凋敝。

二、在北京设立的“使馆界”,实际上是“国中之国”,是帝国主义策划侵略中国的大本营。外国侵略者控制京津地区,使清政府完全处于军队的控制之下,便于侵略者直接派兵镇压中国人民的反帝斗争。

三、按照条约规定,清朝官吏严厉镇压中国人民的反帝斗争,进一步成为帝国主义帮凶。

四、该设外务部的规定,便于清政府能够按照外国侵略者的意旨实行卖国的外交政策。

《辛丑条约》是中国近代史上赔款数目最庞大、主权丧失最严重、精神屈辱最深沉,从而给中国人民带来空前灾难的不平等条约。确立了清政府为资本主义列强的忠实走狗的地位,从此,清政府成为资本主义列强统治中国的工具。它的签订,标志着中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会。

陶小凡

1901年

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2023-07-29 06:42:201

两个英文词语

1. motor skills 1.运动技能 2.emotional disturbances 2.情绪障碍 1. motor skills 运动技能 2.emotional disturbances 情绪障碍 1. motor skills一般译做「运动技能」的运动不是体育运动的运动,而是讲身体随意肌的活动能力,例如你想伸手抓住一只杯,当中的主意和协调并且有冇能力做到这动作,是为之motor skills.假如你叫我翻译我会译做一个人的「动作机能」或「活动机能」可能少点误解。 2. emotional disturbances一般译做「情绪困扰」,另有「情绪障碍」是由于这专有名词不是单说一个人心情唔好,而系话个人唔可以控制地感到情绪上的不安,不受自己控制,所以用「障碍」表达个人操控意识与他的情绪之间有阻碍,所以一个人如果知道自己心情唔好,或者知道自己的情绪失控,就唔系有这病。 1. motor skill(运动技能) a learned series of movements that bine to produce a *** ooth efficient action 简单的动作 其实包含了复杂的身体协调过程 提高身体的 「 运动技能 」 便能有助身体协调 减少受伤机会 。 singtao/archive/ fullstory? andor=or&...&keyword1=&keyword2= 2.emotional disturbance(情绪障碍) Condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child"s educational performance: inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual sensory or health factors; inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers; inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances; general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; and a tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. 严重情绪障碍之症状包括精神性之疾患、情感性疾患、畏惧性疾患、 焦虑性疾患、注意力缺陷过动症、或有其他持续性的情或行为问题者 。 thdf.edu/Site5/ newfile_7 1运动技能2情绪困扰。^_^ 参考: monday ^_^ 摩打技能 感情騒动 1. motor skills 运动技能 2.emotional disturbances 情绪粉乱
2023-07-29 06:42:291

even if不是不能放在句首吗,那教科书上这个句子怎么回事?

这里even if引导让步状语从句,可以放在句首啊
2023-07-29 06:42:384

求翻译(英译汉),一定高分追加奖励!

好强大
2023-07-29 06:42:592

请帮我分析一下句子结构,中括号中的。

Jay Weiss已经指出,被允许控制不愉快刺激的动物,不产生 睡眠障碍也不产生脑化学变化典型的应激大鼠or 连接的是sleep disturbances 和changes 我不是很明白in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats,是不是专业方面的某种说法??
2023-07-29 06:43:072

【6级】翻译

杰伊.维斯,杜克大学医学部的一名心理学家,研究发现:处于应急状态的老鼠在允许可控制不良刺激时,其不会出现睡眠困扰或是其脑部化学物质的类型不会改变。
2023-07-29 06:43:172

请帮忙将下面两段话翻译成英文,谢谢啦!!

Should bear the responsibility, we can not shirk; should overcome the difficulties, we can not escape; should face in life, we can not choose.This is life, it requires the courage to move forward in our ups and downs, the courage to take bit by bit thin in every bitter and sweet aftertaste, gradually began to feel every emotion and resentment.
2023-07-29 06:43:242

辛丑条约全称?

《辛丑条约》(英:Final Protocol for the Settlement of the Disturbances of 1900),亦称“辛丑各国和约”、“北京议定书”,是中国清政府代表奕劻、李鸿章与英、美、俄、法、德、意、日、奥、比、西、荷十一国外交代表,在义和团运动失败、八国联军攻入北京后,于光绪二十七年(辛丑年)七月二十五日(1901年9月7日)在北京签订的不平等条约。
2023-07-29 06:43:322

澄清的造句澄清的造句是什么

澄清的造句有:梦是永恒的微笑,使你的心灵永远充满激情,使你的双眼永远澄清明亮。这些人揽辔澄清、志在治国安邦的,也是大有人在。澄清的造句有:一般来说就是你自己的态度问题,说话的技巧一定有比你更好的,所以和他对骂是不明智的。就是要做到无视,别人怎么说你你都当做没听见,因为不是有营养的话是不需要的。若是他在背后骂你,贬低你,你可以向大家澄清,这是最简单的方法。梦是永恒的微笑,使你的心灵永远充满激情,使你的双眼永远澄清明亮。词性是:形容词。注音是:ㄔㄥ_ㄑ一ㄥ。结构是:澄(左右结构)清(左右结构)。拼音是:chéngqīng。澄清的具体解释是什么呢,我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍:一、词语解释【点此查看计划详细内容】澄清chéngqīng。(1)清亮;清澈。(2)显示事实真相;消除混乱或模糊之处。(1)杂质沉淀下来,液体变清。二、引证解释⒈使变清。喻平治天下。《北史·儒林传·张_武》:“帝亦深倚仗之,方委以朝政。引_武更以_清为己任,意气自高。”1.渭肃清混乱局面。《后汉书·党锢传·范滂》:“滂登车揽_,慨然有澄清天下之志。”元文及翁《贺新郎·西湖》词:“余生自负澄清志,更有谁、_溪未遇,傅_未起。”朱德《和郭沫若同志<登尔雅台怀人>》:“内忧外患澄清日,痛饮黄龙定约君。”⒉引申为安定。引宋司马光《西斋》诗:“四境已澄清,还以书自怡。”⒊清澈;明洁。引晋陆云《南征赋》:“闲夜冽以澄清,中原旷而_昧。”宋苏轼《六月二十日夜渡海》诗:“云散月明谁点缀,天容海色本澄清。”冯雪峰《上饶集中营》第三部:“施珍的脸上浮上微笑,显得特别的美丽、坚决和纯洁,她的眼睛平静澄清。”⒋搞清楚;弄明白。引晋袁宏《后汉纪·桓帝纪上》:“陛下不_澄清善恶,俱与忠臣尚书令尹勋等并时显封,使朱紫不别,粉墨杂糅。”巴金《中国人》:“即使跟思想不同的人接触,只要经过敞开胸怀的辩论,总可以澄清一些问题。”⒌使杂质沉淀,液体变清。引周立波《桐花没有开》六:“要等秧田里的泥水澄清一点。”徐怀中《西线轶事》八:“找到一片积水,尽是小虫子在翻上翻下的,放几片净水剂澄清一下,那种怪味让人打哆嗦,喝不进去。”三、国语词典沉淀杂质,使其清澈。词语翻译英语clear(ofliquid)_,limpid,toclarify,tomakesthclear,tobeclear(aboutthefacts)_,tosettle(ofliquid)_,tobecomeclear(byprecipitationofimpurities)_,precipitate(chemistry)_,toputinorder,toquelldisturbances德语Abl_uterung(S)_,Abscheiden(S)_,Absetzung(S)_,Bereinigung,Erkl_rung,Erl_uterung,Klarstellung,Kl_rung,Abkl_rung(S)_,abschw_chen(V)_,absetzen(V)_,entwarnen,aufkl_ren(V)_,kl_ren,verdeutlichen,abl_uten(V)_法语clarifier,éclaircir,clair,limpide四、网络解释澄清澄清是一个汉语词汇,多音词,读音为chéng、qīng、dèng、qīng。指杂质沉淀,液体变清;形容水清而透明。见《后汉书·党锢传·范滂》:“滂登车揽辔,慨然有澄清天下之志。”关于澄清的近义词清亮廓清清洁肃清清澄清澈关于澄清的反义词混浊搅浑混淆污染污浊浑浊染污关于澄清的诗词《阮郎归·澄清阁下藕如船》《婆留井·绿莎萦绕水澄清》《澄清阁·范滂雅志在澄清》关于澄清的诗句澄清白下明月澄清景_讼累岁皆澄清关于澄清的单词defecateclearclarifystraightenoutclarification关于澄清的成语澈底澄清端本澄源冷冷清清正本澄源澄源正本澄清天下澄沙汰砾揽辔澄清澄江如练澄思渺虑关于澄清的词语彻底澄清澄沙汰砾端本澄源澄神离形正本澄源澄江如练澄清天下揽辔澄清海晏河澄澈底澄清点此查看更多关于澄清的详细信息
2023-07-29 06:43:501

请高手帮帮忙

Rome was not _______ in a day.A.set up  B.put up   C.found   D.built答案解析:答案为D, 为正确答案。具体区别,请看下面详细解释,如果满意,请立即采纳,谢谢!build, construct, found, erect, establish, set up这些动词均有“建设,建立,建造”之意。build: 普通用词,含义广泛,可指一切具体或抽象的建造或建立。construct: 较正式用词,强调根据一定计划进行的规模较大,结构较复杂,要求较高技术的建造。found: 侧重打下基础或创办,具体或抽象事物均可用。erect: 侧重指对高而垂直物的建造。使用不如build广泛。establish: 着重稳固地建成,可具体指国家、政府、学校或商店等的建立,也可指信仰、信用、名誉、法律、制度、规则等的建立。set up: 作"建立"用时,侧重于"开始"。可指具体或抽象的建立。set up英 [set u028cp] 美 [su025bt u028cp] 建立;准备; 安排;引起 1.I couldn"t afford more than a broom cupboard to set up office in. 我的钱也就够搞一间鸡窝大的办公室。 2. The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison. 政府成立了一个委员会来调查监狱骚乱事件。 3. An inquiry was set up to determine the cause of the accident. 已展开调查以确定事故原因。 4. The scheme has been set up to help homeless people. 这个计划的目的是帮助无家可归的人。 5. They drew their wagons into a laager and set up camp. 他们把马车围成一圈扎起营地。 put up英 [put u028cp] 美 [pu028at u028cp] vt. 举起;张贴;建造;提高 vi. 提供食宿;直接行动 1.Can anyone put up bail for you? 有人保释你吗? 2. The police stormed the barricades the demonstrators had put up. 警察冲破了示威者筑起的街垒。 3. We put up the decorations and the tree and started to feel Christmassy at last. 我们布置好了装饰品和圣诞树,这才开始感受到圣诞节的气氛。 4. I helped him put up some shelves in his bedroom. 我帮他在卧室里装了几个搁架。 5. I put up my umbrella. 我撑开伞。 found英 [fau028and] 美 [fau028and] vt. 创办,成立,建立 v. 发现( find的过去式);找到;到达;发觉 n. 不另外收费的供应品[服务等],(工资以外)另行供给的膳食[住宿等] adj. (文艺作品等)找到的,拾得的,拣到的,自然形态的;〈英〉(对房客等)不另加费供应的,已包括在价款[租金等]之内的 发现; 找到; 找; 觉得 过去式:founded 过去分词:founded 现在分词:founding 第三人称单数:founds 1.The child was found abandoned but unharmed. 该弃儿被人们发现时安然无恙。 2. The accused was found innocent. 被告被判定无罪。 3. Suddenly he found himself awake and fully alert. 突然他发觉自己醒了过来,而且高度警觉。 4. Spending the holidays in Britain wasn"t a prospect that I found particularly appealing. 在英国度假对我并不特别有吸引力。 5. They found the body buried beneath a pile of leaves. 他们发现尸体被埋在一堆树叶下面。 build英 [bu026ald] 美 [bu026ald] vt. 建造,构筑;建立;开发;为…建立基础 vi. 建造,营造;扩大,扩展;发展,达到 n. 体格,构造;〈俚〉优美的体型,肉体美 建立; 造; 建造; 建造版 过去式:built 过去分词:built 现在分词:building 第三人称单数:builds 1.They have permission to build 200 new houses. 他们得到建200座新房的许可。 2. a steady build-up of traffic in the evenings 晚间逐渐繁忙的交通 3. Plans to build a new mall were deep-sixed after protests from local residents. 修建新室内购物中心的计划由于当地居民反对而搁浅。 4. We never use second quality ingredients to build building. 我们决不使用次等材料用于建筑。 5. The firm tendered for the contract to build a new hotel. 该公司投标承建一家新饭店。求采纳为满意回答。
2023-07-29 06:43:571

安妮特·贝宁的早年经历

安妮特·贝宁出生于美国堪萨斯州首府托皮卡,中学时代贝宁开始学习表演,活跃于最初的登台经历。鲜为人知的是,贝宁曾有过一段为期一年之久的在出海渔船上当厨子的打工经历,挣钱之后贝宁在圣地亚哥Mesa大学(San Diego Mesa College)进行了两年戏剧学习,紧接着北上旧金山州立大学获得了戏剧艺术学位。毕业后于旧金山的美国经典剧目剧团(American Conservatory Theater)正式开启演艺生涯,在诸如《麦克白》等莎翁剧中的表现展露了其戏剧才华,期间还通过在圣地亚哥老环球剧院(Old Globe)、科罗拉多Shakespeare Festival以及Denver Center Theatre Company的演出,打磨自身舞台戏剧表演技艺。而后为了进一步深造,贝宁只身来到纽约,如今看来这一步走得确实明智,在纽约她的运气大开,初次登台就因为在《沿岸风雨》(Coastal Disturbances)中的出色演技获得了托尼奖提名和克莱伦斯-达文特奖。受到关注的同时,她开始参与一些广告与电视影集的拍摄。
2023-07-29 06:44:051

语法问题

leave: 招致;造成The documentary left me in a state of shock...那部纪录片使我大为震惊。
2023-07-29 06:44:345

下面这段话怎样翻译? u200b谢谢!

句酷上有答案
2023-07-29 06:44:502

初中英语语法:英语语法详解 --ING分词(二)

《英语语法详解 --ING分词(二)》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com。本内容整理时间为05月12日,如有任何问题请联系我们。 二、作表语的-ING分词 Seeing is believing. His aims are learning two foreign languages and applying the theory he has learned to practice. 三、-ING分词作动词宾语 1. 一类是动词或短语后边跟宾语的非限定性动词只能是-ING分词,如:acknowledge, admit(坦白,承认), advise, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can"t help, consider, contemplate(深思), delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape(躲过,避开), excuse, fancy, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep on, justify, mean(意味着,等于), mind(在乎), miss, postpone, practise, prohibit, put off, quit, recall, regret, resist, resume, risk(冒险干…), suggest, threaten。 5) By taking the back way he escaped . [A] to be seen [B] have been seen [C] seeing [D] being seen 6) I came late and missed Jack winning. [A] to see[B] seeing[C] see[D] seen 7) "I see our boss coming down the hall." "Then we"d better quit and get down to business." [A] talking[B] to talk[C] from talking[D] having talk 8) The young doctor first [A] practised to use [B] the needles on [C] his own [D] wrist. 9) Some experts have advocated to bring [A] that country into [B] the talks, to revive the intermittent dialogue [C] that began [D] after the 1967 Middle East War. 2. 另一类动词后边作宾语的非限定性动词可以是-ING分词的动名词,也可以是动词不定式,如:attempt, begin, can"t bear, cease, continue, deserve, endure, forget, go on, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start , stop, try等。(动词后接-ING和不定式时在用法上的区别在下一章讲) 10) "What"s wrong with Henry?""He needs ." [A] cheer up[B] to be cheer up[C] cheering up[D] to cheered up 11) Any such news would start her . [A] to worry[B] worrying[C] worry[D] worried 3. -ING分词作宾语还有下一结构,即用it代表-ING分词,而把-ING分词短语放到句子的后边去 I consider it worthwhile spending ten thousand yuan on the furniture./Marry fount it marvellous having a journey with him. 四、 -ING结构作介词的宾语 几乎所有介词,不管是单个介词还是介词词组,不管它们是谓语动词的组成部分与否,都能用-ING分词的动名词作其宾语。所以,-ING结构作介词宾语的时候很多。-ING结构一般作介词短语的宾语,主要有以下搭配关系 1. 动词+介词+ -ING 12) Scientists measure the hardness [A] of a material [B] by comparatively [C] with a table of ten well-known [D] metals. 13) Her mother did not [A] approve of her to go [B] to the party without dressing [C] formally [D] . 14) Although many women"s colleges [A] have been coeducational [B] , other universities remain committed to keep [C] their facilities separate [D] . 15) We insist on you leave [A] the place before [B] any further [C] disturbances take place [D] . 2. 名词(形容词,不及物动词)+介词to(不要把它视为动词不定式的标志)。下面是大纲中所列短语中的"to"为介词:(be) contrary to (与…相反),object(objection)to (反对), with a view to (为…起见),(be) opposed to (反对), in contrast to (与…成对比),be used to (习惯于), be exposed to, be dedicated to (致力于),resort to (诉诸于), as to (关于), be accustomed to (习惯于), be devoted to (献身于), be committed to (委身于), react to (对…反应), with regard to (关于), look forward to (期待), contribute to (贡献),owe to由于,归功于等 16) I have no objection the evening with them. [A] to spend [B] to spending [C] to have spent [D] to have to spend 17) Why do you object to the direction? [A] following [B] follow [C] have follow [D] have been followed 18) Mr. Brown often wore [A] a heavy coat [B] because he was not used to live [C] in such a [D] cold climate. 19) Livy was the [A] only great historian of the time [B] , and he devoted his attention to give [C] the world splendid [D] pictures. 3. 动词+副词+介词+ -ING I look forward to her coming soon. 4. 形容词(或具有形容词性质的-ED分词)+介词+ -ING I am proud of having such a son. He is greatly honored of shaking hands with the President. It"s impossible for him finishing the task in such a short time. He is interested in playing table tennis. 5. 表示征询意见的 "How about…?", "What…about?" How about going there? What about having a concert? 20) How about to the movies tonight? [A] going[B] if go[C] to go[D] if we go 6. 前面省略了介词in的-ING惯用法 The two children are busy doing their homework. Mr. Smith has difficulty fulfilling the task. There is no use going over the lessons before the night of exam. He has spent a lot of time preparing the exam for the postgraduate. Xiao Li lost no time catching up with his classmates. There is no point arguing with him. 《英语语法详解 --ING分词(二)》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com
2023-07-29 06:44:581

急求各位帮忙翻译一下!!!英语作业求帮助

精神分裂症是现实中一个集群的心理障碍,各种行为表现出和被归类在不同的方式。尽管有许多行为可能被认为是精神分裂症患者,常见的行为,其表现是严重的精神分裂症的扰动被认为障碍、妄想、情感障碍。
2023-07-29 06:45:075

求翻译重谢。

文摘尽管无数的价值观和承认河边区域火作为一个重要的自然干扰,很少有研究调查了行为、性能及影响火在河岸地区的自然thewestern美国。河岸地区不同于邻近的降雨量经常在植物组成和结构、地貌、水文、小气候、燃料特性。这些特点可能导致不同的火灾环境、火政权,火属性(频率、严重、行为和程度相对于在河岸地区山区。在某些森林河边区域、火灾频率普遍偏低,严重程度更为温和火已经比在邻近的降雨量,但在其它地区,这场大火已经烧河边区域出现类似的频率。土地利用和管理的影响可能很强烈地影响火灾特性和政权在河岸地区。扑灭火灾、畜牧业、伐木、建造和材料流动规律、农业改道、渠道的修改,并推出入侵物种变化导致植物种类组成、结构和分布的载油量,改变的程度和区域小气候河岸地区。累积影响人类的改变是可能产生的影响最显著的火灾行为期间,干旱和极端天气条件下的火。河岸植物具有适应促进河流扰动后生存和reestablish-ment火灾,从而导致许多溪岸的快速恢复生态环境。关键资源价值了河岸地带,额外的数据是需要了解火灾和河岸生态系统之间的相互作用,以及如何影响河岸带时空模式在景观尺度上的大火。提出了一种改进的火生态与理解影响需要在河岸地区生态良性循环后康复项目规定火。# 2003农业科学。保留所有权利。
2023-07-29 06:45:232

serialno是什么意思

serialno是序列号的意思,其用法如下:x0dx0a1、The present study observed the significance of the serial changes of plasma NO-2/ NO-3, tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) and endotoxin concentration levels after splenectomy and sepsis. x0dx0a本实验动态观察了大鼠脾切除及粗制大肠杆菌内毒素攻击后血浆内毒素、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)和NO-2/NO-3水平的变化。x0dx0ax0dx0a2、Connect to the switch using the serial console port with a straight serial cable ( 9600,8-N-1, no flow control). x0dx0a用串口直连电缆连接到交换机串行控制端口(9600、8-N-1、无流控制)。x0dx0ax0dx0a3、The following advantages are obtained f Busses limited in a single board, two stage adiministration by serial ports, digital system with no relation to analog system in electricity, simple construction and high speed. x0dx0a系统通过串行口实行两级管理,做到了数字系统与模拟系统完全没有电的联系,总线不出板,结构简单,运算速度快。x0dx0ax0dx0a4、Using saturable serial inductors in the main circuit a no voltage switch on of IGBT can be realized so that the peak value of breakaway voltage on IGBT becomes lower. x0dx0a在主回路中串联可饱和电抗器,可实现IGBT零电压开通,并且因它而造成的IGBT关断电压尖峰较低。x0dx0ax0dx0a5、The principle and working process of a FM serial resonance device was introduced and its application no AC withstand voltage test of high voltage XLPE insulated cable was also discussed. x0dx0a介绍一种调频串联谐振装置的原理及工作过程,并在高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘电缆交流耐压试验中应用。x0dx0ax0dx0a6、Study on cloned embryos transfer, 2 groups were divided: original and serial transfer group, 43 recipients, 90 cloned embryos, no cloned offspring was gained. x0dx0a在克隆胚移植研究中,试验分原代胚移植组和继代胚移植组,共移植受体羊43头,原代胚78枚,继代胚12枚,最终没有获得克隆后代。x0dx0ax0dx0a7、Concerning the problem of testing for serial independence of the disturbances in nonlinear models, there has been no corresponding method by now. x0dx0a关于非线性模型误差自相关的诊断问题目前还没有相应的方法。
2023-07-29 06:45:441

翻译(麻烦那位仁兄能把他翻译成英语.多谢了!)

To ascertain a test of the object properties We often have to use various instruments and tools (direct measurement or telemetry) to access a variety of measurements (data ). But these data include transform error, equipment and error in the transmission process (when used with telemetry manner) the introduction of the various disturbances caused by the error. Moreover, this these data are usually very wide, meaningful and meaningless part of a mixed, if not the direct application of choice will inevitably cause great inconvenience. In addition, under many circumstances need through reprocessing (for a data transformation) to provide more explicit physical meaning more direct data form (input waveform of the vibration spectrum analysis, etc.). These problems have to rely on data acquisition and processing to be addressed from a broad sense, the data acquisition and processing the content should include the following : (a) Data collection : The key is to resolve the non-converted to electricity consumption, as well as multiplexers, Simulation data format and in digital form between conversion. (2) data record : Data storage is a very important issue. current magnetic recording a large amount of data is stored in an effective way. (3) Data Processing : including pretreatment, test data and data analysis (reprocessing), and other steps. Data Acquisition should include various non-measured converted into electricity to power and their reasonable combination, then provided through a multi-channel encoding signal to the whole process. which will be converted to non-consumption of electricity shall be Sensors the problem; reasonable combination of multi-channel signal encoding the key embodied by the sampling frequency and coding accuracy of these two issues. Usually, which collected the data, The goal is measured certain quantities of electricity through non-electricity conversion, and after another up large or attenuation, sampling, coding, transmission after such links have emerged in the form of a data. data processing is the primary task of these data into the form of restoration The original physical form and, as far as possible given the changes in their form. In addition, The above aspects of equipment performance is not satisfactory, and the outside interference, noise impact, has more or less in the data collection introduced an error, therefore data processing Another important task is to adopt various methods (such as singular items removed, smooth, filtering, etc.) to maximize the elimination of these errors, to obtain the best possible accuracy of the data. Data Processing Another task is to conduct its own data processing transform some (cases If requested, or do mean Fourier Transform), or linked to the data between the conduct of certain mutual Operators (such as calculation functions) then there will be a better expression of some of the data inherent characteristics of the secondary data. data acquisition system used to measure and record from both sides - the signal : by direct measurement of the amount of electrical signal from the sensor and the signal. Data Acquisition System (whether or simulation system is a digital system) to a large extent depends on the input data record the expected application. Generally, When asked to large bandwidth or allow lower the accuracy, we can use the simulation data system; When he was monitoring the physical process in the slow changes (narrowband) and the need to pursue high accuracy and low cost per channel due, is using the digital system. Digital systems from the complexity involved in single-channel DC voltage measurement and recording system that can measure large input parameters, and the pre-set limits or conditions, of the input signal and calculating and determined the advanced automatic system more illustrious company. three program control data acquisition system of data mining Sets from the traditional system is the sequence control systems acquisition process control access to the data acquisition system, This acquisition system by the hardware and software components, and its data collection stored in the memory. According to a variety of data acquisition tasks, programming change the ones that signal sampling rate and frame format, and other properties Acquisition to meet the needs of the mission. in process control data acquisition system, usually can change the system parameters are : Acquisition; sampling rate; data word length; Gain; frame format. It consists of four major components : remote control acquisition modules frame format generator, controller and bus. The system can have multiple remote control acquisition modules decentralized much of the home, will be gathering in various remote control unit placed on the various parts are collected. Each remote control through the acquisition modules address line, Line data and clock lines connected with the controller. All through the address control lines with a total sampling rate to the various remote control unit sent Acquisition Channel Address Code. In order to ensure a sampling cycle only addresses a consistent element of a channel sampling site were found, Therefore corresponding to each channel has a unique address code group. result in a certain moment, line code only addresses a certain element of a channel sampling was addressing.
2023-07-29 06:45:522

头脑清醒的 英语怎么说

clear mind
2023-07-29 06:46:027

外贸翻译请求帮助,急急~~

不可抗力,比如战争,自然灾害,罢工等
2023-07-29 06:46:195

at prison和at the prison的区别

at prison和at the prison的区别:意思不同。at prison坐牢。at the prison在监狱里。prison, cell, jail.这组词都有“牢房,监狱”的意思,其区别是:prison指触犯刑律的人被关押的地方,通常指判决后的罪犯居留地。cell指单人牢房或几个人合住的小牢房。jail (英国英语拼写为gaol)指收犯轻罪的人或未经判决的人的处所。Regular inspections are carried out at the prison.经常有人来视察这座监狱。The government has set up a commission of inquiry into the disturbances at the prison.政府成立了一个委员会来调查监狱骚乱事件。I thought I told you to go back at the prison.我早就告诉你应该待在监狱里。
2023-07-29 06:46:331

disturbance handler是什么意思

干扰处理的意思
2023-07-29 06:47:331

安史之乱用英语怎么说

An Lushan Rebellion或者An-Shi Disturbances望采纳,谢谢
2023-07-29 06:47:401

澄清的意思澄清的意思是什么

澄清的词语解释是:澄清chéngqīng。(1)清亮;清澈。(2)显示事实真相;消除混乱或模糊之处。(1)杂质沉淀下来,液体变清。澄清的词语解释是:澄清chéngqīng。(1)清亮;清澈。(2)显示事实真相;消除混乱或模糊之处。(1)杂质沉淀下来,液体变清。注音是:ㄔㄥ_ㄑ一ㄥ。词性是:形容词。结构是:澄(左右结构)清(左右结构)。拼音是:chéngqīng。澄清的具体解释是什么呢,我们通过以下几个方面为您介绍:一、引证解释【点此查看计划详细内容】⒈使变清。喻平治天下。《北史·儒林传·张_武》:“帝亦深倚仗之,方委以朝政。引_武更以_清为己任,意气自高。”1.渭肃清混乱局面。《后汉书·党锢传·范滂》:“滂登车揽_,慨然有澄清天下之志。”元文及翁《贺新郎·西湖》词:“余生自负澄清志,更有谁、_溪未遇,傅_未起。”朱德《和郭沫若同志<登尔雅台怀人>》:“内忧外患澄清日,痛饮黄龙定约君。”⒉引申为安定。引宋司马光《西斋》诗:“四境已澄清,还以书自怡。”⒊清澈;明洁。引晋陆云《南征赋》:“闲夜冽以澄清,中原旷而_昧。”宋苏轼《六月二十日夜渡海》诗:“云散月明谁点缀,天容海色本澄清。”冯雪峰《上饶集中营》第三部:“施珍的脸上浮上微笑,显得特别的美丽、坚决和纯洁,她的眼睛平静澄清。”⒋搞清楚;弄明白。引晋袁宏《后汉纪·桓帝纪上》:“陛下不_澄清善恶,俱与忠臣尚书令尹勋等并时显封,使朱紫不别,粉墨杂糅。”巴金《中国人》:“即使跟思想不同的人接触,只要经过敞开胸怀的辩论,总可以澄清一些问题。”⒌使杂质沉淀,液体变清。引周立波《桐花没有开》六:“要等秧田里的泥水澄清一点。”徐怀中《西线轶事》八:“找到一片积水,尽是小虫子在翻上翻下的,放几片净水剂澄清一下,那种怪味让人打哆嗦,喝不进去。”二、国语词典沉淀杂质,使其清澈。词语翻译英语clear(ofliquid)_,limpid,toclarify,tomakesthclear,tobeclear(aboutthefacts)_,tosettle(ofliquid)_,tobecomeclear(byprecipitationofimpurities)_,precipitate(chemistry)_,toputinorder,toquelldisturbances德语Abl_uterung(S)_,Abscheiden(S)_,Absetzung(S)_,Bereinigung,Erkl_rung,Erl_uterung,Klarstellung,Kl_rung,Abkl_rung(S)_,abschw_chen(V)_,absetzen(V)_,entwarnen,aufkl_ren(V)_,kl_ren,verdeutlichen,abl_uten(V)_法语clarifier,éclaircir,clair,limpide三、网络解释澄清澄清是一个汉语词汇,多音词,读音为chéng、qīng、dèng、qīng。指杂质沉淀,液体变清;形容水清而透明。见《后汉书·党锢传·范滂》:“滂登车揽辔,慨然有澄清天下之志。”关于澄清的近义词肃清清洁清澄清亮廓清清澈关于澄清的反义词染污搅浑混浊浑浊污染污浊混淆关于澄清的诗词《题胡主簿澄清轩》《澄清轩·开轩何处野塘清》《梁公·六辔澄清日》关于澄清的诗句法界澄澄清可掬澄清白下明月澄清影关于澄清的单词clearclarificationstraightenoutdefecateclarify关于澄清的成语正本澄源冷冷清清澄思渺虑澄清天下端本澄源澄江如练澄沙汰砾揽辔澄清澈底澄清澄源正本关于澄清的词语澄神离形彻底澄清揽辔澄清万象澄澈澄清天下澄江如练澄沙汰砾澈底澄清正本澄源端本澄源关于澄清的造句1、济南趵突泉的水质澄清而甜美。2、他少年时代就立下了揽辔澄清气志。3、经理上任即大展抱负,慨然有揽辔澄清之志。4、梦是永恒的微笑,使你的心灵永远充满激情,使你的双眼永远澄清明亮。5、一般来说就是你自己的态度问题,说话的技巧一定有比你更好的,所以和他对骂是不明智的。就是要做到无视,别人怎么说你你都当做没听见,因为不是有营养的话是不需要的。若是他在背后骂你,贬低你,你可以向大家澄清,这是最简单的方法。点此查看更多关于澄清的详细信息
2023-07-29 06:47:491

女警察的英文

女警察的英文为policewoman。女警察英语读音:英[pu0259u02c8liu02d0swu028amu0259n]美[pu0259u02c8liu02d0swu028amu0259n]。policewomen,释义:n.女警察;女警官。女警察英文短语Yes policewoman是的。policewoman community女子警务区。Pink Policewoman红粉特警。a policewoman 一个女警察;一位女警察。Policewoman boss 女警察上司The Police警察乐队;警察;警察合唱团;警员乐队police officer警察;警官;警员;交警Police Academy 警察学校;金牌警校军;学警出更police station警察局;公安局;派出所;警局secret police秘密警察;秘密员警;警网雄风。女警察的英语例句1.A policewoman shot at the helicopter.一名女警察向直升飞机射击。2.Police say they have arrested twenty people following the disturbances.警方称他们已经在骚乱后逮捕了20个人。3.She"s a strange policewoman.处理违章停车的女警察她是个作风奇特的女警。4.The policewoman calls for help.这个女警察找人来帮忙。5.Mary is an excellent policewoman.玛丽是一名出色得女警察。6.Policewoman ambulance man shop assistant女警营业员商店经理7.The policewoman put her hand on Alan"s arm.女警察把手放在阿兰的手臂上。
2023-07-29 06:48:101

请英语高手帮帮忙谢谢

D.built up, 是搭建, 建造 的意思, 是正解!!例如:he area has been built up since I lived here.自从我住到这里以来,这个地区已盖满了房子。B put up 是什么意思,呵呵?put up 是 vt.举起; 张贴; 建造; 提高vi.提供食宿; 直接行动set up 是 :建立; 准备; 安排; 引起,强调设立某种关系和组织机构,并非实体的建筑。found,有两种含义,一种是发现find的过去式, 一种是建立的原形,但是这里即便你选择“建立”的意思,found也要采用被动语态(表达被建造的含义),所以是founded,被建立,被建造。综上所述, 只有built up 最适合!
2023-07-29 06:48:425

The Way Of All Flesh 歌词

歌曲名:The Way Of All Flesh歌手:Gene Krupa专辑:Plays Gerry Mulligan ArrangementsGojira - The Way Of All FleshAnything that has a shape will crumble away, disappearWe belong to the circle life of all creationWe crawl and deny ourselves, refuse this evidenceThat we project our greatest fears on death and forget our powerI want to live my life in close touch with the sacredPacify the disturbances of the mindI face my own deathLower and lower is the pressure,I can feel the parts of me collapsing one into the otherHigher state of consciousness awaken,I can see the light of this next worldLeading my soul rebornI find it hard to believe that this picture on the wall is everythingI do understand all the prayers, life is so sharp and hurts so badWhat does it mean to be dying,what if you take the guts and brain awayIs it this blood and heartbeat that you call lifeEvery effort to ignore it is unavailing we all have to dieIs it too late to dull the edges of the pain, I have to tryThis is an other dimensionYou can scatter ashes to the windsand even buried in the ground I"m still hereDo not be afraid you are dyingAnd the four great elements of your body are collapsing one into the otherIt feels as if you are being crushed by mountainsThe light of this world has faded completelyBut the light of the next world have not yet appearedYour breath is now still, no warmth to your skinDo not be afraid, there"s no way that you can stay hereYou are leaving this worldAll lights are fading away nowLeave behind the loved ones and all you knowDo not be afraid and let yourself gohttp://music.baidu.com/song/9652704
2023-07-29 06:48:571

如何向客户表达给他造成困扰 外贸英语

I am sorry for the inconvenience.I apologize for the inconvenience.I"m terribly sorry for the inconvenience.
2023-07-29 06:49:072

台风产生的原因 英文的

The formation of tropical cyclones is the topic of extensive ongoing research and is still not fully understood.[35] While six factors appear to be generally necessary, tropical cyclones may occasionally form without meeting all of the following conditions. In most situations, water temperatures of at least 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) are needed down to a depth of at least 50 m (160 ft);[36] waters of this temperature cause the overlying atmosphere to be unstable enough to sustain convection and thunderstorms.[37] Another factor is rapid cooling with height, which allows the release of the heat of condensation that powers a tropical cyclone.[36] High humidity is needed, especially in the lower-to-mid troposphere; when there is a great deal of moisture in the atmosphere, conditions are more favorable for disturbances to develop.[36] Low amounts of wind shear are needed, as high shear is disruptive to the storm"s circulation.[36] Tropical cyclones generally need to form more than 555 km (345 mi) or 5 degrees of latitude away from the equator, allowing the Coriolis effect to deflect winds blowing towards the low pressure center and creating a circulation.[36] Lastly, a formative tropical cyclone needs a pre-existing system of disturbed weather, although without a circulation no cyclonic development will take place.[36]
2023-07-29 06:49:141

德语-英语

IMMER0 for commissioning and testing program IMMER1 for commissioning and testing program Reset signal disruption after PLC ON Pulse register jump distribution ZYKLISCHE PROCESSING PROGRAM WHETHER starting at restarting PLC WHETHER starting at SPS Recovery WHETHER start-cold start at PLC Programming Error Access Module Error OB-time call every second OB-time call all 100mS Cycle Time Fault WHETHER Malfunction "I / O Point Fault" WHETHER Not Loaded Fault WHETHER Malfunction "Loss Of rack Fault" Communication Fault SIGNAL disturbances RESET
2023-07-29 06:49:222

英语题求解!一定要快!!!要详细的解析!!

1.B 2.call on call in call for
2023-07-29 06:50:003

quiet的反义词是什么

quiet的反义词是:noisy;talky。quiet的反义词是:noisy;talky。quiet的意思是adj.安静的;宁静的;平静的;n.安静;平静;闲适;vt.使平静;使安心;vi.平静下来。quiet副词:quietly;比较级:quieter;最高级:quietest;名词:quietness;过去式:quieted;过去分词:quieted;现在分词:quieting;第三人称单数:quiets。一、详尽释义点此查看quiet的详细内容adj.(形容词)安静的,轻声的,不出声的,沉默的平静的,静止的寂静的,僻静的温和的,恬静的,不易激动的(颜色、衣服、装饰等)素净的,不显眼的不受干扰的,安谧悠闲的(生意等)清闲的,清淡的暗中的,秘密的,未表露的非正式的,不沸沸扬扬的n.(名词)安静,静谧安宁,安定,和平adv.(副词)安静地,平静地,悄悄地v.(动词)(使)安静下来,(使)平静下来平息减轻(疑虑、恐惧等)【法】判决(产权)归?所有二、英英释义Noun:aperiodofcalmweather;"therewasalullinthestorm"anuntroubledstate;freefromdisturbancestheabsenceofsound;"heneededsilenceinordertosleep""thestreetwasquiet"adispositionfreefromstressoremotionAdjective:characterizedbyanabsenceornearabsenceofagitationoractivity;"aquietlife""aquietthrongofonlookers""quietpeace-lovingpeople""thefactionsremainedquietforalmost10years"freeofnoiseoruproar;ormakinglittleifanysound;"aquietaudienceattheconcert""theroomwasdarkandquiet"notshowyorobtrusive;"clothesinquietgoodtaste"inasoftenedtone;"hushedvoices""mutedtrumpets""asubduedwhisper""aquietreprimand"(ofabodyofwater)freefromdisturbancebyheavywaves;"aribbonofsandbetweentheangryseaandtheplacidbay""thequietwatersofalagoon""alakeoftranquilbluewaterreflectingatranquilbluesky""asmoothchannelcrossing""scarcelyarippleonthestillwater""unruffledwater"ofthesuncharacterizedbyalowlevelofsurfacephenomenalikesunspotse.g.Adverb:withlittleornoactivityornoagitation(`quiet"isanonstandardvariantfor`quietly");"herhandsrestedquietlyinherlap""therockstarwasquietlyledoutthebackdoor""sithereasquietasyoucan"Verb:becomequietorquieter;"Theaudiencefellsilentwhenthespeakerentered"makecalmorstill;"quietthedragonsofworryandfear"三、网络解释1.quiet的意思1.安静的:NaN有两种形式:会产生信号(Signaling)的和不会产生信号的或称为安静的(Quiet).当一个产生信号的NaN(SNaN)被用于操作时就会引发一个无效操作异常,而一个安静的NaN(QNaN)则不会.SnaN是一类会引发无效操作异常的数值.2.宁静的:资料介绍:通过滑稽的语言教学生如何背英语单词,例如quietstreet说,我向来便是十分(quite)宁静的(quiet),形象生动的表述.四、例句Whenyouareinalibrary,youmustbequiet.当你在图书馆时,你必须保持安静。Pleasekeepquietwhileothersarestudying.在别人学习的时候,请保持安静。Hishealthhasturnedallthebetterforhimafteraquietholidayabroad.在国外度过一个宁静的假期,他的健康状况有所好转。Everythingwasquietundertheblinkingstars.在这闪耀的星光底下,一切都很平静。Leavemealone.Ijustwantsomepeaceandquiet.别理我,我只想安静一下。Therewassuchaworldofhereditaryquietinher.她身上有一种先天的娴静气质。Thecureforthisliesinadmittingthepartofsaneandquietenjoymentinabalancedidealoflife.解决的方法在于承认平衡的理想生活中健全闲适的享受的重要。HewasthebardofthefarmersandworkersofNewEnglandandhisquietversemirroredthestaidNewHampshirecountryside.他是新英格兰农民和工人的歌唱者,他的闲适的诗歌反映着新罕布什尔宁静的农村生活。IamwellawarethatnothingelsewillquietTom.我很清楚,别的任何办法都不能使汤姆罢休。Theprincipaltriedtoquietthestudents.校长试图让学生们安静下来。Whenhequieteddown,Ibegantotellhimthetruth.当他平静下来时,我开始告诉他实情。五、常用短语用作形容词(adj.)asquietasamouse〔grave〕非常宁静veryquiet用作动词(v.)quietdown(v.+adv.)(使)安静,(使)平静(causeto)becomecalmer;stopquietdownThecityquieteddownafterthedisturbances.骚乱过后,这座城市平静了。Thingsquieteddownandallaroundwasstill.万物逐渐安静下来,四周一片寂静。Thestormquieteddown.暴风雨停了。Theexcitementisquietingdown.兴奋的情绪渐渐平静下来。quietsb/oneself/sth_downYoushouldquietthechildrendown.你应该让孩子们静下来。Hequietedhimselfdown.他很快让自己平静下来。Seeifyoucanquietthedogdown,it"sannoyingtheneighbourswithitsnoise.看你是否能使狗安静下来,它吵得左邻右舍都不安宁。用作名词(n.)atquiet安定地stably;quietlyonthequiet悄悄地,偷偷地,秘密地secretly;unobtrusively六、词汇搭配用作形容词(adj.)副词+~absolutelyquiet绝对安静quitequiet相当安静用作动词(v.)~+名词quietsb"ssuspicions消除某人的疑虑quiettheengine使发动机熄火quiettheheadache使头痛减轻quietthestudents让学生们安静下来~+副词quietmoodily心情平静quietuncommonly极其平静quietutterly完全平静quietoneself/sbdown让自己〔某人〕平静下来~+介词quietfrom使平静用作名词(n.)动词+~enjoythequiet享受安静的乐趣disturbthequiet打破寂静形容词+~perfectquiet完全安静publicquiet社会的安定介词+~atquiet平静liveinquiet过安静的生活apieceofquiet一段平静的时期onthequiet秘密地outofquiet心烦意乱七、词源解说☆1300年左右进入英语,直接源自古法语的quiete;最初源自古典拉丁语的quies,意为休息,安静的。quiet的相关近义词calm、noiseless、silent、soundless、speechless、pacific、peaceful、restful、stable、stationary、gentle、mild、steady、calm、calmness、ease、peace、rest、silencequiet的相关反义词noisy、talky、excited、troubled、active、busy、disturbed、ruffled、disturbance、noisequiet的相关临近词quietly、quiescent、Quieto、Quieti、quieten、quietim、quieter、quietus、quieting、quietist、quietize、quietism点此查看更多关于quiet的详细信息
2023-07-29 06:50:081

Compensated是什么意思

补偿
2023-07-29 06:50:183

风雨雷电的成因 用英文叙述

这么大个工程,分都不给一点的。不好意思!
2023-07-29 06:50:263

英语短文拯救珊瑚礁翻译

文拯救珊瑚礁
2023-07-29 06:50:363

哪位高人帮我翻译下?十分感谢!急急急!!

分太少了
2023-07-29 06:50:452

关于英语翻译的问题~~~~

1 。她永远不会故意伤害任何人,因为她本身就是一个善良女孩。 2 。因为我们球队的一个球员被罚下场,教练不得不使用一种拖延战术。 3 。晚上,我们会看到街头巡逻的警察应对任何发生可能的状况。 4 。经过5个月的辩论,经济发展委员会提交给国会的年度预算达12亿美元。 5 。这位教授要求研究小组提供的统计数字数据来更好的论证论点
2023-07-29 06:51:045

睡眠障碍英文

睡眠障碍英文为Sleep disorders。睡眠障碍是指由各种因素引起的睡眠质量和数量不足的疾病,包括失眠、睡眠呼吸暂停综合症、嗜睡症、睡眠性腿部症状、睡眠行为障碍等多种类型。睡眠障碍会导致白天疲劳、注意力不集中、精神压力等不良后果,严重的睡眠障碍还可能导致心血管疾病、糖尿病等疾病的发生。目前,睡眠障碍症状已成为影响全球公共卫生的主要问题之一。因此,对睡眠障碍的研究和治疗变得越来越重要。现代医学已经研发出了各种针对不同类型睡眠障碍的治疗方法,如药物治疗、认知行为治疗、压力缓解技术等。
2023-07-29 06:51:291

英语短文,《lack of sleep affects memory》

  New research from the University of Copenhagen has found that maintaining a good night"s sleep is important for our future health, partly because of how it affects lifestyle factors. Previous population based studies have not provided sufficient information on the timing of changes in both sleep and lifestyle to tease out cause and effect relations of this highly intertwined relationship.  "This study shows that sleep affects our ability to maintain a healthy lifestyle, and when sleep deteriorates we are more likely to make unhealthy lifestyle changes," says Postdoc Alice Jessie Clark from the Department of Public Health,  The researchers found that maintaining a good night"s sleep made it easier to maintain a healthy lifestyle. For example; they found that smokers who maintained a sleeping pattern characterized by normal sleep duration and undisturbed nights were less likely to still be smoking and more likely to have quit smoking four years on, when compared to those who either shortened their average sleep duration or experienced an increase in sleep disturbances.  Overall, similar patterns were also observed in regards to other adverse lifestyle changes, with onset of impaired sleep inflicting a higher risk of uptake of high-risk alcohol consumption (among non-risk consumers), of becoming physically inactive (among the initially physically active), and of becoming overweight or obese.
2023-07-29 06:52:011

电磁兼容有何含义?

一门应用科学,主要是研究在同一电磁环境中,用电设备之间如何能够和谐共存,互不干扰。主要两个研究领域:干扰和抗干扰。
2023-07-29 06:52:253

大段文字翻译,急需,等到3点,翻译器绕道。

Ba east beach (Hat Patong)Here is the main phuket tourism and entertainment night market area. There are many restaurants on the beach, villas, restaurants, and shopping centers.Karen beach and Qatar (beach Hat Karon & Hat Kata)If you want to swim in the sea, compared with the hustle and bustle of ba east beach here is better choice.Coral islands (Coral Island)Coral island named after the deep rich coral ecosystem. Not only can be seen everywhere many fans, diving and water parachute and more tourists come here to enjoy sunbathing. Here is a great place for snorkeling, visitors can stroll at the bottom of the sea, watch the wonderful sea creatures.Nai Han beach (Hat Nai Han)As long as you come here, don"t you stay until sunset. Adults can enjoy splashing here, the children can also be in the southern tip of tidal lagoon frolicking.Surin beach (Hat Surin)Surin beach, quiet and attractive, and at the same time have a 9 hole miniature golf course. In addition, surin beach has the largest undertow phuket, therefore does not recommend visitors to swim in here.(Phuket Phuket shellfish Museum Seashell Museum)Phuket shellfish museum is probably the most precious collection seashells museum in the world. Inside the world"s largest gold pearl, weighs 250 kilograms of shellfish and earth"s early biological fossils are embedded, etc.求采纳
2023-07-29 06:52:332

王玉新的研究领域和学科方向

创新设计与工程实践,研究生示范课程;现代设计理论与方法,硕士、博士课程。 1. 轴对称矢量喷管机械故障应急防护,国防技术发明三等奖,工信部,2010,排名第1;2. 霍英东教育基金会青年教师奖(研)一等奖,1998;3. GM中国科技成就奖二等奖,国家自然科学基金委员会,1996;4. 连杆式子午胎成型鼓及其型综合权函数方法,国家发明奖四等奖,1995,排名第1。代表性著作1. 喷气发动机轴对称推力矢量喷管(专著),国防出版社,2006;2.复杂机械系统快速创新设计(专著),科学出版社,2006;3.数字化设计(编著),机械工业出版社,2003;4.机构创新设计方法学(专著),天津大学出版社,1996. 1.Wang Yu-Xin,Effects of feature parameters on the form-image sensation of products Journal of Engineering Design,v 22, n 3, p 181-199, March 20112. Li Yu-Tong,Hong Ying,Wang Yu-Xin,Wang Guo-Dong,Maximal singularity-free distribution of input parameters in a parallel manipulator considering load deformations and clearances,Proc. Institution of Mech. Engineers, Part C: JMES,v 225, n 1, p 204-215, 20113. Wang Yu-Xin,Zhang Xu-Guang, Mao Xiao-Hui, Key techniques in function-form bidirectional creativity quotient space model, Journal of Zhejiang University (Eng.), V44, n9, 1643-1653, 20104. Wang Yu-Xin,Mao Xiao-Hui, Zhang Xu-Guang, Implementation and quotient representation of creativity in functional layer and form layer of the function-behavior- structure model Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, v 46, n 15, p 107-116, 5, 2010.5. Wang Yu-Xin,Zhang Xu-Guang, Automatic identification of symbolic schemes of conceptual design of mechanisms, J. Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics, 21, n 6, p 796-803, June 20096. Wang Yu-Xin, Li Yu-Tong,Singular assembly configurations and config. bifurcation characteristics of the semi-regular hexagons 6-6 Gough-Stewart manipulator Chinese Journal of Mechanical Eng. (English Edition),v 22, n 6, p 810-821, 20097. Wang Yu-Xin,Singularity analysis of axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle. Journal ofAerospace Power,v 24, n 1, p 162-168, January 2009.8.Wang, Yu-Xin,Li, Yu-Tong,Pan, Shuang-Xia. Modified disturbance function method for a 6-6 Gough-Stewart parallel manipulator to traverse the singularity hypersurface, Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, 2008, 130(5): p 052305-89.Wang, Yu-Xin; , Disturbed configuration bifurcation characteristics of Gough-Stewart parallel manipulators at singular points, Journal of Mechanical Design, Transactions of the ASME, 2008, 130(2), p 02230410.Wang, Yu-Xin, Li YT, Pan S.X. , Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences, 2008, 51(7): 897-91011.Wang, Yu-Xin, Li YT, Guo RQ. , Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C- Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2008, 222(4): 723-73612. Li, Yu-tong, Wang, Yu-Xin, Pan, Shuang-xia, Rui-qin Guo. Traversing the singularity hypersurface by applying the input disturbances to 6-SPS parallel manipulator, Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, 2008, 1013.王玉新,李雨桐,潘双夏,一种规避并联机构转向点奇异问题的新方法,中国科学E,2008,38(1):125-13614. 王玉新,李雨桐,郭瑞琴,并联机构以保持构型通过奇异位置的方法, 机械工程学报, 2008, 44(6): 125-13015.王玉新; 王永山; 金玲; 基于美学特征的参数化产品外形设计及其美学评价,计算机辅助设计与图形学学报, 2007, 19(11):1447-145316.王玉新,李雨桐, 3SPS-3PRS并联机构构型分岔特性,机械工程学报,2007, 43(12), 34-3817.王玉新,王仪明,李雨桐,轴对称推力矢量喷管载荷变形的控制补偿,航空动力学报,2007, 22(10): 1685-168918.金熙哲 王玉新等,基于行为表示矩阵的行为结构计算机推理,上海交通大学学报,2007年4期19.金熙哲,王玉新等,传动角最优的曲柄滑块机构多变量优化设计,上海交通大学学报,2007年4期20.金熙哲,郭为忠,王玉新,邹慧君,基于遗传算法的行为结构分组创新,机械工程学报,2007年 43卷 5期21. 王玉新, 郭瑞琴,多环机构运动分叉与机构参数的关系,同济大学学报. 自然科学版, 2006, 34(8), 1088-109322. Wang, Yu-Xin, Wang,Y M, Configuration bifurcations analysis of six degree-of-freedom symmetrical Stewart parallel mechanisms, Transactions of the ASME: Journal of Mechanical Design, 2005, 127(January): 70-7723. Wang, Yu-Xin, Wang Yi-Ming, Inverse kinematics of variable geometry parallel manipulator, Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2005, 40(2):141-15524.王玉新,王仪明,陈予恕,黄真,Stewart并联机构运动失控性研究, 机械工程学报, 2005, 41(7):40-4425.王玉新,王永山,2005,复杂机械系统布局研究,机械工程学报,41(2): 6-14
2023-07-29 06:52:471

急求翻译高手

The Sixth Extinction By Niles Eldredge About 30,000 species go extinct annually.大约每年有30000种物种走向灭绝。 There is little doubt left in the minds of professional biologists that Earth is currently faced with a mounting loss of species that threatens to rival the five great mass extinctions of the geological past. 在生物学专家心中都有一个小小的疑问,地球是否在面临着可能媲美过去五大物种灭绝的另一次不断增加的物种灭绝。As long ago as 1993, Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson estimated that Earth is currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year -- which breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour.早在1993年,哈佛一名生物学家,E.O. Wilson就预测地球物种正在以每年30000种的速度消失, 而这种令人心悸的预测则被更为恐怖的每小时3种的统计结果结束了. Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis -- this "Sixth Extinction" -- is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.The previous mass extinctions were due to natural causes. 一些生物学家已经开始察觉到生物多样性的危机了. Wilson预测说这次的第六次物种灭绝,比以往五次更为严重,更为紧迫。前几次大量物种灭绝的发生,只是因为自然原因。 Extinction in the past过去的几次大量物种灭绝The major global biotic turnovers were all caused by physical events that lay outside the normal climatic and other physical disturbances which species, and entire ecosystems, experience and survive. What caused them?过去的几次生物界翻天覆地的变化,原因都不外乎正常的天气还有其他的物理因素干扰这些物理因素,而整个生态系统都安然度过了。这些都是怎样发生的呢? * First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end-Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life (little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family may consist of a few to thousands of species). 第一次大量物种灭绝(c.440 mya):较为严重的突然全球变冷似乎先发生,然后就有了引起海洋物种显著变化的后奥陶纪的大量物种灭绝(当时很少或者根本没有生物在大路上生存),大约25%的物种科目消失了(一个物种科目可能含有几十到上千的物种)。 * Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): The next such event, near the end of the Devonian Period, may or may not have been the result of global climate change. 19% of families lost. 第二次大量物种灭绝(c. 370 mya):第二次类似的事件发生在大概泥盆纪结束的时候,尚未清楚是否由于全球气候的变化。这次有19%的物种科目消失了。 * Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): Scenarios explaining what happened at the greatest mass extinction event of them all (so far, at least!) at the end of the Permian Period have been complex amalgams of climate change perhaps rooted in plate tectonics movements. Very recently, however, evidence suggests that a bolide impact similar to the end-Cretaceous event may have been the cause. 54% of families lost. 第三次大量物种灭绝(c. 245 mya):地质构造论中二迭纪发生的大范围地壳运动和气候的复杂多变可以解释这次起码到现在为止是最大规模的大量物种灭绝。但在最近,又有证据说类似于后白垩纪的流星事件可能是这次物种灭绝的主要原因。这次54%的物种科目被灭绝了。 * Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): The event at the end of the Triassic Period, shortly after dinosaurs and mammals had first evolved, also remains difficult to pin down in terms of precise causes. 23% of families lost. 第四次大量物种灭绝(c.210 mya):这次大量物种灭绝发生在发生在三叠纪后期,在进化出恐龙和哺乳动物之后不久。这次物种灭绝很难精确确定出原因。23%的物种科目消失了。 * Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): Most famous, perhaps, was the most recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous. It wiped out the remaining terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record. Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one (possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide (probably cometary). Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event that produced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly succumbed to extinction. 17% of families lost. 第五次大量物种灭绝(c. 65 mya):物种灭绝中最为著名的可能莫过于距离现在最近的在白垩纪末发生的第五次物种灭绝. 根据对化石的研究发现,在这次物种灭绝中,陆地恐龙和鹦鹉螺都完全消失. 有着同样命运的还有许多物种谱中的生物. 在过去十年中,大家都认为这次物种灭绝的原因在于一次(也有可能是多次)地球与宇宙流星(很有可能是彗星)的相撞. 但一些地质学家持不同意见。他们把原因归结于产生了印度德干traps(陷阱?)的火山运动而造成的生态系统的剧烈变动,最终使陆地上和海里的许多生物迅速走向灭绝。The current mass extinction is caused by humans.现在我们面临的大量物种灭绝是人为因素造成的。 How is the Sixth Extinction different from previous events? 第六次大量物种灭绝与之前有什么不同呢?At first glance, the physically caused extinction events of the past might seem to have little or nothing to tell us about the current Sixth Extinction, which is a patently human-caused event. For there is little doubt that humans are the direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world through such activities as:初步来看,过去五次大量物种灭绝对现在第六次认为造成的物种灭绝没有任何可借鉴意义,因为毫无疑问人类造成了如下几种情况,给生态系统造成了很大压力,给物种带来了灭绝: * transformation of the landscape 地貌的改变 * overexploitation of species 物种资源的过度开发 * pollution 污染 * the introduction of alien species 带来了外来物种And because Homo sapiens is clearly a species of animal (however behaviorally and ecologically peculiar an animal), the Sixth Extinction would seem to be the first recorded global extinction event that has a biotic, rather than a physical, cause.同样由于智人很明显是动物的一员(虽然行为和外貌上不很像动物),第六次物种灭绝似乎是有史以来第一次由生物而不是物理环境变化引起的。We are bringing about massive changes in the environment. 我们给环境带来了剧烈的变化。 Yet, upon further reflection, human impact on the planet is a direct analogue of the Cretaceous cometary collision. Sixty-five million years ago that extraterrestrial impact -- through its sheer explosive power, followed immediately by its injections of so much debris into the upper reaches of the atmosphere that global temperatures plummeted and, most critically, photosynthesis was severely inhibited -- wreaked havoc on the living systems of Earth. That is precisely what human beings are doing to the planet right now: humans are causing vast physical changes on the planet. Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth. 然而进一步的说,人类对于地球的影响,完全相当于白垩纪的彗星撞击。彗星带来了爆炸性的力量,紧接着把碎片带到大气上层,引起了全球气候降低,还有最重要的,极大地降低了光合作用,就像是对地球生态系统的愤怒轰炸一样。这完全和现在人类正在对这颗行星做的 一样:人类正在给这颗行星的物理环境带来巨大的改变,而这种改变,自从人类出现便已经开始了。What is the Sixth Extinction?什么是第六次大量物种灭绝?We can divide the Sixth Extinction into two discrete phases:我们可以把第六次大量物种灭绝分为两段 * Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago. 第一阶段开始于100,000年前现代人类分散到世界各地 * Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture. 第二阶段开始与10,000年前人类开始了农业劳动先翻译到这里。。。有空我会接着翻。。。太长了,你还是加我的QQ吧。416214890,我帮你翻。打字不易,如满意,望采纳。
2023-07-29 06:53:051

保护鲸鱼的英语作文范文初二

Title: Protecting WhalesIntroduction:Whales have always held a special place in the Earth"s ecosystem. These magnificent creatures contribute to maintaining the balance of marine life. However, due to various human activities, many species of whales are endangered. In this essay, we will explore the importance of protecting whales and discuss some effective measures that can be taken to ensure their survival.Body:Raising awareness:To protect whales effectively, it is crucial to educate people about the importance of these creatures and the threats they face. Programs can be organized in schools and communities to spread knowledge about whales and create a sense of responsibility towards their conservation. By understanding their significance, individuals can be motivated to take action.Conservation areas:Establishing marine conservation areas and sanctuaries specifically designed for whales can provide a safe haven for these creatures. These areas would be off-limits to activities like fishing, whaling, and shipping, minimizing threats such as accidental collisions and entanglements. Strict regulations and monitoring mechanisms should be in place to ensure compliance.Reducing pollution:Marine pollution has severely impacted whale populations. It is vital to address issues like oil spills, plastic waste, and chemical dumping. Stricter regulations on waste management and recycling can help minimize pollution in the oceans. Additionally, promoting sustainable fishing practices and reducing the use of harmful chemicals can contribute to a cleaner marine environment.Limiting underwater noise:Underwater noise pollution, mainly caused by industrial activities and ship traffic, disrupts whale communication and navigation. Implementing measures to control noise levels, such as altering shipping routes away from sensitive areas and using quieter technologies, can significantly reduce these disturbances.Collaborative efforts:Protecting whales requires international cooperation. Countries can work together to enforce regulations and create treaties that ban whaling and protect migratory routes. Sharing scientific research and data across nations can enhance conservation strategies and facilitate a global understanding of whale preservation.Conclusion:Whales play a vital role in maintaining the health of our oceans, and their protection is of utmost importance. By raising awareness, establishing conservation areas, reducing pollution, limiting underwater noise, and fostering international collaboration, we can ensure a brighter future for these remarkable creatures. Together, let us recognize the significance of protecting whales and take the necessary steps to safeguard their existence for generations to come.答案来自
2023-07-29 06:53:122

请英文高手修正一下翻译的错误,主题是关于运动!

pay money on sth
2023-07-29 06:53:314

请帮我把下列文章翻译

WeedThere is so a story. Someone ask:In the world what things of be the physical strength the biggest?Answer profuse and confusing of have very much of say "elephant", have of say "lion", someone play trick say:BE "gold just", the gold just had how much physical strength, certainly everyone know nothing a way. Result, the all of all these answer be wrong and the physical strength be the biggest in the world, is the seed of the plant.The dint that can present of a grain of seed, absolutely is surmount everything, here again is a story. The person"s skull, combine very fine and hard, physiologist and anatomist ran out the method of everything, it integrity cent come out, there is all no this kind of physical strength, afterwards someone invention a method, be some plant of seed"s put be just want dissect of skull inside, make with the temperature and the degree of humidity to it it germination, a germination, these seed then with terrible of strength, can"t separate the whole machine dint of skeleton, integrity separate.Plant seed strength of big, such such. Locate at in China south Fukien province the west of tradition the people reside building-Hakka soil the building be teach a section text organization by United Nations to marvel for"the eight miracle in the world". The external appearance of soil building since can mutually match in excellence with impressive-looking arena in the thou Rome, again let person doubt many modern gymnasium of design whether was subjected to it of influence.Because of the soil building special shape, huge vehemence and defend a tide anti- an earthquake etc. advantage drive fame for in the world the one and only of the people of myth sort reside building. The Hakkanese originally live in Central plains, several a hundred years antecedent is just disorderly for war to move Fukien and Guangdong, Guangxi.In order to moving to arrive the region, Hakkanese and native son to there is difference on the cultural custom at that time, so will have rub, so creation in order to prevent resist for lord of soil building, soil building most of ability live thousand people.But several a hundred years disturbances past, the first Hakkanese arrive Fukien, two wide and native son of antinomy, arrive currently speak already nonexistent, it that kind of function that defense can say that consumedly die down. The now many people live in a big condition in the soil building, was no longer very widespread, everyone now all rich, along with life level of exaltation, many people all from the mansion inside move away, oneself build a house.The soil building has already slowly become a ruins, cultural object and appreciated the thing of sex, real was less at what inside live.Be a list personal private Mi in the house to speak, really more better than past. Although the soil building be only a kind of building form, it the Hakka culture contain influence spread all over from generation to generation at world of Hakkanese.
2023-07-29 06:53:381

电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译~急!

减少从输出到电压或者潮流的和声的内容是设计者的对重要任务之一。泛音当令人讨厌 noise.Harmonics 减少功率因数时出现。他们可以在对有害频率方面引起机械回声或者产生声学的来自交流的电动机驱动装置 systems.The 的噪音涟漪内容(乐音学)被在使转变的人以后后通过透入容易减少。杆使转变的人低通行证过滤器可以被为截止频率,其是几次与(通常在千赫).In中的鞭打频率相比较低设计 DC AC 倒转者但是,从输出到电压或者潮流的基本成分对同样地是任一个同样地或者一鞭打 frequency.Hence,一活跃和声的减少的对策的简分数常常是符合愿望。一个困难任务是用在基本频率和第一非向往的和声的频率之间的截止频率设计一个有效低通行证过滤器。使转变的人控制手段提到指定渴望微不足道运作状况作为然后通过控制使转变的人,因此它留下接近面对骚乱,来自的噪音和 modeling 在中的错误的微不足道表现。我们能分析稳恒态运作点的力量电子使转变的人(或者本地)的动态的行为。使转变的人运作涉及交换方式,因此一个总使转变的人的模范是一个非线性的模范。向稳恒态运作点使平均的模范局部化的是一个线的模范。为线的系统分析的技术是很好以而闻名
2023-07-29 06:53:482

为什么要签辛丑条约??

在百度上搜以下文章就明白了: 中国落后于西方的真正原因 明朝,清朝超级比一比 从弓马保清,毁书禁书看康熙 一个皇朝的描述----清朝 如梦如幻的大宋王朝 宋元战争,改变整个中国历史进程 清王朝――驰骋在历史逆行道上的特快列车 满清在东北的大屠杀 波澜壮阔的“万历时代” 大明王朝曾经拥有过的海上荣耀之衰亡 兰芳共和国:华人在海外建立的第一个国家 明朝后期中西方海上力量的比较 还你一个真实的明朝 假想一场发生在日尔曼民族身上的悲剧 为什么说“满清入关”是历史倒退 从四大发明在欧洲和中国不同命运看满清统治者防汉、制汉策略的恶劣 满清政权的性质:谈谈满洲人的“中国人认同问题” 请不要因为无知说明朝的火器落后 戳穿所谓的康乾盛世 满清社会分析 文明的悲剧:被满清割断的明朝与近现代中国
2023-07-29 06:53:579

2016-2017高三英语周报外研版13期答案

hastening to cut the anecdote short
2023-07-29 06:55:142