钱用英语

money

钱的英文单词是money

money “木你”

1. money 2. (surname) 3. coin 近义词或词组lolly | kail | mazuma | oof | quids | pocket | rhino | cush | cross or pile | cross and pile | dinero | tlac | jeon | LSD | mopus | jinglejangle 例句与用法1. 时间就是金钱。 Time is money. 2. 我挣多少钱与你无关。 How much money I earn is none of your concern. 3. 玛丽所有的钱是怎么赚到的？ How did Mary make all of her money? 4. 问题是什么时候能得到我们所需要的钱。 The problem is when to get the money we need. 5. 一则，我没有时间；二则，我没有钱。 For one thing, I have no time; for another (thing), I have no money. 6. 你赚了多少钱？ How much money did you make? 7. 我想存点儿钱。 I"d like to deposit some money. 8. 金钱不是一切。 Money isn"t everything.

与钱有关的常见英语词汇：u2002badu2002moneyu2002无利可图的钱、u2002banku2002moneyu2002银行票据、bloodu2002moneyu2002抚恤金、bootu2002moneyu2002企业赞助体育的钱、callu2002moneyu2002活期存款、u2002cheapu2002moneyu2002低息借款等。与之相关的还有其他意思的词汇：1、Cash现金。含义：现金是纸钞或硬币的货币。如果你外出购买东西，这是付钱给某人最简单的方法。2、Income收入。含义：一个人每月或每年所赚的钱。一个人可以藉由工作、收租金或投资其他公司来赚钱。3、Haggle讨价还价。含义：这个字跟“negotiate”有类似的含义，但通常用在非正式的对话中。和某人讨价还价是不断讨论一个物品的价格。4、Discount折扣。含义：当一家店或企业在某段时间内降低某件商品的价格，就叫做折扣。5、Credit信用。含义：当你购买某个东西或享受服务，并且承诺会在未来支付，就被称为“信用”。这也就是“信用卡”的名称来源。6、Debt债。含义：当你欠某人钱的时候，你就会被认为是欠债。个人和公司都可能欠债，这个词被用在更正式的场合，像是从银行或公司贷款。7、Profit/loss利润／损失。含义：利润是当一个人或企业靠贩卖某样东西赚的钱比购买或制造那样东西的多。损失是当一个人投资在制造或购买产品或服务的钱比他卖掉的钱还要多。

钱的英文单词是：money音标：英[u02c8mu028cni]美[u02c8mu028cni]释义n.钱；款项；财富；薪水。双语例句：1、Alotofthemoneythatyoupayatthecinemagoesbacktothefilmdistributors 你在电影院消费的一大部分钱都会回到电影发行商手里。 2、Wedrewupascheduleofpaymentsfortherestofthemoniesowed. 我们起草了一份剩余欠款的还款计划。 3、Hewasahigh-earningbrokerwithmoneytoburn. 他是高收入的经纪人，有花不完的钱。 4、Ifyouareoneoftheluckycallerschosentoplay,youcouldbeinthemoney. 如果你有幸成为其中一个被选中参加表演的来电者，就可能会赚大钱。 5、Theycouldn"tfindworkormakemoneyinthecities. 他们在城市找不到工作，也赚不到钱。

钱的英文单词是：money音标：英 [u02c8mu028cni] 美 [u02c8mu028cni]释义n.钱；款项；财富；薪水。双语例句：1、A lot of the money that you pay at the cinema goes back to the film distributors 你在电影院消费的一大部分钱都会回到电影发行商手里。 2、We drew up a schedule of payments for the rest of the monies owed. 我们起草了一份剩余欠款的还款计划。 3、He was a high-earning broker with money to burn. 他是高收入的经纪人，有花不完的钱。 4、If you are one of the lucky callers chosen to play, you could be in the money. 如果你有幸成为其中一个被选中参加表演的来电者，就可能会赚大钱。 5、They couldn"t find work or make money in the cities. 他们在城市找不到工作，也赚不到钱。

钱的英语单词是money.它的英式读法是["mu028cni];美式读法是["mu028cni]。只作名词意思是财产;钱;货币。常见短语：用作名词 (n.)：be in the money;富裕的,有钱的 have a lot of money to spend; be richbe made of money;很有钱,富有 very wealthy相关例句：He robs her of money.他抢夺她的财产。Time is money.时间就是金钱。

钱 [qián] [名] money; cash; copper coin; fund;

money

钱的英文可以用“coppercoin、cash、anythingthattakestheshapeofacoppercoin、money、wealth、riches、fund、sum”这些来表示。coppercoin：铜币、铜钱、铜元；cash：n.钱、现金、低值硬币；money：n.货币、钱、金钱、资产、财富、工资、财产、报酬、薪金、所赚的钱。例句：1.Aone-centcoppercoincouldbeexchangedforthreecoppercoins.当时一分铜可兑换三枚“铜板”。2.Thecompanyissuedadditionalsharestoshareholdersinlieuofacashdividend.公司给股票持有者送股，而不是现金分红。

Mon ey

moneyKK: []DJ: []n.1. 钱;货币,通货[U]Do they accept French money?

学名（货币）: currency统称 money金融: finance债券: security 薪水: salary, earnings付款，支付: payment税费: tax钱财: fortune现金: cash支票: cheque(check)纸币: bill 硬币: coins零钱changes块 : bucks千块: grand/k哩语: paper, stash, chedda, wedge, green, dead president, smacker

Money, fortune, property are all about financial carriers.

表示“钱”的英语单词有：1、 DoughDough本来是“面团”的意思，但是在俚语中也可表示“钱”。习语rolling in the dough则意指“非常有钱”。例句：I don"t have much dough.我没啥钱。2、Nest eggNest egg意指以备不时之需的储备金。这种为是应变存的钱。例句：They have a little nest egg tucked away somewhere for a rainy day.他们把一小笔钱存在了什么地方，以备不时之需。3、 GravyGravy有“肉汤，肉汁”的意思，还可以表示“轻易得来的钱”，gravy train则表示“轻松挣大钱的美差”。例句：The bonus he received in addition to his salary was pure gravy.工资之外他得到那份奖金实属意外之财。4、 BuckBuck既可以表示美元，也可以泛指钱。例句：I am just working hard, trying to make a buck.我只是在努力工作，希望多赚钱。5. Bill除了表示“法案”、“账单”，bill还可以指钞票。例句：He handed me a 5-dollar bill.他递给了我一张5美金的钞票。

money

money

钱这个字，英文读作money。元音字母o在单字里发短元音/ʌ/的音，发音时，舌端离开下齿，舌中部抬高，舌位介于低和中低之间，是三个中元音中舌位最低的一个，牙床介于半开和开之间，是三个中元音中牙床开得最大的一个，双唇呈扁平状。这个音出现在字首、字中位置，如：son儿子ton一吨come来，变成some一些love爱none没有人，没有什么东西london伦敦monkey猴子。

money

钱的英语是money。词汇分析音标：英 ["mu028cnu026a] 美 ["mu028cni] 释义：n. 钱；货币；财富n. (Money)人名；(英)莫尼；(西、法)莫内短语a lot of money 许多钱no money 没有钱big money 大钱；大笔钱save money 省钱；储蓄金钱money market 金融市场，货币市场例句1、He entrusted his money to me. 他把他的钱托付给我。2、She guzzled away all her money. 她把她的钱财都大吃大喝光了。3、They diced away all their money. 他们掷骰子把钱都输光了。4、He thieved her money. 他偷了她的钱。5、She dunned her husband for some money. 她为了要一些钱跟她丈夫纠缠不休。

钱的英语是money。词汇分析音标：英 ["mu028cnu026a] 美 ["mu028cni] 释义：n. 钱；货币；财富n. (Money)人名；(英)莫尼；(西、法)莫内短语a lot of money 许多钱no money 没有钱big money 大钱；大笔钱save money 省钱；储蓄金钱money market 金融市场，货币市场例句1、He entrusted his money to me. 他把他的钱托付给我。2、She guzzled away all her money. 她把她的钱财都大吃大喝光了。3、They diced away all their money. 他们掷骰子把钱都输光了。4、He thieved her money. 他偷了她的钱。5、She dunned her husband for some money. 她为了要一些钱跟她丈夫纠缠不休。

钱的英语是money。词汇分析音标：英 ["mu028cnu026a] 美 ["mu028cni] 释义：n. 钱；货币；财富n. (Money)人名；(英)莫尼；(西、法)莫内短语a lot of money 许多钱no money 没有钱big money 大钱；大笔钱save money 省钱；储蓄金钱money market 金融市场，货币市场例句1、He entrusted his money to me. 他把他的钱托付给我。2、She guzzled away all her money. 她把她的钱财都大吃大喝光了。3、They diced away all their money. 他们掷骰子把钱都输光了。4、He thieved her money. 他偷了她的钱。5、She dunned her husband for some money. 她为了要一些钱跟她丈夫纠缠不休。

1、钱的英语说法是money。读音为英[?m?ni]、美[?m?ni]。2、money的基本意思是“钱，货币”，包括纸币和硬币。money还可指某人所拥有的一切，即“财富，财产”。3、money多用作不可数名词，指多种货币时也可用作可数名词，其复数形式为moneys，此时多用于指特种钱币或数额较大的钱，或用于法律用语。

英文中钱叫money

“钱”的英文单词一般是“money”！但是根据情况不同！还有这些可以作为“钱”的英文单词！cash现金，现款 fund资金，现款 bill钞票，纸币note纸币 banknote钞票 change零钱 coin硬币 dough钱，现钞buck钱

money 读音：英[u02c8mu028cni] 美[u02c8mu028cni] n. 钱; 款项; 财富; 薪水; [例句]A lot of the money that you pay at the cinema goes back to the film distributors你在电影院消费的一大部分钱都会回到电影发行商手里。[其他] 复数：monies

money

money

money 英[u02c8mu028cni] 美[u02c8mu028cni] n. 钱; 款项; 财富; 薪水; A lot of the money that you pay at the cinema goes back to the film distributors你在电影院消费的一大部分钱都会回到电影发行商手里。

money钱 fund资金 oof钱币sum金额hard currency硬币Lira里拉（意大利）Ruble卢布（俄国）coin硬币canadian加元euro欧元yen日元 check支票amount金额VND越南盾AUD澳元Currency流通货币dollar美元finance资金property财产wealth有钱valuables财产banknote钞票Monetary银根yuan人民币Piperaceous银钱copper铜板won韩元cash 现金Pence Penny便士cents美分jiao角aurum金ready现金哈哈 想了很久只想到这些 下次补充

< img src=”https://gimg2.baidu.com/image_search/src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesamestreetenglishchina.com%2Fadmin%2FKEditor%2Fattached%2Fimage%2F20180911%2F20180911163541_24562.jpg&refer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sesamestreetenglishchina.com&app=2002&size=f9999,10000&q=a80&n=0&g=0n&fmt=auto?sec=1653822871&t=0d7d3b7e2e230ddacaf24cd58cfd9cd3” />钱的英语单词是money.英式读法是["m_ni]；美式读法是["m_ni]。只作名词意思是财产；钱；货币。常见短语：用作名词 (n.)1、be in the money富裕的,有钱的 have a lot of money to spend; be rich。钱的单词解析1、变形：名词复数: moneys。2、用法：n. (名词)1）money的基本意思是“钱,货币”,包括纸币和硬币。money还可指某人所拥有的一切,即“财富,财产”。2）money多用作不可数名词,指多种货币时也可用作可数名词,其复数形式为moneys,此时多用于指特种钱币或数额较大的钱,或用于法律用语。3）在说“用钱买东西”时,常用介词with。

money

money

钱英文怎么写 money （钱）英文单词怎么写了 money 金钱的英语怎么写 money 钱英语怎么写 钱就是:Money 金钱 财富, 财产 Money是钱的总称. 但 不是所有钱都说Money的 不同情况通常用不同单词去表示.英语的单词就是这样.分得好细 Cash 现金 Currency 货币 市价 Cheque 支票 Coin 硬币 Salary 薪金Fund 资金 基金 Sum 金额 总额 wealth; riches 财富 还有一些俚语 例如dingbat oof也是钱的意思.不过这些很少用 不需要记 希望能帮到你 钱的英文怎么说，标准点的 10分 硬币是coin 纸币是banknote 零钱是change bill是钞票 cash 也是现金的意思 然后还有money吧 给你钱.用英语怎么说? Here is the money 钱用英语怎么写 money buck fortune 钱英文 这个多少钱英文怎么说，这个多少钱的英文例句 钱的英文通称是：money. 比如：How much money do you have with you? 但在表达“这个多少钱“时， 在英文里通常把money省略了。 比如： How much (money)does this cost? or How much (money) is it? 有时，可用手指著，简单地说： How much? 钱的英语怎么写 money 钱的总称 card 信用卡 cash 现金 coin 硬币 请验收。呵呵

money不可数名词，没有复数形式。

money

金钱的英文单词：money； 例句： They had a quarrel about money. 他们为钱吵了一架。 Hes very tight with his money. 他花钱很抠门儿。 扩展资料 　　He desperately needed money. 　　他急需钱。 　　Money is my biggest bugbear. 　　钱是我最大的.顾虑。 　　I"ve spent all my money already. 　　我已经把我的钱全都花完了。 　　"How much (money) does she earn? 　　“她挣多少（钱）？”

1、钱的英文：money；货币；财富。2、fiat money 法定货币 ; 法定通货，无锚货币，[金融] 不兑现纸币。3、pocket money [会计] 零用钱，零花钱，给小孩零用钱的利与弊，两条牛仔龙。4、make money 赚钱，挣钱，发财致富，赢利。5、money illusion 金钱幻觉，[金融] 货币幻觉，货币错觉。6、Lose money 输钱，赔钱，万佳石材，亏本。

与钱有关的常见英语词汇：u2002badu2002moneyu2002无利可图的钱、u2002banku2002moneyu2002银行票据、bloodu2002moneyu2002抚恤金、bootu2002moneyu2002企业赞助体育的钱、callu2002moneyu2002活期存款、u2002cheapu2002moneyu2002低息借款等。与之相关的还有其他意思的词汇：1、Cash现金。含义：现金是纸钞或硬币的货币。如果你外出购买东西，这是付钱给某人最简单的方法。2、Income收入。含义：一个人每月或每年所赚的钱。一个人可以藉由工作、收租金或投资其他公司来赚钱。3、Haggle讨价还价。含义：这个字跟“negotiate”有类似的含义，但通常用在非正式的对话中。和某人讨价还价是不断讨论一个物品的价格。4、Discount折扣。含义：当一家店或企业在某段时间内降低某件商品的价格，就叫做折扣。5、Credit信用。含义：当你购买某个东西或享受服务，并且承诺会在未来支付，就被称为“信用”。这也就是“信用卡”的名称来源。6、Debt债。含义：当你欠某人钱的时候，你就会被认为是欠债。个人和公司都可能欠债，这个词被用在更正式的场合，像是从银行或公司贷款。7、Profit/loss利润／损失。含义：利润是当一个人或企业靠贩卖某样东西赚的钱比购买或制造那样东西的多。损失是当一个人投资在制造或购买产品或服务的钱比他卖掉的钱还要多。

钱的英文单词是：money 音标：英 [?m?ni] 美 [?m?ni] 释义 n.钱；款项；财富；薪水。双语例句： 1、A lot of the money that you pay at the cinema goes back to the film distributors 你在电影院消费的一大部分钱都会回到电影发行商手里。 2、We drew up a schedule of payments for the rest of the monies owed. 我们起草了一份剩余欠款的还款计划。 3、He was a high-earning broker with money to burn. 他是高收入的经纪人，有花不完的钱。 4、If you are one of the lucky callers chosen to play, you could be in the money. 如果你有幸成为其中一个被选中参加表演的来电者，就可能会赚大钱。 5、They couldn"t find work or make money in the cities. 他们在城市找不到工作，也赚不到钱。

与钱有关的常见英语词汇：u2002badu2002moneyu2002无利可图的钱、u2002banku2002moneyu2002银行票据、bloodu2002moneyu2002抚恤金、bootu2002moneyu2002企业赞助体育的钱、callu2002moneyu2002活期存款、u2002cheapu2002moneyu2002低息借款等。与之相关的还有其他意思的词汇：1、Cash现金。含义：现金是纸钞或硬币的货币。如果你外出购买东西，这是付钱给某人最简单的方法。2、Income收入。含义：一个人每月或每年所赚的钱。一个人可以藉由工作、收租金或投资其他公司来赚钱。3、Haggle讨价还价。含义：这个字跟“negotiate”有类似的含义，但通常用在非正式的对话中。和某人讨价还价是不断讨论一个物品的价格。4、Discount折扣。含义：当一家店或企业在某段时间内降低某件商品的价格，就叫做折扣。5、Credit信用。含义：当你购买某个东西或享受服务，并且承诺会在未来支付，就被称为“信用”。这也就是“信用卡”的名称来源。6、Debt债。含义：当你欠某人钱的时候，你就会被认为是欠债。个人和公司都可能欠债，这个词被用在更正式的场合，像是从银行或公司贷款。7、Profit/loss利润／损失。含义：利润是当一个人或企业靠贩卖某样东西赚的钱比购买或制造那样东西的多。损失是当一个人投资在制造或购买产品或服务的钱比他卖掉的钱还要多。

1、钱money，读音：美/_m_ni/；英/_m_ni/。2、释义：n.钱；货币；财富。n.(Money)人名；(英)莫尼；(西、法)莫内。3、例句：Heishappiestwhenhegetsmoneyeverymonth.他每个月拿到工资的时候是最高兴的。

钱就是:Money 金钱 财富, 财产Money是钱的总称.但 不是所有钱都说Money的 不同情况通常用不同单词去表示.英语的单词就是这样.分得好细 Cash 现金Currency 货币 市价Cheque 支票Coin 硬币Salary 薪金Fund 资金 基金Sum 金额 总额wealth; riches 财富还有一些俚语 例如dingbat oof也是钱的意思.不过这些很少用 不需要记 希望能帮到你

1. money 2. (surname) 3. coin 近义词或词组lolly | kail | mazuma | oof | quids | pocket | rhino | cush | cross or pile | cross and pile | dinero | tlac | jeon | LSD | mopus | jinglejangle 例句与用法1. 时间就是金钱。 Time is money. 2. 我挣多少钱与你无关。 How much money I earn is none of your concern. 3. 玛丽所有的钱是怎么赚到的？ How did Mary make all of her money? 4. 问题是什么时候能得到我们所需要的钱。 The problem is when to get the money we need. 5. 一则，我没有时间；二则，我没有钱。 For one thing, I have no time; for another (thing), I have no money. 6. 你赚了多少钱？ How much money did you make? 7. 我想存点儿钱。 I"d like to deposit some money. 8. 金钱不是一切。 Money isn"t everything.

大量的钱large amounts of money；megabucks；heavy money更多释义>>[网络短语]大量的钱 large amounts of money;heavy money;a great deal of money带来大量的钱 bring a lot of money在大量的钱 In a lot of money;Large amounts of money in;In massive money

问题一：钱的英文怎么写 money 问题二：钱用英语怎么写 money buck fortune 问题三：（钱）英文单词怎么写了 money 问题四：钱英文怎么写 money 问题五：钱英语怎么写 钱就是: Money 金钱 财富, 财产 Money是钱的总称. 但 不是所有钱都说Money的 不同情况通常用不同单词去表示.英语的单词就是这样.分得好细 Cash 现金 Currency 货币 市价 Cheque 支票 Coin 硬币 Salary 薪金Fund 资金 基金 Sum 金额 总额 wealth; riches 财富 还有一些俚语 例如dingbat oof也是钱的意思.不过这些很少用 不需要记 希望能帮到你 问题六：钱，用英文怎么写？ 这个说法太多了 统称叫 money 俚语中有各种说法 dough green back buck 楼上朋友提到的cash是现金 问题七：钱的英文怎么说，标准点的 10分 硬币是coin 纸币是banknote 零钱是change bill是钞票 cash 也是现金的意思 然后还有money吧 问题八：给你钱.用英语怎么说? Here is the money 问题九：钱英文怎么写 吗内money 问题十：钱英语怎么说 money 钱 money n. (pl.moneys, -nies) 货币, 金钱 财产, 财富 [pl.]金额, 款项, 特种钱币 [总称]俯富翁; 金融集团 奖金; 赛马[狗]中的前三名优胜者 【经】交换媒介物, 货物货币 如满意请采纳

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There were many interesting things in my winter holiday.I think the most interesting thing is that I had two little rabbits.Some days ago,my cousin visited my house and bought them for me.I love them very much.One rabbit is white.I called it Lily.The other is black it named Jack.They are so cute and beautiful.They always eats carrots and some vagatables.I love my interesting animals.They give me so much happy.译文：在我的这个寒假里有很多有趣的事。我认为最有趣的是我得到了两只小兔子。几天前，我的表兄来我家做客，给我买了两只小兔子。我非常喜欢它们。一只是白的，我叫它Lily，另一只是黑色，他叫Jack。它们非常可爱漂亮。它们总是吃胡萝卜和一些蔬菜。我喜欢我有趣的动物，它们给我带来了很多快乐。

The problem of the origin of the universe, is a bit like the old question: Which came first, the chicken, or the egg. In other words, what agency created the universe. And what created that agency. Or perhaps, the universe, or the agency that created it, existed forever, and didn"t need to be created. Up to recently, scientists have tended to shy away from such questions, feeling that they belonged to metaphysics or religion, rather than to science. However, in the last few years, it has emerged that the Laws of Science may hold even at the beginning of the universe. In that case, the universe could be self contained, and determined completely by the Laws of Science. The debate about whether, and how, the universe began, has been going on throughout recorded history. Basically, there were two schools of thought. Many early traditions, and the Jewish, Christian and Islamic religions, held that the universe was created in the fairly recent past. For instance, Bishop Usher calculated a date of four thousand and four BC, for the creation of the universe, by adding up the ages of people in the Old Testament. One fact that was used to support the idea of a recent origin, was that the Human race is obviously evolving in culture and technology. We remember who first performed that deed, or developed this technique. Thus, the arguement runs, we can not have been around all that long. Otherwise, we would have already progressed more than we have. In fact, the biblical date for the creation, is not that far off the date of the end of the last Ice Age, which is when modern humans seem first to have appeared. On the other hand, some people, such as the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, did not like the idea that the universe had a beginning. They felt that would imply Divine intervention. They prefered to believe that the universe, had existed, and would exist, forever. Something that was eternal, was more perfect than something that had to be created. They had an answer to the argument about human progress, that I described. It was, that there had been periodic floods, or other natural disasters, which repeatedly set the human race right back to the beginning. Both schools of thought held that the universe was essentially unchanging in time. Either it had been created in its present form, or it had existed forever, like it is today. This was a natural belief in those times, because human life, and, indeed the whole of recorded history, are so short that the universe has not changed significantly during them. In a static, unchanging universe, the question of whether the universe has existed forever, or whether it was created at a finite time in the past, is really a matter for metaphysics or religion: either theory could account for such a universe. Indeed, in 1781, the philosopher, Immanuel Kant, wrote a monumental, and very obscure work, The Critique of Pure Reason. In it, he concluded that there were equally valid arguements, both for believing that the universe had a beginning, and for believing that it did not. As his title suggests, his conclusions were based simply on reason. In other words, they did not take any account of observations about the universe. After all, in an unchanging universe, what was there to observe? In the 19th century, however, evidence began to accumulate that the earth, and the rest of the universe, were in fact changing with time. On the one hand, geologists realized that the formation of the rocks, and the fossils in them, would have taken hundreds or thousands of millions of years. This was far longer than the age of the Earth, according to the Creationists. On the other hand, the German physicist, Boltzmann, discovered the so-called Second Law of Thermodynamics. It states that the total amount of disorder in the universe (which is measured by a quantity called entropy), always increases with time. This, like the argument about human progress, suggests that the universe can have been going only for a finite time. Otherwise, the universe would by now have degenerated into a state of complete disorder, in which everything would be at the same temperature. Another difficulty with the idea of a static universe, was that according to Newton"s Law of Gravity, each star in the universe ought to be attracted towards every other star. So how could they stay at a constant distance from each other. Wouldn"t they all fall together. Newton was aware of this problem about the stars attracting each other. In a letter to Richard Bentley, a leading philosopher of the time, he agreed that a finite collection of stars could not remain motionless: they would all fall together, to some central point. However, he argued that an infinite collection of stars, would not fall together: for there would not be any central point for them to fall to. This argument is an example of the pitfalls that one can encounter when one talks about infinite systems. By using different ways to add up the forces on each star, from the infinite number of other stars in the universe, one can get different answers to the question: can they remain at constant distance from each other. We now know that the correct proceedure, is to consider the case of a finite region of stars. One then adds more stars, distributed roughly uniformly outside the region. A finite collection of stars will fall together. According to Newton"s Law of Gravity, adding more stars outside the region, will not stop the collapse. Thus, an infinite collection of stars, can not remain in a motionless state. If they are not moving relative to each other at one time, the attraction between them, will cause them to start falling towards each other. Alternatively, they can be moving away from each other, with gravity slowing down the velocity of recession. Despite these difficulties with the idea of a static and unchanging universe, no one in the seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth or early twentieth centuries, suggested that the universe might be evolving with time. Newton and Einstein, both missed the chance of predicting, that the universe should be either contracting, or expanding. One can not really hold it against Newton, because he was two hundred and fifty years before the observational discovery of the expansion of the universe. But Einstein should have known better. Yet when he formulated the General Theory of Relativity to reconcile Newton"s theory with his own Special Theory of Relativity, he added a so-called, ``cosmological constant"". This had a repulsive gravitational effect, which could balance the attractive effect of the matter in the universe. In this way, it was possible to have a static model of the universe. Einstein later said: The cosmological constant was the greatest mistake of my life. That was after observations of distant galaxies, by Edwin Hubble in the 1920"s, had shown that they were moving away from us, with velocities that were roughly proportional to their distance from us. In other words, the universe is not static, as had been previously thought: it is expanding. The distance between galaxies is increasing with time. The discovery of the expansion of the universe, completely changed the discussion about its origin. If you take the present motion of the galaxies, and run it back in time, it seems that they should all have been on top of each other, at some moment, between ten and twenty thousand million years ago. At this time, which is called the Big Bang, the density of the universe, and the curvature of spacetime, would have been infinite. Under such conditions, all the known laws of science would break down. This is a disaster for science. It would mean that science alone, could not predict how the universe began. All that science could say is that: The universe is as it is now, because it was as it was then. But Science could not explain why it was, as it was, just after the Big Bang. Not surprisingly, many scientists were unhappy with this conclusion. There were thus several attempts to avoid the Big Bang. One was the so-called Steady State theory. The idea was that, as the galaxies moved apart from each other, new galaxies would form in the spaces inbetween, from matter that was continually being created. The universe would have existed, and would continue to exist, forever, in more or less the same state as it is today. The Steady State model required a modification of general relativity, in order that the universe should continue to expand, and new matter be created. The rate of creation needed was very low: about one particle per cubic kilometre per year. Thus, this would not be in conflict with observation. The theory also predicted that the average density of galaxies, and similar objects, should be constant, both in space and time. However, a survey of extra-galactic sources of radio waves, was carried out by Martin Ryle and his group at Cambridge. This showed that there were many more faint sources, than strong ones. On average, one would expect that the faint sources were the more distant ones. There were thus two possibilities: Either, we were in a region of the universe, in which strong sources were less frequent than the average. Or, the density of sources was higher in the past, when the light left the more distant sources. Neither of these possibilities was compatible with the prediction of the Steady State theory, that the density of radio sources should be constant in space and time. The final blow to the Steady State theory was the discovery, in 1965, of a background of microwaves. These had the characteristic spectrum of radiation emited by a hot body, though, in this case, the term, hot, is hardly appropriate, since the temperature was only 2.7 degrees above Absolute Zero. The universe is a cold, dark place! There was no reasonable mechanism, in the Steady State theory, to generate microwaves with such a spectrum. The theory therefore had to be abandoned. Another idea to avoid a singularity, was suggested by two Russians, Lifshitz and Khalatnikov. They said, that maybe a state of infinite density, would occur only if the galaxies were moving directly towards, or away from, each other. Only then, would the galaxies all have met up at a single point in the past. However, one might expect that the galaxies would have had some small sideways velocities, as well as their velocity towards or away from each other. This might have made it possible for there to have been an earlier contracting phase, in which the galaxies somehow managed to avoid hitting each other. The universe might then have re-expanded, without going through a state of infinite density. When Lifshitz and Khalatnikov made their suggestion, I was a research student, looking for a problem with which to complete my PhD thesis. Two years earlier, I had been diagnosed as having ALS, or motor neuron disease. I had been given to understand that I had only two or three years to live. In this situation, it didn"t seem worth working on my PhD, because I didn"t expect to finish it. However, two years had gone by, and I was not much worse. Moreover, I had become engaged to be married. In order to get married, I had to get a job. And in order to get a job, I needed to finish my thesis. 视需要减点吧