个性用英文怎么说？

individuality可数。 individuality： n.个性;个人(或个体)特征； 复数： individualities 扩展资料 　　The individuality is based on the general character development. 　　个性是基于共性发展的。 　　The thing that makes us so interesting is our individuality. 　　我们之所以如此风趣是因为我们有独特的个性。 　　The expression of one"s individuality ( usually through creative activities). 　　一个人个性的表现（通常通过创造性活动）。 　　The dress reflects our signature style of understated elegance with a strong feeling of individuality. 　　这条裙子体现了我们所追求的.低调优雅又有强烈个性感的独特风格。

可数，去y变i加es

individuality 个性, 个人特征, 特质。character 品质, 特性, 特色，特征, 好的品质。一般强调个性用individuality 比较多，而人物的品质特征，用character 比较多

personality ：更加侧重的是一个人习惯和某一方面的修为 individuality：这个则加重标新立异的与从不同的为人作风 例子： （1）他的个性体现在他的文章中。 His personality comes through in his writing. （2）他是个有个性的人。 He is a man of individuality. （3）Her jocund character made her the most popular girl in the county 她快乐的个性使她成为这个郡最受欢迎的女孩 //有时候character也有个性之意，不过侧重的是性格，行为(4)如果用于我们年经人现在所说的这人很有个性...非主流形式用individuality最为合适比如：He is a beautiful girl of individuality 她是一个漂亮而有个性的女孩子...

personality

前者区别于公众public，强调私人，后者强调做人的人格，强调是与他人不同的个体，

形容某个人的个性常用personality或individuality，请看下面的例句：Shehasalotofpersonality.她很有个性。Sheisquiteapersonality.她相当有个性。Shehaspersonalityplus.她极有个性。amanofmarkedindividuality很有个性的人Hehasaverystrongpersonality.他这人很有个性（个性很强）。

splitpersonalitypatient人格分裂是一个医学上的名词，是指性格的多重性，即是我们平常所说的双重人格。分裂样人格障碍是日常生活中和医学心理咨询门诊中比较常见的人格障碍。据上海市青少年小理健康调查资料显示，其中分裂样人格障碍占人格障碍总数的29％左右，接近l／3。l975年著名的精神病学家罗逊特指出这种类型的人约占正常人群的7．5％，且男性多于女性。表现特征《中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准》(CCMD一2一R)中对分裂样人格障碍的特征表述为：1．有奇异的信念，或与文化背景不相称的行为，如相信透视力、心灵感应、特异功能和第六感官等。2．奇怪的、反常的或特殊的行为或外貌，如服饰奇特、不修边幅、行为不合时宜、习惯或目的不明确。3．言语怪异，如离题、用词不要、繁简失当、表达意见不清，并非文化程度或智能障碍等因素所引起。4．不寻常的知觉体验，如一过性的错觉、幻觉、看见不存在的人。5．对人冷淡，对亲属也不例外，缺少温暖体贴。6．表情淡漠，缺乏深刻或生动的情感体验。7．多单独活动，主动与人交往仅限于生活或工作中必需的接触，除一级亲属外无亲密友人。患者症状至少符合上述项目中的三项，方可诊断为分裂样人格障碍。人格分裂者即人格分裂症的患者

都可以的，要看用哪里

前者是性格，是形容一个人的好坏的后者是独立性，是强调人与人的不同的

showyourself

叔本华在《作为意志和表象的世界》中对个体化原理的解释：意志作为自在之物是完全不同于它的现象的，是完全不具现象的一切形式的。只有在意志出现为现象时，它才进入这些形式；所以形式只和它的客体性有关，对于它自己本身则是不相干的。一切表象的最普遍的形式，客体对于主体这一形式就已经和它无关；至于次于这一级的，一切那些在根据律中有其共同表现的形式，那就更加不与它相干了。属于这些次一级的形式的，如众所周知，还有时间和空间，以及唯有由于时间、空间而存在而成为可能的杂多性。就最后这一点说，我将借用古经院哲学的一个术语，把时间和空间叫做个体化原理，这是我要请求读者一劳永逸把它记住的。原来唯有时间和空间才是本质上，概念上既相同而又是一的东西毕竟要借以显现为差别，为杂多性，为互相并列，互相继起的东西。”

Su shi as Chinese literary history, one of the greatest poet, its research has great attention of generations, especially the "naturally" shi全文翻译。就这样

体现：Embodiment 个性： Personality

a lack of sense of security

People-oriented, comprehensive development, make public individual character, the pursuit of excellence.

《超越感觉》笔记1 ——我是谁 生活在不同时代或文化背景下，会使你成为一个不同的人。 个性：(individuality) 通常认为：我之所以为我，是因为我考虑了我自己的喜好、态度、情感以后做出的选择。我所选择的这些特质都是最适合我的风格和个性。然而，世界对我们的影响远远超出了我们大多数人的认识。 我们在不同的时间，不同的地点获得的是不同的经验。时间和地点是由具体的环境、理解、信仰和习惯所限定的，这些都会限定你的经验，并影响你的思维模式。例如：不同国家对于守时态度的不同、对于人与人之间亲密距离的敏感度的不同。对于饮食的不同。 大众文化的影响 以前的报纸、广播、电视，到现在的电脑手机。各种广告的狂轰滥炸。地铁上见到的乘客95%以上在低头看手机。而且目前大数据引领的机器智能，广告投放更是精准。我自己的一个例子，搜索了某一个品牌的电脑，从此不管是浏览器还是社交软件，只要能看到广告的地方，都会出现。 操纵的“学问” 想想自己是否有被操纵？大家肯定都一口否认，我也觉得自己没有被操纵。但是想想为什么会有消费心理学、行为经济学等等就会明白，这些学科不仅仅只研究学术。 就在刚刚，移动公司的人员还在给我推销更高级的套餐，只需要以现在的价格享用更多话费、更多流量，只要我说一句好的，就能每个月优惠30元，一般情况下都是会办理的，但是我拒绝了，我对免费的诱惑其实也是没什么抵抗，即使多余我也想有更多的优惠，但这种套餐一般办理过之后就不会轻易更改，这样两个月后，就自动用上了新的套餐。而移动公司自然就涨了销量。 这简直是思想植入。现实的魔幻一点不输于艺术，就好像在《盗梦空间》里发生的一样，现实生活中同样在时刻发生着。 心理学的影响 天知道我都看了些什么“心理学”，比如弗洛伊德的潜意识理论、马斯洛的人本主义、弗兰克尔的自我超越还有什么色彩性格、九型人格等等。或多或少都会吸收一些，最近在看《这才是心理学》又在刷新认知。 成为个体 指导原则 为什么要思考这些常识概念？ 一个屡屡失败的人的常识也很有可能就是失败的。因为思考的武器就是脑海里的概念。

分别请采纳

"Individuals"是一个英文单词，它的意思是"个人"、"个体"、"个体差异"等。在不同的语境中，"individuals"可以表示人们，但并不是所有情况下都适用。下面将详细介绍"individuals"的用法和含义。表示"个人""Individuals"可以用来表示个人或人群中的个体。例如：The company is looking for individuals who are highly motivated and skilled.（公司正在寻找高度自我激励和技能熟练的个人。）Each individual has unique talents and abilities.（每个人都有独特的才华和能力。）The program is designed to help individuals overcome their personal challenges.（这个项目旨在帮助个人克服他们的个人挑战。）表示"个体差异""Individuals"还可以用来表示个体之间的差异和多样性。例如：The study focuses on individual differences in cognitive abilities.（这项研究关注认知能力上的个体差异。）The company recognizes and values the individuality of each employee.（公司认可和珍视每个员工的个性。）The program promotes respect for individual differences and diversity.（这个项目促进尊重个体差异和多样性。）

My Comments on ”Youth”In Japan there is such a sentence:Anyone worthy of respect in Japanese business knows and uses this essay--Youth. This article,less than 500 words, written by Samuel Ullman ,”Youth” has been the dumping of the world, and even after so many years its charm is still. Youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind. It is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees. It is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, vigor of the emotions; It is the freshness of the deep spring of life. After reading it, I was deeply infected with the passion of author towards life and the way he treat people. On the other hand, I seem to see him sinking forever young at heart, still beckoning us go forward with the times. Youth is the most gorgeous station in the whole life brigade station, the most marvelous station, the most brightest year station. Youth breeds endless energy to mine, to dig and to transmit. Every life is beautiful, and the smallest flower can not refuse to open. Green hill cannot block from, east flows after all. As long as “we ideal also in, so long as our not easily giving up, so long as we smile face all, we can raise the life well as before the sail. Youth is the thing he cannot bear to lose, it is the thing whose passing he watches with infinite sorrow and regret, it is the thing whose loss with a sad and secret joy, the thing he would never willingly relive again, could it be restored to him by any magic. But he never knew, Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being"s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what"s next and the joy of the game of living. Man"s youth is a wonderful thing: it is so full of anguish and of magic. If one person would give up the courage to purse his dreams whenever face difficulties, he eventually will achieve nothing. But if you are brave in the face of setbacks and you can receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from men and from infinite, you will be young forever! Drums of the times has put us into the 21st century, a tone to promote innovation capability, individuality and the main trend of the times is in the ascendant, we want to "youth" to heart, together with the pace of the times, against the spring tide awayplayed strong tone of the era, sing the melody of youth, made in the ordinary post impressive results, creating a better future

In the picture above, there are four pencils but only one is adversed(该词表示“不友好的，不利的，相反的”，用于此处不恰当) which is different from the others. Noticeably, there is a sentence:"don"t be afraid to be different." in the middle (改为bottom，由图可知，那句话在图片底部而不是中间)of the photo. It is no doubt that the photographer wants us to respect individuality. Steven Jobs, the representive(拼写错误，改为representative) of individulity(拼写错误，改为individuality), creates the brand Apple(改为Apple brand) and then prodominantes(拼写错误且词性使用错误，改为dominant) intellectual mobile phone market by its products. What makes his succeed(改为success，词性使用错误) is that he put the conception of individuality into his product--iphone, which contains so many appealing Apps and each one(建议改为it) is different from the ordinary (加ones，表示普通的手机). Therefore, he estabilished(拼写错误，改为establish) an empire of Apple and become famous for everyone around the world. Hence don"t be afraid to be different because the individuality is valuabe(拼写错误，改为valuable), which is the source of creativity. More importantly, it conributes(拼写错误，改为contributes) to the development of diversified world and the prosperity of culture and economy.

beindependentof的意思是：不依赖；不受支配；独立于之外。beindependentof的意思是：不依赖；不受支配；独立于之外。beindependentof的网络解释是独立：我说也好,就像美国人一样,让孩子们独立(beindependentof),培养他自己的个性(individuality),对他将来也有好处.而在这段时间内,我正忙于创建一个网上交易平台(onlinetradingplatform).我希望它安全第一,不要被黑客(hacker)侵袭。beindependentof的例句是Aqualifyingoramplifyingword,phrase,orsentenceinsertedwithinwrittenmatterinsuchawayastobeindependentofthesurroundinggrammaticalstructure.插入成份，插入词在书写中插入的与上下文的语法结构没有关系的限定或补充的词、短语或句子。一、参考翻译点此查看beindependentof的详细内容独立于之外,不依赖于的,不受的支配,超乎,脱离,与无关二、网络解释1.独立：我说也好,就像美国人一样,让孩子们独立(beindependentof),培养他自己的个性(individuality),对他将来也有好处.而在这段时间内,我正忙于创建一个网上交易平台(onlinetradingplatform).我希望它安全第一,不要被黑客(hacker)侵袭.2.脱离......而独立,与......无关：beimmuneto免疫的,可避免的,不受影响的,无响应的|beindependentof脱离......而独立,与......无关|beindispensablefor对......必不可少的3.beindependentof3.独立于......之外,不受......控制/支配：16.fulfillment臻于完善,发挥潜在能力|17.sexism性别歧视(常指其实妇女)|18.beindependentof独立于......之外,不受......控制/支配4.脱离......而独立：begratefulto感谢,感激|beindependentof脱离......而独立|beindifferentto不在乎三、例句Aqualifyingoramplifyingword,phrase,orsentenceinsertedwithinwrittenmatterinsuchawayastobeindependentofthesurroundinggrammaticalstructure.插入成份，插入词在书写中插入的与上下文的语法结构没有关系的限定或补充的词、短语或句子Nowthatyouareacollegestudent,youshouldlearntobeindependentofyourparents"help.既然你已是个大学生了，就应当学着独立，不靠父母的帮助。Youshouldlearntobeindependentofyourparents.你应该学习不要依赖父母。beindependentof的相关临近词be、Bechis点此查看更多关于beindependentof的详细信息

这里的of 是介词，在英语属于虚词，在句子中不独立作成份。of去掉不可以。为什么？因为be of +抽象名词，是表达主语具有什么样的特征或属性的意思。从而of就有【的】的意思，如果把of去掉，那么：【名词individuality】 就要变成【形容词individual】

characteristic adj.典型的；特有的；表示特性的 n.特征；特性；特色 （相当于 feature ） 例:Genes determine the characteristics of every living thing. 基因决定每个生物的特征. character n.性格,品质；特性；角色 1.性格; 特性 例:Perhaps there is a negative side to his character that you haven"t seen yet. 或许他性格中有你还未看到的消极一面. 2.(电影、书、戏剧中的) 人物 例:The film is autobiographical and the central character is played by Collard himself. 这部影片是自传式的,主角由科勒德亲自扮演. 3.特征 例:Individuality is a valued and inherent part of the British character. 个性是英国人重视并固有的特征. my personality

不知道 ，你知道吗？ 你知道 讲讲 。我看看 如何忽悠我 掏钱？ 能忽悠成功 ，算你厉害

ThereforeHoweverand

「身分」

　　雅思英语作文及翻译【1】 　　Fashion trends are difficult to follow these days and itu2019s widely believed that they primarily exist just to sell clothes. Some people believe that we shouldnu2019t follow them and that we should dress in what we like and feel comfortable in. 　　To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 　　Model Answer: 　　Itu2019s widely believed in todayu2019s materialistic world that the latest innovative fashion trends hold great significance. On the other hand, such trends are believed to be set only in the pursuit of profits for large designer companies. It seems that in recent times, people are now changing their minds in regards to wearing clothes for comfort and as a personal choice. Personally I agree that we should pay more attention to individuality and comfort in the way we dress. 　　Firstly, fashion designs exist as a form of creative artistic expression of the designer. Although this may be true, undoubtedly such designs take away individuality once a trend is set in place. By this I mean that there is nothing unique about wearing what everybody else does. More specifically, if everyone sports the latest colour and design in summer skirts, do we not look the same? 　　Secondly, It is possible that fashion trends can look extremely stylish to the general public. However, it can be argued that the main purpose of wearing clothes is for more functional reasons. This is primarily due to the fact that clothes were traditionally worn to protect people from climatic conditions. For instance, clothes are still worn basically to keep people warm and dry in winter and cool in summer. 　　Finally, fashion certainly gives us a sense of confidence and pride in our appearance. While this is certainly a good point, it also means that following such changeable trends proves to be expensive. For example, purchasing every latest seasonu2019s fashion item will of course blow the budget of many young people. 　　In conclusion, there are various arguments to support the dismissal of fashion trends, consisting of not conforming, comfort and price, which I strongly agree with. 　　参考翻译 　　人们普遍认为，在当今物欲横流的世界里，最新的创新时尚潮流具有重要意义。另一方面，这种趋势被认为是只设置在追求利润的大型设计师公司。看来，在最近的时代，人们正在改变他们的看法，在穿着舒适和个人选择。我个人认为，我们应该更加注重个性和舒适的方式，我们穿着。 　　首先，时装设计作为一种创造性的艺术表现形式的设计师。虽然这可能是真的，但毫无疑问，这样的设计一旦趋势确立，就会失去个性。我的意思是，没有什么独特的穿着别人做什么。更具体地说，如果每个人都在夏季运动的最新的颜色和设计的裙子，我们不一样吗? 　　其次，时尚潮流对大众来说是非常时髦的。然而，可以说，穿衣服的主要目的是为了更多的功能原因。这主要是由于传统上穿的衣服，以保护人们免受气候条件。例如，衣服基本上仍然穿着，以保持人们温暖和干燥在冬季和夏季凉爽。 　　最后，时尚的确给了我们自信和自豪的外观。虽然这当然是一个很好的观点，但也意味着遵循这种多变的趋势被证明是昂贵的。例如，购买每一个最新赛季的时尚项目当然会打击许多年轻人的预算。 　　总之，有各种论据支持解雇时尚潮流，包括不符合，舒适和价格，我强烈同意。 　　雅思英语作文及翻译【2】 　　Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international tourism creates tension rather than understanding between people from different cultures. 　　To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 　　Model Answer: 　　The growth of tourism and the numbers of people travelling to other countries for their vacations has led to debate as to whether this is beneficial. I believe that there are many problems which arise out of the tourist industry, and will examine these in detail. 　　Many people argue that travel broadens the mind. However, this statement does not fully hold water. I would argue that spending a few weeks in another country is not long enough to gain a proper understanding of an alien culture. A foreigner visiting Britain might be met with the traditional British reserve, and mistakenly conclude that the British are unfriendly. Furthermore, some people are unwilling to open their minds. A Western traveller to an Arab country is unlikely to consider that the veiling of women is acceptable. 　　Being a tourist in a foreign country brings with it problems that can lead to dislike of the native people. Firstly, a foreigner is vulnerable, and is often ripped off by locals. Secondly, the language barrier can lead to misunderstandings. Thirdly, tourists are often hassled to buy goods, which can ruin a holiday. When I went to Bali, people tried to sell me something every five minutes, and this totally spoilt my sunbathing. 　　Local people also often end up disliking foreigners. Visitors may mistakenly act contrary to local norms, or they may just be plain offensive, as many drunken British holidaymakers must seem to the Spanish. Global tourism can lead to hostility from the native people, who may feel their traditional way of life is under threat. Additionally, the relative wealth of the foreign visitors can cause envy and resentment. 　　In conclusion, I would say that I largely agree with the argument that global tourism creates misunderstanding between people from different cultures, and that the differences are often a cause for conflict rather than celebration. 　　参考翻译： 　　旅游业的增长和前往其他国家度假的人数已引起争论，这是否有益。我相信旅游业会出现很多问题，并会详细研究这些问题。 　　许多人认为旅行使人精神开阔。不过，这一说法并没有完全成立。我会认为，在另一个国家呆上几个星期是不够的，以便对外来文化有一个正确的理解。一个来访英国的.外国人可能会遇到传统的英国保护区，误以为英国人不友好。此外，有些人不愿打开他们的头脑。一个阿拉伯国西部旅行是不可能考虑到妇女的面纱是可以接受的。 　　作为一个旅游者在外国带来的问题，可能会导致不喜欢的土著人。首先，外国人是脆弱的，经常被当地人扯掉。其次，语言障碍会导致误解。再次，游客们经常催促购买商品，可以毁掉一个假期。我去巴厘的时候，人们试图卖东西给我每五分钟，这完全毁了我的日光浴。 　　当地人也经常会不喜欢外国人。游客可能会错误地违反规范的地方，或者他们可能只是普通的攻势，许多醉酒的英国度假者肯定是西班牙。全球旅游可能会导致当地人的敌意，他们可能会觉得他们的传统生活方式受到威胁。此外，外国游客的相对财富会引起嫉妒和怨恨。 　　总之，我想说，我大体上同意这一观点，即全球旅游造成了来自不同文化背景的人们之间的误解，而这些差异往往是冲突而非庆祝的原因。

professional--favour your tastes-- and art-- innovative/creative Business administration&management Profitable operation Multifunctional/solid Marketing Designe and promotion Image Design speak skill training Problem solutions and or treatment Freshshop designoverthrow the Fashion Create individuality/Personality Senior management experts Senior international lecturer Visualized stylistChief Operating Officer

哇！！！！！这是大三课文！！？ 我高一在读饿。。。

　　很多都知道材料的英文是material，其实除了material，材料的英文还有其他翻译。下面是我为你整理的材料的英文，希望大家喜欢! 　　材料的英文 　　material; 　　data; 　　makings; 　　stuff datum 　　material的常见用法 　　n.材料，原料; 素材; 布，织物; 适当人选 　　adj.物质的; 肉体的; 重要的，决定性的; 辩证的，推论的 　　1. The material consisted only of already published, unclassified information. 　　这份材料里只有一些已公开的、非保密性质的信息。 　　2. This will give your promotional material individuality and style. 　　这会让你的促销品显得个性十足、格调高雅。 　　3. In its untreated state the carbon fibre material is rather like cloth. 　　原始的碳纤维材料很像布料。 　　4. His last book, "Needful Things", was a retread of tired material. 　　他的上一本书《必需品》尽在重复些老掉牙的内容。 　　5. She enjoys the material comforts married life has brought her. 　　她喜欢婚姻生活带给她的物质享受。 　　6. Dr Ryan travelled the world gathering material for his book. 　　瑞安博士周游世界为他的书搜集资料。 　　7. They contend that the company failed to disclose material information. 　　他们坚持认为该公司并未透露实质性的信息。 　　8. There is often a strong accent on material success. 　　经常大力强调物质成就。 　　9. He finds material at auctions, antique shops and flea markets. 　　他在拍卖行、古玩店和跳蚤市场中寻宝。 　　10. My grumble is with the structure and organisation of the material. 　　我所不满的是素材的结构和组织。 　　data常见用法 　　n.资料，材料; datum的复数; [计算机]数据，资料; 从科学实验中提取的价值 　　1. If they value these data, let them pay for them. 　　他们要是看重这些数据，就让他们出钱买。 　　2. We gained a rich supply of data which would normally be inaccessible. 　　我们得到了通常难以获取的大量数据。 　　3. Other recommendations relate to the details of how such data is stored. 　　其他建议涉及此类信息储存方面的一些细节。 　　4. The data can subsequently be loaded on a computer for processing. 　　接下来可将数据载入计算机处理。 　　5. Data mining is used to analyse individuals" buying habits. 　　数据采掘被用来分析个体的购买习惯。 　　6. A lot less time is now spent entering the data. 　　现在输入数据花费的时间少多了。 　　7. A single CD-ROM can hold more than 500 megabytes of data. 　　一张只读存储光盘能容纳500兆以上的数据。 　　8. All the data is then dumped into the main computer. 　　所有数据随后被转存至主计算机。 　　9. Birthplace data are only the crudest indicator of actual migration paths. 　　出生地信息只能非常粗略地显示实际移民过程。 　　10. You can compress huge amounts of data on to a CD-ROM.

focus on student"s individuality

翻什么？

It can not be judged just by money.What kind of personalities do you like?

The cosmetic color"s individuality performance causes the animation art to have the rich artistic expressive force. This article unifies author"s graduation project work, analyzed and has discussed the cosmetic color thoroughly in the animation performance technique and the creativity connotation function, attempted to seek to the cosmetic color in the animation performance rule and the practice technique, thus enhanced the animation the visual impulse and the artistic power, let the animation the artistic value have the richness. The cosmetic color individuality manifests the animation

爱国。

Good morning everyone, today we"ll look at culture or rather classifications of cultures. Usually when we deal with different people, we deal with them as if we were all members of the same culture. However, it"s possible that people from different cultures have different assumptions about the world, regarding such important and basic ideas as time, personal space. And this is the view of Edward Hall. And Edward Hall is an anthropologist who spent a large part of his life studying American Indians, their culture, their language, but he was different from a lot of other anthropologists who just study one culture. He was interested in the relations between cultures, how cultures interact, what Hall believes is that cultures can be classified by placing them on a continuing, ranging from what he called high-context to low-context.OK, what is a high-context culture? A high-context culture is a culture in which the context of the message or the action or an event carries a large part of its meaning and significance. What this means is that in a high-context culture more attention is paid to what"s happening in and around the message than to the message itself. Now let me give you examples. First in terms of personal space, generally speaking in a high-context culture, because there"s a greater dependency on group thinking, people lean towards heavier sensory involvement or closeness to people. And they have less respect for privacy, for personal space. If you go into that culture, people might stand closer when they"re talking to you. They might touch more and if they"re justled in a crowd, they won"t feel violated. And also people from a high-context culture pay attention to body language. Because remember what I said, the definition of a high-context culture is that more attention is paid to the context of the message than to the message itself. And part of the context is body language. Second in terms of time, people in high-context cultures are considered to have what is called a polychronic attitude toward time. Here “poly” means multiple and “chronic” means time. What this means is that they believe people, things, events have their own time and there can"t be a standard system of time for everything. What this leads them to believe is that you can"t emphasize punctuality. Things happen when they are supposed to happen. So there"s a different attitude toward time. There is no set standard of time. You can"t control time. Everything has its own sense of time. So it"s a culture that pays little attention to time, to clock time.Now, let"s move on to low-context culture. A lower context culture is just the opposite. A low-context culture is one in which the message, the event or the action is a separate entity, having meaning onto itself, regardless of the surroundings or the context. That the message, the event, the action has meaning in itself. So what this means in a low-context culture is that people pay more attention to the event itself rather than to the context which surrounds the event or the message. For example, in terms of personal space again. There"s more emphasis on individuality, so the concept of privacy is very very important whereas before as I said in a high-context culture they might not even be concerned with privacy or personal space. But in a low-context culture, there"s a feeling that we each have our own personal space. If you get too close, if you don"t knock on doors before entering, that"s an invasion of privacy; people feel violated. There"s a respect and desire for privacy, and you also see that people might pay less attention to body language because as I said the message is, the message is everything. They are not going to worry about all the details around it. What you say is the important thing or what you do is the important thing. Another example of a low-context culture is people"s attitude towards time. In terms of time, I said before there was a polychronic sense of time in a high-context culture. What do you think there would be in a low-context culture? Monochronic! Right! A monochronic sense of time and by that we mean that there is one time. And that concept means that people in a low-context culture believe that there"s one standard of time and that should be for everything. And so I"m not willing to hear “Oh, the traffic was heavy. That"s why I am late. ” or “Oh, I slept late.” People in a low-context culture would be much more upset with lateness because they feel that everyone should follow the same time; there shouldn"t be all this flexibility with time and they expect punctuality. And they look at time as almost a commodity that they use expressions like “use time”, “to waste time”, “to spend time” or “time is money”. All of these expressions reinforce the concept that time is actually something you can hold onto. So what this is all about is that Hall expresses that people need to be aware of these different consumptions or concepts about reality. And he thinks that this has all kinds of relevance no matter what you"re doing, if you"re in business, negotiations, interpersonal relations. If you"re dealing with people from different cultures in any way, it"s going to affect every part of your life. In any multicultural situation, these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interactions.Ok, today, we"ll take a brief look at Edward Hall"s view of culture, mainly his classification of high or low context culture with some examples. Next week, we"ll look at some more examples of cultures on the continuing between high-context and low-context cultures.追问

In realality, a lot of people lose themselves because they care too much about what others think. And some give up their efforts because of other people"s oppinions, even when they know that those efforts will better themselves. So, all those who want to be able to achieve something, cast away all those restrinctions, feel free to be yourselves and do what you want and what you should. Be the one and only you.

嗯，首先缩水原句：They live and die without confronting realities. 就是说工人们从不会遇到为生存发愁的情形，因为他们是在思想和情感上独立自主的高产人类。选项的意思是：工人们缺少独立自主性。因为问题是为什么工人产生忧虑，那么文中说工人们原先不必忧虑是因为他们是独立自主的人，由此推出后来产生忧虑的原因是缺乏了独立自主这个factor还有问题请追问，满意请采纳~

本文讲述的是我们可以通过面部特征、行为方式和语言方式等来描述人或识别人。其中，首段谈到了面部特征在描述或识别一个人的过程当中的重要性;第二段紧接着谈到了行为方式在这方面的作用;第三段和第四段分别谈到了用语言方式来对一个人进行描述;最后一段说人们总是根据一个人的面部特征和行为方式将人划分为不同的类型。 　　划线部分就是需要阅读的句子，黑体字部分是重点标志性词汇。其中，第一段的两句话根据标点符号，采用了跳读。其余各段中举例等细节部分信息也跳过不读。 　　通过阅读主题信息，我们发现，这篇文章的每一段都谈到了描述或识别人的一个方面，全文的主旨需要把各段的主题综合起来，经过总结概括而形成。这种结构模式我们称之为综合型结构。这样，考查各段主题，我们可以得出正确答案应该是 B。 　　2、开门见山型 　　Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “You"re supposed to remember something, but you haven"t encoded it deeply.” 　　Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don"t pay attention to what you did because you"re involved in a conversation, you"ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isn"t failing you.” says Schacter. “Rather, you didn"t give your memory system the information it needed.” 　　Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago.” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. 　　Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available.” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication (药物) with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don"t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. 　　Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you"re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time.” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you"ll likely remember. (2002年6月四级真题) 　　30. What is the passage mainly about? 　　A) The process of gradual memory loss. 　　B) The causes of absent-mindedness. 　　C) The impact of the environment on memory. 　　D) A way of encoding and recalling. 　　本文讲述的是心不在焉这种心理现象形成的原因——缺乏注意力。首段即提出了这个主题，其余四段分别从几个具体的方面来印证这个主题：第二段谈的是没有给记忆系统提供其所需的信息而导致心不在焉;第三段谈到了缺乏兴趣也可以导致心不在焉;第三段说视觉提示也可以防止心不在焉;最后一段通过一个具体的例子来说明，如果将注意力集中到一个方面，便会忽略其它方面。划线部分即为要读的主题信息，一些标点符号处、举例论证处、引用论证处等都跳过不读。 　　我们看到，这篇文章开篇即提出这篇文章的主旨，后面几段是对这个主旨的分述，全文构成总分结构模式，这种模式便是开门见山型的结构。由此，我们很容易选出 B 为正确答案。 　　3、对比型(C) 　　Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? 　　Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) Clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? 　　Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. 　　Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. 　　Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.(2000年6月四级真题) 　　35. The best title for this passage would be _______. 　　A) Uniforms and Society 　　B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform 　　C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform 　　D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms 　　本文的结构模式十分清晰。首段提出全文主题：美国人如何看待制服的问题;第二段和第三段讲到了制服的优点;最后两段讲制服的缺点。很显然，后四段提出两种相反的观点，形成对比型的结构模式。划线部分是要读的主题信息，黑体字是重要的标志性词语，中间举例论证等细节部分采用了跳读。 　　对比型的结构模式中总是会出现截然相反的两种观点，全文的主旨则是两种观点的综合，由此，我们不难选出正确答案D。

中国汉字

Zoo belongs to the city park in the national industry classification range, is a type of city park. The zoo and botanical garden, is a comprehensive park, city green space in common, but also has its particularity. Zoo as part of city parks, scenic spots and attractions and animal cages landscape construction is still to plant landscaping, plant configuration in the use of plants, both must consider the art of plant configuration requirements, but also consider the plant allocation principle, to exert their landscape function and ornamental characteristics, to better create a beautiful landscape effect. How to use the garden plants to provide space for animal, with beautiful recreational places for human beings, to create a good environment for the small climate of animal and human, has become the garden workers problems. This paper takes Ji"nan city zoo as an example, the investigation and analysis of system in detail, the kinds of plants in the garden and landscape configuration mode, affirming its merits, analyze its shortcomings, and put forward the corresponding improvement suggestions.

I am man of individuality,so I like clothes which is unordinary.In my wardrobe, there is a colorul clothes which is my favourite.Firstly,it looks like put together by many patches.It"s very cool!secondly,the clothes was actually made from cotton,feels very confortable and can give a fluid feeling. It"s said that people"s mood would also affected by clothes,I think it"s true.Because every time I wear it,I am full of merry heart.What"s more,I always think that clothes make a man.Not only girls need clothes to make their own beautiful,we boys are.

SAT作文的分类,所有真题Individuality--Following the CrowdDo people need to compare themselves with others in order to appreciate what they have?Are widely held views often wrong, or are such views more likely to be correct?Is there any value for people to belong only to a group or groups with which they have something in common?Is it always best to determine one"s own views of right and wrong, or can we benefit from following the crowd?Is it more valuable for people to fit in than to be unique and different?Are people more likely to be productive and successful when they ignore the opinions of others?--Following AuthorityShould we pay more attention to people who are older and more experienced than we are?Should society limit people"s exposure to some kinds of information or forms of expression?Can a group of people function effectively without someone being in charge?Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of authority?Should society limit people"s exposure to some kinds of information or forms of expression?Is education primarily the result of influences other than school?Should schools help students understand moral choices and social issues?--Following CreativityIs it always better to be original than to imitate or use the ideas of others?Is it better for a society when people act as individuals rather than copying the ideas and opinions of others?Is creativity needed more than ever in the world today?Can people ever be truly original?Do we put too much value on the ideas or actions of individual people?Does planning interfere with creativity?Motivation and Success--Hardship and SuccessDo people truly benefit from hardship and misfortune?Do we really benefit from every event or experience in some way?Do people place too much emphasis on winning?Do people learn more from losing than from winning?Does true learning only occur when we experience difficulties?Does being ethical make it hard to be successful?Can knowledge be a burden rather than a benefit?Is persistence more important than ability in determining a person"s success?Is the effort involved in pursuing any goal valuable, even if the goal is not reached?--Self-Determination and SuccessIs identity something people are born with or given, or is it something people create for themselves?Is it best for people to accept who they are and what they have, or should people always strive to better themselves?Do success and happiness depend on the choices people make rather than on factors beyond their control?Are people more likely to be happy if they focus on goals other than their own happiness?Is it more important to do work that one finds fulfilling or work that pays well?--Self-Expectation and SuccessDo highly accomplished people achieve more than others mainly because they expect more of themselves?Can people achieve success only if they aim to be perfect?Is it best to have low expectations and to set goals we are sure of achieving?--Collaboration and SuccessIs it necessary for people to combine their efforts with those of others in order to be most effective?Are organizations or groups most successful when their members pursue individual wishes and goals?Do people achieve more success by cooperation than by competition?--Ethics and SuccessDoes fame bring happiness, or are people who are not famous more likely to be happy?Are people"s actions motivated primarily by a desire for power over others?--Quality or Quantity and SuccessDo people achieve greatness only by finding out what they are especially good at and developing that attribute above all else?Are all important discoveries the result of focusing on one subject?Technological “Progress”Does a strong commitment to technological progress cause a society to neglect other values, such as education and the protection of the environment?Are there benefits to be gained from avoiding the use of modern technology, even when using it would make life easier?Has today"s abundance of information only made it more difficult for us to understand the world around us?Is the most important purpose of technology today different from what it was in the past?Have modern advancements truly improved the quality of people"s lives?Do newspapers, magazines, television, radio, movies, the Internet, and other media determine what is important to most people?Should modern society be criticized for being materialistic?HeroesDo we benefit from learning about the flaws of people we admire and respect?Should we limit our use of the term "courage" to acts in which people risk their own well-being for the sake of others or to uphold a value?Should we admire heroes but not celebrities?Is there a value in celebrating certain individuals as heroes?TraditionDo all established traditions deserve to remain in existence?Do people need to "unlearn," or reject, many of their assumptions and ideas?Should people always prefer new things, ideas, or values to those of the past?Do incidents from the past continue to influence the present?Do memories hinder or help people in their effort to learn from the past and succeed in the present?Is it always necessary to find new solutions to problems?LoyaltyShould people always be loyal?Do circumstances determine whether or not we should tell the truth?Can deception—pretending that something is true when it is not—sometimes have good results?Is it sometimes necessary to be impolite?Is acting an essential part of everyday life?Others (less clearly defined; separated by spaces)Is compromise always the best way to resolve a conflict?Should people choose one of two opposing sides of an issue, or is the truth usually found "in the middle"?Is the main value of the arts to teach us about the world around us?Can books and stories about characters and events that are not real teach us anything useful?Can common sense be trusted and accepted, or should it be questioned?Do people put too much emphasis on learning practical skills?Should people take more responsibility for solving problems that affect their communities or the nation in general?Should people let their feelings guide them when they make important decisions?Can people have too much enthusiasm?Do images and impressions have too much of an effect on people?Are decisions made quickly just as good as decisions made slowly and carefully?Should people change their decisions when circumstances change, or is it best for them to stick with their original decisions?Is it better to change one"s attitude than to change one"s circumstances?Is criticism—judging or finding fault with the ideas and actions of others—essential for personal well-being and social progress?Does having a large number of options to choose from make people happy?我还有我自己分的,如果你要的话用百度Hi我~O(∩_∩)O~

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到360论坛发帖求助一下,那里也许有朋友可以帮你。

《三国志13》怎么修改战法?很多小伙伴对战法修改毫无头绪，不用着急，今天小编带来“tanqci”分享的《三国志13》战法属性数据修改方法，下面我们一起来看吧。打开V大修改器，选定游戏目录，文件选择剧本，选中你要玩的剧本，选中-编辑其他战法以VAN修改器20160211版本为准lp6：采配lp8：持续时间lpA：战法持续时间受智力加成影响。由于lpA取值现仅有10、50两个结果，所以实际游戏影响很小。如果想让lpA影响比重加大，则必须大幅度提高此值。注：对敌战法下，lpA取值受到双方部队智力差的影响。兵力和士气削弱也受智力差影响。(对方越聪明醒的越快。。。)依照75楼olochi所言lpA含义，附带实验结果如下：黄巾军张宝：智力81，战法神算阵法(原诸葛战法)。81智力，lpA=10000，持续时间lp8=500。实际结果=(游戏内)1日半时间90智力，lpA=10000，持续时间lp8=500。实际结果=(游戏内)10日半时间。lpA=3000，持续时间lp8=50。智力=70、80、90、100下，实际结果时间=3天、3天、将近3天半、3天半。新武将：智力107，自制战法，lp8=3000，lpA=1000。游戏时间9号开始释放对敌战法(含减防御和伪报，未测试火计)敌方99智力张任---18号debuff消失;80智力董和---第二月2号debuff消失并行动;76智力的张翼---第二月4号debuff消失并行动;75智力张嶷---第二月5号debuff消失并行动;然后一大票智力不到50的没等到，没粮了。。。lpC：1=lp1C给友方效果。2=debuff影响，不特指兵力削弱、士气减少这两项。3=lp23突击效果4=lp2A转移阵效果注：1.lpC=3的突击效果跟lp23=1不完全挂钩，即使lp23=1而lpC≠3也有突击效果。lpC=3让突击效果可以选择方向。lpD：与lpE共同作用lpE：2有敌方效果，1为己方效果。lpD=1，lpE=2己+敌lpD=0，lpE=1己lpD=1，lpE=1我lpD=1，lpE=2，lpC=2敌lp10：战法效果作用范围lp12：目标使用范围/距离lp14：0lp15：0注：1.lpC=1、lpD=1、lpE=1指定对目标释放技能;如果lp10取正值，则对目标释放群体技能;如果lp10=0，技能无效果。lp2B=1，士气兵力不作用任意方。2.lpC=1、lpD=0、lpE=1指定对目标释放，无论lp10取值如何，都为单体技能。lp2B=1，士气兵力不作用任意方。3.lpC=1、lpD=1、lpE=2技能无效。设定lp2B=1，技能可对自身释放;再设定lp10，技能兵力与士气作用敌方，其他作用单体。4.lpC=2、lpD=0、lpE=1技能无法释放。设定lp2B=1，技能可释放;无论是否设定lp10，兵力与士气都不作用于任意方。5.lpC=2、lpD=1、lpE=1技能对友军释放，建议设定lp10，兵力士气也对友军释放。设定lp2B=1后，兵力士气不作用于任意方。6.lpC=2、lpD=1、lpE=2，建议设定lp10。lp2B=0下，兵力士气对敌不对己，其他诸如攻防对双方都有效!!7.lpC=0、lpD=1、lpE=1，且lp2B=1，士气兵力不作用任意方。8.lpC=0、lpD=1、lpE=2，且lp2B=0，士气兵力作用敌方，其他诸如攻防双方都有效!!lp16：对部队攻击lp17：对建筑物的破坏力(感谢雨文冰璃的说明)lp18：防御lp19：速度lp1A：射程lp1B：都是10lp1C：伤兵回复，100是100%lp1D：士气，游戏内最高200lp1E：lp1F：都是0注：除伤兵回复是按百分比外，攻击、防御、速度、士气都是按照详细数值调整。值=1/0lp20：挑唆lp21：状态恢复(溃逃、挑唆、伪报)lp22：0lp23：突击效果lp24：范围攻击效果，战法中“范围”说明的lp25：连击lp26：火计。水战为火攻船是与lp26挂钩，只有取消lp26才不会导致水战火攻战法变化，但是取消了就没火计效果了!lp27：0lp28：维持士气lp29：伪报lp2A：部队转移各个阵lp2B：士气和兵力变动是否作用与对方。-----其他debuff有用项为lpC=2注：在增益战法下lp2B=1会导致士气、兵力以外数值只对自身有效果。lp2Clp2D：lp2C、lp2D只有少数几个战法是lp2C=0、lp2D=1，自己设定战法时设置双值都是1。实测不出结果。lp2E：“逆境”效果lp2Flp30：跟lp2E同值lp31lp32lp33：0lp34：己方弓兵：【己】+【枪兵】+限制弓兵使用lp35：己方枪兵：【己】+【弓兵】+限制枪兵使用lp36：己方骑兵：【己】+【骑兵】+限制骑兵使用lp34、lp35、lp36其中某项为1时，lp3C需为1。lp37：全方位射击lp38：0lp39：0lp3C：跟lp34、lp35、lp36同出现lp3D：与lp3E共同作用lp3E：lp3d=1、lp3e=2为全兵击lp3d=0、lp3e=3为兵击封印lp3F：作用兵种0=枪兵1=骑兵2=弓兵3=无限制lp40：战法使用者队伍兵种0=仅限枪兵使用1=仅限骑兵使用2=仅限弓兵使用3=无限制例子：54的疾驱指挥lp3F=1、lp40=3为使用者兵种无限制，然作用到骑兵lp41：应该是战法发动时武将喊话。lp44：此值一般取1。虽修改器中突击战法为12、火攻为11、9伪报、8挑唆，但是lp44的值不匹配却依然有(火计、突击、伪报挑唆)作用。lp46：此值最高取值5，感觉一般高级高级战法值会高点，修改战法时可填写5lp5：0-5分别指商、农、兵、士气、指挥、兵科等。lp6：以商业举例，0-2分别表示游戏内部落前1个铜钱图标、2个铜钱图标、3个铜钱图标。此值跟部落影响城池数值无关。lpC：任意修改数值后不需改动lp6也有效。

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通过一个综合数据分析案例：”金庸的江湖——金庸武侠小说中的人物关系挖掘“，来学习和掌握MapReduce程序设计。通过本项目的学习，可以体会如何使用MapReduce完成一个综合性的数据挖掘任务，包括全流程的数据预处理、数据分析、数据后处理等。 1 任务1 数据预处理 1.1 任务描述 从原始的金庸小说文本中，抽取出与人物互动相关的数据，而屏蔽掉与人物关系无关的文本内容，为后面的基于人物共现的分析做准备。 1.2 关键问题 1.2.1 中文分词和人名提取 使用开源的Ansj_seg进行分词。Ansj_seg不仅支持中文分词，还允许用户自定义词典，在分词前，将人名列表到添加用户自定义的词典，可以精确识别金庸武侠小说中的人名。 但实际测试的时候发现，Ansj_seg分词会出现严重的歧义问题，比如“汉子”属于人名列表中的人名(nr)，但Ansj_seg可能会错误地将它分类为名词(n)。因此，如果根据词性提取人名，会导致最后提取的人名太少。解决方法是在提取人名的时候，需要在将人名加入用户自定义词典的同时，构造一个包含所有人名的字典，对分词的结果逐个进行测试，如果在字典里，就是人名。 1.2.2 文件传输 使用HDFS传递数据。考虑到人名列表文件已经存放在了HDFS里，所以使用HDFS的方式不需要移动人名列表文件，只需要在Configuration中设置文件在HDFS文件系统中的路径，然后在Mapper的setup()函数里调用HDFS的函数获取文件内容即可。 1.2.3 单词同现算法 两个单词近邻关系的定义：实验要求中已经说明，同现关系为一个段落。 段落划分：非常庆幸的是，小说原文中一个段落就是一行，因此，不需要自己定义FileInputFormat和RecordReader。 1.3 MapReduce设计 1.3.1 Mapper 1.3.2 Reducer 1.3.3 Driver 2 任务2 特征抽取：人物同现统计 2.1 任务描述 完成基于单词同现算法的人物同现统计。在人物同现分析中，如果两个人在原文的同一段落中出现，则认为两个人发生了一次同现关系。我们需要对人物之间的同现关系次数进行统计，同现关系次数越多，则说明两人的关系越密切。 2.2 关键问题 2.2.1 人名冗余 在同一段中，人名可能多次出现，任务一只负责提取出所有的人名，没有剔除多余的人名，任务必须在输出同现次数之前处理冗余人名。我的做法是在Mapper中创建一个集合，把所有人名放入集合中，集合会自动剔除冗余的人名。 2.2.2 同现次数统计 两个人物之间应该输出两个键值对，如“狄云”和“戚芳”，应该输出“<狄云，戚芳> 1”和“<戚芳，狄云> 1”。多个段落中允许输出相同的键值对，因此，Reducer中需要整合具有相同键的输出，输出总的同现次数。 2.3 MapReduce设计 2.3.1 Mapper 2.3.2 Reducer 3 任务3 特征处理：人物关系图构建与特征归一化 3.1 任务描述 根据任务2人物之间的共现关系，生成人物之间的关系图。人物关系使用邻接表的形式表示，人物是顶点，人物之间关系是边，两个人的关系的密切程度由共现次数体现，共现次数越高，边权重越高。另外需要对共现次数进行归一化处理，确保某个顶点的出边权重和为1。 3.2 关键问题 3.2.1 确保人物的所有邻居输出到相同结点处理 在Mapper结点将输入的键值对“<狄云，戚芳> 1”拆分，输出新的键值对“<狄云> 戚芳:1”，“狄云”的所有邻居会被分配给同一个Reducer结点处理。 3.2.2 归一化 在Reducer结点首先统计该人物与所有邻居同现的次数和sum，每个邻居的的同现次数除以sum就得到共现概率。为了提高效率，在第一次遍历邻居的时候，可以把名字和共现次数保存在链表里，避免重复处理字符串。 3.3 MapReduce设计 3.3.1 Mapper 3.3.2 Reducer 4.1 任务描述 经过数据预处理并获得任务的关系图之后，就可以对人物关系图作数据分析，其中一个典型的分析任务是：PageRank 值计算。通过计算 PageRank，我们就可以定量地获知金庸武侠江湖中的“主角”们是哪些。 4.2 PageRank原理 PageRank算法由Google的两位创始人佩奇和布林在研究网页排序问题时提出，其核心思想是：如果一个网页被很多其它网页链接到，说明这个网页很重要，它的PageRank值也会相应较高；如果一个PageRank值很高的网页链接到另外某个网页，那么那个网页的PageRank值也会相应地提高。 相应地，PageRank算法应用到人物关系图上可以这么理解：如果一个人物与多个人物存在关系连接，说明这个人物是重要的，其PageRank值响应也会较高；如果一个PageRank值很高的人物与另外一个人物之间有关系连接，那么那个人物的PageRank值也会相应地提高。一个人物的PageRank值越高，他就越可能是小说中的主角。 PageRank有两个比较常用的模型：简单模型和随机浏览模型。由于本次设计考虑的是人物关系而不是网页跳转，因此简单模型比较合适。简单模型的计算公式如下，其中Bi为所有连接到人物i的集合，Lj为认为人物j对外连接边的总数： 在本次设计的任务3中，已经对每个人物的边权值进行归一化处理，边的权值可以看做是对应连接的人物占总边数的比例。设表示人物i在人物j所有边中所占的权重，则PageRank计算公式可以改写为： 4.3.2 PageRanklter类 GraphBuilder将数据处理成可供迭代的格式，PageRank的迭代过程由PageRanklter类实现，包含一个Map和Reduce过程。Map过程产生两种类型的<key,value>：<人物名，PageRrank值>，<人物名，关系链表>。第一个人物名是关系链表中的各个链出人物名，其PR值由计算得到；第二个人物名是本身人物名，目的是为了保存该人物的链出关系，以保证完成迭代过程。以上面的输出为例，则Map过程产生的键值对为<完颜萍, 1.0 0.005037>，<小龙女, 1.0 0.017632>，……，<一灯大师, #完颜萍:0.005037783;……>。 Reduce过程将同一人物名的<key,value>汇聚在一起，如果value是PR值，则累加到sum变量；如果value是关系链表则保存为List。遍历完迭代器里所有的元素后输出键值对<人物名，sum#List>，这样就完成了一次迭代过程。 PR值排名不变的比例随迭代次数变化的关系图如下，由于我们考虑的是找出小说中的主角，所以只要关心PR值前100名的人物的排名的变化情况，可以看到迭代次数在10以后，PR值排名不变的比例已经趋于稳定了，所以基于效率考虑，选取10作为PR的迭代次数。 4.3.3 PageRankViewer类 当所有迭代都完成后，我们就可以对所有人物的PageRank值进行排序，该过程由PageRankViewer类完成，包含一个Map和Reduce过程。Map过程只提取迭代过程输出结果中的人物名以及对应的PageRank值，并以PageRank值作为key，人物名作为value输出。为了实现PageRank值从大到小排序，需要实现DescFloatComparator类来重写compare方法以达成逆序排序。由于可能存在PageRank值相同的情况，所以还需要一个reduce过程来把因PageRank值相同而汇聚到一起的人物名拆开并输出。 PageRankMapper PageRankReducer Driver类 5.1 任务描述 标签传播（Label Propagation）是一种半监督的图分析算法，他能为图上的顶点打标签，进行图顶点的聚类分析，从而在一张类似社交网络图中完成社区发现。在人物关系图中，通过标签传播算法可以将关联度比较大的人物分到同一标签，可以直观地分析人物间的关系。 5.2 标签传播算法原理 标签传播算法（Label Propagation Algorithm，后面简称LPA）是由Zhu等人于2002年提出，它是一种基于图的半监督学习方法，其基本思路是用已标记节点的标签信息去预测未标记节点的标签信息。LPA基本过程为：（1）每个结点初始化一个特定的标签值；（2）逐轮更新所有节点的标签，直到所有节点的标签不再发生变化为止。对于每一轮刷新，节点标签的刷新规则如下：对于某一个节点，考察其所有邻居节点的标签，并进行统计，将出现个数最多的那个标签赋值给当前节点。当个数最多的标签不唯一时，随机选择一个标签赋值给当前节点。 LPA与PageRank算法相似，同样需要通过迭代过程来完成。在标签传播算法中，节点的标签更新通常有同步更新和异步更新两种方法。同步更新是指，节点x在t时刻的更新是基于邻接节点在t-1时刻的标签。异步更新是指，节点x在t时刻更新时，其部分邻接节点是t时刻更新的标签，还有部分的邻接节点是t-1时刻更新的标签。若LPA算法在标签传播过程中采用的是同步更新，则在二分结构网络中，容易出现标签震荡的现象。在本次设计中，我们考虑到了两种更新方法，并进行了比较。 5.3 标签传播算法在mapreduce上的实现细节 5.3.1 LPAInit类 为实现LPA的迭代过程，需要先给每个人物赋予一个独特标签，标签初始化由LPAInit类完成，仅包含一个Map过程。标签由数字表示，Map过程由1开始，为每一个人物名赋予一个独特的标签。为了便于后面的可视化分析，我们需要把PageRank值和标签整合在一起，所以LPAInit的输入文件直接采用PageRank过程的输出文件，格式如下： 5.3.2 LPAIteration类 LPAIteration类完成标签的更新过程，其格式与LPAInit的输出格式一致，包含一个Map和Reduce过程。Map过程对输入的每一行进行切割，输出四种格式的<key,value>：<人物名，关系链表>，<人物名，PageRank值>，<人物名，标签>，<链出人物名，标签#起点人物名>。第四种格式个键值对是为了将该节点的标签传给其所有邻居。 Reduce过程对value值进行识别，识别可以通过Map过程把预先定义好的特殊字符如‘#"、‘@"来实现前缀到value上来实现。由于人物关系图中的各个边都是有权重的，并且代表两个人物的相关程度，所以标签更新过程不是用边数最多的标签而是权重最大标签来更新，我们可以预先把权重最大的若干个保存到一个链表中，如果存在多个权重相同的标签，则随机选取一个作为该人名新的标签。异步方法更新标签需要使用一个哈希表来存储已经更新标签的人物名和它们的新标签，并且在更新标签时使用该哈希表里面的标签。同步方法更新标签则不需要存储已更新的标签。 本次设计中比较了同步和异步更新两种方法，下图为标签不变的比例随迭代次数的变化。可以发现，异步收敛速度更快，只要6次迭代即可完全收敛，且标签不变的比例可达100%。而同步更新方法则不能达到100%，说明人物关系图中存在子图是二部子图。 5.3.3 LPAReorganize类 LPA算法迭代收敛后，所有人物名的标签不再变化，但是此时的标签排列是散乱的，需要把同一标签的人物名整合在一起。该过程由LPAReorganize类完成，包含一个Map和Reduce过程。Map过程对输入的每一行进行切割，以<标签，人物名#PageRank值#关系链表>格式输出。Reduce过程中，同一标签的人物名汇聚在一起，然后根据每个标签人物集合的大小从大到小排序，重新赋予标签（从1开始）。这样输出文件中同一标签的人物名就会聚集在一起。最后的输出格式如下： 5.3.2 LPAMapper类 LPAIteration类完成标签的更新过程，其格式与LPAInit的输出格式一致，包含一个Map和Reduce过程。Map过程对输入的每一行进行切割，输出四种格式的<key,value>：<人物名，关系链表>，<人物名，PageRank值>，<人物名，标签>，<链出人物名，标签#起点人物名>。第四种格式个键值对是为了将该节点的标签传给其所有邻居。 5.3.2 LPAReducer类 Reduce过程对value值进行识别，识别可以通过Map过程把预先定义好的特殊字符如‘#"、‘@"来实现前缀到value上来实现。由于人物关系图中的各个边都是有权重的，并且代表两个人物的相关程度，所以标签更新过程不是用边数最多的标签而是权重最大标签来更新，我们可以预先把权重最大的若干个保存到一个链表中，如果存在多个权重相同的标签，则随机选取一个作为该人名新的标签。异步方法更新标签需要使用一个哈希表来存储已经更新标签的人物名和它们的新标签，并且在更新标签时使用该哈希表里面的标签。同步方法更新标签则不需要存储已更新的标签。 Driver类 6.1 可视化工具Gephi Gephi是一款开源的跨平台的基于JVM的复杂网络分析软件。把PageRank和LPA的结果，转化为gexf格式，在Gephi中绘制图像并分析大数据实验结果，更加直观、易于理解。 gexf实际上是一种特殊的XML文件，python的gexf库提供了接口方便我们编辑和生成gexf文件，因此我们选择使用python处理PageRank和LPA的结果。顶点有两种属性，LPA生成的标签和PageRank计算的PR值，每条边的权重是PageRank计算出的值。在可视化的时候，标签决定顶点显示的颜色，PR值决定标签的 6.2 可视化预处理 编写一个python程序transform2xml.py，将数据分析部分得到的PR值，标签以及点连接关系处理成一个可供Gephi读取的gexf文件。 6.3 可视化结果 7 输出结果截图 7.2 同现次数统计 7.4 PageRank