阿卡贝拉乐团New Vorld的团队背景及名字来源

女高音soprano次女高音mezzo soprano女低音alto或contralto抒情女高音Lyric soprano花腔女高音coloratura soprano戏剧女高音dramaltic soprano男高音tenor抒情男高音Lyric tenor戏剧男高音dramatic tenor 男中音bariton 　男低音bass

本体和喻体的意思。修辞学上的tenor和vehicle在文献中的译名比较混乱。原因有二：译者不了解汉语中已经存在现有的名称；常用的非专业性英汉和汉英词典均没有收录tenor和vehicle的修辞含义。因此认为，tenor和vehicle的译名宜统一为“本体”和“喻体”；译者有必要提高汉语水平，以便在需要时能随时调动母语中现有的表达方式；一些大众熟悉的常用术语应该被收录进常用非专业性英汉和汉英词典。

简称6号半，是指号嘴型号。一般来说，数字越小，号嘴的圈越大，后面一般还带有英文字母，6 1/2应该是bach号嘴的型号，后面应该是AL。A是指内膛深度和锥度的型号，L是标准管径。还有BL、BS等型号。一般来说，00、0、1、1 1/2、2等，是低音长号号嘴（bass），从4开始到6 1/2是次中音长号号嘴（tenor），7-10是中音长号号嘴（alto），11-12是爵士长号号嘴。

不同形式的合唱团有不同的声部划分法，不知道您是参加的哪一类。基本上来说，童声合唱团和同声合唱团一般分为高中低三个基本声部（Soprano1，Soprano2，Alto），在男生合唱团里面是男高男中男低（Tenor1,Tenor2, Bass）在有不同的合唱作品时有不同数量的划分，少的一般有两个声部甚至是单旋律，有些作品声部较多，特别是现代音乐，可以到十多个二十个声部。女声，童声和同声中Soprano是音区较高的，音色较嘹亮的声部，而Alto就是音区较低较厚实的。Tenor，也就是男高，相比女高（soprano）来说低一个八度，男低相比女低来说也是基本低一个八度的音区。在混声合唱中，基本声部是四个，女高女低男高男低（Soprano，Alto，Tenor，Bass，简称SATB），也是根据性别和音区划分的。一般女高主旋律角色比较多，男高其次,音色较为明亮但并不是所有时候都是主旋律。而女低和男低一般是和声声部，对音准的要求较高，在有些作品力也担任主旋律声部。而有些以巴赫为主的复调音乐中并不分主旋律声部和和声声部，所以也不是绝对性的说高声部就是主旋律声部。进合唱团的时候的声部划分一般是看音色音准，到之后为了声部之间的平衡也可能会有所改动。我在合唱团里一般是Soprano，因为我的音区较宽所以基本上所有女声声部都能唱。这些全是我多年在合唱团的经验，纯手打，求给分……

当然可以。这种手法在近两个世纪的欧洲音乐里还是时常能见到的，在下图中列举两例。可能你看到的例子还不够多罢了，或者可能你看的书里只列举某一类音乐。例1例2这样其实能大大增加音乐的表现力，让音乐的层次性、戏剧性、逻辑性等都变得更耐人寻味。

大合唱一般由女高音声部（Soprano，简称S）、女低音声部（Alto，简称A）、男高音声部（Tenor，简称T）和男低音声部（Bass，简称B）四个基本声部组成。每个基本声部又可以分为第一、第二两个分声部，共计八个分声部。

顺便补充：还有上低音萨克斯（Baritone），体型大，一般要坐着演奏，为降E调性还有高音萨克斯，比较少见，为降B调性，有点像单簧管最后补充下，还有倍高音萨克斯，很少见（本人也从未见过，见过其他其他4种）

这个根据你的身高了，还有男性女性了，女性一般来讲23就可以了，男性的话可以选择大一号的26的，这个你可以去琴行把玩下，看看具体的情况，毕竟个人的情况是不同的，多看看多听听，我自己玩的是聆听的，感觉还不错

tenor

根据信用证的规定来填——签发日期不能迟于信用证规定的交单期或者有效期，地点当然是受益人的所在地或者所在国——这是最基本的常识。

vo.是主唱Gt.I是第一吉他Gt.II是第二吉他Key.是键盘Ba.是贝司Dr是鼓

上大学

Tenor最初用来称呼 A.华丽奥尔加农 B.圣咏 C.平行奥尔加农 D.不平行奥尔加农 正确答案：B

信用证本体

这位男高音歌唱家和车辆

女高音soprano 次女高音mezzo soprano 女低音alto或contralto 抒情女高音Lyric soprano 花腔女高音coloratura soprano 戏剧女高音dramaltic soprano 男高音tenor 抒情男高音Lyric tenor 戏剧男高音dramatic tenor 男中音bariton 　 男低音bass

不同形式的合唱团有不同的声部划分法，不知道您是参加的哪一类。基本上来说，童声合唱团和同声合唱团一般分为高中低三个基本声部(Soprano1，Soprano2，Alto)，在男生合唱团里面是男高男中男低(Tenor1,Tenor2,Bass)在有不同的合唱作品时有不同数量的划分，少的一般有两个声部甚至是单旋律，有些作品声部较多，特别是现代音乐，可以到十多个二十个声部。女声，童声和同声中Soprano是音区较高的，音色较嘹亮的声部，而Alto就是音区较低较厚实的。Tenor，也就是男高，相比女高(soprano)来说低一个八度，男低相比女低来说也是基本低一个八度的音区。在混声合唱中，基本声部是四个，女高女低男高男低(Soprano，Alto，Tenor，Bass，简称SATB)，也是根据性别和音区划分的。一般女高主旋律角色比较多，男高其次,音色较为明亮但并不是所有时候都是主旋律。而女低和男低一般是和声声部，对音准的要求较高，在有些作品力也担任主旋律声部。而有些以巴赫为主的复调音乐中并不分主旋律声部和和声声部，所以也不是绝对性的说高声部就是主旋律声部。进合唱团的时候的声部划分一般是看音色音准，到之后为了声部之间的平衡也可能会有所改动。我在合唱团里一般是Soprano，因为我的音区较宽所以基本上所有女声声部都能唱。这些全是我多年在合唱团的经验，纯手打，求给分……

tuba 大号trombone 长号triangle 三角铁tambourine 铃鼓tablas 手鼓tenor drum 高音鼓trumpet 小号tenor horn 次中音号timpani 定音鼓

四个声部由高到低分别是：Soprano（女高音）、Alto（女低音）、Tenor（男高音）、Bass（男低音）。

人声作为合唱艺术的表现工具，有着其独特的优越性，能够最直接地表达音乐作品中的思想情感，激发听众的情感共鸣。音域宽广。合唱的音域是所有参与者音域的总合，从男低声部的最低音到女高声部的最高音可达到三个半至四个八度。音色丰富。在合唱中可包含男女高、中、低声部中所有的戏剧、抒情种类，还有每个人的不同音色，以及各种音色的不同组合情况。力度变化大。从最弱的ppp到最强的fff，都是合唱所能够胜任的力度变化范围，任何个人都是不能与之媲美的。音响层次多。由于合唱是多声部音乐，不同的和弦、不同的和弦转位、不同的声部组合、不同的力度级别、不同的音色变化等等，都会产生不同的音响效果和层次。表现力强。合唱可以表现各种种类的作品，不论主调音乐还是复调音乐、不论任何历史时期、不论任何情绪、不论任何风格的作品，都可以通过合唱来进行完美的表现。

Act IIn front of the imperial palace.A Mandarin announces the law of the land ( Popolo di Pekino! - "Any man who desires to wed Turandot must first answer her three riddles. If he fails, he will be beheaded" ). The Prince of Persia has failed and is to be beheaded at moonrise. As the crowd surges towards the gates of the palace, the imperial guards brutally repulse them, a blind old man is pushed to the ground. His slave-girl, Liù, cries for help. A young man hears her cry and recognizes the old man as his long-lost father, Timur, the deposed king of Tartary. The young Prince of Tartary is overjoyed seeing his father alive but urges him not to speak his name because he fears the Chinese rulers who have conquered Tartary. Timur tells his son that of all his servants, only Liù has remained faithful to him. When the Prince asks her why, she tells him that once, long ago in the palace, he smiled upon her (The crowd, Liù, Prince of Tartary, Timur: Indietro, cani! ).The moon rises, and the crowd"s cries for blood turn into silence. The doomed Prince of Persia is led before the crowd on his way to execution. The young Prince is so handsome that the crowd, the Prince of Tartary too is moved to compassion and calls Turandot to spare his life (The crowd, Prince of Tartary : O giovinetto! ). She appears, and with a single imperious gesture orders the execution to continue. The Prince of Tartary, who has never seen Turandot before, falls immediately in love. As he cries out her name with joy, the crowd screams in horror: The Prince of Persia has been beheaded.The Prince of Tartary is dazzled by Turandot"s beauty. He is about to rush towards the gong and strike it three times; the symbolic gesture of whoever wishes to marry Turandot when the ministers Ping, Pong, and Pang appear and urge him cynically ( Fermo, che fai? ) not to lose his head for Turandot but to go back to his own country.Timur urges his son to desist, and Liù, who is secretly in love with the Prince, pleads with him in her acclaimed ( Signore, ascolta! ) not to attempt the riddles. Liu"s words touch his heart. The Prince tells Liu to make exile more bearable and never to abandon his father if the Prince fails to answer the riddles ( Non piangere, Liù - "Don"t cry, Liù" ) . The three ministers, Timur and Liù try one last time to hold the Prince ( Ah! Per l"ultima volta! ) but he refuses to listen.He utters Turandot"s name three times and rushes to the gong that hangs in front of the palace. He strikes the gong three times declaring himself a suitor. From the palace balcony, Turandot accepts the challenge.[edit] Act II[edit] Scene 1A pavilion in the imperial palace. Before sunrise.Ping, grand chancellor (Baritone), Pang, grand purveyor (Tenor), and Pong, grand cook (Tenor) from Act 2 Scene 1. This is from the 2002 coproduction of the Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg and the Festspielhaus Baden-Baden.Ping, Pang, and Pong lament their place as ministers, poring over palace documents and presiding over endless rituals. They prepare themselves for either a wedding or a funeral (Ping, Pang, Pong: Ola, Pang! ) . Ping suddenly longs for his country house in Honan, with its small lake surrounded by bamboo. Pong remembers his grove of forests near Tsiang, and Pang recalls his gardens near Kiu. The three share fond memories of life away from the palace (Ping, Pang, Pong: Ho una casa nell"Honan ) but are shaken back to the realities of Turandot"s bloody reign. They continually accompany young men to death and recall their ghastly fate.As the palace trumpet sounds, the ministers ready themselves for another spectacle as they await the entrance of the Emperor.[edit] Scene 2The courtyard of the palace. Sunrise.Screenshot from the same production, Act 2 Scene 2.The Emperor Altoum, father of Turandot, sits on his grand throne in his palace. He urges the Prince to withdraw his challenge but the Prince refuses (Altoum, the Prince: Un giuramento atroce ). Turandot enters and explains ( In questa reggia ) that her ancestor of millennia past, Princess Lo-u-Ling, was ravished and murdered by a foreigner, and now out of revenge she has sworn to never let any man possess her. She warns the Prince to withdraw, but again he refuses.The Princess presents her first riddle ( Straniero, ascolta! ) "What is born each night and dies each dawn?" The Prince correctly replies, "Hope."The Princess, unnerved, presents her second riddle ( Guizza al pari di fiamma ) "What flickers red and warm like a flame, but is not fire?" The Prince thinks for a moment before replying, "Blood". Turandot is shaken. The crowd cheers the Prince, provoking Turandot"s anger.She presents her third riddle ( Gelo che ti da foco ) "What is like ice, but burns like fire?" As the prince thinks, Turandot taunts him. Suddenly he cries out victory and announces, "Turandot!"The crowd cheers for the triumphant Prince. Turandot throws herself at her father"s feet and pleads with him not to leave her to the Prince"s mercy. The Emperor insists that an oath is sacred, and it is Turandot"s duty to wed the Prince (Turandot, Altoum, the Prince: Figlio del cielo ). As she cries out in anger, the Prince stops her, saying that he has a proposal for her. "You do not know my name. Bring me my name before sunrise, and at sunrise, I will die" ( Tre enigmi m"hai proposto ). Turandot accepts. The Emperor declares that he hopes to call the Prince his son come sunrise.[edit] Act III[edit] Scene 1The palace gardens. Night.In the distance, heralds call out Turandot"s command ( Cosi comanda Turandot - "This night, none shall sleep in Peking! The penalty for all will be death if the Prince"s name is not discovered by morning" ). The Prince waits for dawn and anticipates his victory by singing "Nobody shall sleep!... Nobody shall sleep! Even you, O Princess" ( Nessun dorma ).Ping, Pong, and Pang appear and offer the Prince women and riches if he will only give up Turandot ( Tu che guardi le stelle ), but he refuses. A group of soldiers then drag in Timur and Liù. They have been seen speaking to the Prince, so they must know his name. Turandot enters and orders Timur and Liù to speak. The Prince feigns ignorance, saying they know nothing. Liù declares that she alone knows the Prince"s name, but she will not reveal it. Ping demands the Prince"s name, and when she refuses, she is tortured. Turandot is clearly taken by Liù"s resolve and asks her who put so much strength in her heart. Liù answers "Princess, Love!". Turandot demands that Ping tear the Prince"s name from Liù, and he orders her to be tortured. Liù counters Turandot ( Tu che di gel sei cinta ), saying that she too shall learn love. Having spoken, Liù seizes a dagger from a soldier"s belt and stabs herself. As she staggers towards the Prince and falls dead, the crowd screams for her to speak the Prince"s name. Since Timur is blind, he must be told about Liù"s death, and he cries out in anguish. Timur warns that the gods will be offended by this outrage, and the crowd is subdued with shame and fear. The grieving Timur and the crowd follow Liù"s body as it is carried away. Everybody departs leaving the Prince and Turandot. He reproaches Turandot for her cruelty (The Prince, Turandot: Principessa di morte ) and then takes her in his arms and kisses her in spite of her resistance.Here Puccini"s work ends. The remainder of the music was completed by Franco Alfano.The Prince tries to convince Turandot to love him. At first she is disgusted, but after he kisses her, she feels herself turning towards passion. She asks him to ask for nothing more but leave, taking his mystery with him. The Prince however, reveals his name, "Calàf, son of Timur" and places his life in Turandot"s hand. She can now destroy him if she wants (Turandot, Calàf: Del primo pianto ).[edit] Scene 2The courtyard of the palace. Dawn.Turandot and Calàf approach the Emperor"s throne. She declares that she knows the Prince"s name: "It is ... love!" ( Diecimila anni al nostro Imperatore! ).The crowd cheers and acclaims the two lovers ( O sole! Vita! Eternita ).

中国第一男高音刚开始工资只有32块钱男高音(Tenor)指声乐曲中女高音、女低音与男低音之间的一个声部。按音质、音色、音区等不同特点分为：抒情花腔男高音(lirico-Leggero tenor)、抒情男高音(lyric tenor)和戏剧男高音(dramatic tenor)。在歌剧发展史上，男高音占有十分重要的地位，第一男主角多为男高音歌唱家扮演。当阉人歌手还霸占歌剧舞台时，一位男歌手以真正的声音唱出高音C，罗西尼还批评他像是“被阉掉的公鸡”，但如今男高音却是最能激发观众肾上腺激素的灵丹妙药。尤其杰出的男高音非常难得，艺术价值远远超过其他歌手数倍之多。

8个孔的竖笛基本指法如下：1.学习1、2、5指法，先练习熟练指法，再练习难度较高的指法。2.练习时采用叉口指法，注意听具体的音准。3.双手半握拳，掌心相对，左手在上右手在下。竖笛介绍如下：竖笛是欧洲一种历史悠久的木管乐器，从中世纪起开始使用，它起源于15世纪的意大利，十六至十八世纪盛行于欧洲各国。竖笛音色优美圆润，是欧洲重要的管乐器，也是巴洛克时代的标准独奏乐器。竖笛在世界发达国家中，无论是在专业音乐表演还是在普通音乐教育中，都在发挥着巨大的作用。从维也纳音乐学院这些世界著名的音乐学府到普通中小学校，到处都能见到这种雅俗共赏的乐器。专业的竖笛乐团和竖笛研究学会也比比皆是。世界各国还经常举办竖笛比赛，世界各地的电台和电视台经常播放竖笛音乐。竖笛已成为当今世界上最受欢迎的乐器之一。竖笛的音色纯正清丽，柔和轻盈，被称为“柔和的笛子”、“像鸟唱歌的笛子”。它以自然呼吸的力度即可吹响，这样，人们从初学开始，就很容易获得美妙的乐音。竖笛通常是八孔的，为系列乐器，常用于演奏的有五种，分别是超高音笛(Sopranino)、高音笛(Soprano或Descant)、中音笛(Alto或Treble)、次中音笛(Tenor)和低音笛(Bass)。将这些竖笛组成乐队，可以演奏丰富多彩的音乐。“六孔竖笛”是竖笛和中华传统乐器竹笛的结合体，指法与“八孔的”竖笛有较大差别。竖笛又属于十二平均律乐器，可以任意转调，音域在两个八度以上，表现力极为丰富。因而，学习竖笛同学习任何一种西洋乐器一样，都能有效培养人的固定音高概念、有效提高人的音乐专业素养。在很多国家，竖笛已成为拥有最大的学习人群的热门乐器，在中国也是如此。

最正常普通的是，1 4 5 1，主到下属到属

单声部就是这个曲子只有一个声部，而多声部你要仔细听就会发现里面有很多旋律声部，每一个声部都可以单独拿出来作为旋律欣赏的。二声部指的是旋律、音色、音区，不同或相同的两个声部配合的进行。就是高声部与低声部。一般高声部为旋律声部。三声部 自然指负责中音区域的了 一般说的女中音 男中音 四部和声　　通俗一点讲，四部和声就是各自的声部中，按照和声进行使相互独立的各声部进行有组 　　织的结合。在这四部和声中，它们与人声的四种声乐类型是相一致的，通常我们把最高的声 　　部称作旋律声部。在乐谱上，是以大谱表方式来进行记谱，由高到低分别为：女高音（或叫 　　做高音部），女低音（或叫做中音部），男高音（或叫做次中音部），男低音（或叫做低音部）。 　　其中，女声的声部用高音谱号来标记，男声的声部用低音谱号来标记。

信用证本体:以货物到达...120天以内经由哪或者到达哪得看你的前后文

SopranoSax是高音萨克斯，也就是最常见的直管萨克斯。TenorSax是次中音萨克斯，就是大的而且弯脖处像波浪形一样的弯管萨克斯。两者在音域上的区别正好差了1个八度的音高。

金属笛头和胶木笛头。杜考夫有金属笛头和胶木笛头，其中以金属吹嘴较为闻名。笛头的型号也是由两个部份组成一个是笛头的开度，用阿拉伯数字来表示，数字越大开度也越大。另一个部份则是笛头内部的形状，以英文字母表示，有D、S、M、L、P、H等几种。以D型金属笛头为例，有D4到D10几种不同开度可以选择。D4是开口最小的，D10是开口最大的，D6到D8是比较是中的开口大小。M型的音色较D型暗。S型的笛头内部膛较小。S、LD型只有做Tenor的笛头。

葡萄牙。十九世纪时，来自葡萄牙的移民带着Ukulele来到了夏威夷，成为当地类似小型吉他的乐器。二十世纪初时，Ukulele在美国各地获得关注，并渐渐传到了国际间。与吉他的区别：尤克里里只有四根弦，吉他有六根。与吉他相同之处：都属于拨弦乐器，定音方式相同（四弦三弦二弦一弦的空弦音都间隔为四度、三度、四度）。Ukulele常见的外形有两种，一种是吉他型，一种是菠萝型。一般来说菠萝型的共鸣稍好，音色更加特别，吉他型音色更加传统，但实际两者区别并不太大。一般常见的四种尺寸：Ukulele分成高音（soprano）、中音（concert）、次中音（tenor）与低音（baritone）四种尺寸，大小和构造都会影响Ukulele的音色与音量。

看看基础乐理吧

Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI[1] (October 12, 1935 – September 6, 2007) was a celebrated Italian tenor in operatic music, who successfully crossed into popular music becoming one of the most beloved vocal performers. Known for his televised concerts, media appearances, and as one of The Three Tenors, Pavarotti was also noted for a charity work benefiting refugees, the Red Cross, and other causes.He was born in Modena to a family of a baker with a good tenor voice. After abandoning the dream to become a professional football (soccer) goalkeeper, and spending seven years in vocal training, Pavarotti began in 1961 as a tenor in Italy, and then he sang in houses in The Netherlands, Vienna, London, Ankara, Budapest, and Barcelona. The young tenor earned both valuable experience and significant recognition, while touring on the invitation of soprano Joan Sutherland, and during his 1965 US debut in Miami on her recommendation. His position was solidified in the years between 1966 and 1972, during which Pavarotti first appeared at Milan"s La Scala, other major European houses, and - in 1968 - NYC"s Metropolitan Opera (Met) to great acclaim.By the mid-1970s, the tenor became known worldwide, famed for the brilliance and beauty of his tone, especially into the upper register.[2] His "high C" became one of his trademarks. The late 1970s and 1980s saw Pavarotti making significant appearances in the world"s opera houses and establishing himself as one of the great singers of the era.Popular stardom came at the 1990 World Cup in Italy with the performances of Nessun Dorma from Turandot and as one of The Three Tenors in their famed first concert held on the eve of the final match of the tournament (repeated at later Cups). Pavarotti sang together with fellow star tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and brought to the much wider audience hits previously confined to the opera world. Appearances in advertisements and with pop icons in concerts around the world furthered his influence. Pavarotti always maintained his identity, as an opera star, unlike many crossover artists.The later years brought a decline in ability to perform on stage due to a weight gain and lack of mobility. Pavarotti"s final appearance in an opera was at the Met in March 2004. The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy saw him performing for the last time. Pavarotti sang Nessun dorma, with the crowd as its Chorus, and got a thunderous standing ovation. In 2007, he died at home in Modena from pancreatic cancer.

由男声和女声共同演唱的合唱。混声合唱是合唱艺术中的重要组成部分，是指由女声（或童声）与男声混合组织的合唱。具体一般说来是由女高音声部（Soprano，简称S）、女低音声部（Alto，简称A）、男高音声部（Tenor，简称T）和男低音声部（Bass，简称B）四个基本声部组成的。

需不需要汇票，一定要看信用证中的要求，如果信用证需要，就要按照信用证的要求出具，否则就不能提供汇票，因为有些国家提供汇票要缴纳印花税，所以不需汇票，

alto horn

trumpet 小号

30days at sight没有这种说法的，如果有的话，与30days after sight，都是见票后30天。

New book issuance.

　　每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡,就是Research Proposal的写作.它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”,是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向,也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在?可能有何成果?为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准?不知道是否可以说,好的proposal是研究成功的一半.但实际而功利的说,如果你的proposal很烂,可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会.　　How to write a research proposal?　　能否写出漂亮的proposal,本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准.但形式也很重要.英文的Research Proposal自有一套“八股”.程式化和结构化的好处就在于,可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上,而不是为形式分神.对于非英语native speaker的我们,如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势,也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识.下面这篇流传甚广的Research Proposal写作指南,言简意赅,颇具启发,对我自己的写作有所帮助,也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利.[点击这里,查看更多关于RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及GRANT PROPOSAL、PROJECT PROPOSAL写作的网上资源]　　文章作者Paul T. P. Wong, Ph.D., C.Psych. (Research Director, Graduate Program in Counselling Psychology. Trinity Western University Langley, BC, Canada). 题为：How to Write a Research Proposal. 全文转载如下：　　Most students and beginning researchers do not fully understand what a research proposal means, nor do they understand its importance. To put it bluntly, one"s research is only as a good as one"s proposal. An ill-conceived proposal dooms the project even if it somehow gets through the Thesis Supervisory Committee. A high quality proposal, on the other hand, not only promises success for the project, but also impresses your Thesis Committee about your potential as a researcher.　　A research proposal is intended to convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it. Generally, a research proposal should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study.　　Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.　　The proposal should have sufficient information to convince your readers that you have an important research idea, that you have a good grasp of the relevant literature and the major issues, and that your methodology is sound.　　The quality of your research proposal depends not only on the quality of your proposed project, but also on the quality of your proposal writing. A good research project may run the risk of rejection simply because the proposal is poorly written. Therefore, it pays if your writing is coherent, clear and compelling.　　This paper focuses on proposal writing rather than on the development of research ideas.　　TITLE:　　It should be concise and descriptive. For example, the phrase, “An investigation of . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader"s interest, but also predisposes him/her favourably towards the proposal.　　ABSTRACT:　　It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings. Descriptions of the method may include the design, procedures, the sample and any instruments that will be used.　　INTRODUCTION:　　The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is perhaps the biggest problem in proposal writing.　　If the research problem is framed in the context of a general, rambling literature review, then the research question may appear trivial and uninteresting. However, if the same question is placed in the context of a very focused and current research area, its significance will become evident.　　Unfortunately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no prescription on how to write an interesting and informative opening paragraph. A lot depends on your creativity, your ability to think clearly and the depth of your understanding of problem areas.　　However, try to place your research question in the context of either a current “hot” area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify “key players” and refer to the most relevant and representative publications. In short, try to paint your research question in broad brushes and at the same time bring out its significance.　　The introduction typically begins with a general statement of the problem area, with a focus on a specific research problem, to be followed by the rational or justification for the proposed study. The introduction generally covers the following elements:　　1. State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study.　　2. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance.　　3. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.　　4. Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.　　5. Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study.　　6. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.)　　7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus.　　8. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)　　LITERATURE REVIEW:　　Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introduction section. However, most professors prefer a separate section, which allows a more thorough review of the literature.　　The literature review serves several important functions:　　1. Ensures that you are not “reinventing the wheel”.　　2. Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research.　　3. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem.　　4. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question.　　5. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information.　　6. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature.　　7. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.　　8. Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).　　Most students" literature reviews suffer from the following problems:　　* Lacking organization and structure　　* Lacking focus, unity and coherence　　* Being repetitive and verbose　　* Failing to cite influential papers　　* Failing to keep up with recent developments　　* Failing to critically evaluate cited papers　　* Citing irrelevant or trivial references　　* Depending too much on secondary sources　　Your scholarship and research competence will be questioned if any of the above applies to your proposal.　　There are different ways to organize your literature review. Make use of subheadings to bring order and coherence to your review. For example, having established the importance of your research area and its current state of development, you may devote several subsections on related issues as: theoretical models, measuring instruments, cross-cultural and gender differences, etc.　　It is also helpful to keep in mind that you are telling a story to an audience. Try to tell it in a stimulating and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejection of your worthy proposal. (Remember: Professors and scientists are human beings too.)　　METHODS:　　The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It will provide your work plan and describe the activities necessary for the completion of your project.　　The guiding principle for writing the Method section is that it should contain sufficient information for the reader to determine whether methodology is sound. Some even argue that a good proposal should contain sufficient details for another qualified researcher to implement the study.　　You need to demonstrate your knowledge of alternative methods and make the case that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid way to address your research question.　　Please note that your research question may be best answered by qualitative research. However, since most mainstream psychologists are still biased against qualitative research, especially the phenomenological variety, you may need to justify your qualitative method.　　Furthermore, since there are no well-established and widely accepted canons in qualitative analysis, your method section needs to be more elaborate than what is required for traditional quantitative research. More importantly, the data collection process in qualitative research has a far greater impact on the results as compared to quantitative research. That is another reason for greater care in describing how you will collect and analyze your data. (How to write the Method section for qualitative research is a topic for another paper.)　　For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:　　1. Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose?　　2. Subjects or participants – Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use?　　3. Instruments – What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?　　4. Procedure – How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?

GB2828有明确的规定：小于和等于10的合格质量水平,可以是每百单位产品不合格品数,也可以使每百单位不合格数,大于10的合格质量水平,仅仅是每百单位产品不合格数. 你的理解基本正确.AQL=2.5表示2000个产品有50个产品不合格,也就是产品不合格率是2.5%；也可以表示为2000个产品有50个产品不合格数（一个产品上可能有了几个不合格点）,也就是每百单位产品不合格数为2.5.而AQL=1000只能表示为每百单位产品不合格数是1000（即平均每件产品上有十个不合格点,也有可能1件产品的不合格点有1000个,其他99件没有不合格点）.

dog.pig.cat.sheep.cow.

乌托邦的英文翻译为：utopian。utopian不单译为乌托邦，作名词时还译为空想的社会主义者；空想家；乌托邦居民。作形容词时还译为乌托邦的；空想完美主义的。例如：1、The Analysis of Three Dimensions of Utopian Literature.（论乌托邦文学的三个维度。）2、These proposals, therefore, are of a purely Utopian character.（因此，这些主张本身还带有纯粹空想的性质。）3、Cogitation on Tolstoy Utopian thought,the Bible and modern society.（托尔斯泰乌托邦思想及《圣经》与现代社会之思考。）乌托邦是一个理想的群体和社会的构想，名字由托马斯·摩尔的《乌托邦》一书中所写的完全理想的共和国“乌托邦”而来。意指理想完美的境界，特别是用于表示法律、政府及社会情况。其本意是“没有的地方”或者“好地方”。还可以理解延伸为还有理想，不可能完成的好事情。

She was present at the show

冷菜 cold dish 叉烧肉 roast pork fillet 酱肚 braised pork tripe with soy sauce 红油肚丝 boiled shredded tripes with chilli/chili oil 凉拌肚丝 shredded tripes with soy sauce 凉拌腰片 boiled liver with salt; salted liver 拌腰片 boiled liver with salt; salted liver 酱牛肉 braised beef with soy sauce; spiced beef 红油牛筋 boiled beef tendons with chilli/chili oil 咸水羊肉 boiled mutton with salt; salted mutton 凉拌鸡丝 shredded chicken with soy sauce白片鸡 sliced steamed chicken盐水鸡 boiled chicken with salt; salted chicken 童子油鸡 boiled tender chicken with soy sauce; soy tender chicken 白沾鸡 boiled tender chicken with soy sauce; soy tender chicken 白斩鸡 boiled tender chicken with soy sauce; soy tender chicken 蚝油白鸡 boiled chicken with oyster sauce 白片鸡 boiled tender chicken slices 红油鸡丁 boiled diced chicken with chilli/chili soil 麻辣鸡 boiled chicken with chilli/chili and wild pepper sauce 卤鸡杂 boiled chicken giblets with spices; spiced chicken giblets 酱鸡 braised chicken with soy sauce 酱鸭 braised duck with soy sauce 盐水鸭 boil duck with salt; salted duck 盐水鸭肝 boiled duck liver with salt; salted duck liver 卤鸭 boiled duck with spices; spiced duck; pot-stewed duck in soy sauce卤鸭翅 boiled duck wings with spices; spiced duck wings 姜芽鸭片 boiled sliced duck with ginger 红油鸭丁 boiled diced duck with chilli/chili oil 咸鱼 salted fish 熏鱼 smoked fish 姜汁鱼片 boiled fish slices with ginger sauce红油鱼肚 boiled fish maw with chilli/chili oil 红油虾片 boiled prawn slices with chilli/chili oil 凉拌海带 shredded kelp with soy sauce 凉拌海蛰 shredded jelly-fish with soy sauce 小葱拌豆腐 bean curd mixed with chopped green onion 凉拌豆芽菜 bean sprouts salad 凉拌干丝 shredded dried bean curd salad 卤香干 boiled bean cheese with spices; spicy bean cheese 酸黄瓜 pickled cucumber 酱黄瓜 pickled cucumber with soy sauce 泡菜 pickles; pickled vegetables; sauerkraut 朝鲜泡菜 kimchi 酱菜 pickles; pickled vegetables 小菜 pickles; pickled vegetables 咸菜 pickles; salted vegetables 酸菜 pickled Chinese cabbage

绿水青山就是金山银山从根本上更新了关于自然资源的传统认识，打破了发展与保护对立的束缚，树立了保护自然环境就是保护人类、建立生态文明就是造福人类的新理念。对这一包含极其丰富而深刻的理论和实践逻辑的重要论述。对这一包含极其丰富而深刻的理论和实践逻辑的重要论述。要建设的现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化。 绿水青山就是金山银山从根本上更新了关于自然资源的传统认识，打破了发展与保护对立的束缚，树立了保护自然环境就是保护人类、建立生态文明就是造福人类的新理念。对这一包含极其丰富而深刻的理论和实践逻辑的重要论述。对这一包含极其丰富而深刻的理论和实践逻辑的重要论述。要建设的现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化。一切生命都起源于大自然、从属于大自然，人与自然和谐统一，坚持生态优先，不断创造条件让绿水青山源源不断地带来金山银山。 绿水青山就是金山银山探索实践：在经济发展的过程中，浙江一些地方发生了对绿水青山造成破坏的现象，为此，坚守“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念，必须加强环境的治理与生态的修复工作，重新恢复绿水青山。

直接回答：AQL2.5比AQL4.0严格一个检验等级。问题扩展：AQL（average quality level）即平均质量水平，它是检验的一个参数，不是标准。你可以这样理解（仅作为理解），AQL2.5是一百件左右的成品不允许超过2.5件次品。AQL是4.0一百件左右的成品不允许有超过4件次品。但实际上不是按照这个比率计算次品率，而是有一个国际通用的抽样参数表。这个表里为我们提供一个抽查比率及合格和不合格的点。例如服装AQL验货标准，我们在这个表中抽出一组数据，如果你的产品数量在3201-10000件的范围，将抽查200件产品来检验。1，如果参照AQL2.5的标准，在你这200件的产品里，有10件以下的次品，可以判定你的产品通过检验，如果有11件及以上的次品，你的产品就将被判定不合格。2，如果参照AQL4.0的标准，在你这200件的产品里，有14件以下的次品，可以判定你的产品通过检验，如果有15件及以上的次品，你的产品就将被判定不合格。实际上，很多产品在很多情况下AQL2.5与AQL4.0是同时存在的，AQL2.5被作为主要点（major）的参照，AQL4.0被作为次要点（minor）的参照。至于这个表在哪里找，当然去百度喽，在百度文库里也有相关的书目。

AQL : ACCEPTABLE QUALITY LIMIT接收质量限的缩写，即当一个连续系列批被提交验收时，可允许的最差过程平均质量水平。 AQL普遍应用于出口服装，纺织品检验上，AQL的标准有AQL0.010，AQL0.015，AQL0.025，AQL0.040，AQL0.065，AQL0.10，AQL0.15，AQL0.25，AQL0。40，AQL0。65，AQL1.0，AQL1.5，AQL2.5，AQL4.0，AQL6.5，AQL10，AQL15，AQL25 ，AQL40 ，AQL65，AQL100，AQL150，AQL250，AQL400，AQL650，AQL1000。不同的AQL标准应用于不同物质的检验上。在AQL 抽样时，抽取的数量相同，而AQL后面跟的数值越小，允许的瑕疵数量就越少，说明品质要求越高，检验就相对较严。下面就不同的AQL列表说明： 验货的时候根据：批量范围、检查水平、AQL值决定抽样的数量和合格与不合格产品的数量。服装质量检查采用一次抽样方案，服装批量的合格质量水平(AQL)为2.5，检查水平为一般检查水平，检查的严格度为正常检查。其抽样方案见表: 正常检查一次抽样方案(AQL-2.5) AQL是----ACCEPT QUALITY LEVEL 的简称，是一个国际标准， 1 ） AC=Acceptable number =使用箭头下面的第一个数值 =使用箭头上面的第一数值 抽样数量是以一般检验II级检验水平来进行的。 2） AQL0.010----0。10 是用电子产品，医疗器械等检验 AQL1.0----6.5 是用于服装，纺织品等检验 它指的是一个抽样参数，一般用于批量生产，检验人员样本抽检并检验合格与否的参数表 说明：当订单数量≤抽查件数时，将该订单数量看作抽查件数，抽样方案的判定数组[Ac，Re]保持不变： Ac——Accept（合格判定数）； Re——Rcject（不合格判定数）。 举例一：有一批服装的订单数是3000件，按照AQL2.5标准抽查125件，次品数≤7就PASS（通过），次品数≥8就FAIL（不合格）。 举例二：订单数为7件，按AQL2.5标准抽查5件，无次品就PASS，有一件次品都FAIL；如果按照AQL4.0标准则只抽查3件，无次品就PASS AQL2.5/4.0抽查检验表（GB2828-87） 订单数量 抽查件数 AQL2.5 AQL4.0 Ac Re AC RE 2—8 3 0 1 5 0 1 9—15 3 0 1 5 0 1 16—25 5 0 1 13 0 1 26—50 5 0 1 13 1 2 51—90 13 1 2 20 1 2 91—150 20 1 2 2 3 151—280 32 2 3 3 4 281—500 50 3 4 5 6 501—1200 80 5 6 7 8 1201—3200 125 7 8 10 11 3201—10000 200 10 11 14 15 10001—35000 315 14 15 21 22

春夏新装发布会Chun xia new conference

可以find sth +形容词 【发现某物.....】我真希望你会发现这些建议管用。

妈妈，妈咪，麻麻，娘