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英语专四写作如何表达观点

2023-08-17 07:58:21
TAG: 英语 写作
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wio

  英语专四大小 作文 满分加起来25分,能否顺利通过专四考试,作文占据着重要地位。要想作文获得高分,首先要给阅卷老师留下美好的印象。由于老师们阅卷过程比较枯燥,所以一定要使自己的 文章 在约1分钟的阅读时间内,迅速地在他们的脑海中形成较多的兴奋点。

  英语专四写作如何表达观点

  1. 表示好处

  1)It has the following advantages.

  2)It does us a lot of good.

  3)It benefits us quite a lot.

  4)It is beneficial to us.

  5)It is of great benefit to us.

  例如: Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.

  2. 表示原因

  1)There are three reasons for this.

  2)The reasons for this are as follows.

  3)The reason for this is obvious.

  4)The reason for this is not far to seek.

  5)The reason for this is that...

  例如: There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peopleu2019s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.

  3.表示坏处

  1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.

  2)It does us much harm.

  3)It is harmfulto us.

  例如: However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.

  4.表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

  1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.

  2)We think it necessary to do sth.

  3)It plays an important role in our life.

  例如: Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age

  5.表示 措施

  1)We should take some effective measures

  2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.

  3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.

  4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.

  例如: The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.

  6.表示变化

  1)Some changes have taken place in the past five years.

  2)A great change will certainly be produced in the worldu2019s communications.

  3)The computer has brought about many changes in education.

  例如:Some changes have taken place in peopleu2019s diet in the past five years.The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek.Nowadays,more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein,and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins.

  7.表示事实、现状

  1)We cannot ignore the fact that...

  2)No one can deny the fact that...

  3)There is no denying the fact that...

  4)This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in.

  5)However,thatu2019s not the case.

  例如:We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution.To solve these problems,we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution.The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment.

  8.表示比较

  1)Compared with A,B...

  2)I prefer to read rather than watch TV.

  3)There is a striking contrast between them.

  例如:Compared with cars,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable.Firstly,they do not consume natural resources of petroleum.Secondly,they do not cause the pollution problem.Last but not least,they contribute to peopleu2019s health by giving them due physical exercise.

  9.表示数量

  1)It has increased(decreased)from...to...

  2)The population in this city has now increased(decreased)to 800,000.

  3)The output of July in this factory increased by 15%compared with that of January.

  例如: With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of peopleu2019s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased.

  再如: From the graph listed above,itcan be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000.

  注:“From the graph listed above,it can be seen that”见句式12。考生将句式9和句式12结合在一起,便可较好地写出2002年6月CET-4、6短文写作的第一段。

  10.表示看法

  1)People have(take,adopt,assume)different attitudes towards sth.

  2)People have different opinions on this problem.

  3)People take different views of(on)the question.

  4)Some people believe that...Others argue that...

  例如: People have different attitudes towards failure.Some believe that failure leads to success. Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor.However,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers. 注:一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始,考生应掌握这一写作 方法 。

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2023-08-10 06:58:491

英语作文范文:我对出国留学的一些观点

以下是 英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的《英语作文范文:我对出国留学的一些观点》,供大家参考。更多内容请看本站 写作翻译 频道。 出国留学有利也有弊,有些人觉得不好,有些人却赞同,你是怎么认为的呢? Nowadays, study abroad has increasingly become a hot topic in campus with the improvement of the people"s life standard and the fast development of student exchange programs. However, there are some different views about going abroad to study. 现在,随着生活水平的提高以及交换生项目的快速发展,出国留学已经不断成为校园的热题。然而,有的人对出国留学持有不同观点。 Some people are in favor of the idea of going abroad to study. They point out the fact that it is a great opportunity for those who study abroad to be exposed to more new ideas and trends and broaden their horizons in a great degree. They also argue that those who study abroad can get more in touch with the foreign cultures and have a better surrounding to learn language well. In addition, they also consider that it is a better choice for those who depend on their parents too much to be independent. 有的人赞成出国留学的想法。他们指出,事实上,这对那些出国留学的人来说是个很好的机会。他们可以接触到更多新的思想潮流,这在很大程度上能够拓展他们的 视野。他们还认为,那些出国留学的人可以更好的接触外国文化,有更好的环境学好语言。另外,他们认为这对那些过于依赖父母而不能独立的人来说是更好的选 择。 On the contrary, other people stand on a different ground. They consider that it is harmful for the students who study abroad. They firmly point out that learning a foreign language and communicating smoothly with the local people is far from an easy thing at the outset for most students. What"s worse, it also takes time for students to adapt themselves to a new diet, custom, set of ideas and even the climate. 相反,其他人对此持有不同的观点。他们认为这对出国留学的学生是有害的。他们坚定地指出,学习一门外语,与当地人进行流利的沟通对大部分学生来说一开始就不是件容易的事。更糟的是,学生也需要花时间去适应新的饮食,风俗,思维模式甚至是气候。 There are some truths in their arguments. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of studying abroad overweight the disadvantages, while it"s essential to take the condition of family as an important premise when deciding to go abroad to study. 他们说的都有道理。就我而言,我觉得出国留学的利大于弊,而且决定出国留学的时候有必要把家庭条件作为一个重要的前提。
2023-08-10 06:58:581

高中生论述观点类英语作文整体结构介绍

【导读】英语和我们的母语汉语来说,当然存在一定的学习难度,所以很多考生在面对英语作文的时候,更是无从入手,不知道如何切题,不了解怎样正确表达自己的观点等等,如果你作为高中生,常常会遇到这样的问题,那么就可以提前进行成形的结构句式积累,下面就给大家进行高中生论述观点类英语作文整体结构介绍。开头:介绍…的重要性1. 主题 refers to 对主题的理解. As far as I am concerned, 主题 is beneficial not merely to 对象一 but also to 对象二.2. 简要阐述主题关键词的重要性. I consider 主题 not only to 影响一 but also to 影响二.3. 主题的关键词refers to 关键词的含义,and 谈论的主题 can thus be broadly defined as 对主题的理解.中间部分:论证这样做的好处1. On individual level, 在对象一上所体现的好处. Likewise, 在对象二上所体现的好处. In addition, 对象二 also benefits from 主题by 对象二受益的方法.2. It is significant for 某个人/某些人 to 如何去做,阐述这样做的好处之一. In addition, 阐述这样做的好处之二.3. On the 影响产生的第一个层面 level, 主题 helps foster 作用. For example, 举例子论证. On the 影响产生的第二个层面 level,in addition to 结果一,结果二. This is because 介绍影响产生的原因.结尾:总结全文1. Therefore,I believe that 重复主题.2. To sum up, 主题 is significant in that it benefits 对象一 and even the 对象二.当然,作文结构只是为了在短时间内能够完整度较高的写出一篇作文来。并不是金科玉律,也不是起死回生的灵丹妙药。要想作文真正的提分,还需要积累很多好的词汇、短语和句式。厚积薄发才是王道。以上就是高中生论述观点类英语作文整体结构介绍,能够帮助我们快速地将主题套用在结构上,从而减少思考和布局的时间,希望大家在写论述观点类英语作文的时候能够有效利用起来,祝大家都能取得好成绩。
2023-08-10 06:59:091

高中英语作文表达观点可用什么句型? 除了I think ,in my opinion,as far

网上一堆 何必再问
2023-08-10 06:59:373

英语陈述观点的万能句子

   ●同意   我们同意你们关于……的意见。   We agree with you on……   We agree with you on the following issues…… (我们同意以下几点。)   我们完全同意您信上所提出的所有问题。   We are in full agreement with the points raised in your letter. *raise 表示"提出质问、异议".   We are in complete agreement with the points outlined in your letter.   我们非常高兴能有机会……   We are very pleased to have the opportunity to……   We are very pleased to be in a position to…… *较绕圈子的说法。   我们非常高兴地……   We will be delighted to……   We will be delighted to meet with you on June 4, 1998. (我们非常高兴地期待着能在1998年6月4日见到您。)    ●陈述自己的见解   我们认为……   We think that……   We believe that…… (我们相信……)   We understand that…… (我们理解……)   我们强烈地感到……   We feel strongly that……   We feel strongly that our products are the best. (我们强烈地感到我们的产品是最好的。)   我们所理解的.是……   It is our understanding that……   We understand that……   我们对……完全没有异议。   We do not anticipate any objections to……   We do not anticipate any objections to your proposal. (我们对贵社的提议没有任何异议。)   我们找不到任何理由……   We can see no reason why…… *直译是"我们不明白为什么必须……的理由。"Why以下是说话人认为不太合适的事情。"我们一向不认为……"、"我们对不那样做没有异议"、以这种煞有介事的语气使对方感激。    ●反驳对方   我们不清楚您到底是怎么想的。   It is not (quite) clear to us what you had in mind.   It is not clear to us what you meant.   It is not clear to us what you intended.   使我们担心的一点是……   The one point that concerned us (a little) was…… *concern "担心,在意".   The one point that troubled us was……   我们对……感到担心和挂念。   We have become concerned with regards to……   We have become concerned with regards to the shipment schedule. (我们对装船的日程感到担心和挂念。)    ●中立的答复   我们正在……过程中。   We are (now) in the process of…… *in the process "正在……,……正在进行中".   We are in the process of reviewing your suggestion. (我们正在重新研究贵社所提出的方案。)   我们非常重视……   We value …… highly.   We value your suggestion highly. (我们非常重视贵社所提出的建议。)   我们非常感谢您提出的这件事。   We thank you for raising the issue. *内容可能是好,也可能是坏。   您的建议将由……进行讨论。 Your suggestions are being followed up by……   Your suggestions are being followed up by our committee. (您的建议将在我们委员会进行讨论。   Your suggestions are being reviewed by……    ●否定的回答   我们希望您能理解我们这次行动的理由。   We hope you will understand our reason for this action. *表达不利于对方的事情时,重要的是在表达方式上下工夫。   我们很难接受……   It would be difficult for us to accept…… *还有商量余地的情况下。   It would be difficult for us to accept the revision to our shipping schedule. (就我们的装船日程来说,再作修改会是很困难的。)   非常遗憾,我们不能……   We regret that we are unable to…… *已没有商量的余地。   We regret that we are unable to alter our pricing schedule. (很遗憾,我们不能更改价目表。)   除……之外,没有选择的余地。   We have no alternative but to…… *用于最后阶段的信函中。alternative 是指"替代的手段、方法".   因此,我们采取的立场是……   Consequently we are in the position to…… *后接否定性的内容。consequently 表示"最终结果地".    ●通知、希望得到通知   我们希望就此事今后经常保持联系。   We wish to keep you fully informed on this matter.   We wish to keep you fully posted on this matter.   在本项目实行之际,烦请通知我们一声。   Kindly inform us when this is put into effect. *put into effect "实施,实行".   Kindly notify us when this is put into effect.   Please let us know when this is put into effect.    ●对否定性回答的补充   我们相信您能够理解我们的立场。   We feel certain you will understand our position in this matter.   尽管如此,我们将做我们所能做的一切……   Nevertheless, we will do everything we can to…… *nevertheless "然而,尽管如此".   对于……,就我们来说,没有异议。   There is no objection, as far as we are concerned, in……就提高价格一事,我们完全没有异议。   There is no objection, as far as we are concerned, in raising the prices. 为作为今后的参考,我们已将此事存入了我们的文档。   These have been placed into our files for future reference. *for future reference 表示"为了作为今后的参考".
2023-08-10 06:59:471

英语作文写作万能句型:给出观点和论证

以下是 无 英文写作翻译频道为大家整理的《英语作文写作万能句型:给出观点和论证》,供大家参考。更多内容请看本站 写作翻译 频道。 给出观点的37个万能句型: 1) As for me, I am on the latter part of the argument. The reasons are as follows. 至于我,我支持争论的后半部分。原因如下: 2) From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理。 3) The following reasons can account for my inclination. 如下的原因可解释我的倾向。 4) To make myself as plain as I can, I should give my standards for … 为使我的观点更加清楚,我给出我关于…的标准。 5) I disbelieve, and therefore strongly resent, the claim that … 我不相信,因此强烈反对,这一主张,即… 6) My final and perhaps my best reason for not doing something is … 我不做某事最终的,或许的理由是… 7) For the same reason, it matters to me that … 同样原因,我很在乎… 8) For these reason, I recommend that … 出于这些原因,我推荐/建议… (recommend做建议讲时,接从句要用虚拟,即谓语用(should)+动词原形) 9) My answer is that …. I have several reasons, and they"re good ones. The first is the one that … 我的回答是…。我有几个理由而且它们是很充分的理由。第一个是… 10) My view is that … 我的观点是… 11) Like almost everybody else, I believe that … 正如几乎所有人一样,我相信… 12) I just don"t get excited over the idea of … 我对…主张并不感到激动。 13) I"m not entirely convinced of … 我并不完全信服… 14) I cannot entirely agree with the idea that … 我无法完全同意这一观点… 15) I"m not suggesting that … 我并不是建议… (该句中suggest做建议讲要用虚拟,即(should)+动词原形) 16) I do not choose to … merely because I feel that … 我没有选择…知识因为我觉得… 17) I have nothing against something. But … 我并不反对某事,但… 18) I think it"s time we put a stop to something. 我认为是我们停止某事的时候了。(it"s time (that) 后的从句要用虚拟,既(should)+动词原形) 19) I find the statement of … to be too narrow. 我觉得…的观点过于狭隘。 20) I can tell you from experience that … 凭我的经验可以告诉你… 21) Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边。 22) Although doing something might seem a wild idea, I believe that … 虽然做某事似乎狂妄,但我相信… 23) At an individual level, I feel that … 从我个人的角度出发,我觉得… 24) I sincerely believe that … 我真诚地相信… 25) But for me, I would rather think of the matter in an (optimistic) way. 至于我,我宁愿以乐观的态度来看待这一问题。 26) But I do not think that this view can hold water. 但我并不认为这一观点能站得住脚。 27) It is not half so important to do something as it is to do something. 和做某事相比,做某事的重要性连一半都不及。 28) There are some people who hold that …. And on the other hand, there are some other people whoargue that…. Both opinions are very popular…. But I cannot accept either view. 有一些人认为…,然而还有另外一些人认为…。上述两种观点都很流行,但我两种观点都不能接受。 29) Although many people (believe) that …, I doubt whether the (argument) bears further (analysis). 虽然有许多人相信…,但我怀疑这个论点能否经得起进一步的推敲。 30) In my opinion, it is more advisable to do something than to do something. 在我看来,做…比做…更明智。 31) In the nationwide discussion, many people suggest that …. But I argue that … 在全国范围内的讨论中,许多人提出…。但我却认为… (该句suggest引导的从句应用虚拟。) 32) As opposed to widely held belief, I believe that … 与普遍接受的看法不同,我认为… 33) From a personal perspective, I also prefer to … 从个人的角度来看,我也喜欢… 34) Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why I would choose to …最后,坦白地讲,我选择…还有一个更为现实的原因。 35) Some people think that …. To be frank, I cannot agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 一些人认为…,坦白地讲,我不赞同他们的观点,理由如下: 36) The situation is not rare. It is one of many examples I have encountered. 这种情景并不少见,它也是我遇到的许多情况之一。 37) There is another reason why I cast my preference for … 我倾向于…还有另外一个原因。
2023-08-10 07:00:101

持有观点的高级表达英语

以下是几个高级英语表达观点的例子:1、In my opinion, the best course of action would be to...(在我看来,最好的行动方向应该是...)2、It is my firm belief that...(我坚信...)3、From my point of view, the most effective solution would be...(从我的角度来看,最有效的解决方案是...)3、I am of the view that...、(我认为...)4、Personally, I think that the most sensible approach would be to...(个人认为,最明智的做法是...)5、A compelling argument can be made that...(有一个有说服力的观点是...)6、It is my contention that...(我认为...)7、Based on my experience, I would suggest that...(基于我的经验,我建议...)在表达观点时需要注意以下几点1、反思自己的观点:在表达观点时,应该先对自己的观点进行反思和检验,确保它们是充分合理的,并且有足够的事实支持。2、谦虚礼貌:无论是和谁进行讨论,都应该保持谦虚礼貌的态度,尊重对方的观点,避免过于强硬和攻击性。3、用事实说话:在表达观点时,要尽可能准确地使用事实和数据来支持自己的立场,避免靠主观臆断和情感表达来掩盖真相。4、对话交流:表达观点应该是一种对话和交流过程,要尊重他人的意见和建议,并且有条理地展开思路,让对方能够理解自己的立场。
2023-08-10 07:00:171

高中英语观点类作文模板

  英语作文的提高是个难点,如何让同学们在高考考场发挥出自己的英语作文水平,写出较符合要求的佳作,需要平时的点滴的积累。下面,是我为你整理的高中英语观点类作文模板,希望对你有帮助!   高中英语观点类作文模板:正反观点论述类作文模板   导入:   第1段:(导入话题)   (观点有分歧)   正文:   第2段:Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)   .(列出2~3个赞成的理由)   第3段:However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)   (列出2~3个反对的理由)   结论:   第4段: (个人观点)   高中英语观点类作文模板:观点论述类议论文模板   导入:   第1段:提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题   As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision . (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)   The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句,承上启下)   正文:   第2段:First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)   结论:   第3段:In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段,构成"总—分—总"结构)   高中英语观点类作文模板:段首句   1 No one can doubt the essential fact that over the last years has caused wide public concern all over the world. 人 in increasing numbers are beginning to believe that [来源:学科网]   没有人能否认这一重要事实:最近几年??问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。越来越多的??开始相信这种状况将   2 There is a general debate today over the phenomenon of ————————   3 When it comes to education,------- ---------------说到~~~   4 Thereu2019s no denying the fact that...-----------.事实不容否认----------   5 ______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. u2026已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。   6 There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.   无可否认,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。   7 There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.   毫无疑问,我们的教育制度令人不满意。   8 Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.   虽然我们的国家很富有,但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。   9 .It go es without saying that... 不用说...(意思是:论述的内容是显而易见的)[来源:Zxxk.Com]   意见分歧   1 No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.   没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。   2 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. u2026u2026在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。   3 Many people believe that-------- produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote-----------------------   4 People differ in their attitudes towards failure. Faced with it, some of them ------. Others, however,-------人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败,有人------,。然而,另一些人却------   5 To average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that——————, is this really the case?对于一般人来说,他们常常以为————,然而这是真的吗?   6 There is a growing tendency for sb to ----越来越多的人u2022u2022   ——人——seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward —————   7 An increasing number of experts believe that ?will exert positive effects on———   However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more ------who complain that ———have brought many serious problems越来越多的 --相信-----起到积极作用。然而,越来越多的----却怀疑这种说法,他们抱怨--了许多严重的问题   8 What calls for special attention is that...需要引起特别注意的是...   科技发展:   With the op ening and reform policy being carried out, thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5,000years.?I   随着改革开放政 策的贯彻执行,数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。他们渴望参观这个有着5000多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。   In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.在过去的几十年,先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。   human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.   高中英语观点类作文模板:中间段落句   1 ---人---tend to have a favorable attitude toward ------   2 Using bicycle contributes greatly to peopleu2019s physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.   使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康,并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。   3 The harder you work, the more progress you make.你越努力,你越进步。   4 Many people seem to overlook the basic fact:许多人似乎忽视了这个基本事实:   5 Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.听音乐能使我们放松。   6 On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge   我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。   7 There is no one but longs to.------人们都希望------   8 So precious is time that we canu2019t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵,我们不能浪费它。   高中英语观点类作文模板:结尾句   From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although ——indeed bring us many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnu2019t be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. 通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论:尽管----很多优点,但它的缺点不可忽视,且远大于它的优点。   From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____   .综上所述,我们可以清楚地得出结论u2026u2026   It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______. However, from a personal point of view,I find----   在总体上很难说u2026u2026是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于u2026u2026的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现u2026   个人观点:   As for me, Iu2019m in favor of the opinion that ———for the following reasons:   就我而言,我同意 观点。   As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ____.   I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.   完全同意u2026u2026这种观点(陈述),主要理由如下:   But ______and ______have their own advantages. For example, _____, while_____. Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______.   但是,u2026u2026和u2026u2026都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如,u2026u2026,而u2026u2026。然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)u2026u2026   号召:   In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future.   总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注u2026u2026这个问题。只有这样,我们才能在将来u2026u2026   随着社会的发展,u2026u2026。因此,迫切需要u2026u2026。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越好。   With the development of society, ______.So it"s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.   严重影响社会秩序   seriously disturb social order   促进经济和社会发展   to promote economic   对健康有好处   make for good health   对健康有危害   a hazard to health   破坏环境、污染环境   poisoning the environment[来源:学|科|网]   环境保护   protect the environment   浪费时间、浪费金钱、浪费精力   a waste of money,time and energy   促进学习   facilitating learning   影响学习   influnce one"s study   提高自身水平   upgrade oneself   反对   disapproval   赞成   in favor of
2023-08-10 07:00:421

英语中,阐述两种观点用什么关键词?

表达不同观点,关键在使用不同的标识词,包括对比关系和转折关系的词,比如:on the one hand, on the other hand.for them..., yet, for xx...they argue that...while I...the first view seems...while the second view is ...
2023-08-10 07:00:571

汉字的魅力体现在那些方面?

我太难了....
2023-08-10 06:56:0412

这几个防倒吸装置的原理是什么?

1.悬空式:这种装置特点是导管没有插入吸收液中,而是悬于上方,利用易溶于吸收液的气体下冲动力使气体被吸收,起到防倒吸的作用。2.倒立漏斗式:这种装置可以增大气体与吸收液的接触面积,有利于吸收液对气体的吸收。当易溶性气体被吸收液吸收时,导管内压强减少,吸收液上升到漏斗中,由于漏斗容积较大,导致烧杯中液面下降,使漏斗口脱离液面,漏斗中的吸收液受自身重力的作用又流回烧瓶内,从而防止吸收液的倒吸。下一个装置所示,对于易溶于水难溶于有机溶剂的气体,气体在有机溶剂不会倒吸。3.肚容式:当易溶于吸收液的气体由干燥管末端进入吸收液被吸收后,导气管内压强减少,使吸收液倒吸进入干燥管的吸收液本身质量大于干燥管内外压强差,吸收液受自身重量的作用又流回烧杯内,从而防止吸收液的倒吸。这种装置与倒置漏斗式很类似。
2023-08-10 06:56:082

混凝土英文

The ties for the anchored bulkhead shown in Figure 9-16 are located four feet from the top of the sheetpiling and are spaced at fifteen feet centers. The end of the tie is secured to two anchor piles raked as indicated. The active earth pressure may be assumed equivalent to a fluid pressure of 30 pounds per square foot per foot and passive pressure may be assumed equivalent to a fluid pressure of 400 pounds per square foot per foot.For the depth of penetration indicated, calculate the value of the total active pressure on the back of the wall, the value of the total passive pressure on the front of the wall, and the moment of all forces about the tie point. Determine the forces in the tie, the maximum shear and the maximum moment in the wall, and the forces in the compression and tension anchor piles.The fill behind the retaining wall in Figure 9-17 has a unit weight of 110 pounds per cubic foot with an equivalent fluid pressure of 30 pounds per square foot per foot. Passive earth pressure may be assumed equivalent to a fluid pressure of 300 pounds per square foot per foot and the coefficient of friction at the underside of the base is 0.4. All concrete has a compressive strength of 3000 pounds per square inch and reinforcement consists of Grade 60 deformed bars. Neglecting the effects of the shear key, determine the factor of safety against overturning and the bearing pressure distribution under the base. Using factored loading, determine the reinforcement, calculate the minimum depth of the shear key to provide a factor of friction of1.5 against sliding.The mass concrete gravity dam shown in Figure 9-18 is 20 feet high. Determine the minimum base width if no tensile stresses are allowed in the concrete and the water level is at the top of the dam wall. Details of a counterfort retaining wall are shown in Figure 9-19. The fill behind the wall has an equivalent fluid pressure of 40 pounds per square inch and reinforcement consists of Grade 60 determined bars. Determine the horizontal reinforcement required at the base of the stem in the front and earth faces, the reinforcement required at the base of the counterforts.Determine the required penetration of the sheetpile retaining wall shown in Figure 9-20 if active earth pressure may be assumed equivalent to a fluid pressure of 35 pounds per square foot per foot and passive pressure may be assumed equivalent to a fluid pressure of 450 pounds per square foot per foot. Calculate the force in the tie and the location and magnitude of the maximum shear and the maximum moment in the shestpiling. 翻译:由于对土木工程方面没有研究,所以很多专业术语是靠GOOLE差找和个人猜测,可能会不尽准确,甚至有所错误,但是本着学习的态度,我还是很认真地翻译了。我猜测,这可能是某本英文版建筑教材后面的习题吧?所以我用了习题的语气做的翻译。望对你有所帮助。图9-16所示的防水隔层定点的联结点位于板桩顶部4英尺处,且以15英尺为间隔居中隔开。联结点的末端被两个锚杆斜拉以保证安全。设松软土层的主动压力等同于30磅每平方英尺每英尺的液压,被动压力等同于400磅每平方英尺每英尺的液压。在必要灌注深度的条件下,求墙体背面主动压力总值,墙体正面被动压力总值,以及所有连接点的扭矩力。测定联结处所受的力,墙体的最大抗减承载力,最大瞬间扭矩力,和锚杆的压拉力。图9-17所示的挡土墙后填充物单位重量为110磅每立方英尺,具有约等于30磅每平方英尺每英尺的液压的压力。设被动土压约等于300磅每平方英尺每英尺的液压以及底部摩擦系数为0.4;所有混凝土抗压强度为3000磅每立方英寸并且由级别60的不规则钢筋加固;忽略剪切键。求底部填充物的抗破坏及承压安全系数。 用你所计算的系数,求加固强度,计算在抗滑动摩擦系数为1.5情况下,剪切键的最小深度。图9-18所示的的混凝土浇筑拱坝的高为20英尺。假设混凝土中不允许出现拉力、且水位高度刚好在大坝顶部,求其底宽的最小值。图9-19中给出了拱柱型挡土墙的具体数值,墙后填充物具有约等于40磅每平方英尺每英尺的液压的压力,且由级别60的不规则钢筋加固。求正面茎干底部以和地面水平加固要求、以及拱柱底部加固要求。求图9-20所示的板桩挡土墙的必要灌注深度。假设其中:主动土压约等于35磅每平方英尺每英尺的液压、被动压力约等于450磅每平方英尺每英尺的液压。计算板桩最大剪切和最小剪切情况下,接点处受的力,以及接点位置和数量
2023-08-10 06:56:111

valley 和 gorge有啥区别?

我个人的理解,gorge比较深、窄,canyon可能平缓一点,但可能面积更大一些,因为在英英大辞典的释义中,对于gorge特别用了deep形容,但conyon没有。
2023-08-10 06:56:121

合同字体是什么样的规范要求

【法律分析】:除合同双方对字体要求,合同字体一般情况为:1、合同标题为宋体加粗三号字体;2、合同文字为宋体小四号字体,其中表格、附注等用五号字体;3、文字效果一般采用宽松,行间距一般1、2;4、合同封面名称为黑体二号,合同双方、编号为黑体三号,其他文字为仿宋三号。文件的字体均使用仿宋体。标题的字号选择二号、加粗、居中,与正文间隔一行。正文、落款及日期的字号均选择小三号。段落应有完整正确的标题,正文段落的首字要空2个字的距离。落款应使用“右对齐”,与正文间隔一行。日期应使用“年月日”格式,日期位置应调整至落款正下方。【法律依据】:《中华人民共和国民法典》 第五百零二条 依法成立的合同,自成立时生效,但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。依照法律、行政法规的规定,合同应当办理批准等手续的,依照其规定。未办理批准等手续影响合同生效的,不影响合同中履行报批等义务条款以及相关条款的效力。应当办理申请批准等手续的当事人未履行义务的,对方可以请求其承担违反该义务的责任。依照法律、行政法规的规定,合同的变更、转让、解除等情形应当办理批准等手续的,适用前款规定。
2023-08-10 06:56:142

土木工程常用术语英语翻译及名词解释(二)

第二节 房屋建筑结构术语 1. 混合结构 mixed structure 不同材料的构件或部件混合组成的结构。 2. 板柱结构 slab-colume system 由楼板和柱(无梁)组成承重体系的房屋结构,如升板结构、无梁楼盖结构、整体预应力板柱结构。 3. 框架结构 frame structure 由梁柱组成的能承受竖向、水平作用所产生各种效应的单层、多层或高层结构。 4. 拱结构 arch structure 由拱作为承承重体系的结构。 5. 折板结构 folded-plate structure 由多块条形或其它外形的平板组合而成,能作承重、围护用的薄壁空间结构。 6. 壳体结构 shell structure 由各种形状的曲面板与边缘构件(梁、拱、桁架)组成的大跨度覆盖或围护的空间结构。 7. 风架结构 space truss structure 由多根杆件按一定网格形式通过节点连接而成的大跨度覆盖的空间结构。 8. 悬索结构 cable-suspended structure 由柔性受拉索及其边缘构件所组成的承重结构。 9. 充气结构 pneumatic structure 在以高分子材料制成的薄膜制品中充入空气后而形成房屋的结构。分气承式和气管式两种结构形式。 10. 剪力墙(结构墙)结构 shear wall structure 在高层和多层建筑中,竖向和水平作用均由钢筋混凝土或预应力混凝土墙体承受的结构。 11. 框架—剪力墙结构 frame-shear wall structure 在高层建筑或工业厂房中,剪力墙和框架共同承受竖向和水平作用的一种组合型结构。 12. 筒体结构 tube structure 由竖向箱形截面悬臂筒体组成的结构。筒体有剪力墙围成竖向箱形截面的薄壁筒和密柱框架组成竖向箱形截面的框筒。筒体由一个或多个组成;分筒中筒、单框筒、框架—薄壁筒和成束筒等四类。 13. 悬挂结构 suspended structure 将楼(屋)面系统的荷载通过吊杆传递到悬挂的水平桁架(梁),再由悬挂的水平桁架(梁)传递到被悬挂的井筒上直至基础的结构。 14. 高耸结构 high-rise structure 高度大,水平横向向剖面相对小,并以水平荷载控制设计的结构。分自立式塔式结构和拉线式桅式结构两大类,如水塔、烟囱、电视塔、监测塔等。
2023-08-10 06:56:191

骑马与砍杀如何修改忠诚度

建设学校:费用5850第纳尔、升级需要61日;学校可以使村民对你的忠诚度每月提升一点。我也不太清楚啊
2023-08-10 06:56:194

valley的e发什么音?

歌名:来生缘原唱:刘德华填词:刘德华谱曲:胡伟立专辑:《来生缘》歌词:寻寻觅觅在无声无息中消逝总是找不到回忆找不到曾被遗忘的真实一生一世的过去你一点一滴的遗弃痛苦痛悲痛心痛恨痛失去你也许分开不容易也许相亲相爱不可以痛苦痛悲痛心痛恨痛失自己情深缘浅不得意 你我也知道去珍惜只好等在来生里再踏上彼此故事的开始生生世世在无穷无尽的梦里偶尔翻起了日记翻起了你我之间的故事一段一段的回忆回忆已经没有意义痛苦痛悲痛心痛恨痛失去你也许分开不容易也许相亲相爱不可以痛苦痛悲痛心痛恨痛失自己情深缘浅不得意 你我也知道去珍惜只好等在来生里再踏上彼此故事的开始生生世世在无穷无尽的梦里偶尔翻起了日记翻起了你我之间的故事一段一段的回忆回忆已经没有意义痛苦痛悲痛心痛恨痛失去你也许分开不容易也许相亲相爱不可以痛苦痛悲痛心痛恨痛失自己情深缘浅不得意 你我也知道去珍惜只好等在来生里再踏上彼此故事的开始只好等在来生里再踏上彼此故事的开始
2023-08-10 06:56:191

往复计量泵如何计量

楼上回答比较完善了,我从原理说一下吧。往复泵简单来说就像打针用的针筒,抽进来多少水,打出去多少水,区别只是出口压力高时,用的力(功率)大一点,基于此,就出现了计量泵如果把每分钟打针的次数比为转速,把抽针筒的长度比为行程的话,理解就容易点。所以呢,往复计量泵改变流量或计量的方法,就是改变转速或行程。优缺点楼上说了,我就不再多说。。。。
2023-08-10 06:56:212

兵的意思

兵,常见汉字。其含义是武器、战士、与军事或战争有关事物的统称。
2023-08-10 06:56:271

英文名字---女(valley能不能当英文名?)

自己喜欢那就叫嘛
2023-08-10 06:56:304

转子泵的工作原理及技术特点是什么?

转子泵是一种离心泵,其工作原理是通过转子的旋转来产生离心力,将液体从进口吸入,然后通过离心力将液体推向出口。转子泵的技术特点包括:1. 高效节能:转子泵的流量大、扬程低,能够在较小的功率下输送大量液体,从而实现高效节能。2. 适用范围广:转子泵适用于输送各种液体,如清水、污水、油类等,广泛应用于工业、农业、城市供水等领域。3. 运行平稳、噪音低:转子泵的叶轮和电机都安装在水下,运行平稳、噪音低,不会对周围环境造成干扰。4. 维护方便:转子泵的结构简单,维护方便,更换零部件也比较容易。5. 耐腐蚀性强:转子泵的材质多为不锈钢或其他耐腐蚀材料,能够适应各种液体的输送,具有较强的耐腐蚀性。
2023-08-10 06:56:323

简答题 简述商标无效的种类?

1、商标使用了禁止用作商标的标志。2、商标缺乏显著性。
2023-08-10 06:56:343

精密过滤器工作原理

倍呈全自动反冲洗过滤器是一种机电一体化的产品,是采用倍呈压差控制器、控制系统及,对油、水、空气等各种气体、液体及酸碱介质均可完成安全过滤。倍呈全自动反冲洗过滤器采用了负压原理,进行自动清洗,自动排污,其工作原理如下:当倍呈过滤器工作一段时间后,由于杂质堵塞了滤筒,使进口压力与出口压力产生的压差增高,当其压差达到一定数值时(该数值可调)压力传感器发出指令,反冲电磁阀打开,电动机启动,由于滤筒内部具有一定的压力,使油或水从滤筒内部进行反冲洗,把吸在倍呈滤芯上的杂质冲掉,自动将杂质排出机外,从而达到自动冲洗的效果。清洗后进口压力与出口压力差值减少到调定值之内,这时压力传感器发出指令,自动切断电动机电源,整个清洗程序完毕。在清洗过程中,不影响本机的正常工作。倍呈全自动反冲洗过滤器广泛应用于采矿、煤炭、石油、化工、制药、聚酯、化纤、环保、科研、汽车、航空、航天、核工业、冶金、机械、电子、电力、陶瓷、玻璃、造纸、印刷、涂装、运输、塑料、粮食、盐业、水处理、食品饮料、化妆品、建筑等诸多行业领域。
2023-08-10 06:56:343

战锤40k军表怎么写

看各个种族的专用种族规则书,基本是1HQ(指挥官),2troops(基础部队),这个必须有,还有各种升级,挑喜欢的,有战力的升级,除上述3个外剩下的最多可以再加4队TROOPS,3队FA(快速部队),3队ELITES(精英部队),3队HS(重型部队),这些可以在相应的种族规则书里看到(~O~)zZ
2023-08-10 06:56:372

valley车厘子是什么牌

valley车厘子是澳大利亚车厘子品牌WandinValleyFarm。WandinValleyFarm是著名的澳大利亚车厘子品牌,WandinValleyFarm是在澳洲的一个高级车厘子种植农场,具有先进的包装设备。车厘子是欧洲甜樱桃栽培品种,原产于美国、加拿大、智利等美洲国家,现中国山东、安徽、江浙等省份也有引种。
2023-08-10 06:56:381

这里的“valley”应该用复数吗?

能省略掉farms and cottages in? 我估计省略这些老外也看不明白了.而且在百度上搜索不到all the valley只能搜索到all the valleys,所以应该是个错误
2023-08-10 06:56:034

A2F系列斜轴式轴向柱塞定量泵技术参数及工作原理 ?

工作原理: 1.泵工况 泵的作用是将机械能转变为液压能。当电动机带动泵的主轴旋转时,通过连杆柱塞带动缸体旋转,由于缸体轴线与主轴轴线成一夹角,柱塞在缸体内作往复运动,此时缸体内的柱塞孔发生容积变化。当容积由小变大时,介质从泵的吸入口吸入,经配流盘的低压窗口进入柱塞孔;当容积由大变小时,介质经配流盘的高压窗口从泵的排出口排出。这样主轴旋转一周,每个柱塞孔完成一次吸入,排出的过程。 2.马达工况 马达的作用是将液压能转变为机械能.当高压油从马达的进油口通过配流盘高压窗口进入缸体柱塞孔内, 推动柱塞运动, 由于缸体轴线与主轴轴线成一夹角,液压力通过连杆作用于主轴上, 产生一个切向力, 推动主轴旋转, 输出扭矩。同时工作过的油液借助于缸体的惯性旋转,被挤出柱塞孔,通过配油盘的低压窗口,从马达排油口排出。主要技术参数: 公称规格 理论排量(mL/r ) 最高转速 额定压力 Pn(MPa) 闭式 n max(r/min 开式 n max (r/min ) 6 6.0 7500 5000 35 10 9.4 7500 5000 35 12 11.6 6000 4000 35 16 16.0 6000 2980 35 23 22.7 5600 4000 35 28 28.1 4750 3000 35 45 44.3 4500 3000 35 55 54.8 3750 2500 35 63 63 4000 2700 35 80 80 3350 2240 35 90 90.7 3000 2000 35 107 107 3000 2000 35 125 125 3100 2000 35 160 160 2650 1750 35 180 180 2650 1375 35 200 200 2500 1800 35 250 250 2500 1500 35 32 32 4750 2370 35 56 56.1 3750 1890 35
2023-08-10 06:55:592

精密过滤器的原理是什么?

微孔过滤,单位一般是um级。简单说就是大于微孔的物质被截留,小于微孔的物质通过。实际应用中,精密过滤器的膜容易堵塞,需及时换洗,保证系统的正常运行。
2023-08-10 06:55:552

12年天籁2.5的车过保后加美孚(Mobil)金装美孚1号全合成机油 0W-40 SN级可以吗?

你好,建议加同标号的机油即可
2023-08-10 06:55:532

valley和basin的区别

valley 是指山谷,而basin在地理上的解释是指盆地,山谷的地形比盆地要低很多。
2023-08-10 06:55:521

防倒吸装置原理是什么?

悬空式这种装置特点是导管没有插入吸收液中,而是悬于上方,利用易溶于吸收液的气体下冲动力使气体被吸收,起到防倒吸的作用。倒立漏斗式:这种装置可以增大气体与吸收液的接触面积,有利于吸收液对气体的吸收。1、悬空式:这种装置特点是导管没有插入吸收液中,而是悬于上方,利用易溶于吸收液的气体下冲动力使气体被吸收,起到防倒吸的作用。2、倒立漏斗式:这种装置可以增大气体与吸收液的接触面积,有利于吸收液对气体的吸收。当易溶性气体被吸收液吸收时,导管内压强减少,吸收液上升到漏斗中,由于漏斗容积较大,导致烧杯中液面下降,使漏斗口脱离液面,又流回烧瓶内,从而防止吸收液的倒吸。3、肚容式:当易溶于吸收液的气体由干燥管末端进入吸收液被吸收后,导气管内压强减少,使吸收液倒吸进入干燥管的吸收液本身质量大于干燥管内外压强差,吸收液受自身重量的作用又流回烧杯内,从而防止吸收液的倒吸。这种装置与倒置漏斗式很类似。
2023-08-10 06:55:501

加药装置中计量泵的出口加缓冲器的作用是什么?

1.这个原理说白了。举个例子,计量泵先把液体打到一个大桶里,这个过程是有震动噪音的,但是从桶里里液体再流出来的时候就是均匀的了。阻尼器呢,就是把这个桶缩小了。rJ%]l p2.阻尼器有,空气式,膜片式,气囊式。[P/H?7C 空气式呢就是一个普通的空壳子。上边接个压力表,下边一个接口。刚装上的时候因为里边空气是常压的,需要液体把气体压缩下才能起到作用,但是效果不好,时间久了,就充满液体了。@pqI*QWF7m 膜片式,上下2个腔。形状2个碗一样扣一起,中间固定一个膜片。压力表与上腔接通,观察压力表化。上腔冲气体,使得膜片是PTFE复合橡胶的。膜片是软的,一充气就沾满整个上下腔体。液体一进到阻尼器就受到缓冲的作用了,效果好的。]*X.D)^.w@ 气囊式,一般是圆柱形,里边有个气球一样的皮囊。充气后就沾满空腔,压力表同膜片式的。需要计量的液体与气囊接触面积大,重重效果最好。f#{X-dC 3,安装。阻尼器的安装都是要安装在垂直于计量泵出口的管路、垂直安装
2023-08-10 06:55:491

过滤器是如何工作 过滤器工作原理介绍【详解】

  不管是在日常生活中还是工作中,过滤器的应用都是十分广泛的,它可以过滤水中的泥沙,给人们一个健康的身体,虽然大家对过滤器不是很陌生,但是对于过滤器的原理都不是特别的了解,所以我今天就和大家一起来认识了解一些过滤器的原理吧。   过滤: 过滤是在外力作用下,使悬浮液中的液体通过多孔介质的孔道,而悬浮液中的固体颗粒被截留在介质上,从而实现固、液分离的操作。   过滤介质: 过滤介质起着支撑滤饼的作用,并能让滤液通过,对其基本要求是具有足够的机械强度和尽可能小的流动阻力,同时,还应具有相应的耐腐蚀性和耐热性。工业上常见的过滤介质:   滤饼过滤: 悬浮液中颗粒的尺寸大多都比介质的孔道大。过滤时悬浮液置于过滤介质的一侧,在过滤操作的开始阶段,会有部分小颗粒进入介质孔道内,并可能穿过孔道而不被截留,使滤液仍然是混浊的。随着过程的进行,颗粒在介质上逐步堆积,形成了一个颗粒层,称为滤饼。在滤饼形成之后,它便成为对其后的颗粒起主要截留作用的介质。因此,不断增厚的滤饼才是真正有效的过滤介质,穿过滤饼的液体则变为澄清的液体。   深层过滤: 此时,颗粒尺寸比介质孔道的尺寸小得多,颗粒容易进入介质孔道。但由于孔道弯曲细长,颗粒随流体在曲折孔道中流过时,在表面力和静电力的作用下附着在孔道壁上。因此,深层过滤时并不在介质上形成滤饼,固体颗粒沉积于过滤介质的内部。这种过滤适合于处理固体颗粒含量极少的悬浮液。滤饼的可压缩性和助滤剂滤饼的可压缩性是指滤饼受压后空隙率明显减小的现象,它使过滤阻力在过滤压力提高时明显增大,过滤压力越大,这种情况会越严重。   板框过滤机 结构与工作原理: 由多块带凸凹纹路的滤板和滤框交替排列于机架而构成。板和框一般制成方形,其角端均开有圆孔,这样板、框装合,压紧后即构成供滤浆、滤液或洗涤液流动的通道。框的两侧覆以滤布,空框与滤布围成了容纳滤浆和滤饼的空间。   叶滤机 结构与工作原理: 叶滤机由许多滤叶组成。滤叶是由金属多孔板或多孔网制造的扁平框架,内有空间,外包滤布,将滤叶装在密闭的机壳内,为滤浆所浸没。滤浆中的液体在压力作用下穿过滤布进入滤叶内部,成为滤液后从其一端排出。过滤完毕,机壳内改充清水,使水循着与滤液相同的路径通过滤饼进行洗涤,故为置换洗涤。最后,滤饼可用振动器使其脱落,或用压缩空气将其吹下。 滤叶可以水平放置也可以垂直放置,滤浆可用泵压入也可用真空泵抽入。   转筒过滤机 结构与工作原理: 设备的主体是一个转动的水平圆筒,其表面有一层金属网作为支承,网的外围覆盖滤布,筒的下部浸入滤浆中。圆筒沿径向被分割成若干扇形格,每格都有管与位于筒中心的分配头相连。凭借分配头的作用,这些孔道依次分别与真空管和压缩空气管相连通,从而使相应的转筒表面部位分别处于被抽吸或吹送的状态。这样,在圆筒旋转一周的过程中,每个扇形表面可依次顺序进行过滤、洗涤、吸干、吹松、卸渣等操作。   上面是我为大家介绍的一些过滤器原理,过滤器的使用应用非常广泛,使用起来也很方便,希望大家可以参考,不管是在日常生活中还是工作中,过滤器用起来会很安全,如果在使用的时候能帮助到大家,我会很高兴的哦。
2023-08-10 06:55:451

FOB条款有哪些内容

  中外货物买卖合同(FOB条款)  合同号:  日期:  地点:  买方:  地址:  电报:  电传:  卖方:  地址:  电报:  电传:  本合同由买卖双方商订,在合同项下,双方同意按下列条款买卖下述商品:  第一条 品名、规格、数量及单价  第二条 合同总值  第三条 原产国别及制造厂商  第四条 装运港  第五条 目的港  第六条 装运期  分运:  转运:  第七条 包装  所供货物必须由卖方妥善包装,适合远洋和长途内陆运输,防潮,防湿,防震,防锈,耐野蛮装卸,任何由于卖方包装不善而造成的损失由卖方负担。  第八条 唛头  卖方须用不褪色油漆于每件包装上印刷包装编号、尺码、毛重、净重、提吊位置及“此端向上”、“小心轻放”,“切勿受潮”等字样及下列唛头:  唛 NA  第九条 保险  装运后由买方投保。  第十条 付款条件  买方在收到备货电传通知后或装运期前30天,开立以卖方为受益人的不可  撤销信用证,其金额为合同总值的 %,计 。中国银行 行收到下列单证经核对无误后,承付信用证款项(如果分运,应按分运比例承付)。  全套可议付已装船清洁海运提单,外加两套副本,注明“运费待收”,空白抬  头,空白背书,已通知到货口岸中国对外贸易运输公司。  商业发票一式五份,注明合同号,信用证号和唛头。  装箱单一式四份,注明每包货物数量,毛重和净重。  由制造厂家出具并由卖方签署的品质证明书一式三份。  提供全套技术文件的确认书一式两份。  装运后即刻通知买方启运日期的电报/电传副本一份。  (2)卖方在装船后10天内,须挂号航空邮寄三套上述文件(f除外),一份寄买方,两份寄目的港中国对外贸易运输公司。  (3)中国银行收到合同 中规定的,经双方签署的验收证明后,在 天内,承付合同总金额的百分之 ,金额为 。  (4)买方在付款时,有权按合同第15、18条规定扣除应由卖方支付的延期罚款金额。  (5)一切在中国境内的银行费用均由买方承担,一切在中国境外的银行费用均由卖方承担。  第十一条 装运条款  (1)卖方必须在装运期前45天,用电报/电传向买方通知合同号、货物品名、数量,发票金额,件数,毛重,尺码及备货日期,以便买方安排订仓。  (2)如果货物任一包装达到或超过重20吨,长12米、宽27米,高3米,卖方应在装船前50天,向买方提供五份包装图纸,说明详细尺码和每件重量,以便买方安排运输。  (3)买方须在预计船抵达装运港日期前10天,通知卖方船名,预计装船日期,合同号和装运港船方代理,以便卖方安排装船。如果需要更改载货船只,提前或推后船期,买方或船方代理应及时通知卖方。如果货船未能在买方通知的抵达日期后30天内到达装运港,从第31天起,在装运港所发生的一切仓储费和保险费由买方承担。  (4)船按期抵达装运港后,如果卖方未能备货待装,一切空仓费和滞期费由卖方承担。  (5)在货物越过船舷脱离吊钩前,一切风险及费用由卖方承担。在货物越过船舷脱离吊钩后,一切风险及费用由买方承担。  (6)卖方在货物全部装运完毕后48小时内,须以电报/电传通知买方合同号、货物品名、数量、毛重、发票金额,载货船名和启运日期。如果由于卖方未及时电告买方,以致货物未及时保险而发生的一切损失由卖方承担。  第十二条 技术文件  (1)下述全套英文本技术文件应随货物发运:  a.基础设计图。  b.接线说明书,电路图和气/液压连接图。  c.易磨损件制造图纸和说明书。  d.零备件目录。  e.安装、操作和维修说明书。  (2)卖方应在签订合同后60天内,向买方或用户挂号航空邮寄本条(1)款规定的技术文件,否则买方有权拒开信用证或拒付货款。  第十三条 保质条款  卖方保证货物系用上等的材料和一流工艺制成,崭新、未曾使用,并在各方面与合同规定的质量、规格和性能相一致,在货物正确安装、正常操作和维修情况下,卖方对合同货物的正常使用给予 天的保证期,此保证期从货物到达  起开始计算。  第十四条 检验条款  (1)卖方/制造厂必须在交货前全面、准确地检验货物的质量、规格和数量,签发质量证书,证明所交货物与合同中有关条款规定相符,但此证明书不作为货物的质量、规格、性能和数量的最后依据。卖方或制造厂商应将记载检验细节和结果的书面报告附在质量证明书内。  (2)在货物抵达目的港之后,买方须申请中国商品检验局(以下称商检局)就货物质量、规格和数量进行初步检验并签发检验证明书。如果商检局的检验发现到货的质量、规格或数量与合同不符,除应由保险公司或船方负责者外,买方在货物到港后 天内有权拒收货物,向卖方提出索赔。  (3)如果发现货物质量和规格与合同规定不符,或货物在本合同第13条所规定的保证期内证明有缺陷,包括内的缺陷或使用不良的原材料,买方将安排商检局检验,并有权依据商检证书向卖方索赔。  (4)如果由于某种不能预料的原因,在合同有效期内检验证书不及办妥,买方须电告卖方延长商检期限 天。  第十五条 索赔  (1)如果卖方对货物不符合本合同规定负有责任且买方按照本合同第13条和第14条规定,在检验和质量保证期内提出索赔时,卖方在征得买方同意后,可按下列方法之一种或几种理赔:  a. 同意买方退货,并将所退货物金额用合同规定的货币偿还买方,并承担买方因退货而蒙受的一切直接损失和费用,包括利息、银行费用、运费、保险费、检验费、仓储、码头装卸及监管保护所退货物的一切其它必要的费用。  b. 按照货物的质量低劣程度,损坏程度和买方蒙受损失的金额将货物贬值。  c. 用符合合同规定规格、质量和性能的部件替换有瑕疵部件,并承担买方所蒙受的一切直接损失和费用。新替换部件的保质期须相应延长。  (2) 如果卖方在收到买方索赔书后一个月之内不予答复,则视为卖方接受索赔。  第十六条 不可抗力  (1) 签约双方中任何一方受不可抗力所阻无法履约,履约期限则应按不可抗力影响履约的期限相应延长。  (2) 受阻力应在不可抗力发生或终止时尽快电告另一方,并在事故发生后14天内将有关当局出具的事故证明书挂号航空邮寄给另一方认可。  (3) 如果不可抗力事故持续超过一百二十天,另一方有权用挂号航空邮寄书面通知,通知受阻方终止合同。通知立即生效。  第十七条 仲裁  (1) 双方对执行合同时发生的一切争执均应通过友好协商解决。如果不能解决,则可诉诸仲裁。  (2) 仲裁应提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会,根据该会的仲裁程序进行仲裁,也可提交双方同意的第三国仲裁机构。  (3) 仲裁机构的裁决具有最终效力,双方必须遵照执行,仲裁费用由败诉方承担,除非仲裁机构另有裁定。  (4)仲裁期间,双方须继续执行合同中除争议部分之外的其它条款。  第十八条 延期和罚款如果卖方不能按合同规定及时交货,除因不可抗力者外,若卖方同意支付延期罚  款,买方应同意延期交货。罚款通过在议付行付款时扣除,但罚款总额不超过延期货物总值的5%,罚款率按每星期0.5%计算,少于七天者按七天计。如果卖方交货延期超过合同规定船期十星期时,买方有权取消合同。尽管取消了合同,但卖方仍须立即向买方交付上述规定罚款。  第十九条 附加条款(如果上述任何条款与下列附加条款不一致时,应以后者为准)  此鉴:  本合同由双方于 年 月 日用文签署。原本一式 份,买卖双方各执 份。本合同以下述第( )款方式生效:  (1) 立即生效。  (2) 合同签署后 天内,由双方确认生效。  (3) 买方: 卖方:  签名: 签名:
2023-08-10 06:55:441

汉字和汉文化的关系

  漫谈汉字与汉文化  文化,从广义上讲,它是人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。而从狭义上说,它只着眼于精神方面,指社会的意识形态、价值观念、审美情趣、民族心态、生活方式、风俗习惯,等等。这里所涉及到的文化是作比较宽泛的理解的。  何九盈先生在《汉字文化学》中指出:“文字是文化的产物,又服务于文化,促进文化的发展,它自身又是文化的一部分。”汉字作为自源文字,是汉族的祖先在长期的社会实践中创造的,它是汉文化的产物。先有汉文化,然后才有汉字,但它又服务于汉文化,对促进汉文化的发展起到了巨大的作用。  我们从“以汉字构形理据看汉字的文化内涵”和“以汉字形为本体看产生的文化现象”两个方面,举例性地说明汉字与汉文化的密切关系。  一、 以汉字构形理据看汉字的文化内涵  国学大师陈寅恪先生曾经说过:“依照今日训沽学之标准,凡解释一字即是作一部文化史。”汉字作为语素文字,是形音义的统一体,在它的自身结构中蕴含着丰富的文化因素,这一点是不容置疑的。我们探究汉字字形的构字理据,可以发现汉民族诸多的文化特征。  现在和钱币有关的字,像财、货、贡、贫、赈、费、赏、赠、贪、贷、赊、贿赂之类都属贝部,贝不过是一种介壳,为什么可以用它来表示钱币的含义呢?东汉许慎在《说文》里解释说:“古者货贝而宝龟,……至秦废贝行钱。”可见中国古代曾经用贝壳当作交易的媒介物,秦以后才废贝行钱,但是这种古代的货币制度在文字的形体上还保存着它的蜕形。  查《说文》,竹部的汉字共有147个,为何如此呢?这就在于中国盛产竹子。我国有370多种竹子,约占世界竹类的三分之一。秦汉时的北方由于气候比现在温和,黄河以北地区还产竹。富饶的竹源,使我国在殷商时代就跨入了竹子文明时代。仅殷商时代诞生的竹简就延续了两千多年,构筑了中华民族的竹文化。从远古的女娲用竹做笙簧,羿使用弓箭“射九日”神话始,我国人民种竹、爱竹、用竹盛行。汉民族的衣食住行同竹子发生了密切的关系,在汉字中留下了竹文化的鲜明印记。  汉语中表示思想的器官和思想、感情的汉字都从心旁(或心的变形),如:想、忘、忠、恕、怨、愁、忆、恼、悦、惮、愠、恭、慕。这是古人对客观事物认识的一种观念的反映,我们的先人认为心这个器官是专管思考的,心是思维的器官。《孟子 · 告子上》曰:“心之官则思。”这就是明证。鉴于先人们这种文化认识,于是在造字时,留下了一批从心旁的表示思想、感情的汉字。  现在的纸是用竹质和木皮等制造的,但是当初造字时纸字为什么从系呢?由此我们可以推知,在东汉蔡伦没有发明造纸的新方法和新质料以前,中国曾经用丝絮造过纸的。  我们从“斩”字的结构看,可以证明古代有一种车裂的酷刑。《说文》云:“斩从车斤,斩法车裂也。”清人段玉裁注:“此说从车之意。盖古用车裂,后人乃法车裂之意而用铁钺,故字亦从车,斤者铁钺之类也。”显然,古代这种“蛮性的遗留”,今人也不必为之讳言的。  杨成能先生在《由文字学上推得之先民文化遗迹》一文中认为,从《说文》中“见从某部字之多少,即可见某物于先民文化之关系密切与否。观从土之字一百三十,从金之字一百九十五,则可推知金属与先民文化之关系视土为繁。又观从马之字凡百十有五,从牛之字凡四十有五,则可见马属与先民文化之关系,较牛为重。”这种比较,也是有一定道理的。  另外,我们从新字的产生和旧字的消亡中,也可看出某些文化因素的变动。新字的出现和社会生产、社会生活、文化科学各方面的发展是分不开的。从“金”旁的字,两周以后才大量出现,“铁”字不见于两周金文,所以从“金”的字的大量出现,只有在青铜器高度发达以后才有可能。而“铁”字也只有在能够生产“铁”的条件下才能够创造出来。再如从竹的“箴”到金属的“针”(繁体字左为“金”,右为“咸”),也有一个从竹针发展到金属制针的历史过程。就是到了现当代,由于化学的突飞猛进的发展,发现了若干新的化学元素,为此,表示新的化学元素的新造汉字共计有56个,如:氧、氯、氟、氖、碳等。  在《说文》里有不少从“马”、从“牛”、从“羊”的字,有关于性别的,有关于年龄的,有关于形状的,有关于颜色的,有关于动作品性的,不一而足。如:公马叫“骘”(zhì),红黄色的马叫“骍”(xīng), 长髦牛叫“犛”(máo),被阉过的羊叫“羯”(jié),等等。这些字也只有在畜牧业高度发展后才能出现。同样,随着由畜牧业为主的社会过渡到农业为主的社会,上述这些“字”所代表的事物并未消失,可代表它们的“字”都逐渐消亡了,有的干脆成了“死字”。张世禄先生的《文字上之古代社会观》,就试图用文字来证明“人类社会之演进,大都由渔猎而畜牧,由畜牧而耕稼”的。  总之,汉字中有极其丰富的文化内涵,折射出古代的社会生活、社会意识、民族风情等等,这些都是研究中国古代社会的极好史料。  二、 以汉字形为本体看产生的文化现象  汉字产生以后,以汉字形为本体出现了许多汉民族特有的文化现象,列举如下:  1、对偶和对联  对偶就是连用一对长度相等、结构相同、语义相关的语句,使表达均匀对称的一种修辞格。汉语的书写形式汉字是方块字,每个音节写在纸上占有的空间也相同。对偶是汉语修辞格中所特有的,是最具有汉民族特色的一种修辞手段,它深深植根于汉文化之中。像五言律诗、七言律诗的颔联(三四句)、颈联(五六句)都要求用严格的对偶句,如“明月松间照,清泉石上流。竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟”(王维《山居秋暝》)、“无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来。万里悲秋常作客,百年多病独登台”(杜甫《登高》)。古典小说各章回的标题,多采用对偶,精炼地概括本回的中心,如“林教头刺配沧州道,鲁智深大闹野猪林”(《水浒传》)、“甄士隐梦幻识通灵,贾雨村风尘怀闺秀”(《红楼梦》)。  对联是对偶中的一种特殊格式,是写在纸上、布上或刻在竹子上、木头上、柱子上的对偶语句。过年过节贴对联,已成为汉文化不可或缺的一部分。春联、婚联、挽联、店联、楹联,就是一部大书,各有千秋佳作。这里仅以对联广告为例说说。  广告运用对联这种形式,也有很长历史。据说号称清代第一大才子的纪晓岚是个对对子的高手,他为大栅栏一家剃头店写了一副门联:“虽然毫发技艺,却是顶上功夫”。上世纪30年代有一种“三星白兰地”的酒一直销路不畅,结果厂主想出一个绝招,在报上公开为一副上联征求下联,上联是“五月黄梅天”,应征者多如潮涌,当然最匹配的下联是“三星白兰地”。依靠这副对联,“三星白兰地”名声大振,生意兴隆。上海的“宽鼎皮装”也专门征集过对联广告语,中选的是:“宽让三分利,鼎新一品装”。其他广告对联如:“与时空同在,似日月常辉”(雷达表)、“少一份噪声,多一份宁静”(双鹿牌冰箱)、“百货百态百问不烦,千客千意千拿不厌”(百货店)、“安全来自长期警惕,事故源于瞬间麻痹”(交通安全公益广告)、“以平常心接纳人生万种风情,用大眼光饱览全球时代女性”(《女性大世界》杂志)。  2、析字、借字和联边  析字就是把一个汉字拆成几个能表意的有一定独立性的字的一种修辞格。如:  “对!找他!今天我章世昭豁出来跟‘工人阶级"掰了!”工会主席不跟他俩“掰”。掰?--手分手?才不呢!工会主席紧紧地、友好之至地跟他俩握手,(梁晓声《预碎》)  这里的“掰”字被拆成“手”“分”“手”,就是一种析字。  汉字单音的,音同音近现象较为严重,口语中常容易混淆,所以汉人的姓往往有一个析字的代称,如“十八子李”“弓长张”“立早章”“口天吴”“古月胡”等。再像为了表意含蓄,将“分”析为“八刀”(“打八刀”指解除婚约)、将“老鸨”的“鸨”析为“七十鸟”、将“谢”析为“言身寸”等。其他再如析字对:“一明分日月,五岳各丘山”,“冻雨洒窗,东两点,西三点;切瓜分客,上七刀,下八刀”;析字诗:“日月明朝昏,山风岚自起。石皮破仍坚,古木枯不死。可人何当来,意若重千里。永言咏黄鹤,志士心未已。”(南宋刘一止《山中作拆字语寄江子我郎中》,“咏”的异体字是左“言”右“永”。)  借字就是借用某个字的形体来代替许多描绘文字的一种修辞格。如:  她走到一张桌子前,从一个大药瓶下取出一个折成“又”字的条子,看了一下上面写的名字,惊讶地问我:“您姓‘再"?还有姓‘再"的吗?”(刘心武《银锭观山》)  这里借汉字“又”形容条子被折成的样子,就是一种借字。  其他再如:借汉字“大”字形容某人睡觉的特别姿势(“把粗短的身躯摆成个‘大"字”);借汉字“品”字形容作战的阵势(“在江、淮、河、汉之间布成‘品"字形阵势”);借汉字“川”字形容眉心之间的肌肉(“眉心之间的肌肉,拧成一个‘川"字”);借汉字“吕”字形容接吻(“只做了一个‘吕"字”);等等。  联边就是特意选用若干个偏旁相同的字让它们串联起来造成气势的一种修辞格。如:  1945年冬,李德全(冯玉祥将军的夫人)为昆明“一二 · 一”惨案中被反动派杀害的女学生,书赠了一副对仗工整的挽联,对蒋介石策动内战阴谋公开抗议,对反动派杀害学生无比愤慨。联语是:  魑魅魍魉残余,知法网有漏;  琴瑟琵琶坑烬,问民权何存!  (转摘自《文摘报》总64期)  这里上联用了4个“鬼”字旁的字,下联用了4个“王”字旁的字,理直气壮,义正辞严。这就是联边。  其他再如马车店对联:“迎送远近通达道,进退迟速游逍遥。”上下联连用14个“走之”旁的字,表示车来人往,充分反映行业特点,颇具匠心。  还如旧时“海神庙”对联:“浩海汪洋波涛涌溪河注满,雷霆霹雳霭云雾零雨雱霏。”上联选用11个“三点水”旁的字,下联选用11个“雨”字头的字(“云”的繁体字是上“雨”下“云”),突出了“水”和“雨”,以此表现海神,颇具气势。  据说明朝天启元年宰相叶向高有一次路过福州府,看望新科状元、闽侯洪塘人翁正春。谈笑中,叶向高说:“老夫今晚恐怕进不得西门了。” 翁正春知他今晚要在此留宿,便道:“宠宰宿寒家,穷窗寂寞。”叶向高见话中用的全是“宝盖头”的字,先是一惊,接着便对道:“客官寓宦宫,富室宽宏。”这样的联边对偶,的确雅趣横生。  3、字谜和隐语  谜语是种暗射事物或文字等供人猜测的游戏,字谜是谜语的一个门类,是用字做谜底的谜语。如以下几则字谜:  拿不出手 (谜底是“合”)  你我各一半 (谜底是“伐”)  主见差一点 (谜底是“现”)  木字多一撇 (谜底是“移”)  多一点能吃,少一点有用 (谜底是“术”)  还有一则较长的字谜是这样的:  下楼来,金钱“卜”落。  问苍天,“人”在何方?  恨“王”孙,一直去了。  詈冤家,“言”去难留。  悔当初,“吾”错失口。  有上“交”,无下“交”,  “皂”白何须问,  “分”开不用“刀”,  从今莫把“仇”“人”靠,  “千”里相思一撇消。  它的谜底一共是十个字,即:一二三四五六七八九十。  隐语是流行于某一社会集团内部,对外保密的话语。如买卖人中对数字的代称有:一(旦底)、二(空工)、三(横川)、四(侧目)、五(缺丑)、六(断大)、七(虎底)、八(分头)、九(未丸)、十(田心),等。又如《后汉书 · 五行志(一)》中有童谣曰:“千里草,何青青,十日卜,不得生。”这里“千里草”是“董”的析字,“十日卜”为“卓”的析字,意指“董卓即亡”,但鉴于权势,不敢明说,故用此法表达,既是析字,又是隐语。  从以上分析可以看出,字谜和隐语大多是依附汉字形体而构成的。  4、回文诗和宝塔诗  回文诗是一种可以倒读或反复回旋地阅读的诗体。如南朝齐王融《后园作回文诗》:  正读:  斜峰绕径曲,丛石带连山。  花余拂戏鸟,树密隐鸣蝉。  倒读:  蝉鸣隐密树,鸟戏拂余花。  山连带石丛,曲径绕峰斜。  不论是正读,还是倒读,都是一首清新隽永的小诗。  再如宋代李禺夫妻互忆回文诗:  正读是夫思妻:  枯眼望遥山隔水,往来曾见几心知?  壶空怕酌一杯酒,笔下难成和韵诗。  途路阻人离别久,讯音无雁寄回迟。  孤灯夜守长寥寂,夫忆妻兮父忆儿。  倒读是妻思夫:  儿忆父兮妻忆夫,寂寥长守夜灯孤。  迟回寄雁无音讯,久别离人阻路途。  诗韵和成难下笔,酒杯一酌怕空壶。  知心几见曾来往,水隔山遥望眼枯。  宝塔诗,顾名思义,形似宝塔。如唐代白居易写过这样一首宝塔诗:  诗  绮美,镶奇。  明月夜,落花时。  能助欢笑,也伤别离。  调清金石怨,吟苦鬼神悲。  王下只应我爱,世间唯有君知。  自从都尉别苏句,便到司空送白辞。  胡适《追想胡明复》一文中,也引到两首宝塔诗:  那时候我正开始作白话诗,常同一班朋友讨论文学的问题。明复有一天忽然寄了两首打油诗来,不但是白话的,竟是土白的。……第二首是一首“宝塔诗”:  痴!  适之!  勿读书!  香烟一支!  单做白话诗!  说时快,做时迟!  一 做 就 是 三 小 时!  我也答他一首“宝塔诗”:  咦!  希奇!  胡格里,  覅我做诗!  这话不须提。  我做诗快得希,  从来不用三小时,  提起笔何用费心思,  笔尖儿嗤嗤嗤嗤地飞,  也不管宝塔诗有几层儿!  这种朋友游戏的乐处,可怜如今都成了永不回来的陈迹了!  我们从回文诗、宝塔诗来看,它们都牢牢依附于汉字方块字特殊表意特点或形体结构才得以成立的,而且大多属于文字游戏性质。  另外,书法是以汉字为基础,通过点画运动来表现一定情感、意蕴的艺术。篆刻是我国具有艺术价值的印章镌刻,它由古代印章多用篆书入印而得名。这两个特殊的艺术门类,也都是依赖于汉字而产生的,当是不言而喻的。  这里再补充一点,通过汉字形体也形成了一部分词语进入汉语词汇之中,词如:井田制、人字形、国字脸、之字形、金字塔、田字格;成语如:十字街头、止戈为武、利旁倚刀、乌焉成马、鲁鱼帝虎、亥豕相望(前三个都是在借字或析字的基础上产生的;后三个都形容文字错讹多,前提是汉字中存在着形近字);歇后语如:自大加一点--臭、王字少一横--有点土、王奶奶和玉奶奶--差一点;谚语如:田养猪,猪养田、人欺地,地欺人;等。  综前所述,我们不难对汉字与汉文化的密切关系,有一个更为深入的了解。正鉴于它们二者之间的密切关系,汉字文化学应运而生。这个新兴学科的任务之一就是“探讨汉字与中国文化的关系。也就是从汉字入手研究中国文化,从文化学的角度研究汉字”(何九盈等主编《中国汉字文化大观 · 前言》)。我们相信,在一代学人的努力下,汉字与汉文化问题的研究,一定会取得更为丰硕的成果。  注:本文中所引材料,主要来自下列文献:  《汉字文化学》,何九盈,辽宁人民出版社,2000年1月版;  《语言与文化》,罗常培,语文出版社,1989年9月版;  《修辞手法与广告语言》,倪宝元,浙江教育出版社,2001年6月版;  《广告语创作透视》,邵敬敏,北京语言学院出版社,1996年1月版;  《巧体 ? 怪体 ? 杂体--诗词曲》,白焕然,内蒙古大学出版社,1991年1月版。
2023-08-10 06:55:431

防倒吸装置原理

1、悬空式:这种装置特点是导管没有插入吸收液中,而是悬于上方,利用易溶于吸收液的气体下冲动力使气体被吸收,起到防倒吸的作用。2、倒立漏斗式:这种装置可以增大气体与吸收液的接触面积,有利于吸收液对气体的吸收。当易溶性气体被吸收液吸收时,导管内压强减少,吸收液上升到漏斗中,由于漏斗容积较大,导致烧杯中液面下降,使漏斗口脱离液面,又流回烧瓶内,从而防止吸收液的倒吸。3、肚容式:当易溶于吸收液的气体由干燥管末端进入吸收液被吸收后,导气管内压强减少,使吸收液倒吸进入干燥管的吸收液本身质量大于干燥管内外压强差,吸收液受自身重量的作用又流回烧杯内,从而防止吸收液的倒吸。这种装置与倒置漏斗式很类似。
2023-08-10 06:55:421

鱼缸过滤器是什么原理

鱼缸安装过滤器的话,可以保持水质的干净。那鱼缸过滤器是什么原理?PChouse带大家一起了解下吧。鱼缸过滤器是通过一定的原理将鱼缸中的杂质吸附,再清理出来,还给鱼儿一个健康清洁的家园。鱼缸过滤器的过滤原理有四种,鱼缸过滤器的方式必须要达到两种或两种以上才算合格。物理过滤:物理过滤是比较表面的清理方法。鱼缸过滤器就是运用机械的办法将鱼缸中的大型杂质捞出,比如:鱼儿吃剩下的私聊、死鱼的尸骨、鱼儿的排泄物、分泌物。呕吐物、体表粘液等等有害杂质。物理性质的鱼缸过滤器一般是用海绵、喷胶棉、细网目的尼龙网、棕榈叶纤维等。一般都是放在浴缸过滤器的前方。化学过滤:化学过滤器是运用一些化学药剂对鱼缸中的水进行清洁。所使用的制剂有水质安定剂、絮凝剂、除藻剂、蛋白质分解剂、除臭剂等等。化学性质的鱼缸过滤器是对水质本身进行一些净化,而不是对水中大颗粒物质进行排除。生物过滤:这是一种很具有科学性质的过滤方法,需要很专业的人员进行操作,一般都是在大型水族馆才使用。生物性质的鱼缸过滤器可以通过培养细菌等等来增加水中的营养,促进鱼儿的生长。常用的滤料有:生化球、陶瓷环、玻璃环、珊瑚砂等等。
2023-08-10 06:55:381

汉字中蕴含的文化

这个课题太大了,应该是专家教授级的人们才能作答的。
2023-08-10 06:55:333

lae是什么意思?

lae是left afraid enlargement的缩写 意为左心房扩大
2023-08-10 06:55:315

建筑用的"钢筋"英文怎么说?

a steel bar
2023-08-10 06:55:224

美孚速霸2000 5w40多少公里换一回

速霸2000是半合成机油,一般7000公里更换。美孚速霸2000 采用全新合成油科技配制而成。应用于更严苛的驾驶条件,提供出色的抗磨损保护并能延长发动机寿命。对于因过热引致的高负荷发动机提供超强保护。防止走走停停路况下因污染物导致的油泥产生。在交通阻塞怠速状态下,减少高热应力下发动机故障的发生。美孚速霸1000是高性能发动机油,可应用于严苛的驾驶条件。此产品设计适用于当今发动机的严苛要求,在快速加速及高速行驶时,可有效减少发动机磨损。扩展资料:美孚润滑油是优异性能的重负荷齿轮油,供所有类型的密封式齿轮及滑动与滚动元件轴承使用。本产品在设备保护、润滑油寿命和无故障作业方面提供出色的服务,提高顾客的生产率。这些科学设计的合成润滑油由合成基础液配制而成,具有出色的抗氧化与热稳定特性及低温流动性。固有的高粘度指数和独特的添加剂配方结合,使本系列产品在严苛的高、低温工作条件下表现杰出。合成基础油的本质,还使产品具有优异的低温性能。它们具有杰出的极压性,并能承受冲击负荷。合成基础油先天所具有的低牵引力特性,能使处在不规则表面,如齿轮和滚动元件轴承负荷区的流体摩擦降低。流体摩擦降低,可降低工作温度,因而能够提高齿轮的效率。Mobil 品牌油因其创新和杰出的性能在世界上得到公认。Mobil SHC Polyrex 采用 Mobil Polyrex 系列润滑脂的先进增稠剂技术,可为某些行业最棘手的润滑问题提供高性能、可解决问题的产品。Mobil SHC Polyrex 通过添加独特的合成油组合、高分子加强和平衡添加剂系统,使产品适合于解决棘手的润滑问题,将性能提升到一个新的高度。特性与效益:美孚SHC品牌润滑油因其创新及杰出的性能而受到全世界公认和赏识。这些由本公司的科学家领先开发和设计的合成产品,正是本公司承诺继续不断地采纳先进技术,提供杰出的润滑油产品的象征。下一代 Mobil SHC 600系列产品成功开发的关键因素之一在于我们的科学家与产品应用专家,与主要的原设备制造商(OEM)之间的紧密联系,这确保了我们的产品在不断进展的工业设备设计中具有卓越的性能。我们与设备制造商的协作,帮助我们确证来自实验室台架测试的结果,这显示出下一代 Mobil SHC 600系列润滑油的卓越性能。在与原设备制造商的协作中发现的众多效益之一,是该系列产品与矿物油相比,具有高达 3.6% 的能效提高潜能。这些效益在机械损耗水平较高的设备中特别明显(例如高传动比的蜗轮)。为开发出针对下一代 Mobil SHC 600 系列油品的最新 Mobil SHC技术,我们的产品配方科学家精选出具有卓越的抗高温/氧化潜能的基础油,并将其与一个平衡的添加剂系统结合,进而完善了基础油的内在效益,使产品具有杰出的油品寿命、油泥控制和抗高温/氧化及抗化学降解的特性。参考资料:美孚润滑油-百度百科
2023-08-10 06:55:181